杭州师范大学_翻译与写作2013--2017年_考研真题／硕士研究生入学考试试题

2016年杭州师范大学815翻译与写作考研真题(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、翻译题(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、翻译题(总题数：1，分数：40.00)1.A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today as it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness, amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.Men often discover their affinity to each other by the love they have each for a book: just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both have for a third.There is an old proverb, “Love me, and love my dog.” But there is more wisdom in this: “Love me, love my book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their favorite author. They live in him together, and he lives in them. They can find their opinions from books, in reverse, the ideas of the author influence them too.Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds long ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page.（分数：40.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________三、翻译题(总题数：1，分数：40.00)2.无论生活多么卑微，你要面对它，接受它，不要躲避它，不要咒骂它。

杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸杭州师范大学2018年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码： 815考试科目名称：翻译与写作说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

I.英译汉（40分）The object of what we commonly call education—that education in which man intervenes and which I shall distinguish as artificial education—is to make good these defects in nature’s methods; to prepare the child to receive nature’s education, neither incapably nor ignorantly, nor with wilful disobedience. In short, all artificial education ought to be an anticipation of natural education. And a liberal education is an artificial education—which has trained a man to appreciate and to seize upon the rewards which nature scatters with as free a hand as her penalties.That man, I think, has had a liberal education who has been so trained in youth that his body is the ready servant of his will, and does with ease and pleasure all the work that as a mechanism, it is capable of; whose intellect is a clear, cold, logic engine, with all its parts of equal strength, and in smooth working order.Such a one and no other, I conceive, has had a liberal education; for he is, as completely as a man can be, in harmony with nature. He will make the best of her, and she of him.II．汉译英（40分）何为自由？有人说就好比火车，它能够自由疾驰。

2017年杭州师范大学815翻译与写作考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Translate the following passages into Chinese. (40 points)What is life? What are the true nature, meaning and purpose of life? Since ancient times, great philosophers and scholars of religion have strained their energy and intellect to the limit for an answer to these crucial and central questions in a person’s life. But they are not alone. First-rate poets in the world have done the same by contemplating and pondering over the questions—now delving into the depth of their souls—now communing with Nature.They envision Paradise through a flower and see the meaning of life in a dewdrop. Then, with their gifted pens, they picture a kaleidoscopic world and act upon act of the drama of life. In the end their works serve no other purpose than revealing the truth and meaning of life.Faced with these questions, philosophers adopt the attitude and approach of trying to explain and expound; poets and men of letters to portray and reveal. Homer’s epics enlighten us about the kind of refined, colorful life and ideal in Greek art. Shakespeare’s plays reflect the contradictions in men’s lives and the “will to power” during the Renaissance.【参考译文】人生是什么？人生的真相如何？人生的意义何在？人生的目的是何？这些人生最重大、最中心的问题，不只是古来一切大宗教家哲学家所殚精竭虑以求解答的。

