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Lecture 11 汉英科技翻译常见问题(1) 科技翻译

Lecture 11 汉英科技翻译常见问题(1) 科技翻译

二、搭配问题

英语词语搭配往往是固定的，不可随意改动 。搭配涉及动词、名词、介词等等。



1. 目前生物工程的研发主要集中在基因工程 产品的开发上。 ? The recent R&D of bioengineering is focused in the development of genetic engineering products. 改译： The recent R&D of bioengineering is focused on the development of genetic engineering products.
四、标点问题

标点符号对书面语言的表达非常重要， 而且在英语中的使用比汉语严格，所以 汉译英时要引起注意。
轶事一则




有位记者采访报道一位女明星，文稿中的一个 逗号的误用引起一场笑话。试看下面的两个句 子。 1.I would like to wear no clothes which will distinguish me from others. 我不爱穿使我显得与众不同的衣服（原意） 2.I would like to wear no clothes, which will distinguish me from others. 我喜欢不穿衣服，这样就可以与众不同了。



如果出现这种情况，只需用螺丝刀拧紧螺丝 ，如果不拧紧螺丝，就会导致把手脱落。 A. In such a case, simple application of a screwdriver should be used to tighten screw. Failure to tighten the screw can eventually lead to disengagement of the handle. B. If this happens, simply tighten the screw with a screwdriver; otherwise, the handle may come off.

科技翻译

科技翻译

科技英语翻译的理解与表达随着世界科技发展的日新月异和我国对外科技交流的日益频繁，科技翻译的重要性越发凸显出来。

科技翻译要求确切理解和掌握原文的内容，不能主观地发挥个人的想法和推测,做到科学性和艺术性的完美结合。

其科学性和艺术性主要体现为“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。

下面就英语科技翻译的科学性和艺术性，以及翻译的三个标准，讨论科技英语翻译的理解与表达。

一、科技翻译的科学性科技英语的翻译由于其文体的特殊性，首先就要求它的译文要求忠于原文，它的文字表达不需要过于华丽的辞藻，语句直截了当，词意简单明了。

而做到这些就需要译者准确理解原文，包括掌握常用词汇的专业化和语句中词汇翻译的灵活性等。

例1：Applications and incomes become the carrier’s focus of attention. Personalized service has present itself as the high mode service.carrier：n.[化学]载体；运送者；带菌者；货架。

这些是“carrier”的常用词意，但是在科技英语翻译中，它更常用其专业释义。

这句句子中的“carrier”如果用常用的几个词意带入，很快就会发现句子是不通顺的，根据前后文则可以猜测它的词意应该与经济体有关。

实际上，这里“carrier”是“运营商”的意思。

译文：运营商的关注焦点已从技术转向了应用、服务和收益。

作为信息服务的高级形态，个性化服务开始逐步走上了前台。

例2：Ozone pollution is a concern during the summer months because strong sunlight and hot weather result in harmful ozone concentrations in the air we breathe.concern：vt.涉及，关系到；使担心。

科技英语NP_1beNP_2句的汉译

科技英语NP_1beNP_2句的汉译

第37卷第3期2015年9月上海理工大学学报（社会科学版）Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyVol．37No．3Sept．2015收稿日期：2014－07－23作者简介：方洪民（1966－），男，副研究员。

研究方向：科技翻译。

E-mail ：fhm117@126．com 科技英语NP 1be NP 2句的汉译方洪民，李冠，王彩红，阮刘青（中国水稻研究所科技信息中心，杭州310006）摘要：英语NP 1be NP 2判断句表达主项NP 1、谓项NP 2两个概念外延相容的逻辑语义关系。

