2016年高考试题(化学)上海卷 Word版

绝密★启用前2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟, 试卷满分150分。

2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。

试卷分为第I卷（第1－12页）和第II卷（第13页），全卷共13页。

所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。

第I卷(共103分)II. Grammar and VocabularySection A(A)Bags of LoveLast year, I was assigned to work at an office near my mother’s house, so I stayed with her for a month. During that time, I helped out with the housework and contributed to the groceries.After less than a week, I started noticing that the groceries were running out pretty quickly —we were always suddenly out of something. (25)_______(wonder) how my mum could consume them so quickly, I began observing her daily routine for two weeks. To my surprise, I found that she would pack a paper bag full of canned goods and head out every morning at about nine. Eventually, I decided to follow her and (26)_______ happened truly amazed me. She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in (27)______ she distributed it to children.I asked around and found out that my mum was very well known in the area. The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother. Then it hit me —shy would she mot want to tell me about what she (28)_____(do)? Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop (29)_____(buy) the groceries if I found out?When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30)_____ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didn’t need to keep it a secret (31)______ me. She told me that some of the children lived with an older lady in a shelter while others slept on the streets. For years, my mum has been helping out by giving them whatever food she could spare. I was so impressed by (32)_____ selfless she was.(B)Stress: Good or Bad?Stress used to be an almost unknown word, but now that we are used to talking about it, I have found that people are beginning to get stressed about being stressed.In recent years, stress(33)______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. But like so many other things, it is only too much stress(34)______ does you harm. It is time you considered that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little. If you are stuck at home with no stress, then your level of performance will be low. Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the(35)_____(good) your performance will be. Beyond a certain point, though , further stress will only lead to exhaustion, illness and finally a breakdown. You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself (36)_______ number of questions. Do you, for instance, feel that too much is being expected of (37)______, and yet find it impossible to say no? Do you find yourself getting impatient of (38) _____(annoy) with people over unimportant things?... If the answer to all those questions is yes, you had better(39)______(control ) your stress, as you probably are under more stress than is good for you.To some extent you can control the amount of stress in your life. Doctors have worked out a chart showing how much stress is involved in various events. Getting married is 50, pregnancy 40, moving house 20, Christmas 12,etc. If the total stress in your life is over 150, you are twice as likely (40)_______ (get )ill.Section BGolden Rules of Good DesignWhat makes good design? Over the years, designers and artists have been trying to 41 the essentials of good design. They have found that some sayings can help people understand the ideas of good design. There are four as follows.Less is more. This saying is associated with the German-born architect Mies van der Rohe. In his Modernist view, beauty lies in simplicity and elegance, and the aim of the designer is to create solutions to problems through the most efficient means. Design should avoid unnecessary 42More is not a bore. The American-born architect Robert Venturi concluded that if simplicity is done badly, the result is 43 design. Post-Modernist designers began to 44 with decoration and color again. Product design was heavily influenced by this view and can be seen in kitchen 45 such as ovens and kettles.Fitness for purpose. Successful product design takes into consideration a product’s function, purpose, shape, form, color, and so on. The most important result for the user is that the product does what is 46 . For example, think of a(n) 47 desk lamp. It needs to be constructed from materials that will stand the heat of the lamp and regular adjustments by the user. It also needs to be stable. Most importantly, it needs to 48 light where it is needed.From follows emotion. This phrase is associated with the German designer Hartmut Esslinger. He believes design must take into 49 the sensory side of our nature—sight, smell, touch and taste. These are as important as rational(理性的). When choosing everyday products such as toothpaste, we appreciate a cool-looking device that allows us to easily 50 the toothpaste onto our brush.III. Reading ComprehensionSection AIn the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment(授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating61. A. honoured B. left C. crowded D. compared62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractivenessSection B(A)One early morning, I went into the living room to find my mother reading a thick book called Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again. My interest was aroused only by the fact that the word “Poems” appeared in big, hot pink letters.“Is it good?” I asked her.“Yeah,” she answered. “There’s one I really like and you’ll like it, too.” I leaned forward.“‘Patty Poem,’” she read the title. Who is Patty? I wondered. The poem began:She never puts her toys away,Just leaves them scattered①where they lay,…①散乱的The poem was just three short sections. The final one came quickly:When she grows and gathers poise②, ②稳重I’ll miss her harum-scarum③noise, ③莽撞的And look in vain④for scattered toys. ④徒劳地And I’ll be sad.A terrible sorrow washed over me. Whoever Patty was, she was a mean girl. Then, the shock.“It’s you, honey,” My mother said sadly.To my mother, the poem revealed a parent’s affection when her child grows up and leaves. To me, the “she” in the poem was horror. It was my mama who would be sad. It was so terrible I burst out crying.“What’s wrong?” my mother asked.“Oh Mama,” I cried. “I don’t want to grow up ever!”She smiled. “Honey, it’s okay. You’re not growing up anytime soon. And when you do, I’ll still love you, okay?”“Okay,” I was still weeping. My panic has gone. But I could not help thinking about that silly poem. After what seemed like a safe amount of time, I read the poem again and was confused. It all fit so well together, like a puzzle. The language was simple, so simple I could plainly understand its meaning, yet it was still beautiful. I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry, words that had the power to make or break a person’s world.I have since fallen in love with other poems, but “Patty Poem” remains my poem. After all, “Patty Poem” gave me my love for poetry not because it was the poem that lifted my spirits, but because it was the one that hurt me the most.66. Why was the writer attracted by the book Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again?A. It was a thick enough book.B. Something on its cover caught her eye.C. Her mother was reading it with interest.D. It has a meaningful title.67. After her mother read the poem to her, the writer felt ______ at first.A. sadB. excitedC. horrifiedD. confused68. The writer’s mother liked to read “Patty Poem” probably because______.A. it reflected her own childhoodB. it was written in simple languageC. it was composed by a famous poetD. it gave her a hint of what would happen69. It can be concluded from the passage that“Patty Poem”leads the writer to _______.A. discover the power of poetryB. recognize her love for puzzlesC. find her eagerness to grow upD. experience great homesickness（B）Is there link between humans and climate change or not? This question was first studied in the early 1900s. Since then, many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference. In1997, th e Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the Earth’s changing atmosphere and setinternational limits for gas emissions(排放) from 2008 to 2012. Some countries have decided tocontinue these reductions until 2020. More recently, the Paris Agreement, stuck by nearly 200countries, also aims to limit global warming. But just now how much warmer it will get dependson how deeply countries cut carbon emissions.3.5℃This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Parispromises to reduce carbon emissions; this rise could still put coastal cities under water and driveover half of all species to extinction.2℃To meet this minimum goal, the Agreement requires countries to tighten emissions targets everyfive years. Even this increase could sink some islands, worse drought(干旱) and drive a declineof up to a third in the number of species.1.5℃This is the most ambitious goal for temperature rise set by the Paris Agreement, after a push by low-lying island nations like Kiribati, which say limiting temperature rise to 1.5℃could save them from sinking.0.8℃This is how much temperatures have risen since the industrial age began, putting us 40% of the way to the 2℃point.0℃The baseline here is average global temperature before the start of the industrial age.70. It can be concluded from paragraph 1 that _______.A. the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020B. gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countriesC. the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto ProtocolD. humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming71. If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement, what would happen by the year 2100?A. The human population would increase by one third.B. Little over 50% of all species would still exist.C. Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.D. The Agreement’s minimum goal would not be reached.72. If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive, the maximum temperature rise, since the start of the industrial age, should be_______.A. 0.8℃B. 1.5℃C. 2℃D. 3.5℃(C)Enough “meaningless drivel”. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark (认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.“The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,” says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. “we need to think through how we make that work in practice,” says Miller.Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like tothink they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. “We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. “We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says.Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will use o ur data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information ha ve become valuable only recently, he says.The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.73. Wh at does the phrase “ meaningless drivel” in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms.74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______.A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark schemeB. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they thinkC. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scaleD. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______.A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years oldB. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understandC. the information they collected could become more valuable in futureD. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of76. The writer advises users of social media to _______.A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websitesB. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemarkC. take no further action if they can find a kitemarkD. avoid providing too much personal information77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Say no to social media?B. New security rules in operation?C. Accept without reading?D. Administration matters!Section CWalking will be banned on escalators as part of a trail designed ti reduce congestion(拥堵) at some of the country’s busiest stations.In the first move of its kind, all travelers will be forced to stand on both sides of escalators on the LondonUnderground as part of a plan to increase capacity(容量) at the height of the rush hour.A xix-month trial will be introduced at Holborn station from mid-April, eliminating the rule of standing on the right and walking on the left. The move, imitating a similar structure in Far eastern cities such as Hong Kong, is designed to increase the number of people using long escalators at the busiest times . it could be expanded across the Tube network in coming years.According to London Underground, only 40 percent of travelers walk the full length of long escalators, leaving the majority at the bottom as they wait to get on to the “standing “side.A three-week trial at Holborn last year found that the number of people using escalators at any time of could be raised by almost a third. Peter McNaught, operations director at London Underground, said: “It may not seem right that you can go quicker by standing still, but our experiments at Holborn have proved that it can be true. This new six-month trial will help us find out if we can influence customers to stand on both sides in the long term.”Holborn has one of the longest sets of escalators on the Underground network at 23.4 high. Tube bosses claim that capacity was limited because so few people wanted to walk up—meaning only one side was used at all times. Research has shown that it is more effective use of escalators over 18.5 to ban walking.The previous trial found that escalators at the station normally carried 2,500 people between 8:30am and 9:30am on a typical day, rising to 3,250 during the researching period.In the new trial, which will be launched from April 18, one of three “up”escalators will be standing only, with a second banning walking at peak times. A third will remain a mix of walking and standing.(Note: Answering the questions the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. What is the existing problem with standing on the right and walking on the left?79. What did last year’s three-week trial at Holborn station prove?80.The research suggests that walking should be forbidden on escalators that are at least _________ in height.81. In the new trail, in addition to one escalator banning walking in rush hours, the other “up”escalators will be used for_________________.第II卷(共47分)I.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.我真希望自己的文章有朝一日能见报。