浙江杭州师范大学综合英语考研真题I. Cloze（每小题1分，共50分）Fill in each of the blanks with a function word, otherwise the first letter is given as a clue.Passage One: Instinct or cleverness?We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good. We continually wage war (1) ____________ them, for they contaminate our food, carry diseases, or devour our crops. They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or beat against our lighted windows. We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones like moths. Reading about them increases our understanding without dispelling our fears. Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us (2) ____________ being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared picnic lunch. No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being (3)s____________. Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase. At the same time, however, insects are strangely fascinating. We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead perfectly horrible lives. We enjoy staring (4) ____________ them, entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) (5) ____________ our presence. Who has not stood in awe (6) ____________ the sight of a spider pouncing (7) ____________ a fly, or a column of ants triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?Last summer I spent days in the garden watching thousands of ants crawling up the trunk of my prize peach tree. The tree has grown against a warm wall on a sheltered side of the house. I am especially proud (8) ____________ it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it occasionally produces luscious peaches. During the summer, I noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither. Clusters of tiny insects called aphides were to be found on the underside of the leaves. They were visited by a large colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey (9) ____________ them. I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept me fascinated (10) ____________ twenty-four hours. I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape, making (11) ____________ impossible for the ants to reach the aphides. The tape was so sticky (12) ____________ they did not dare to cross it. For a long time, I watched them scurrying around the base of the tree (13) ____________ bewilderment. I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted (14) ____________ satisfaction (and surprise) that the ants were still swarming around the sticky tape (15) ____________ being able to do anything about it. I got up early next morning hoping to find (16) ____________ the ants had given up in despair. Instead, I saw that they had discovered a new (17) r____________. They were climbing (18) ____________ the wall of the houseand then on to the leaves of the tree. I realized sadly that I had been completely (19) d____________ by their ingenuity. The ants had been quick to find an (20)a____________ to my thoroughly unscientific methods!Passage Two: Cosmic DustWe know the universe doesn’t revolve around us. But parts of it do, like household dust. This continuously reproducing filth is comprised (1) __________ skin cells, hair, clothing fibres, dirt from outside, dust mites, bacteria and chemicals that can stick (2) __________ any of these items.As a child, one of my weekly chores was dusting the house. If you had told 12-year-old me that, at 37, I would find dusting one of the most comforting things I do at home, I would have been very concerned about exactly how awful adulthood is. But perhaps I might have worried less if I had also been told (3) __________ with adulthood would come knowledge of cosmic dust, which is all over the universe and absolutely does not revolve around us.Space dust is part of a fascinating life cycle of structure formation in the universe: the emergence of stars and planets, as well as their deaths. In the very early universe, gravity caused hydrogen and helium gas to collapse into objects that often became densely packed enough ignite nuclear hydrogen burning which leads (4)__________ star formation. The nuclear chain reactions that occur in stars produce elements heavier (5) __________ hydrogen and helium, like carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. Even heavier elements, like neon and titanium, are made in the supernova explosions that can occur at the end (6) __________ a star’s life.These explosions blow stardust made of these elements –most commonly silicon and carbon –out into the universe. Some of it leads to solar system formation, producing the extrasolar planets we are increasingly capable of observing. In the case (7) __________ our local star, the sun, that solar system sprouted life on thethird-innermost planet, Earth.Some of the dust helps form the next-generation stars that burn a little differently than their forebears because some of the elements they contain are heavier. One thing cosmic dust does have in common (8) __________ household dust is that it can be annoying. An ongoing issue in astronomy observations is figuring out how to learn about objects – from planets to stars – that are obscured (9) __________ cosmic dust in what we call our line of sight, the path of light travelling from that object (10) __________ our telescope. Light passing through cosmic dust interacts with its particles. The dust will sometimes absorb and scatter the light, dimming the object’s brightness, although this can also offer valuable insight (11) __________ the size of the dust particles.Like household dust, cosmic dust can lead (12) __________ misinterpretations of what we are viewing. Your black television stand can end (13) __________ looking grey if you don’t clean it. Similarly, cosmic dust can get mistaken for something else. Just five years ago, researchers on the BICEP2 experiment revealed they had detected gravitational waves, ripples in space-time, from the universe’s first second of existence. It turned (14) __________ that instead they had seen (15) d__________. The mistaken announcement occurred because they hadn’t properly subtracted dustout (16) __________ their data. In other (17) w__________, dust can really get in the way of taking a good, clean picture.At the same (18) t__________, studying cosmic dust is a critical part of understanding how objects form in the cosmos. While most of the matter in the universe is probably in the form of dark matter, most of the visible matter is in the form of interstellar dust, not in compact objects like stars and planets. Thus, insight (19) __________ large-scale structures like galaxies requires an understanding of dust dynamics. One galaxy we would really like to understand is ours, the Milky (20) W__________. But we face challenges in trying to comprehend it because (21)__________ the way dust obscures our view, so looking at other examples is (22) i________________.It is good to have neighbours. The Milky (23) W__________ is part of what is known as the Local Group, a collection of galaxies whose largest members are our own and Andromeda. By looking at the patterns of dust in Andromeda, we can gain exciting insight (24) __________ our own corner of the universe. Ant Whitworth at Cardiff University in the UK recently led a team in doing just that, using (25) d__________ from the Herschel Space Observatory.Herschel, named (26) __________ British astronomers and siblings Caroline and William Herschel, was a European Space Agency telescope that specialised (27) __________ looking at the universe in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that straddles infrared and radio waves –exactly where space dust is most visible (28) __________ our instruments. With their data, Whitworth and his team affirmed a previously noted tension between theoretical models of interstellar dust and observations. Dust continues to give humanity trouble, whether (29) __________ home or (30) __________ the galaxy next door.II. Translation （每小题15分，共30分）Part A Translate the following into Chinese.I lost my sight when I was four years old by falling off a box car in a freight yard in Atlantic City and landing on my head. Now I am thirty-two. I can vaguely remember the brightness of sunshine and what colour red is. It would be wonderful to see again, but a calamity can do strange things to people. It occurred to me the other day that I might not have come to love life as I do if I hadn't been blind.I believe in life now. I am not so sure that I would have believed in it so deeply, otherwise. I don't mean that I would prefer to go without my eyes. I simply mean that the loss of them made me appreciate the more what I had left.Part B Translate the following into English.在发展科学技术方面，我们要共同努力。