表达抽象概念的抽象名词短语赋予NP 1be NP 2句概括、客观和静态表达的句式意义，将抽象名词短语逆转换为具体表达是识解NP 1be NP 2句语义的关键。

NP 1be NP 2句按NP 1、NP 2不同的语义表达，可汉译为“是”字句、及物动词谓语句、不及物动词谓语句、形容词谓语句、主谓谓语句或无主句等多种情况。

通过翻译实例分析，为汉英科技翻译实践中恰当运用NP 1be NP 2句式提供参考依据。

关键词：判断句；名词性谓语判断句；抽象名词；科技翻译；科技英语中图分类号：H 314．3文献标志码：A 文章编号：1009－895X （2015）03－0206－05DOI ：10．13256/j．cnki．jusst．sse．2015．03．002Chinese Translation of the NP 1be NP 2Constructionin English Scientific WritingsFang Hongmin ，Li Guan ，Wang Caihong ，Ｒuan Liuqing（Scientific Information Center ，China National Ｒice Ｒesearch Institute ，Hangzhou 310006，China ）Abstract ：The syntactic construction of NP 1be NP 2in English involves a compatibility relation between the logical extensions of concept NP 1（subject ）and concept NP 2（predicate ）．By using abstract nouns in NP 1and NP 2，this syntactic construction expresses semantic meaning of generalization ，objectivity and static property．A key to better understanding of this syntactic pattern is the back-transformation of abstract nouns to concrete expressions．Depending on the semantic expressions of two nominal phrases NP 1and NP 2，the construction of NP 1be NP 2may be translated into different types of Chinese sentence structure such as “shi ”sentence ，sentence with transitive verbs or intransitive verbs ，sentence with adjective predicate and non-subject-sentence．Keywords ：nominal predicate sentence ；NP 1be NP 2；abstract noun ；translation of scientific English writing ；EST一、概述英语名词性谓语判断句NP 1be NP 2（注：NP ，名词性短语；VP ，动词性短语或小句），以传统语法分析，NP 1作主语、NP 2作表语并与be 类系动词一起构成复合谓语；以逻辑语法分析，NP 1、NP 2分别是判断的主项与谓项，系动词be 是判断联项并确定NP 1、NP 2二者概念外延相容的关系，其外延部分或全部重合［1］，概念NP 1与NP 2是类属或等同的关系。

科技英语课文翻译1-7

科技英语课文翻译1-7

参考译文Unit 1课文A石油1油，和煤一样，存在于沉积岩中，而且可能由死去很长时间的生物有机体形成。

含有石油的岩石几乎都来源于海洋，所以形成石油的有机物一定是海洋生物，而不是树木。

2 石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质，而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。

比如浮游生物：大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。

3 有机物的脂肪物质主要由碳氢原子组成，因此并不需要太多的化学变化就可以形成石油。

生物有机体只需在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。

其脂肪不是分解腐烂，而是逐渐积聚，并在深层的淤泥里圈闭起来，进而经过细微的原子重组，最终形成石油。

4 油比水轻，呈液态，会经由上方覆盖的孔隙性岩石向上渗透，在地球上有些地区到达表层，古人将这些表层石油称为沥青、柏油或异庚烷。

在古代和中世纪，这些石油油苗常被看作药品而不是燃料。

5 当然，表层的油苗数量很少。

而石油油藏上方有时覆盖的是非孔隙性岩石。

石油向上渗透抵达该岩石，然后在岩石下方逐渐积聚形成油层。

若在上方的岩石上钻个孔，石油就可以通过该孔向上迁移。

有时压力过大，石油会向高空喷出。

1859年在宾夕法尼亚州，由埃德温·德雷克成功打出第一口井。

6 如果可以发现一个合适的地点（勘探人员已经识别出地下可能圈闭有石油的地层结构），那么就很容易抽取这一液体燃料，这要比派人到地下把大块的固体煤炭砍成小块要容易得多。

而且一旦获得石油，可以通过地上管道运输，而不必像煤一样，由运货车经过繁重的装卸任务来运输。

7 石油便于抽取，易于运输，促进了石油的应用。

石油可以蒸馏成不同的馏分，每种馏分均由特定大小的分子组成，分子越小，该馏分就越容易蒸发。

8 到19世纪下半叶，最重要的石油馏分是由中等大小的分子构成的煤油，它不易蒸发，被用于照明。

9 然而，到19世纪末人们研制出了内燃机。

内燃机是通过在汽缸里将空气与可燃气体混合，产生爆炸来提供动力的。

最便利的可燃气体是汽油——石油的又一馏分，由小分子构成，容易蒸发。

科技翻译(1)