高考化学试题及答案word版一、选择题（每题3分，共30分）1. 下列物质中，属于混合物的是：A. 氧气B. 氮气C. 空气D. 二氧化碳答案：C2. 化学反应中，元素的化合价发生变化的是：A. 物理变化B. 化学变化C. 核反应D. 能量转换答案：B3. 金属元素的原子结构中，最外层电子数一般：A. 少于4个B. 多于4个C. 等于4个D. 等于8个答案：A4. 下列化合物中，属于共价化合物的是：A. NaClB. HClC. NaOHD. MgO答案：B5. 根据元素周期表，元素的原子序数越大，其原子半径：A. 越大B. 越小C. 不变D. 先变大后变小答案：B6. 酸雨的pH值一般小于：A. 5.6B. 7C. 5D. 6.5答案：A7. 金属活动性顺序表中，排在氢前面的金属可以：A. 与酸反应放出氢气B. 与水反应放出氢气C. 与氧气反应放出氢气D. 与二氧化碳反应放出氢气答案：A8. 实验室制取氧气的方法是：A. 加热高锰酸钾B. 电解水C. 过氧化氢溶液分解D. 以上都是答案：D9. 下列物质中，不能燃烧的是：A. 木炭B. 硫磺C. 铁丝D. 氮气答案：D10. 根据质量守恒定律，化学反应前后：A. 元素种类不变B. 原子种类不变C. 原子数目不变D. 以上都是答案：D二、填空题（每题4分，共20分）1. 金属钠与水反应生成氢氧化钠和氢气，反应方程式为：______。

答案：2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2↑2. 硫酸铜溶液呈蓝色，这是因为溶液中含有______离子。

答案：Cu2+3. 实验室中常用的干燥剂有浓硫酸和______。

答案：无水硫酸铜4. 原子核由质子和______组成。

答案：中子5. 根据平衡移动原理，当温度升高时，吸热反应会向______方向移动。

答案：正反应三、计算题（每题5分，共10分）1. 已知2g氢气完全燃烧生成18g水，求氢气燃烧的热化学方程式。

2013年高考上海卷化学真题word解析版一、选择题（本题共10分，每小题2分，每题只有一个正确选项）1.2013年4月24日，东航首次成功进行了由地沟油生产的生物航空燃油的验证飞行。

能区别地沟油（加工过的餐饮废弃油）与矿物油（汽油、煤油、柴油等）的方法是A.点燃，能燃烧的是矿物油B.测定沸点，有固定沸点的是矿物油C.加入水中，浮在水面上的是地沟油D.加入足量氢氧化钠溶液共热，不分层的是地沟油【答案】D【解析】地沟油的主要成分是油脂，在氢氧化钠溶液可水解而不分层，矿物油的主要成分是烃的混合物，不溶于水，氢氧化钠溶液，他们都能燃烧，密度比水小、没有固定的沸点，因此，选D2.氰酸铵（NH4OCN）与尿素[CO(NH2)2]A.都是共价化合物B.都是离子化合物C.互为同分异构体D.互为同素异形体【答案】C【解析】氰酸铵是离子化合物，尿素是共价化合物，他们的分子式相同，结构不同，是同分异构体的关系，因此选C3.230Th和232Th是钍的两种同位素，232Th可以转化成233U。

下列有关Th的说法正确的是A. Th 元素的质量数是232B. Th 元素的相对原子质量是231C. 232Th 转换成233U是化学变化D. 230Th和232Th的化学性质相同【答案】D【解析】232Th 230Th的质量分别是232,230 A项错误，元素的相对原子质量是由各种同位素的相对原子质量取得的平均值，B项错误同位素的物理性质可以不同，但化学性质几乎相同，D项正确，化学变化是生成新物质的变化，原子不变，而C项的原子发生变化错误。

4.下列变化需克服相同类型作用力的是A.碘和干冰的升华B.硅和C60的熔化C.氯化氢和氯化钾的溶解D.溴和汞的气化【答案】A【解析】A项变化客服的都是分子间力，正确，硅和C50的融化分别克服的都是共价键，分子间力， B项错误，氯化氢和氯化钾的溶解分别克服的都是共价键，离子键，C项错误，溴和汞的气化分别克服的都是分子间力金属键，D项错误，5.374℃、22.1Mpa以上的超临界水具有很强的溶解有机物的能力，并含有较多的H+和OH-，由此可知超临界水A.显中性，pH等于7B.表现出非极性溶剂的特性C.显酸性，pH小于7D.表现出极性溶剂的特性【答案】B【解析】超临界水任然呈中性，ＡＣ项错误根据相似相容的原理可以知道Ｂ正确（有机物大多数是非极性分子）Ｄ错误。