杭州师范大学2017年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码：743考试科目名称：外国文学（一）说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

一、名词解释（每题8分，共40分）1、文艺复兴2、浮士德精神3、荒诞派戏剧4、川端康成5、《高老头》二、简答题（每题20分，共60分）1、希腊神话的特点和意义。

2、试以一个剧本为例，谈谈莎士比亚的艺术成就。

3. 俄罗斯文学中的“多余人”形象。

三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 阅读文本，撰写不少于400字的分析文章，题目自拟。

没有走过的路[美] 罗伯特•弗罗斯特金黄的林中有两条岔路，可惜我作为一名过客，不能两条都走，我久久踌躇，极目遥望一条路的去处，直到它在灌木丛中隐没。

我走了第二条，它也不坏，而且说不定更加值得，因为它草多，缺少人踩；不过这点也难比较出来，两条路踩的程度相差不多。

那天早晨两条路是一样的，都撒满落叶，还没踩下足迹。

啊，我把第一条路留待来日！尽管我明白：路是连着路的，我怀疑是否还能重返旧地。

此后不论岁月流逝多少，我提起此事总要伴一声叹息：两条路在林中分了道，而我呢，我选了较少人走的一条，此后的一切都相差千里。

2. 阅读文本，撰写不少于400字的分析文章，题目自拟。

捡橡果的孩子[英] 理查德•杰弗里斯黑乌鸦，黄橡叶，树下睡着一个小男孩。

他把头枕在树干边凸起的根块上，脚伸向已装满一半橡果的小包或小袋。

酣睡间，他额头紧锁——展不开的皱纹像橡树皮上的裂痕。

除此之外，他的容貌既不讨人喜欢，也不令人生厌，是一群贫苦人家孩子中普普通通的一个。

紧蹙的怒眉是唯一不同于他人的特征——就像被防滑钉踩过留下凹痕的一枚硬币，凭这个印记才能把它从二十个完全相同的硬币中区分出来。

他的衣服不比麻布片好多少，但缝补洗刷得干净整洁。

谁都会说：“家境不好，但照料还挺仔细。

”有个好心人也许会在他紧捏的手中塞进三便士，然后发一声叹息。

但即使得了钱，他那幼嫩额头上铁箍般紧锁的双眉也不会舒展开来。

杭州师范大学2017年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码：722考试科目名称：外国文学说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

一、名词解释（每题8分，共40分）1、多余人2、“欧亨利式笔法”3、威塞克斯小说4、罗伯格里耶5、《雪国》二、论述题（每题20分，共60分）1、论述哈姆雷特的性格内涵、悲剧原因，并分析莎士比亚塑造形象运用的艺术手法。

2、以作品为例论述欧洲文学史上的人本主义、人文主义和人道主义的内涵。

3、比较现实主义小说与意识流小说的心理描写异同。

三、分析题（50分）。

阅读文本，撰写不少于800字的分析文章，题目自拟。

珠宝(法国)莫泊桑自从郎丹先生在他的副科长家里的晚会上遇见了那个青年女子，他就堕入了情网。

那是一个去世好几年的外省税务局长的女儿。

父亲死后，她和母亲到了巴黎，母亲时常到本区几个资产阶级人家往来，目的是要给年轻女儿找配偶。

母女俩都是贫穷而可敬的，安静而温和的。

那年轻女儿像是一位贤妻良母的典范，明智的青年男子是梦想把自己的生活托付给这种典型人物的。

她那种带着含羞意味的美，具有一种安琪儿式的纯洁风韵，那阵绝不离开嘴角的无从察觉的微笑仿佛是她心弦上的一种反射。

　大家全赞美她。

凡是认识她的人都不住地重复说："将来娶她的那一个真有福气。

我们找不出更好的了。

" 郎丹先生当时是内政部的一个主任科员，每年的薪水是三千五百金法郎，他向她求婚，娶了她。

最初和她在一块儿，他过着一种令人难于相信的幸福生活。

她用一种那般巧妙的经济手腕治家，两个人好像过得很阔气。

她对待丈夫的注意，细心，体贴，真是罕有的；并且她本身的诱惑力非常之大，以至于在他俩相遇６年之后，他之爱她更甚于初期。

他仅仅责备她两个缺点：爱看戏和爱假的珠宝。

她的女朋友们（她认识三五个小官儿的妻子）随时替她找得到包厢去看流行的戏，甚或去看那些初次上演的戏；而她呢，不管好歹总要拉着丈夫同去散心，不过他在整天工作之后，这类的散心事是教他骇然感到疲乏的。