科技翻译(1)

• 一九一一年，一位波兰科学家发现，脚气 病所以多发生在东方，是因该地区各国的 人民主要以白米或精制大米为食。
• An infrared system could be useable in both anti-air and anti-ship engagements, but its inherent disadvantages related to some dependence on optical visibility and to sensibility to interference from natural or manmade sources make it less attractive in the surface than in the air role.
Unit Eleven Aeronautics
The Translation of Long Sentences
一、顺序拆译法
• 有些英语长句虽然结构冗长，但其表意顺 序和叙述层次与汉语相近。对这种句子， 基本上可以按照原来的先后顺序拆译成若 干小句、递次译出。
• In 1911, a scientist in Poland found that the reason why beriberi was occurring mostly in the Orient was that the peoples in these countries ate mainly white or polished rice.
• 空气为什么能使火燃烧得更旺?直到大约二 百年前才弄清其原因。当时某些科学家终 于证明，空气中有一种气体是氧，它能够 与其它一些元素（如碳）化合，从而释放 出大量的热。
• From what is stated above，it is learned that the sun’s heat can pass through the empty space between the sun and the atmosphere that surrounds the earth, and that most of the heat is dispersed through the atmosphere and lost， which is really what happens in the practical case, but to what extent it is lost has not been found out.

科技翻译

科技翻译

We can use brackets in the ordinary, so that A would be written as A/(B+D). 我们可以使用一般括号，这样。 。就可以写成 A/(B+D)。 英语中的虚拟语气表示的是“可能性”低。 转换与被动语态的翻译 正规被动句 通常有介词“被，叫，让，受，为”等引导的被动句。 Coal is being used in great and great amount to produce electricity. 越来越多的煤正在被用来发电。 They are entirely controlled by instincts. 他们完全受本能的控制。 当然被动句。 汉语动词的语态很大程度上取决于句子的深层结构， 表层关系上的主谓关系可 以表达深层结构的受事关系。 The project has been completed. 那个工程已经竣工。 A convex lens can be used to construct the sun’s ray and thus burn a hole in a piece of paper. 凸透镜可以用来聚集太阳光，将一片纸烧穿个洞。 无主句 Thin layers of other impermeable materials are found in nature, too. 在自然界中也发现有其他非渗透性薄层物质。 判断句 Superconductive was first discovered by the Holland physicist kamelingh-onnes in 1911. 超导体是荷兰物理学家 kamelingh-onnes 与 1911 年发现的。 有时，如当汉动词为“认为，以为，认识到”等表示心里意识活动的词时，还需补上英语表层 被动结构中所省略的施事。 At first it was believed that air consisted of single gas. 起初人们曾以为空气只是由单一气体组成。 有时需要转换成主动语态 Plants and trees are provided by nature with four means of dispersing their seed. 大自然赋予草木四种传播种子的方法。 英语状语性分词结构翻译 具有科技英语特色的状语性分词结构 The solar wind grossly distorts the earth’s magnetic field. It drag it out to a long tail. 第二句处的 it 指的是第一句中的 the solar wind，因此可以写成 The solar wind grossly distorts the earth’s magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail. 常见非谓语动词词组有现在分词，过去分词和不定式三种，通常与主语保持时间、条件、因 果、方式等语义方面的联系。 译成连动式分句 在一个主语下使用两个或两个以上的动词，期间用逗号隔开。 The solar wind grossly distorts the earth’s magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail. 太阳风使地球磁场的形状发生了很大的变化，将它向外拉，扯出一条长尾巴。 译成复合分句 两个主语分别置于两句中 About a day after a sector boundary, the total spin of all the storms in the North hemisphere declines by about 10 per cent, making the storms less sever, and then returns to normal.

