In Forum on Future Directions in Low-Power Design, Manchester, Oct. 2000 Power Analysis of

清华大学考博英语模拟试卷19(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Brass concert music was_____to a new level in the 1880s when John Philip Sousa took over the U.S. Marine Band.A．strengthenedB．headedC．liftedD．briefed正确答案：C解析：本题空格处是说提高到一个新的水平。

strengthened的意思是“加强，巩固”；headed的意思是“前进”；lifted的意思是“提高”；briefed的意思是“简短”。

根据题意，C项为正确答案。

2．Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the U.S. President when many businesses were____during the Great Depression.A．failingB．incorporatingC．buying stocksD．expanding正确答案：A解析：本题的后半句是说当在大萧条时期很多商行都倒闭时。

A项的failing “失败，破产”符合题意。

其他三项incorporating“合并”；buying stocks“购买原材料”；expanding“张”都不正确。

3．Grand Teton National Park____the most scenic portion of the glaciated, snow-covered Teton Range.A．excludesB．fulfilsC．dominatesD．expanding正确答案：C解析：本题中，dominates的意思是“支配，俯瞰”，符合题意。

四级写作押题——2024 年6 月议论文——话题类（管理时间的重要性）As we all know, time is eternal while human is mortal. So being precious though, time is relentless to everyone. If you want to spend a meaningful life, you have to learn time management. Just as the saying goes.To choose time is to save time. Firstly, time management saves you much time via figuring out the priority or the most time-consuming task of a day, thus greatly boosting your work efficiency. Secondly, time management enables you to make full use of the fragments of time so that you can get hold of large amounts of information and knowledge. Reciting English words while waiting for a bus is a good example. Last but not least, you will gain self-assurance and elegance from your systematical schedule.In a word, compared with those who have no idea of time management, a person with good time arrangement will have higher work efficiency and an organized life.议论文——现象类（如何解决大学生心理疾病）Mental disease has recently arisen as one of the essential issues which may lead to some severe consequences such as depressive disorder and interpersonal conflicts. Strikingly, this is becoming increasingly common and eye-catching.This phenomenon could be attributed to three reasons. Firstly, facing a great amount of academic pressure, quite a few college students are not able to relieve the severe stress, which could gradually transform into mental disease. Secondly, due to a rapid shift in roles, most students have to take responsibility of taking care of themselves, so it is increasingly challenging for them to deal with all troublesome issues in daily life. Lastly, lacking of interpersonal skills, they may easily get involved in conflicts with others and the resulting chronic unhappiness will finally lead to mental disease.Urgent measures are needed to deal with this severe issue. Courses related to mental health should be well planned and offered on campus which may enable students to be more aware of their psychological states. Moreover, more sports and recreational activities should be launched so as to enrich students’ extracurricular life and provide more opportunities for them to build harmoniousinterpersonal relationship.议论文——谚语类（学习必须循序渐进）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying “Learning has to be acquired gradually.” You can cite examples to illustrate the importance of making minute and down-to-earth efforts. You should write at least 120 words, but no more than 180 words.“Learning has to be acquired gradually” is a nice old saying which has proved its meaning by hundred percent. Evidently, it is meant to tell us that we should try our best to seize every minute and study in a down-to-earth manner.Numerous instances can be given to illustrate this point. For one thing, as college students, apart from club activities, social practice and social activities, the time left for us to learn is limited, so we should seize every opportunity to do it well. In other words, we should listen to every lecture carefully and submit our assignments on time and with high quality. For another, only by earnestly completing each small learning task, can knowledge be slowly accumulated and our own learning system be formed.To conclude, step after step the ladder is ascended. If we can turn the proverb into actions, we are more likely to enjoy a more effective way to learn.议论文——话题类（虚拟现实）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on virtual reality. You can start your essay with the sentence “Virtual reality is becoming increasingly popular”. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Nowadays, the use of virtual reality is becoming increasingly popular, which has captured wide attention about its benefits and drawbacks. Every coin has two sides. I think that the advantages overweigh the disadvantages.To begin with, virtual reality technology is a computer simulation system that can create andlet us experience the virtual world, which has brought a lot of convenience to our life. For instance, virtual reality can take us to places we can’t reach in real life, such as any domestic and foreign tourist attractions, even outer space, or newly created illusory scenes. This will greatly enrich our imagination and broaden our horizons. Additionally, in fact, virtual reality has been applied in the fields of film and television, education, military and aerospace. The virtual scenes it provides save a lot of real money.All in all, the continuous development of virtual reality opens up a bright future for us. We can enjoy the fruits of this technological advance as long as we can use it reasonably and flexibly.议论文——现象类（学业与兼职的关系）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on how to best handle the relationship between studies and part-time jobs. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.There is no doubt that the relationship between studies and part-time jobs can exert a great influence on academic performance and personal growth of the students. And a healthy and positive relationship requires our untiring efforts.On the one hand, as college students, we should understand that the significance of study is above all else. That is to say, we should not allow any other activities to occupy our time in class, and we are also supposed to set aside enough time for self-study. On the other hand, part-time jobs are also very important for college students, which can enrich our resumes. As a result, we’d better find some part-time jobs that are related to our future work direction, preferably with flexible hours.In brief, the key to balancing the relationship between studies and part-time jobs is to strengthen our own time management skills. Only by doing so, can we maintain a healthy and positive study-work relationship, which is beneficial to college students.应用文——电子邮件（邀请外教当辩论赛评委）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an e-mail to invite a foreign teacher in your college to be a judge for the upcoming English debate competition. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Dear Mr. Smith,I am a sophomore student in the School of Foreign Languages. I am writing this email to invite you to be a judge for the upcoming English debate contest.The aims of the contest are twofold. First, students all over the university are offered an opportunity to demonstrate their ability to express their opinions in English. Second, the contest could serve as a forum for students from different background to share their insights and thoughts. The topic of the debate is “Whether people should pursue their dreams at all hazards”. All the contestants will draw lots to be divided into positive side and negative side. After the debate, the on-site audience can vote for their favorite contestants. Finally, the judges will announce the competition results and make comments. The contest would be an off-line event at the International Conference Hall on September 12 from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m.We would be honored if you could attend. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any further question.Sincerely,Li Hua应用文——通知（跳蚤市场）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a notice to inform all the students in your college about the flea market on behalf of the student union. In the notice, you should include time, place and other relevant information about the activity. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.NOTICEThe Student Union is going to organize a flea market activity. The relevant information is as follows.This flea market is open to all students of the college. The goal is to help students who are about to graduate cut down on luggage while allowing lower grade students to buy what they need at below-market prices. For those who want to sell things in the flea market, please come to the Student Union to register before June 10th, and you will be informed of your booth number. For students who want to buy something, please come directly during the activity time. The activity will be held in the Central Plaza from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. on June 15 and 16.Please do not hesitate to consult the Student Union if you have any further question. In addition, all students participating in the activity should take away their own garbage. We look forward to your participation.The Student Union。