上海市闵行七校2024年新课标Ⅰ卷高考化学试题（Word精校版）请考生注意：1．请用2B铅笔将选择题答案涂填在答题纸相应位置上，请用0．5毫米及以上黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将主观题的答案写在答题纸相应的答题区内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸上均无效。

2．答题前，认真阅读答题纸上的《注意事项》，按规定答题。

一、选择题(共包括22个小题。

每小题均只有一个符合题意的选项）1、亚硝酸钠广泛用于媒染剂、漂白剂等。

某兴趣小组用下列装置制取较纯净的NaNO2。

甲乙丙丁反应原理为：2NO+Na2O2=2NaNO2。

已知：NO能被酸性KMnO4氧化成NO3-，MnO4-被还原为Mn2+。

下列分析错误的是A．甲中滴入稀硝酸前需通人N2B．仪器的连接顺序为a-f-g-d-e-bC．丙中CaCl2用于干燥NOD．乙中吸收尾气时发生的离子反应为3MnO4-+5NO+4H+=3Mn2++5NO3-+2H2O2、已知海水略呈碱性，钢铁在其中易发生电化腐蚀，有关说法正确的是()A．腐蚀时电子从碳转移到铁B．在钢铁上连接铅块可起到防护作用C．正极反应为O2+2H2O+4e﹣=4OH﹣D．钢铁在淡水中易发生析氢腐蚀3、下列有关有机物甲~丁说法不正确的是A．甲可以发生加成、氧化和取代反应B．乙的分子式为C6H6Cl6C．丙的一氯代物有2种D．丁在一定条件下可以转化成只含一种官能团的物质4、下列物质的用途不正确．．．的是A B C D硅生石灰液氨亚硝酸钠物质用途半导体材料抗氧化剂制冷剂食品防腐剂A．A B．B C．C D．D5、短周期主族元素X、Y、Z、Q、R的原子序数依次增大，X的简单阴离子与锂离子具有相同的电子层结构，Y原子最外层电子数等于内层电子数的2倍，Q的单质与稀硫酸剧烈反应生成X的单质。

向100mLX2R的水溶液中缓缓通入RZ2气体，溶液pH与RZ2体积关系如下图。

下列说法正确的是A．X2R溶液的浓度为0.03mol·L－1B．工业上通常采用电解法冶炼Q的单质C．最简单气态氢化物的稳定性：Y>Z>RD．RZ2通入BaCl2、Ba(NO3)2溶液中，均无明显现象6、下列表述和方程式书写都正确的是A．表示乙醇燃烧热的热化学方程式：C2H5OH(l)+3O2(g)=2CO2(g)+3H2O(g) △H= -1367.0 kJ/molB．KAl(SO4)2溶液中加入Ba(OH)2溶液使沉淀物质的量达到最大：Al3++2SO42-+2Ba2++4OH-= AlO2-+2BaSO4↓+2H2O C．用稀硫酸酸化的KMnO4溶液与H2O2反应，证明H2O2具有还原性：2MnO4-+6H++5H2O2 =2Mn2++5O2↑+8H2O D．用石墨作电极电解NaCl溶液：2Cl-+2H+电解Cl2↑+H2↑7、我国科学家开发的一种“磷酸钒锂/石墨离子电池”在4.6V电位区电池总反应为：Li3C6＋V2(PO4)36C＋Li3V2(PO4)3。

专题8.3 盐类的水解【高频考点解读】1.理解盐类水解的原理、过程、一般规律。

2.了解影响盐类水解平衡的主要因素。

3.了解盐类水解对水电离的影响。

4.学会盐类水解离子方程式的书写。

5.了解盐类水解的应用。

【热点题型】题型一盐类水解及其规律例1．相同温度、相同浓度下的八种溶液，其pH由小到大的顺序如图所示，图中①②③④⑤代表的物质可能分别为()A．NH4Cl(NH4)2SO4CH3COONa NaHCO3NaOHB．(NH4)2SO4NH4Cl CH3COONa NaHCO3NaOHC．(NH4)2SO4NH4Cl NaOH CH3COONa NaHCO3D．CH3COOH NH4Cl(NH4)2SO4NaHCO3NaOH【提分秘籍】盐类水解的规律及拓展应用1．“谁弱谁水解，越弱越水解”。

如酸性：HCN<CH3COOH，则相同条件下碱性：NaCN>CH3COONa。

2．强酸的酸式盐只电离，不水解，溶液显酸性。

如NaHSO4在水溶液中：NaHSO4===Na ＋＋H＋＋SO2－。

43．弱酸的酸式盐溶液的酸碱性，取决于酸式酸根离子的电离程度和水解程度的相对大小。

(1)若电离程度小于水解程度，溶液呈碱性。

如NaHCO3溶液中：HCO－3H＋＋CO2－3(次要)，HCO－3＋H22CO3＋OH－(主要)。

(2)若电离程度大于水解程度，溶液显酸性。

如NaHSO3溶液中：HSO－3H＋＋SO2－3(主要)，HSO－3＋H22SO3＋OH－(次要)。

4．相同条件下的水解程度：正盐>相应酸式盐，如CO2－3>HCO－3。

5．相互促进水解的盐>单独水解的盐>水解相互抑制的盐。

如NH＋4的水解：(NH4)2CO3>(NH4)2SO4>(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2。

【举一反三】有四种物质的量浓度相等且都由一价阳离子A＋和B＋及一价阴离子X－和Y－组成的盐溶液。

据测定常温下AX和BY溶液的pH＝7，AY溶液的pH>7，BX溶液的pH<7，由此判断不水解的盐是()A．BXB．AXC．AYD．BY题型二影响盐类水解的因素例2．下图所示三个烧瓶中分别装入含酚酞的0.01mol·L－1CH3COONa溶液，并分别放置在盛有水的烧杯中，然后向烧杯①中加入生石灰，向烧杯③中加入NH4NO3晶体，烧杯②中不加任何物质。

相对原子质量：H-1 C-12 N-14 O-16 Na-23 Cl-35.5 Ca-40 一、选择题（本题共10分，每小题2分，每题只有一个正确选项）1．中国科学技术名词审定委员会已确定第116号元素Lv 的名称为鉝。

关于Lv 293116的叙述错误的是（ ）A ．原子序数116B ．中子数177C ．核外电子数116D ．相对原子质量293【答案】D【考点定位】本题考查了元素原子的符号的表示及相互关系的学问。

2．下列物质见光不会分解的是（ ）A ．HClOB ．NH 4ClC ．HNO 3D ．AgNO 3【答案】B【考点定位】考查物质的稳定性与反应条件的关系的学问。

3．某晶体中含有极性键，关于该晶体的说法错误的是（ ）A ．不行能有很高的熔沸点B ．不行能是单质C ．可能是有机物D ．可能是离子晶体【答案】A【考点定位】考查极性共价键存在的物质类别的推断的学问。

4．不能作为推断硫、氯两种元素非金属性强弱的依据是（ ）A ．单质氧化性的强弱B ．单质沸点的凹凸C ．单质与氢气化合的难易D ．最高价氧化物对应的水化物酸性的强弱【答案】B【考点定位】考查比较元素非金属性强弱的推断依据的正误的学问。