科技英语翻译(1)

科技英语写作与翻译
ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Historically，“three peaks”in translation movements：东汉至唐宋的Buddhism scripture 的翻译、明末清初的科技翻译、鸦片 战争至‘五四“ 的西学翻译。（ First Opium War (Britain’s invasion of China, 1840-1842） In terms of scope, quality, and contribution to the development of the nation, the current one is unprecedented.
形象生动,句式简单,强烈的审美意识， 文字生动而感人。
专业术语,正式的客观描述词汇,较长的
名词化结构,客观事实,文字严谨而客观。
2. 与英语口语文体的对比 An old lady who was listening exclaimed: It beats all how folks do things nowadays. When I was a gal, they made a hole in each end of an egg and sucked. A young lady back home from school was explaining. “ Take an egg.” She said, “ and make a perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex, then apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath, the shell is entirely discharged of its contents.”

中国翻译史[1]

第二章
Hale Waihona Puke 中国翻译史 一、从周代到东汉桓帝的翻译活动
； 二、东汉桓帝末年到宋代的翻译活动（佛经 翻译） ； 三、明清两代时期的翻译活动（科技翻译） ； 四、鸦片战争至“五四”运动时期的翻译活 动（文学翻译） ； 五、改革开放至今的翻译活动
一、从周代到东汉桓帝
（一）周代
；
（二）秦汉时期
二、东汉桓帝末年到宋代 （佛经翻译）
佛经翻译的四个时期
： （一）草创时期（东汉桓帝末年到西晋）； （二）发展时期（东晋到隋） ； （三）全盛时期（唐代）； （四）基本结束时期 （北宋）
三、明清两代时期 （科技翻译）
在这一时期，首先有徐光启、李之藻、杨廷 筠。他们三位被耶稣教会人士称为“中国圣 教三柱石”（徐宗泽《明清间耶稣会士译著 提要》） “臣等愚心认为：欲求超胜，必须会通；会 通之前，先须翻译。” （徐光启） “信、达、雅”（严复）
五、改革开放至今


黄龙：《翻译学》是他在翻译理论与实践方面几十年心 血的结晶，也是目前我国大陆惟一标明“翻译学”的专 著。 许渊冲：《翻译中的几对矛盾》中认为：无论直译、意 译，都把忠实于原文的内容放在第一位。 翁显良：《意态由来画不成？》中，指出原作意象的隐 或显、婉或直、艳丽或质朴、庄重或谐谑都是可译的。 刘宓庆：《文体与翻译》中认为：“翻译必须随文体之 异，随原文风格之异而调整译文，必须保证译文对原文 文体和风格的适应性。” 王佐良：《翻译中的文化比较》、《翻译与文化繁荣》 大大拓宽和加深了对于翻译本质的认识 。 与前三次翻译高潮相比，这一次涉猎的领域之广，从事 的人数之众，译著的数量之多，都是前所未有的，为国 家的繁荣昌盛做出了重要贡献。

科技英语翻译1—4

Types of SustainabilityThe four types of sustainability include human, economic, social, and environmental. All four are required to maintain the entirety of life on Earth. Although interconnected, it is important to note the differences of each in terms of its nature and requirements.Types of Sustainability / HumanThe very basic need of human sustainability is good reproductive health and safe childbearing. Those that reproduce have the responsibility of caring for their children, giving them access to proper education, and promoting their health and wellness. At some point, the children should have enough skills and knowledge such that they can sustain their own way of life. It is at that point that they become considered as productive human capital as well as individuals that can go through the process of reproduction and rearing. As long as this process is maintained at a rate that all human systems can support, human sustainability should be no cause for concern.Types of Sustainability / EconomicIn simple terms, economic sustainability is having a set amount of capital for a certain period. Those who consume that capital must also conserve it so that they will continue to enjoy it towards the end of the specified period. This means that we must preserve all our resources as we consume them so that human beings in the future can enjoy them as well. To achieve this, we must regenerate our resources at a rate that is equal to or faster than our consumption.Types of Sustainability / SocialSocial capital is an important aspect of sustainability because it is through communities and civil societies that humankind can easily and inexpensively work together. Without proper levels of social capital, it can easily deplete and violence as well as mistrust can take over. When that happens, societies and everything else that depends on them will be destroyed. Through proper maintenance of and adherence to laws, rules, and values that societies have developed for the common good, social sustainability can be achieved.Types of Sustainability / EnvironmentalEnvironmental sustainability is important because it involves natural resources that human beings need for economic or manufactured capital. Materials taken from nature are used for solutions that address human needs. If nature is depleted faster than it can regenerate, human beings will be left without raw materials.Furthermore, environmental sustainability also involves ensuring that waste emissions are at volumes that nature can handle. If not, all humans and other living things on Earth can be harmed to the point of extinction.可持续性分类四种可持续性包括人类可持续性，经济可持续性，社会可持续性和环境可持续性。