最小臨床重要差異(minimal clinically important difference, MCID) 簡介引言：MCID 的主要功能是協助研究及臨床人員解釋評量分數變化或差異之意義。

研究上，療效的判斷常以是否「統計顯著(statistical significance)」判定之，然而具有統計顯著之差異值，不一定具有「臨床意義(clinical significance)」。

MCID值可作為判斷群組分數改變/差異（組內(within-group)/組間(between-group)）是否具有臨床重要意義的最小閾值，決定評量工具的MCID 值，可協助臨床及研究人員判斷研究結果所造成的差異是否具備「臨床意義」！MCID值的另一用途是判斷評估工具是否具備反應性(responsiveness)(within-group)。

以下舉例說明：1. Fey et al. (Stroke. 2004;35:924-9.) 的研究中，實驗組與對照組病人的前測Barthel index (BI) 中位數分數分別為8分及10分，統計分析顯示二組(between-group)的差異「不顯著」(P=0.21)。

作者宣稱”No significant difference was found.” Davidson et al. (Clin Rehabil. 2005;19:126-37.) 亦發現其研究中實驗與對照二組間的前測差異為3.5分，但不顯著(P=0.18)。

試問2分或3.5分的差異，皆不大嗎？具有「臨床意義」嗎？2. Iwasaki et al. (J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:248-52.)發現實驗組病人(within-group)的BI分數由11.3顯著進步至12.6 分(P<0.05)。

作者因而宣稱”xxx improves ADL.”另外Clark et al. (Clin Rehabil. 2003;17:703-12.) 發現"… slightly better functional recovery in the intervention group (mean BI difference1.3) (P < 0.05)."但1.3分的進步量，具有「臨床意義」嗎？3. Hsueh et al. (J Formos Med Assoc. 2001;100:526-32.)發現BI於中風發病90-180天期間具有”low responsiveness (mean change score=0.26, effect sized=0.11, SRM=0.28, p=0.026)”。

Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Who Has the Most Important Influence on the Young. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1. 有些人认为家人对青少年的影响最大。