2015年杭州师范大学研究生入学考试《翻译与写作》真题(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、翻译题1.To fight is a radical instinct; if men have nothing else to fight over they will fight over words, fancies, or women, or they will fight because they dislike each other's looks, or because they have met walking in opposite directions. To knock a thing down, especially if it is cocked at an arrogant angle, is a deep delight to the blood. To fight for a reason and in a calculating spirit is something your true warrior despises; even a coward might screw his courage up to such a reasonable conflict.The joy and glory of fighting lie in its pure spontaneity and consequent generosity; you are not fighting for gain, but for sport and for victory. Victory, no doubt, has its fruits for the victor. If fighting were not a possible means of livelihood the warlike instinct could never have established itself in any long-lived race. A few men can live on plunder; just as there is room in the world for some beasts of prey; other men are reduced to living on industry, just as there are diligent bees, ants, and herbivorous cows. But victory need have no good fruits for the people whose army is victorious.（分数：40.00）_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(战斗是一种激进的本能。

杭州师范大学2017年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码：859考试科目名称：专业基础（一）说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

除书法专业的其他考生做第一部分试题，书法专业考生做第二部分试题。

第一部分一、创作构思（凡1题，共105分）创作主题：《秋》创作要求：根据题目创作与该主题相符的图稿（黑白稿形式），其中草图2幅，完成稿1幅。

（完成于答题纸上，标明附件1-附件3）提示：草图可用铅笔、木炭铅笔等工具。

完成稿必须用水笔、钢笔等不易涂擦的工具完成。

二、创作体会（凡1题，共45分）根据上述已完成的创作构图，谈谈自己的创作构思，以及拟完成该创作准备采取的创作手法，语言风格等。

完成500—1000字的短文1篇，题目自拟。

（完成于答题纸上，标明附件4-附件5）第二部分一、创作构图（凡2题，共105分）1. 篆刻创作构图（计2小题，35分）：（完成于附件1）（1）请将战国长条形玺“大司徒長勹乘”（见下图·左）重新设计为圆形阳文玺，完成（不得改变印面文字及基本构形、次序）印稿1件。

完成于答题纸上，印面请控制在直径3-6厘米。

（本小题20分）（2）参考浙派印“我书意造本无法”（见下图·中），将“大小二篆生八分”（见下图·右）转换为浙派白文印风格，完成于答题纸上，印面请控制在边长3-5厘米。

（本小题15分）注：印文线条可以同钢笔、水笔等描成一定的粗细，以突显风格特征；若为方便以阳文写稿来表示阴文印，必须注明。

2. 书法创作构图（计2小题，70分）：（完成于答题纸上，标明附件2-附件3）根据以下所提供的创作素材内容（文字），遵循具体要求，完成2件书法作品的创作构图（创作小稿）。

要求正确使用繁体字，署款中不得透露考生姓名、地区等信息，不得做任何与答题无关的标记。

浙江师范大学翻译硕士汉语写作学位MTI考试真题2013年(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}第一部分百科知识{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}选择题{{/B}}(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.太阳系中体积最大、自转最快的行星是______。

∙ A.木星∙ B.土星∙ C.天王星∙ D.金星（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.2.狮子座流星雨得名的缘由是______。

∙ A.所有的流星都来自狮子座∙ B.其发现者就是狮子座的命名者∙ C.流星雨的方位与狮子座在天球上的投影相重叠∙ D.发生于每年7月23日至8月22日，即狮子座入主黄道期间（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.3.以下不属于“初唐四杰”的是______。

∙ A.卢照邻∙ B.骆宾王∙ C.王勃∙ D.贾岛（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.4.古希腊神话中，波塞冬(Poseidon)与宙斯是______关系。

∙ A.连襟∙ B.兄弟∙ C.父子（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.5.第一届现代奥运会于______年在希腊雅典举行。

∙ A.1892∙ B.1896∙ C.1900∙ D.1904（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.6.“格雷欣法则”(Gresham's Law)是指______。

∙ A.劣币驱逐良币的规律∙ B.通货膨胀的规律∙ C.股市大盘涨跌的规律∙ D.绩优股升值规律（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.7.《长生殿》是我国清代著名的悲剧，其作者是______。