英汉互译1

英汉互译Ⅰ. Teaching Arrangements1) Teaching Hours: 38-40hs, 2 h per week2) Teaching Methods: 1) Lectures: introduce translation theory and skill &their histories2) Discussions on theories, skillsthe differences between English and Chinesethe error and weakness in translation3) Class shows: sight interpreting4) Student Performance: 5 minutes each weekmainly based on volunteers2 minutes each student2 times each student a term5) Answering Questions on Interneta. 形而上者为道，形而下者为器。

（《易经》）b. 传道授业解惑也。

（《师说》韩愈）c. Keep fit, study well and work hard.d. Practice makes perfect.e. Many heads are better than one.3) Assignments and Attendances (5 readings and 12 translations)2. Mid- Term Examination9th week. From English into ChinesePart One Theories and Skills (Multiple Choices) (30%)Part Two Practice (Two Texts) (60%)Part Three Discussion (10)Final Examination (60%)Part One Theories and Skills (Multiple Choices) (30%)Part Two Practice (Three Texts: one from English into Chinese; two from Chineseinto English) (60%)Part Three Discussion (10)Final grade =Assignments and attendances: 20%Mid-term Exam: 20%Final Exam: 60%3. References:1)安菊梅（主编）.英汉翻译教程[M].重庆：重庆大学出版社，2006.2)康娟（主编）.英语专业八级考试翻译指南[M].北京：中国社会出版社，2006年.3)张培基, 喻云根李宗杰，彭谟禹. 英汉翻译教程[M]. 上海：外教社, 1980.4)中国翻译[J]5)陆谷孙（主编）. 新编英汉大词典[Z].上海：上海译文出版社，1996.6)谭卫国，蔡金龙（主编）.新编英汉互译教程[M].上海：华东理工大学出版社，2005.7)阎佩斯[M].英汉与汉英翻译教学论[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2005.8)英语学习[J]9)英语沙龙[J]10)上海科技翻译[J]任课翻译成果Lecture One1. IntroductionTranslation means the conversion of an expression into another language. To say plainly it is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or translator taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy andexpressiveness.Accuracy is the first requisite of translation. The translator must stick to the author’s idea. Words selected and construction sentences constructed must be of such nature as will convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation, vivid and attractive.2. Theories1)翻译简史简史中国的翻译历史简单分为四个主要阶段。