5．二氧化硫能使溴水褪色，说明二氧化硫具有（ ）A ．还原性B ．氧化性C ．漂白性D ．酸性【答案】A【考点定位】考查二氧化硫的化学性质的学问。

二、选择题（本题共36分，每小题3分，每题只有一个正确选项）6．将Na 、Na 2O 、NaOH 、Na 2S 、Na 2SO 4分别加热熔化，需要克服相同类型作用力的物质有（ ）A ．2种B ．3种C ．4种D ．5种【答案】C【考点定位】考查物质的晶体类型与化学键的结合方式的关系的学问。

7．检验用硫酸亚铁制得的硫酸铁中是否含有硫酸亚铁，可选用的试剂是（）A．NaOH B．KMnO4C．KSCN D．苯酚【答案】B【考点定位】考查物质的鉴定的学问。

8．已知H2O2在催化剂作用下分解速率加快，其能量随反应进程的变化如下图所示。

同恩教育教师招聘化学测试卷（高中）姓名______________ （60分钟完卷；总分100分）分数_________________ 一．选择题（8×5分=40分）1.化学与生活、社会密切相关。

下列说法正确的是（）A．光导纤维导电能力很强，是一种很好的通讯材料B．凡含有食品添加剂的食物对人体健康均有害，不可食用C．苯酚有一定毒性，能做消毒剂和防腐剂D．棉、麻、丝、毛及合成纤维完全燃烧都只生成二氧化碳和水2.N A代表阿伏加德罗常数。

下列说法中，不正确．．．的是（）A．标准状况下，NO和O2各11.2 L 混合，所得混合气体的分子总数为0.75 N AB．25℃时，l L pH=13的Ba(OH)2溶液中含有OH-的数目为0.1 N AC．在H2O2＋Cl2＝2HCl＋O2反应中，每生成32g氧气，则转移2N A个电子D．2.8g 乙烯与丙烯的混合物中含碳原子的数目为0.2N A3．下列实验问题处理方法不正确的是（）A．制氧气时排水法收集氧气后出现倒吸现象，立即松开试管上的橡皮塞B．在气体发生装置上直接点燃乙炔气体时，必须先检验乙炔气体的纯度C．实验结束后将所有的废液倒入下水道排出实验室，以免污染实验室D．给试管中的液体加热时不时移动试管或加入碎瓷片，以免暴沸伤人4．右图是电解饱和氯化钠溶液（滴入酚酞）的装置，电极均为惰性电极。

下列判断正确的是A．x 极为阴极，y极为阳极B．电解过程中，氢离子浓度不变C．通电一段时间后，d极附近溶液颜色变红D．通电一段时间后，b试管中溶液颜色变蓝5．在密闭容器中，反应2X (g) + Y (g) 3Z (g) 达到平衡后，若将容器体积缩小一半，对反应产生的影响是（）A．正反应速率减小，逆反应速率增大，平衡向逆反应方向移动B．正反应速率增大，逆反应速率减小，平衡向正反应方向移动C．正、逆反应速率都减小，平衡不移动D．正、逆反应速率都增大，平衡不移动6．无色的混合气体甲，可能含NO、CO2、NO2、NH3、N2中的几种，将100mL甲气体经过下图实验的处理，结果得到酸性溶液，而几乎无气体剩余，则甲气体的组成为A．NH3、NO2、N2B．NH3、NO、CO2C．NH3、NO2、CO2D．NO、CO2、N27．氢化铵（NH 4H ）与氯化铵的结构相似，又知NH 4H 与水反应有H 2生成，下列叙述正确的是A ．NH 4H 是共价化合物B ．NH 4H 溶于水，所形成的溶液显碱性C ．NH 4H 与水反应时，水作还原剂D ．NH 4H 中的H 元素只有一种化合价8．科学家研制出多种新型杀虫剂，化合物A 是其中的一种。

2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（海南卷）化学可能用到的相对原子质量：H 1 C 12 O 16 S 32 Cl 35.5 Fe 56 Cu 64 Zn 65第Ⅰ卷一、选择题：本题共6小题，每小题2分，共12分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

1.下列物质中，其主要成分不属于烃的是A.汽油B.甘油C.煤油D.柴油2.下列物质不可用作食品添加剂的是A.谷氨酸单钠B.柠檬酸C.山梨酸钾D.三聚氰胺3.下列反应可用离子方程式―H ++OH −=H 2O‖ 表示的是A. NaHSO 4溶液与Ba(OH)2溶液混合B.NH 4Cl 溶液与Ca(OH) 2溶液混合C. HNO 3溶液与KOH 溶液混合D. Na 2HPO 4溶液与NaOH 溶液混合4.下列叙述错误的是A.氦气可用于填充飞艇B.氯化铁可用于硬水的软化C.石英砂可用于生产单晶硅D.聚四乙烯可用于厨具表面涂层5.向含有MgCO3固体的溶液中滴加少许浓盐酸（忽略体积变化），下列数值变小的是A.c (23CO )B. c (2+Mg ) C. c (H +) D.K sp (Mg 3CO ) 6.油酸甘油酯（相对分子质量884）在体内代谢时可发生如下反应：C 37H 104O 6(s)+80O 2(g)=57CO 2(g)+52H 2O(l)已知燃烧1kg 该化合物释放出热量3.8104kJ ，油酸甘油酯的燃烧热 为A.413.810kJ mol -醋B. 413.810kJ mol --醋C. 413.410kJ mol -醋D.413.410kJ mol --醋 二、选择题：本题共6小题，每小题4分，共24分。

每小题有一个．．或两个．．．选项符合题意。

若正确答案只包括一个选项，多选得0分；若正确答案包括两个选项，只选一个且正确得2分，选两个且都正确得4分，但只要选错一个就得0分。

7.下列实验设计正确的是A.将SO 2通入溴水中证明SO 2具有漂白性B.将铁屑放入稀HNO 3中证明Fe 比H 2活泼C.将澄清石灰水滴入某溶液证明其中存在23CO -D.将乙烯通入KmnO 4酸性溶液证明乙烯具有还原性8.下列有关实验操作的叙述错误．．的是 A.过滤操作中，漏斗的尖端应接触烧杯内壁B.从滴瓶中取用试剂时，滴管的尖嘴可以接触试管内壁C.滴定接近终点时，滴定管的尖嘴可以接触锥形瓶内壁D.向容量瓶转移液体时，导流用玻璃棒可以接触容量瓶内壁9.利用太阳能分解制氢，若光解0.02 mol 水，下列说法正确的是A.可生成H 2的质量为0.02gB.可生成氢的原子数为2.408×1023个C.可生成H 2的体积为0.224L （标准情况）D.生成H 2的量理论上等于0.04mol Na 与水反应产生H 2的量10.某电池以K 2FeO 4和Zn 为电极材料，KOH 溶液为电解溶质溶液。

1．判断正误(正确的打“√”，错误的打“×”)(1)(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)60 g丙醇中存在的共价键总数为10N A()(2)(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)1 L 0.1 mol·L－1的NaHCO3溶液中HCO－3和CO2－3的离子数之和为0.1N A()(3)(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)钠在空气中燃烧可生成多种氧化物。