2.有些人认为朋友对青少年的影响最大。

3.我的看法。

Who Has the Most Important Influence on the YoungPart ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Will Electronic Medical Records Improve Health Care?Electronic health records (EHRs) have received a lot of attention since the Obama administration committed $19 billion in stimulus funds earlier this year to encourage hospitals and health care facilities to digitize patient data and make better use of information technology. The healthcare industry as a whole, however, has been slow to adopt information technology and integrate computer systems, raising the question of whether the push to digitize will result in information that empowers doctors to make better-informed decisions or a morass of disconnected data.The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) knows firsthand how difficult it is to achieve the former, and how easily an EHR plan can fall into the latter. UPMC has spent five years and more than $1 billion on information technology systems to get ahead of the EHR issue. While that is more than five times as much as recent estimates say it should cost a hospital system, UPMC is a mammoth network consisting of 20 hospitals as well as 400 doctors’ offices, outpatient sites and long-term care facilities employing about 50,000 people.UPMC’s early attempts to create a universal EHR system, such as its ambulatory electronic medical records rolled out between 2000 and 2005, were met with resistance as doctors, staff and other users either avoided using the new technology altogether or c lung to individual, disconnected software and systems that UPMC’s IT department had implemented over the years.On the mendAlthough UPMC began digitizing some of its records in 1996, the turning point in its efforts came in 2004 with the rollout of its eRecord system across the entire health care network. eRecord now contains more than 3.6 million electronic patient records, including images and CT scans, clinical laboratory information, radiology data, and a picture archival and communication system that digitizes images and makes them available on PCs. The EHR system has 29,000 users, including more than 5,000 physicians employed by or affiliated with UPMC.If UPMC makes EHR systems look easy, don’t be fooled, cautions UPMC chief medical information officer Dan Martich, who says the health care network’s IT systems require a "huge, ongoing effort" to ensure that those systems can communicate with one another. One of the main reasons is that UPMC, like many other health care organizations, uses a number of different vendors for its medical and IT systems, leaving the integration largely up to the IT staff.Since doctors typically do not want to change the way they work for the sake of a computer system, the success of an EHR program is dictated not only by the presence of the technology but also by how well the doctors are trained on, and use, the technology. Physicians need to see the benefits of using EHR systems both persistently and consistently, says Louis Baverso, chief information officer at UPMC’s Magee-Women’s Hospital. But these benefits might not be obvious at first, he says, adding, "What doctors see in the beginning is that they’re losing their ability to work with paper documents, which has been so valuable to them up until now."Opportunities and costsGiven the lack of EHR adoption throughout the health care world, there are a lot of opportunities to get this right (or wrong). Less than 10 percent of U.S. hospitals have adopted electronic medical records even in the most basic way, according to a study authored by Ashish Jha, associate professor of health policy and management at Harvard School of Public Health. Only 1.5 percent have adopted a comprehensive system of electronic records that includes physicians’ notes and orders and decision support systems that alert doctors of potential drug interactions or other problems that might result from their intended orders.Cost is the primary factor stalling EHR systems, followed by resistance from physicians unwilling to adopt new technologies and a lack of staff with adequate IT expertise, according to Jha. He indicated that a hospital could spend from $20 million to $200 million to implement an electronic record system over several years, depending on the size of the hospital. A typical doctor’s office would cost anestimated $50,000 to outfit with an EHR system.The upside of EHR systems is more difficult to quantify. Although some estimates say that hospitals and doctor’s offices could save as much as $100 million annually by moving to EHRs, the mere act of implementing the technology guarantees neither cost savings nor improvements in care, Jha said during a Harvard School of Public Health community forum on September 17. Another Harvard study of hospital computerization likewise determined that cutting costs and improving care through health IT as it exists today is "wishful thinking". This study was led by David Himmelstein, associate professor at Harvard Medical School.The cost of getting it wrongThe difference between the projected cost savings and the reality of the situation stems from the fact that the EHR technologies implemented to date have not been designed to save money or improve patient care, says Leonard D’Avolio, associate center director of Biomedical Informatics at the Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC). Instead, EHRs are used to document individual p atients’ conditions, pass this information among clinicians treating those patients, justify financial reimbursement and serve as the legal records of events.This is because, if a health care facility has $1 million to spend, its managers are more likely to spend it on an expensive piece of lab equipment than on information technology, D’Avolio says, adding that the investment on lab equipment can be made up by charging patients access to it as a billable service. This is not the case for IT. Also, computers and networks used throughout hospitals and health care facilities are disconnected and often manufactured by different vendors without a standardized way of communicating. "Medical data is difficult to standardize because caring for patients is a complex process," he says. "We need to find some way of reaching across not just departments but entire hospitals. If you can’t measure something, you can’t improve it, and without access to this data, you can’t measure it."To qualify for a piece of the $19 billion being offered through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), healthcare facilities will have to justify the significance of their IT investments to ensure they are "meaningful users" of EHRs. The Department of Health and Human Services has yet to define what it considers meaningful useAggregating info to create knowledgeIdeally, in addition to providing doctors with basic information about their patients, databases of vital signs, images, laboratory values, medications,diseases, interventions, and patient demographic information could be mined for new knowledge, D’Avolio says. "With just a few of these databases networked together, the power to improve health care increases exponentially," D’Avolio suggested. "All that is missing is the collective realization that better health care requires access to better information—not automation of the status quo." Down the road, the addition of genomic information, environmental factors and family history to these databases will enable clinicians to begin to realize the potential of personalized medicine, he added.1. In America, it is slow to adopt information technology because .A) the funds invested by the government is not enough in the pastB) EHRs have received less attention of the public in the pastC) whether it will be useful to doctors or not is doubtfulD) UPMC knows how difficult it is to digitize the hospital2. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) .A) is the first medical center to adopt information technologyB) satisfy the requirement of the government on information technologyC) spent less money on information technology than it was estimatedD) attempted to created a universal EHR system, but met some difficulties3. The health care network’s IT systems require a lot of effort to ensure it can communicate with one another mainly because .A) the integration among different system is largely up to the IT staffB) UPMC is like many other health care organizations in the United StatesC) UPMC makes EHR systems look easyD) UMPC began digitizing some of its records in 19964. The success of the EHR program is decided by .A) the fact whether the information technology is available or notB) the fact how well the doctors are trained to use the information technologyC) not only the presence of the technology but the doctor’s training on technologyD) the fact whether physicians can see the benefits of using EHR systems5. The most important reason of most hospitals being reluctant to adopt EHR system is that .A) the cost is too high for the hospital to affordB) physicians are unwilling to adopt itC) there is a lack of staff with adequate IT expertiseD) doctor worry about its negative influence on patients6. According to the study led by David Himmelstein through health IT .A) it is possible to cut the costs of the hospitalB) it is possible to improve the health careC) it ensure neither cost saving nor improvement in careD) it could save as much as $100 million annually7. The hospital’s managers prefer to .A) spend money on an expensive piece of equipment than on information technologyB) charge patients access to the information technology as a billable serviceC) purchase the information technology to improve the health care of the hospitalD) invest more money on the training of the physicians to charge patients more money8. Jha said the mere act of implementing the technology guarantees ______________________.9. D’Avolio says the investment on lab equipment can be made up by_____________________.10. Databases of vital signs, images, laboratory values, medications, diseases, interventions, and patient demographic information could be ____________________.Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.11. A) He doesn’t know the way to the theater.B) He doesn’t usually get up at 7:30.C) He wants to leave the theater before the drama is over.D) He wants to go early to avoid a traffic jam.12. A) She got a weekend job at the beach.B) She often goes to the beach.C) She misses the trips to the beach she used to take.D) Her home is near the beach.13. A) He will make a reservation at the restaurant.B) The woman should ask her parents for a suggestion.C) The woman should decide where to eat Saturday.D) He already has plans for Saturday night.14. A) He doubts the woman will like the novel.B) He’ll lend the woman the novel after he has read it.C) He enjoyed reading the novel.D) He hasn’t started reading the novel yet.15. A) The doctor’s office will be closed tomorrow.B) The doctor’s schedule is filled tomorrow.C) The doctor has stopped seeing new patients.D) The doctor can see the man tomorrow.16. A) She was sorry the man couldn’t finish his laundry.B) She saw the man run out.C) She thought the man’s laundry was done badly.D) She thought the man’s lawn was too dry.17. A) His coach didn’t help him enough.B) He had no chance of winning.C) His coach didn’t listen to him.D) He didn’t follow his coach’s advice.18. A) She grades papers very quickly.B) She isn’t teaching this semester.C) She didn’t require any papers last semester.D) She was more flexible last semester.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) Father and daughter.B) Colleagues.C) Friends.D) Husband and wife.20. A) They are discussing whether they should go for a holiday.B) They are discussing where they should go for the holiday.C) They are discussing how they could save enough money for the holiday.D) They are discussing how they could pay for their house and the furniture.21. A) Sheffield.B) Hawaii.C) Wales or Scotland.D) Florida.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. A) In a skating rink.B) On a bike path.C) On the campus sidewalks.D) In the street.23. A) He has trouble stopping.B) There are too many rocks.C) Going uphill is difficult.D) There are too many curves.24. A) Pull him up the hills.B) Catch him if he starts to fail.C) Find some skates for him.D) Teach him how to stop on skates.25. A) Look for the man’s skates.B) Have a meal.C) Look for something to drink.D) Start skating on the path.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. A) The beef is lost.B) Something is not as good as described.C) The beef is not as good as it is said to be.D) The food has turned bad.27. A) Because they are made from beef.B) Because they are cheaper than any other kind of food.C) Because they are served quickly and at a low price.D) Because hamburger is the only fast food in America.28. A) Because hamburgers are good to eat.B) Because they are easy to make.C) Because they could sell hamburgers throughout the country.D) Because they thought they could make large profit.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. A) They often take place in her major industries.B) British trade unions are more powerful.C) There are more trade union members in Britain.D) Britain loses more working days through strikes every year.30. A) Such strikes are against the British law.B) Such strikes are unpredictable.C) Such strikes involve workers from different trades.D) Such strikes occur frequently these days.31. A) Trade unions in Britain are becoming more popular.B) Most strikes in Britain are against the British law.C) Unofficial strikes in Britain are easier to deal with now.D) Employer-worker relations in Britain have become tenser. Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. A) Education.B) Wealth.C) Diligence.D) Political status.33. A) The change of the nature of occupations.B) The decrease of social wealth.C) The change of educational degree.D) The increase of job opportunities.34. A) Farmers.B) Politicians.C) Manual workers..D) Clerks.35. A) White-collar workers.B) Farm workers.C) Blue-collar workers.D) Not mentioned.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Daily newspaper has an editorial page. Here opinion is expressed on events and 36 in the news. But editorial judgment is so persuasively 37 that many people accept these opinions as facts. Good journalists 38 a code of ethics which 39 between news and editorial opinion. This code holds that in an editorial 40 the publisher is entitled to 41 any cause he chooses. It is understood that there he is speaking as a partisan and may express any view he 42 . Because a modern newspaper is so expensive to produce and so 43 to establish, newspapers have increasingly become big business organizations. Although there are exceptions, 44 _________________.In the news columns, however, the complete and unbiased facts should be reported. The better metropolitan newspapers and 45 _____________. But the less ethical publications 46 _______________.Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.Currently, there are an increasing number of new types of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns. It is sometimes placed among "situations vacant", although it does not offer anyone a job, and sometimes it appears among "situations wanted", although it is not placed by someone looking for a job, either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job."Contact us before writing your application", or "Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history", is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae (or job history), with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. "Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams", was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. "Your search is over. I am the person you are looking for", was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job interview.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.47. There are an increasing number of new types of small advertisement in newspaper columns ______.48. Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because ______.49. In the past it was expected that first job hunters would ______.50. Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include ______ in the letter.51. The curriculum vitae has become such an important document because ______.Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.Computers are now employed in an increasing number of fields in our daily life. Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the ability to learn from experience.Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer. All a programmer has to do is to give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40,000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess—literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be, given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data.Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own program, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word, to "think" for itself. In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carrythem through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted, winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it. But there are many serious human problems, which can be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems—international and interpersonal relations, ecology and economics, and the ever-increasing threat of world famine can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers.52. According to the passage, computers cannot be used to ______.A) solve the threat of world famineB) ease international tensionC) defeat world champion chess playerD) work out solutions to the industrial problems53. In the author’s opinion, ______.A) playing chess shows computer’s program has been developed into a new stageB) it is practically possible now that computer can win every chess game nowC) computers even with less than complete data can be programmed to defeat the world champion chess playerD) computers can be programmed to play and reason but not learn54. The author’s attitude toward the future use of computer is ______.A) negativeB) positiveC) indifferentD) critical55. In order to "think", computer should ______.A) be programmed to have more than enough dataB) learn from the experience and to reasonC) deal with all the unstructured situationD) predicate every move in the chess56. Today, the chess-playing computer can be programmed to ______.A) have trillions of responses in a second to each possible move and win the gameB) store complete data and beat the best playersC) learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the gameD) predicate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each timePassage TwoQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat. One adaptation is to be light in color, and to reflect rather than absorb the sun’s rays. Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles. The overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night, and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn, as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body, and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself, whereas human beings die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink. Desertanimals can drink huge volumes in a short time, and camels have been known to imbibe (吸收) over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person, on the other hand, cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session, because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert, as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated. It is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.57. What is the passage mainly about?A) Animals developed different strategies to survive.B) Large animals can take strategies to reduce the effect of extreme heat.C) Animals can tolerate the loss of body water.D) A very dehydrated person can drink enough water to rehydrate.58. Why light in color is important to large animals in deserts?A) It helped them maintain a constant normal body temperature.B) It reflects rather than absorbs the sun-light.C) It helps them see their peers at night.D) It helps them keep cool during the night.59. What will be fatal to non-adapted animals?A) Keeping a normal body temperature.B) Drinking polluted water.C) Drinking huge volumes of water in a short time.D) Feeding when dehydrated.60. What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals?A) They do not need to eat much food.。