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Practice
Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.
半导体器件也称为晶体管，在许多场合替 代电子管。
Practice
All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 我们知道, 所有的物体都有重量并 占据空间。
power在不同的专业中确切的含义各不相同: 电源: Power generation发电 power supply电源power cord电线 电力: Power can be transmitted a very long distance. 幂: The fourth power of three is eighty-one. 3的4次幂是81. 功率: The power dissipation is below 12mW from a 1.5 V supply. 工作电压1.5V时，功耗小于12mW. 动力，能: wind /water power风/水力 A car needs a lot of power to go fast。 高速行驶需要很大的动力。
2) 各类科技情报和文字资料; 3) 科技实用手册(Operative Means, 包括仪器、仪表、机 械、工具等等)的结构描述和操作规程;
4) 有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语;
5) 有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词,等等 Read P2
• Scientific Texts/ Scientific Prose (from a point of view of stylistic) 科技文本/科技散文 • Translation of EST/ Translation of Scientific Texts 科技英语翻译/科技文体翻译
Linguistic Features of EST & the Translation
• Science --- precision & the absence of ambiguity • The language of science --- precise & unambiguous • Coherence, Clarity & Fluency (连贯、 明晰、畅达) • Translated versions : objective, accurate & well-knit
Requirements for a Qualified Scientific Translator
P5 多读 勤查 求证
Requirements for a Qualified Scientific Translator
1) a broad knowledge on the subjects involved; 2) capable of employing translating skills involved in translation of EST; a) a thorough understanding of the technical terms b) acquaintance with sentence structures frequently used in EST c) a thorough analysis of the deep structures 3) to have a good command of English & Chinese 4) to be rigorous
It covers…
物理 化学 生物 农学 计算机 交通 技术 机电 航空 医学 建筑 地球学 …
EST
• In a broad sense, EST covers anything related to science and technology, both in written and spoken forms. 1) 科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案;
The heat loss can be considerably reduced by the use of firebricks round the walls of the boiler. 通过在炉壁周围使用耐火砖，热损失可以被大 大降低。(×) 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。(√)
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视是通过无线电波的活动物体的图像的传 播和接受。(×) 电视通过无线电波发射和接受各种活动物体 的图像。(√)
Scientific and Technical Translation
Requirements
教学方式：课堂讲授、分析研讨、科技文章 阅读、课后翻译练习。 考核方式：平时综合表现（考勤、课堂活动 表现、课堂作业）40%，课程结业考试 60%。
Terms
1 Scientific and technical translation 2 Scientific and technological translation 3 English for Science and Technology
• 这里我们将提及两种温度计:华氏表和摄 氏表。 • 这里我们将提及两种温标:华氏温标和摄 氏温标。
Practice
The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 1. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。 2. 驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的 感应电动机。
通顺易懂
A material obቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱect cannot have a speed greater than the speed of light. • 一个物体不会有一个大于光速的速度。 • 一个物体的速度绝不会超过光速。
通顺易懂
Distillation involves heating the solution until water evaporates, and then condensing the vapor. • 蒸馏就是加热溶液直到水蒸发,然后冷 凝蒸汽。 • 蒸馏就是要把溶液加热,直到水蒸发, 然后再使蒸汽冷凝。
简洁明晰
• It is forbidden to dismantle it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts. • 为了避免损坏设备的零件,未经许可不 得拆卸该设备。 • 严禁乱拆, 以免损坏该设备的零件。
Practice
Read P2-3
Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. 应当注意机器的工作温度。
P2 汉语的无主句
We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance. It is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块 金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器， 其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量 单位是法拉。
EST
• 科技英语(English for Science and Technology , 简称EST) 作为一种重要的 英语文体,与非科技英语文体相比,具有词义 多、长句多、被动句多、词性转换多、非 谓语动词多、专业性强等特点, 这些特点都 是由科技文献的内容所决定的。 • 因此, 科技英语的翻译也有别于其它英语文 体的翻译。
Translation Standards
• Translation Standards for Translation of EST: clarity, coherence & conciseness 科技英语翻译标准: 明确、通顺、简练。 • (准确规范、通顺易懂、简洁明晰)
准确规范
• We shall mention here two temperature scales, namely, the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale.
Contents
Lexical level (Chapter 1-6) Sentence level (Chapter 7-8) Other texts (Chapter 10)
术语 符号单位 数字倍数 公式等
词的多义 词的专义 词的上下义 词的同义
英汉科技文本对比
1 句法 2 术语 Lexical Features of EST Syntactic Features of EST
• The removal of minerals from water is called softening. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
Exercise
Finish exercise 1 on P10 Finish exercise 2 on P12 Read from P13-19
More Nominalization 大量使用名词化结构 如definitions, principles, laws, conclusions, etc. For example: All substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough. 只要有足够的电位差，所有的物体都允许一些 电流通过。(×) 只要有足够的电位差，电流便可以通过任何物 体。(√)