23 g钠充分燃烧时转移电子数为1N A()(4)(2015·四川卷)2.0 g H182O与D2O的混合物中所含中子数为N A()(5)(2015·四川卷)标准状况下，5.6 L CO2与足量Na2O2反应转移的电子数为0.5N A()(6)(2015·四川卷)50 mL 12 mol/L盐酸与足量MnO2共热，转移的电子数为0.3N A()(7)(2014·江苏卷)1.6 g由氧气和臭氧组成的混合物中含有氧原子的数目为0.1N A()(8)(2014·江苏卷)0.1 mol丙烯酸中含有双键的数目为0.1N A()答案：(1)×(2)×(3)√(4)√(5)×(6)×(7)√(8)×解析：(1)60 g丙醇的物质的量是1 mol，分子中存在的共价键总数为11N A；(2)1 L 0.1 mol·L－1的NaHCO3溶液中HCO－3、CO2－3和H2CO3的微粒数之和为0.1N A；(5)标准状况下5.6 L CO2的物质的量是0.25 mol，与足量Na2O2反应转移的电子数为0.25N A；(6)12 mol/L 盐酸随着反应的进行，浓度变稀后与MnO2不反应；(8)丙烯酸中除碳碳双键外，还存在碳氧双键。

2．(2015·海南卷)下列指定微粒的数目相等的是()A．等物质的量的水与重水含有的中子数B．等质量的乙烯和丙烯中含有的共用电子对数C．同温、同压、同体积的CO和NO含有的质子数D．等物质的量的铁和铝分别与足量氯气完全反应时转移的电子数答案：BD解析：A项，1 mol普通水中含有的中子数是8 mol，1 mol重水中含有的中子数是10 mol，所以等物质的量的水与重水含有的中子数不相等，错误。