low的同义词low表低的，矮小的; 楼下的意思，那么你知道low的同义词有哪些吗?接下来小编为大家整理了low的同义词，希望对你有帮助哦!low的同义词辨析：low, mean, cheap, shabby这些形容词均有"卑鄙的，卑贱的，卑下的"之意。

low ：指行为卑鄙、可耻、下文明，可引申指庸俗。

mean ：暗示狠毒、贪婪、缺乏尊严感等为人们所不耻的卑鄙、自私、渺小的行为。

cheap ：侧旨人或物的品质低劣下贱。

shabby ：指行为的不公和卑劣而使人感到不屑和轻蔑。

词组习语：cheap and cheerful1. (英)价廉物美的cheap and nasty1. (英)便宜但劣质的cheap at the price1. 物超所值的作为对未来的投资，这些书物超所值。

as an investment for the future, the books are cheap at the price.cheap at twice the price1. 极廉价地on the cheap1. 通过不昂贵的方式;便宜地极经济地到欧洲旅游traveled to Europe on the cheap.I mean1. 我想，我说，我的意思是(用于澄清或纠正，或用于提出理由、解释)我想说，我真的没有财产。

I mean, it's not as if I owned property.mean business1. 认真，热心mean to say1. 意思是说;想说你是不是想说你有新的发现?。

do you mean to say you've uncovered something new?.mean well1. 用意是好的，初衷是好的mean streets1. 贫民街区;治安混乱的城区南布朗克斯的贫民街区。

the mean streets of the South Bronx.no mean —1. 很好的，很棒的这是一大成就。

会展英语 (English for MICE Business)_上海师范大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.8. They guard the health and safety of people ________ CIIE.参考答案:at2.18.东方风来参考答案:Wind from the Orient3.8. The facade was designed as plateau, beach and rain forestthe diversenatural environment to convey the concept of “the beautiful city community lifethe harmony and co-existence between heaven, earth and people”.参考答案:to illustrate; being4.7. Australia Pavilion has the self-sealing steel and highly durable steel facadethat canthe Shanghai climate by developing an increasingly deep, red-ochre color.参考答案:keep up with5. 6. It looks like a white floating palace,the beauty of future color and watercharm.参考答案:showing6. 5. The Germany Pavilion has been designed as a sculpture in spacefour largeexhibition structures only find a stable balance in their interaction with each other.参考答案:whose7. 4. Visitors can relax around the open space or enter the "Seed Cathedral" toadmire the seeds in the spines, marvelingsuch tiny seeds can producewonders of nature and life.参考答案:how8. 3. The pavilion uses solar energy collection batteriesin the double-layermembrane, and the cave collect rainwater to spray on its exterior surface to keep temperatures cool.参考答案:hidden9. 2. The Saudi Arabia Pavilion waspavilion.参考答案:the second largest10.II. E-C TranslationDirections:Translate the following sentences/phrases intoChinese. You should choose the best one from four choices marked A), B), C) and D)based on the Chapter you have finished watching and studying.1. In accordance with its nature, a meeting can be divided into governmentalmeeting, corporate meeting and community meeting.参考答案:按照性质，它可以分为政府性、公司性及社团性会议。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译翻译（1）题目相控阵和雷达技术的突破翻译（2）题目发射KU-波段的相控阵天线在FSS通信系统中的应用学院电子信息学院专业英文译文1：相控阵和雷达技术的突破【摘要】许多人认为雷达是一个成熟的领域，不会发生任何新的变化，这种看法存在很久了，没有比这个看法更错误的了。

当我1950年参与到雷达领域的时候，我也有过同样的看法，例如，我认为麻省理工学院的雷达丛书已经是包罗万象了，不需要增加任何新的内容。

然而我是多么的错啊，从那时起雷达技术领域中已经发生了许多令人眼花缭乱的发展，雷达一直受益于Moore s定律和许多新的技术上的成果，例如，MMIC GaAs T／R组件和相控阵组件。

现在雷达技术发展得更快了，在这篇文章里，我将给出某些最近突破的例子。

【关键词】雷达；有源相控阵；MMIC；MEMS；T／R组件；相控阵；AESA；电扫；GaAs；GaN；SiC；CMOS；数字波束形成；自适应阵列；旁瓣对消器；超宽带天线；金属材料；电子管；真空电子器件；回旋管；磁控管；速调管；行波管；微波功率组件；MPM；功率放大组件；SBX；GBR—P0：SEA-BASED X-波段雷达24层楼高的SEA-BASED X-波段相控阵雷达是一个世界奇迹。

1：GaAs MMIC T／R模块（单片微波集成电路）在过去的十年成功和广泛的应用了MMIC和AESA(有源电子扫描阵)2：低成本￥19K AESA谁说AESA是非常昂贵的，在DARPA（Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency美国国防部先进研究项目局）的低资金￥19K资助下使35GHZ相控阵成为可能。

DARPA 已经资助发展了￥10 X-band,10’smW,单T/R芯片模块。

3：低成本的MEMS(微机电系统)相控阵即使我们只有一个低损耗的移相器，那么就能够用在一个模块上安装很多的移相而MEMS提供了这个可能。