∙ A.孔尚任∙ B.李玉∙ C.方成培∙ D.洪升（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.8.“一骑红尘妃子笑，无人知是荔枝来”是唐代著名诗人______《过华清宫绝句》中的名句。

∙ A.杜甫∙ B.李白∙ C.杜牧（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.9.我国人口最少的少数民族是______族。

∙ A.珞巴∙ B.哈尼∙ C.独龙∙ D.仫佬（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.10.20世纪中叶的朝鲜战争始于______年，终于______年。

目　录2010年杭州师范大学842综合英语考研真题及详解2011年杭州师范大学723综合英语考研真题及详解2012年杭州师范大学716综合英语考研真题及详解2013年杭州师范大学718综合英语考研真题及详解2014年杭州师范大学718综合英语考研真题及详解2015年杭州师范大学718综合英语考研真题及详解2016年杭州师范大学724综合英语考研真题及详解2017年杭州师范大学723综合英语考研真题及详解2018年杭州师范大学723综合英语考研真题及详解2019年杭州师范大学718综合英语考研真题及详解2010年杭州师范大学842综合英语考研真题及详解Part Ⅰ. Cloze (20points)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives, (1) _____ about the future. These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories, (2) _____ is their purpose merely to make conversation. The old person’s recollections of the past help to (3)_____ an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile: (4) _____ any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide (5) _____ to the future, the individual mentions their past as a reminder to listeners, that here was a life (6) _____ living. (7) _____, the memories form part of a continuing life (8) _____, in which the old person (9) _____ the events and experiences of the years gone by and (10) _____ on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life.As the life cycle (11) _____ to its close, the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impending death. (12) _____ this task is made difficult by the fact that death is almost a (13) _____ subject in the United States. The mere discussion of death is often regarded as (14) _____. As adults many ofus find the topic frightening and are (15) _____ to think about it—and certainly not to talk about it (16) _____ the presence of someone who is dying.Death has achieved this taboo (17) _____ only in the modern industrial societies. There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to (18) _____ the idea of death. It is the very fact that death remains (19) _____ our control; it is almost the only one of the natural processes (20) _____ is so.1. A. better thanB. rather thanC. less thanD. other than2. A. soB. evenC. norD. hardly3. A. preserveB. conserveC. resumeD. assume4. A. performingB. playingC. undertakingD. lacking5. A. orientationB. implicationC. successionD. presentation6. A. worthyB. worthC. worthlessD. worthwhile7. A. In a wordB. In briefC. In additionD. In particular8. A. prospectB. impetusC. impressionD. review9. A. integratesB. incorporatesC. includesD. interacts10. A. reckonsB. countsC. reflectsD. conceive11. A. keepsB. drawsC. inclinesD. tends12. A. ThereforeB. AndD. Otherwise13. A. tabooB. disputeC. contemptD. neglect14. A. notoriousB. indecentC. obscureD. desperate15. A. readyB. willingC. liableD. reluctant16. A. atB. onC. with17. A. statusB. circumstanceC. environmentD. priority18. A. encounterB. confrontC. tolerateD. expose19. A. underB. aboveC. beyondD. within20. A. whichB. whatC. asD. that【答案与解析】1. B 句意：老年人谈论过去而不是未来。

杭州师范大学
2017年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码： 717
考试科目名称：语言学基础
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。

现代汉语部分
一、名词解释（每题5分，共25分）
1.现代汉语
2.元音
3.主谓谓语句
4.文字
5.语体
二、分析题（每题10分，共30分）
1.用国际音标注出下列汉字在普通话中的读音：
杭州师范大学人文学院
2.用层次分析法分析下面短语：
小王请求我们允许他来这儿参加工作
3.下列词语哪些是单纯词，哪些是合成词？单纯词指出类型，合成词指出结构方式：
江湖壁画降低船只眼花举重日本蝴蝶
婀娜 WTO
三、论述题（每题10分，共20分）
1.谈谈语言、民族共同语、方言三者之间的关系。

2.谈谈对比与映衬的异同。

语言学概论部分
一、名词解释（每题10分，共30分）
1.国际音标
2.语流音变
3.语法范畴
二、分析题（25分）
1.简述人类大脑的分工，并举例说明。

（15分）
2.基本词汇和一般词汇的区分对学习一种语言有什么实际指导意义。

（10分）
三、论述题（20分）
试述语言的语法结构类型。