间接加热的仪器及使用方法【知识点的知识】必须加石棉网加热的仪器：一、选择题（共15小题）1．下列仪器中，具有能溶解固体、配制溶液、加热较多试剂三种用途的是（）A．锥形瓶B．量筒C．烧杯D．试管2．下列实验仪器不能直接用于加热的是（）A．试管B．坩埚C．蒸发皿D．量筒3．下列有关说法中正确的是（）A．烧瓶、锥形瓶、量筒加热时均需垫上石棉网B．新制氯水保存在棕色细口瓶中，并放在阴凉处C．将蓝色硫酸铜晶体放入浓硫酸属于物理变化D．化石燃料属于可再生能源，不影响可持续发展4．在非室温条件下可以使用的仪器是（）A．漏斗B．量筒C．容量瓶D．滴定管5．下列仪器中，需要垫石棉网加热的是（）A．B．C．D．6．在下列有关实验的叙述中，正确的是（）A．用烧杯或烧瓶给液态物质加热时，不用垫石棉网B．苯酚沾在手上立即用酒精清洗C．在用托盘天平称量固体药品时，药品放在右盘上D．如果未知溶液中滴加BaCl2溶液有白色沉淀生成，证明原溶液中一定含SO42﹣离子7．下列仪器中，不能直接加热的是（）A．烧瓶B．试管C．蒸发皿D．坩埚8．将下列仪器加热，其中必须垫石棉网的是（）A．坩埚B．试管C．锥形瓶D．蒸发皿9．下列实验仪器不宜直接用来加热的是（）A．试管B．蒸馏烧瓶C．蒸发皿D．燃烧匙10．需要垫上石棉网加热的仪器是（）A．试管B．圆底烧瓶C．坩埚D．蒸发皿11．下列玻璃仪器中不能直接加热的是（）A．烧杯B．蒸馏烧瓶C．蒸发皿D．试管12．给150mL某溶液加热的操作中，所需的仪器是（）①试管②烧杯③酒精灯④试管夹⑤石棉网⑥带铁圈的铁架台．A．①③⑤⑥ B．②③④⑤ C．①③④⑤ D．②③⑤⑥13．下列实验仪器可以用来加热但需要垫上石棉网的是（）A．试管B．量筒C．蒸发皿D．烧杯14．下列仪器：①烧杯、②坩埚、③锥形瓶、④蒸发皿、⑤试管、⑥烧瓶、⑦表面皿，用酒精灯加热时，需要垫石棉网的是（）A．②④⑤ B．①⑥⑦ C．③④⑥ D．①③⑥15．用酒精灯或电炉对下列实验仪器进行加热时，需用石棉网的是（）A．烧杯B．蒸发皿C．试管D．坩埚二、填空题（共3小题）（除非特别说明，请填准确值）16．对下列仪器回答问题：①容量瓶②蒸馏烧瓶③量筒④烧杯⑤蒸发皿⑥分液漏斗（1）对允许加热的仪器，加热时必须垫石棉网的有（填序号）使用时必须检查是否漏水的有（填序号）（3）用来分离互不相溶液体混合物的仪器是，根据物质沸点不同来分离物质的仪器是（填序号）17．化学是一门以实验为基础的学科，熟练使用中学化学实验中的常见仪器，熟悉常见实验品是正确进行实验的基础．试回答以下问题：现有如下仪器，用序号回答有关问题①容量瓶②蒸馏烧瓶③滴定管④量筒⑤烧杯⑥蒸发皿⑦分液漏斗对允许加热的仪器，加热时必须垫石棉网的有．使用时必须检查是否漏水的有．标有“0”刻度的有．Ⅱ实验室需要200mL1.0mol/L的NaOH溶液用于测定某盐酸样品的浓度．（1）下列仪器中，配制NaOH溶液时必须用到的是（填写序号）．①100mL量筒②烧杯③200mL容量瓶④250mL容量瓶⑤天平⑥胶头滴管⑦玻璃棒需要NaOH固体的质量是．（3）出现下列操作时，将使所配制的溶液浓度偏低的是．A．将烧杯内的NaOH溶液向容量瓶内转移时，部分溶液溅出瓶外B．将烧杯内的NaOH溶液转移至容量瓶后，未洗涤烧杯和玻璃棒C．定容时仰视观察容量瓶刻度线和凹液面的最低点．18．用下列仪器的编号回答问题．①容量瓶②蒸馏烧瓶③酸式滴定管④量筒⑤烧杯⑥托盘天平⑦分液漏斗（1）加热时必须垫石棉网的有，使用时必须检查是否漏水的有，（3）标有零刻度的有．三、解答题（共3小题）（选答题，不自动判卷）19．化学是一门以实验为基础的科学，熟练使用中学化学实验中的常见仪器，熟悉常见实验用品是正确进行实验的基础．试回答以下问题：（1）现有如下仪器，用序号回答有关问题：①容量瓶②蒸馏烧瓶③滴定管④量筒⑤烧杯⑥蒸发皿⑦分液漏斗对允许加热的仪器，加热时必须垫石棉网的有；使用时必须检查是否漏水的有；标有“0”刻度的有．拟在烧杯中在加热条件下配制50mL某溶液，应选择的烧杯是（用字母回答）．a．400mL烧杯b．250mL烧杯c．100mL烧杯d．50mL烧杯（3）用装置甲、乙、丙和乳胶管组成一套装置（气密性已检查），可用于制取并收集NH3或HCl气体．可供选择的液体试剂有：浓硫酸、稀硫酸、浓盐酸、稀盐酸、浓氨水，丙中试剂为紫色石蕊溶液．请回答下列问题．①若制取某气体的过程中，丙中的石蕊溶液变红，且烧瓶A中的试剂与分液漏斗B中的试剂均为无色液体，则烧瓶A中的试剂为，制取该气体利用了分液漏斗B中试剂的性质有、．通过丙中紫色石蕊溶液变红或变蓝，说明乙中气体已集满．若石蕊溶液变蓝，则烧瓶A中应加入的固体试剂为．②若在乙中收集氨气，气体流经装置的顺序是：a→→→d（填接口代号）．20．根据图回答有关问题：（1）写出右图标有字母的仪器名称：A，B．写出实验①中反应的化学方程．（3）实验②中可观察到铁片表面，说明铁的金属活动性比铜．（填“强”或“弱”）21．图Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ是三个实验的操作图，根据图回答问题：①写出下列仪器的名称：A；B．②图Ⅰ在实验过程中，冷凝水从（填“a”或“b”，下同）口流入，从口流出；③操作Ⅲ的实验名称．【考点训练】间接加热的仪器及使用方法-2参考答案与试题解析一、选择题（共15小题）1．下列仪器中，具有能溶解固体、配制溶液、加热较多试剂三种用途的是（）A．锥形瓶B．量筒C．烧杯D．试管考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法．分析：根据实验室常见仪器的用途分析即可，锥形瓶：通常用于反应容器，但不用于溶解固体、配制溶液；量筒：量取液体体积但不能溶解固体、配制溶液、加热；烧杯：用作配制溶液、溶解固体和加热较多量液体试剂；试管：用于少量液体试剂的加热．解答：解：A．因锥形瓶不用于溶解固体、配制溶液，故A错误；B．因量筒只用来量取液体，而一定不能用来溶解固体、配制溶液，故B错误；C．因烧杯可以用来溶解固体、配制溶液、加热较多量液体试剂，故C正确；D．因试管用于少量液体试剂的加热，一般不用作溶解固体、配制溶液，故D错误．故选C．点评：本题考查常见仪器的使用及实验基本操作，熟悉常见仪器的使用规则，是解本题的关键之处，难度不大．2．下列实验仪器不能直接用于加热的是（）A．试管B．坩埚C．蒸发皿D．量筒考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法；直接加热的仪器及使用方法．分析：根据常见的用于加热的仪器进行分析解答，可直接加热的仪器有：试管、燃烧匙、蒸发皿、坩埚等．解答：解：能够直接加热的仪器有：试管、燃烧匙、蒸发皿和坩埚等；需要垫石棉网的是：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等；不能加热的仪器有：漏斗、量筒、集气瓶等．A．试管可用于直接加热，故A错误；B．坩埚可用于直接加热，故B错误；C．蒸发皿可用于直接加热，故C错误；D．量筒不能用于加热，故D正确．故选D．点评：本题很简单，考查可用于加热的仪器，了解常见仪器的名称、用途、注意事项等是解答本题的关键．3．下列有关说法中正确的是（）A．烧瓶、锥形瓶、量筒加热时均需垫上石棉网B．新制氯水保存在棕色细口瓶中，并放在阴凉处C．将蓝色硫酸铜晶体放入浓硫酸属于物理变化D．化石燃料属于可再生能源，不影响可持续发展考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法；物理变化与化学变化的区别与联系；化石燃料与基本化工原料；化学试剂的存放．专题：化学实验基本操作；化学应用．分析：A．根据常见的用于加热的仪器进行分析解答，可直接加热的仪器有：试管、燃烧匙、蒸发皿、坩埚等；需要垫石棉网的是：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等；B．氯水中的次氯酸见光或高温容易分解，需要避光保存；C．化学变化是指有新物质生成的变化，物理变化是指没有新物质生成的变化；D．根据化石燃料不可再生考虑．解答：解：A．量筒不能用来加热，故A错误；B．新制的氯水见光或者温度较高容易分解，需要保存在棕色细口瓶中，并放在阴凉处，故B正确；C．蓝色硫酸铜晶体放入浓硫酸生成硫酸铜和水，属于化学变化，故C错误；D．化石燃料属于不可再生能源，故D错误．故选B．点评：本题考查物质的加热、保存、化学变化以及可再生能源等，侧重于常识性内容的考查，难度不大，注意基础知识的积累．4．在非室温条件下可以使用的仪器是（）A．漏斗B．量筒C．容量瓶D．滴定管考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法；不能加热的仪器及使用方法．专题：化学实验常用仪器．分析：在室温下使用的仪器是不能加热的仪器，据此解题．解答：解：漏斗可以趁热过滤，量筒、容量瓶和滴定管可以在室温下使用，故选A．点评：本题考查非室温条件下可以使用的仪器，题目难度不大，了解常见仪器的名称、用途、注意事项等是解答本题的关键．5．下列仪器中，需要垫石棉网加热的是（）A．B．C．D．考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法．专题：化学实验常用仪器．分析：实验室中可直接加热的仪器有蒸发皿、试管、坩埚，垫石棉网可加热的有烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等，不能加热的有集气瓶、广口瓶、细口瓶等．解答：解：A．蒸发皿可以直接加热，故A错误；B．试管可以直接加热，故B错误；C．蒸馏烧瓶需要垫石棉网加热，故C正确；D．容量瓶不能加热，故D错误．故选C．点评：本题考查可用于直接加热的仪器，了解常见仪器的名称、用途、注意事项等是解答本题的关键，题目难度不大．6．在下列有关实验的叙述中，正确的是（）A．用烧杯或烧瓶给液态物质加热时，不用垫石棉网B．苯酚沾在手上立即用酒精清洗C．在用托盘天平称量固体药品时，药品放在右盘上D．如果未知溶液中滴加BaCl2溶液有白色沉淀生成，证明原溶液中一定含SO42﹣离子考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法；硫酸根离子的检验；计量仪器及使用方法．专题：化学实验基本操作．分析：A．需要垫石棉网的是：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等；B．苯酚是有机物，易溶于酒精；C．托盘天平称量固体药品时，左物右码，并垫质量、大小相等的纸片；D．在检验是否含有硫酸根离子时，如果对溶液成分没有限制，则需要可能存在的其他微粒如碳酸根离子、银离子等的干扰．解答：解：A．烧杯、烧瓶不能直接加热，需垫石棉网，故A错误；B．苯酚易溶于酒精，苯酚沾在手上立即用酒精清洗，故B正确；C．称量时将药品放在左盘，砝码放在右盘，药品的质量等于砝码和游码的质量之和，并垫质量、大小相等的纸片，不能直接称量，潮湿的或具有腐蚀性的药品，必须放在玻璃器皿里称量，故C错误；D．向该溶液滴加BaCl2溶液，当不加稀硝酸时，沉淀可能是由于Ba2+造成的BaCO3或者是BaSO4，也可能是由于Cl﹣生成的AgCl沉淀．由于后来又滴加了稀硝酸，沉淀不溶解，所以该沉淀可能是BaSO4或者是AgCl，故D错误．故选B．点评：本题考查化学实验基本操作，难度不大，D为易错点，注意掌握硫酸根离子的检验．7．下列仪器中，不能直接加热的是（）A．烧瓶B．试管C．蒸发皿D．坩埚考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法．专题：化学实验常用仪器．分析：根据常见的用于加热的仪器进行分析解答，可直接加热的仪器有：试管、燃烧匙、蒸发皿、坩埚等．解答：解：通过我们学过的知识可知能够直接加热的仪器有：试管、燃烧匙、蒸发皿和坩埚等；需要垫石棉网的是：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等；不能加热的仪器有：漏斗、量筒、集气瓶等．A．烧瓶能用于加热，但却不能直接加热，需要垫石棉网，故A选；B．试管可用于直接加热，故B不选；C．蒸发皿可用于直接加热，故C不选；D．坩埚可用于直接加热，故D不选．故选A．点评：本题很简单，考查可用于加热的仪器，了解常见仪器的名称、用途、注意事项等是解答本题的关键．8．将下列仪器加热，其中必须垫石棉网的是（）A．坩埚B．试管C．锥形瓶D．蒸发皿考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法．专题：化学实验常用仪器．分析：实验室中，能够直接加热的仪器有：试管、燃烧匙、蒸发皿和坩埚等；需要垫石棉网的是：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等．不能加热的仪器有：漏斗、量筒、集气瓶等．解答：解：A．坩埚是一种可以直接加热的仪器，不需要垫上石棉网，故A错误；B．可以直接给试管中的药品加热，不需要垫上石棉网，故B错误；C．锥形瓶加热时，需要垫上石棉网，使锥形瓶受热均匀，故C正确；D．可以直接给蒸发皿中的物质加热，不需要垫上石棉网，故D错误；故选C．点评：本题考查了常见仪器的构造及使用方法，题目难度不大，注意掌握常见仪器的构造及正确使用方法，明确可以直接加热、不能加热及需要垫上石棉网加热的仪器名称．9．下列实验仪器不宜直接用来加热的是（）A．试管B．蒸馏烧瓶C．蒸发皿D．燃烧匙考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法．专题：化学实验常用仪器．分析：能直接加热的仪器有：试管、燃烧匙、坩埚、蒸发皿，必须垫石棉网才能加热的仪器有：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶．不能加热的仪器有：集气瓶、量筒、胶头滴管、药匙等．解答：解：A．试管可以直接加热，故A错误；B．蒸馏烧瓶不宜直接用来加热，需要垫石棉网，故B正确；C．蒸发皿可以直接加热，故C错误；D．燃烧匙可以直接加热，故D错误．故选B．点评：本题考查直接加热的仪器及使用方法，要熟记常见仪器的名称、性质和用途，不要在做实验时进行错误操作，难度较小．10．需要垫上石棉网加热的仪器是（）A．试管B．圆底烧瓶C．坩埚D．蒸发皿考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法；直接加热的仪器及使用方法．分析：根据常见的用于加热的仪器进行分析解答，可直接加热的仪器有：试管、燃烧匙、蒸发皿、坩埚等；需要垫石棉网的是：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等；据此进行分析判断．解答：解：通过我们学过的知识可知能够直接加热的仪器有：试管、燃烧匙、蒸发皿和坩埚等；需要垫石棉网的是：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等；不能加热的仪器有：漏斗、量筒、集气瓶等．A、试管可以用于直接加热，故选项错误．B、圆底烧瓶能进行加热，但必需垫上石棉网，故选项正确．C、坩埚可以用于直接加热，故选项错误．D、蒸发皿可以用于直接加热，故选项错误．故选B．点评：本题很简单，考查用于加热的仪器，了解常见仪器的名称、用途、注意事项等是解答本题的关键．11．下列玻璃仪器中不能直接加热的是（）A．烧杯B．蒸馏烧瓶C．蒸发皿D．试管考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法．专题：化学实验常用仪器．分析：能够直接加热的仪器有：试管等；需要垫石棉网的是：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等．不能加热的仪器有：漏斗、量筒、集气瓶等．解答：解：A．烧杯应垫石棉网加热，故A正确；B．蒸馏烧瓶应垫石棉网加热，故B正确；C．蒸发皿不是玻璃仪器，故C错误；D．试管能直接加热，故D错误．故选AB．点评：本题考查直接加热的仪器及使用方法，难度不大，实验室中一些仪器可以直接加热，有些需垫石棉网，有些根本就不能被加热．12．给150mL某溶液加热的操作中，所需的仪器是（）①试管②烧杯③酒精灯④试管夹⑤石棉网⑥带铁圈的铁架台．A．①③⑤⑥ B．②③④⑤ C．①③④⑤ D．②③⑤⑥考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法；直接加热的仪器及使用方法．专题：化学实验常用仪器．分析：在给液体加热时首先要有热源仪器，另外要根据液体的量选择合适的容器，还要仪器使用的注意事项．解答：解：在给液体加热时首先要有热源仪器，在实验室中最常用的是酒精灯，加热约150mL液体，要选择容积大的容器，一般用烧杯，但烧杯的底面积较大，为了使之受热均匀，要垫上石棉网，以防止受热不均而炸裂石棉网放在铁三脚上，所用仪器有酒精灯、石棉网、烧杯、铁三脚架，故选D．点评：本题化学实验基本操作，难度不大，了解仪器的名称、用途、使用方法和注意事项，是解题的前提．13．下列实验仪器可以用来加热但需要垫上石棉网的是（）A．试管B．量筒C．蒸发皿D．烧杯考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法．专题：化学实验常用仪器．分析：根据常见的用于加热的仪器进行分析解答，可直接加热的仪器有：试管、燃烧匙、蒸发皿、坩埚，需要垫石棉网的是：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等等．解答：解：试管、蒸发皿能直接加热，量筒不能加热，烧杯需要垫石棉网加热．故选D．点评：本题考查可用于直接加热的仪器，了解常见仪器的名称、用途、注意事项等是解答本题的关键，难度不大．14．下列仪器：①烧杯、②坩埚、③锥形瓶、④蒸发皿、⑤试管、⑥烧瓶、⑦表面皿，用酒精灯加热时，需要垫石棉网的是（）A．②④⑤ B．①⑥⑦ C．③④⑥ D．①③⑥考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法．专题：化学实验常用仪器．分析：实验室中可直接加热的仪器有蒸发皿、试管、坩埚，垫石棉网可加热的有烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等，不能加热的有集气瓶、广口瓶、细口瓶等．解答：解：实验室中可直接加热的仪器有蒸发皿、试管、坩埚、燃烧匙等，垫石棉网可加热的有烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等，不能加热的有集气瓶、广口瓶、细口瓶等．故选D．点评：本题考查直接加热的仪器及使用方法，难度不大，实验室中一些仪器可以直接加热，有些需垫石棉网，有些根本就不能被加热．试管能直接加热；烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶不能直接加热，需垫石棉网；量筒、集气瓶不能加热．15．用酒精灯或电炉对下列实验仪器进行加热时，需用石棉网的是（）A．烧杯B．蒸发皿C．试管D．坩埚考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法．专题：化学实验常用仪器．分析：根据实验室加热不同仪器的不同加热方法分析即可．解答：解：化学实验中，有的仪器是可以直接加热的，如：试管、蒸发皿、坩埚和燃烧匙等；有的仪器是不可以直接加热的，加热时必须垫上石棉网，如：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等；有的仪器是不能加热的，如量筒．故选A．点评：本题考查间接加热的仪器，难度不大，化学实验中，有的仪器是可以直接加热的，如：试管、蒸发皿、坩埚和燃烧匙等；有的仪器是不可以直接加热的，加热时必须垫上石棉网，如：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等．二、填空题（共3小题）（除非特别说明，请填准确值）16．对下列仪器回答问题：①容量瓶②蒸馏烧瓶③量筒④烧杯⑤蒸发皿⑥分液漏斗（1）对允许加热的仪器，加热时必须垫石棉网的有②④（填序号）使用时必须检查是否漏水的有①⑥（填序号）（3）用来分离互不相溶液体混合物的仪器是⑥，根据物质沸点不同来分离物质的仪器是②（填序号）考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法；过滤、分离与注入溶液的仪器；分液和萃取．专题：化学实验常用仪器；化学实验基本操作．分析：（1）能直接加热的仪器有：试管、燃烧匙、坩埚、蒸发皿，必须垫石棉网才能加热的仪器有：烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶．不能加热的仪器有：集气瓶、量筒、胶头滴管、药匙等；带有活塞或瓶塞的装置使用前要检查是否漏水；（3）分液分离不相溶的液体，蒸馏根据物质沸点不同来分离物质．解答：解：（1）蒸馏烧瓶和烧杯需要垫石棉网加热，故答案为：②④；容量瓶和分液漏斗使用前需要检验是否漏水，故答案为：①⑥；（3）分液需要用到分液漏斗；蒸馏需要用到蒸馏烧瓶，故答案为：⑥；②．点评：本题考察了常见仪器的使用，题目难度不大，带有活塞的仪器在使用前都要检查是否漏水．17．化学是一门以实验为基础的学科，熟练使用中学化学实验中的常见仪器，熟悉常见实验品是正确进行实验的基础．试回答以下问题：现有如下仪器，用序号回答有关问题①容量瓶②蒸馏烧瓶③滴定管④量筒⑤烧杯⑥蒸发皿⑦分液漏斗对允许加热的仪器，加热时必须垫石棉网的有②⑤．使用时必须检查是否漏水的有①③⑦．标有“0”刻度的有③．Ⅱ实验室需要200mL1.0mol/L的NaOH溶液用于测定某盐酸样品的浓度．（1）下列仪器中，配制NaOH溶液时必须用到的是（填写序号）②④⑤⑥⑦．①100mL量筒②烧杯③200mL容量瓶④250mL容量瓶⑤天平⑥胶头滴管⑦玻璃棒需要NaOH固体的质量是10.0g．（3）出现下列操作时，将使所配制的溶液浓度偏低的是ABC．A．将烧杯内的NaOH溶液向容量瓶内转移时，部分溶液溅出瓶外B．将烧杯内的NaOH溶液转移至容量瓶后，未洗涤烧杯和玻璃棒C．定容时仰视观察容量瓶刻度线和凹液面的最低点．考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法；计量仪器及使用方法；中和滴定．专题：实验题．分析：实验室中可直接加热的仪器有蒸发皿、试管、坩埚，垫石棉网可加热的有烧杯、烧瓶、锥形瓶等，不能加热的有集气瓶、广口瓶、细口瓶等；能用来盛放液体，且有活塞的仪器使用时必须检查是否漏水；一些计量仪器往往有0刻度；Ⅱ（1）根据实验操作的步骤以及每步操作需要仪器确定反应所需仪器；先根据溶液的体积选取容量瓶的规格，再根据m=cVM求出溶质的质量，最后根据天平的精确度确定称量的质量；（3）根据c=分析操作对溶质的物质的量或对溶液的体积的影响判断．解答：解：蒸馏烧瓶和烧杯垫石棉网可加热；容量瓶、滴定管和分液漏斗能用来盛放液体，且有活塞，使用时必须检查是否漏水；滴定管有0刻度，在上方，故答案为：②⑤；①③⑦；③；Ⅱ（1）配制步骤有称量、溶解、移液、洗涤、定容、摇匀等操作，一般天平称量固体，把氯化钠倒入烧杯进行溶解（可用量筒量取水），冷却后转移到250mL容量瓶中，并用玻璃棒引流，当加水至液面距离刻度线1～2cm时，改用胶头滴管滴加，所以需要的仪器有玻璃棒、天平、药匙、烧杯、胶头滴管、100mL容量瓶，故答案为：②④⑤⑥⑦；因容量瓶的规格没有200mL，所以只能选取250mL的容量瓶，NaOH固体的质量m=nM=CVM=1.0mol•L﹣1×0.25L×40g/mol=10.0g，称量NaOH固体的质量是10.0g，故答案为：10.0g；（3）A．将烧杯内的NaOH溶液向容量瓶内转移时，部分溶液溅出瓶外，导致溶质的物质的量偏小，配制的溶液浓度偏低，故A正确；B．将烧杯内的NaOH溶液转移至容量瓶后，未洗涤烧杯和玻璃棒，导致溶质的物质的量偏小，配制的溶液浓度偏低，故B正确；C．定容时仰视观察容量瓶刻度线和凹液面的最低点，导致溶液的体积偏大，所以配制溶液的浓度偏低，故C正确；故选：ABC．点评：本题主要考查了溶液的配制、化学方程式的计算，难度不大，关键清楚溶液配制的原理，通过c=可以进行误差分析．18．用下列仪器的编号回答问题．①容量瓶②蒸馏烧瓶③酸式滴定管④量筒⑤烧杯⑥托盘天平⑦分液漏斗（1）加热时必须垫石棉网的有②⑤，使用时必须检查是否漏水的有①③⑦，（3）标有零刻度的有③⑥．考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法；计量仪器及使用方法．专题：化学实验常用仪器．分析：（1）仪器表面积较大，为防止因局部受热，使仪器炸裂，要垫石棉网加热；能用来盛放液体，且有活塞的仪器使用时必须检查是否漏水；（3）一些计量仪器往往有0刻度．解答：解：（1）蒸馏烧瓶和烧杯表面积较大，为防止因局部受热，使仪器炸裂，要垫石棉网加热，故答案为：②⑤；容量瓶、酸式滴定管和分液漏斗能用来盛放液体，且有活塞，使用时必须检查是否漏水，故答案为：①③⑦；（3）③酸式滴定管属于计量仪器，有0刻度，量筒和托盘天平都属于计量仪器，但量筒没有0刻度，托盘天平有0刻度，使用前须先调0，故答案为：③⑥．点评：本题考查常见仪器的使用，题目难度不大，注意常见化学仪器的使用方法和注意事项．三、解答题（共3小题）（选答题，不自动判卷）19．化学是一门以实验为基础的科学，熟练使用中学化学实验中的常见仪器，熟悉常见实验用品是正确进行实验的基础．试回答以下问题：（1）现有如下仪器，用序号回答有关问题：①容量瓶②蒸馏烧瓶③滴定管④量筒⑤烧杯⑥蒸发皿⑦分液漏斗对允许加热的仪器，加热时必须垫石棉网的有②⑤；使用时必须检查是否漏水的有①③⑦；标有“0”刻度的有③．拟在烧杯中在加热条件下配制50mL某溶液，应选择的烧杯是c（用字母回答）．a．400mL烧杯b．250mL烧杯c．100mL烧杯d．50mL烧杯（3）用装置甲、乙、丙和乳胶管组成一套装置（气密性已检查），可用于制取并收集NH3或HCl气体．可供选择的液体试剂有：浓硫酸、稀硫酸、浓盐酸、稀盐酸、浓氨水，丙中试剂为紫色石蕊溶液．请回答下列问题．①若制取某气体的过程中，丙中的石蕊溶液变红，且烧瓶A中的试剂与分液漏斗B中的试剂均为无色液体，则烧瓶A中的试剂为浓盐酸，制取该气体利用了分液漏斗B中试剂的性质有吸水性、溶于水放出大量热．通过丙中紫色石蕊溶液变红或变蓝，说明乙中气体已集满．若石蕊溶液变蓝，则烧瓶A中应加入的固体试剂为NaOH或CaO或碱石灰．②若在乙中收集氨气，气体流经装置的顺序是：a→c→b→d（填接口代号）．考点：间接加热的仪器及使用方法；计量仪器及使用方法；溶液的配制；实验装置综合．专题：实验题；实验设计题．。