Chapter 14 Urogenital System

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General chapters备注：蓝色字体章节为新增内容，红色字体章节为在USP38基本上修改内容。

〈1〉Injections, 53〈2〉Oral drug products—product quality tests, 66〈3〉Topical and transdermal drug products—product quality tests, 71〈5〉Inhalation and nasal drug products general information and product quality tests, 80〈11〉USP reference standards, 93〈17〉Prescription container labeling, 96〈21〉Thermometers, 98〈31〉V olumetric apparatus, 99〈41〉Weights and balances, 99〈51〉Antimicrobial effectiveness testing,100〈55〉 Biological indicators—resistance performance tests, 103〈61〉Microbiological examination of nonsterile products: microbial enumeration tests, 106〈62〉Microbiological examination of nonsterile products: tests for specified organisms, 112〈63〉Mycoplasma tests, 120〈71〉Sterility tests, 125〈81〉Antibiotics—microbial assays, 133〈85〉Bacterial endotoxins test, 151〈87〉Biological reactivity tests, in vitro, 156〈88〉Biological reactivity tests, in vivo, 158〈90〉Fetal bovine serum quality attributes and functionality tests, 167〈91〉Calcium pantothenate assay, 171〈92〉Growth factors and cytokines used in cell therapy manufacturing, 172〈111〉 Design and analysis of biological assays, 176〈115〉 Dexpanthenol assay, 191〈121〉 Insulin assays, 193〈121.1〉 Physicochemical analytical procedures for insulins, 195〈123〉 Glucagon bioidentity tests, 198〈124〉 Erythropoietin bioassays, 200〈126〉 Somatropin bioidentity tests, 202<129> Analytical Procedures for Recombinant Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies〈130〉 Protein A quality attributes, 204〈151〉 Pyrogen test, 211〈161〉 Transfusion and infusion assemblies and similar medical devices, 212<162> Diphtheria Antitoxin Potency Testing for Human Immune Globulins〈171〉V itamin B12activity assay, 213〈181〉 Identification—organic nitrogenous bases, 216〈191〉 Identification tests—general, 216〈193〉 Identification—tetracyclines, 219〈197〉 Spectrophotometric identification tests, 220〈201〉 Thin-layer chromatographic identification test, 221〈206〉 Aluminum, 222〈207〉 Test for 1,6-anhydro derivative for enoxaparin sodium, 223〈208〉 Anti-factor Xa and anti-factor IIa assays for unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins, 228〈211〉 Arsenic, 233〈221〉 Chloride and sulfate, 235〈223〉 Dimethylaniline, 236〈226〉 4-Epianhydrotetracycline, 236〈227〉 4-Aminophenol in acetaminophen-containing drug products, 237〈228〉 Ethylene oxide and dioxane, 238〈231〉 Heavy metals, 241〈232〉 Elemental impurities—limits, 243〈233〉 Elemental impurities—procedures,245〈241〉 Iron, 249〈251〉 Lead, 250〈261〉 Mercury, 251〈267〉 Porosimetry by mercury intrusion,253〈268〉 Porosity by nitrogen adsorption–desorption, 256〈271〉 Readily carbonizable substances test,260〈281〉 Residue on ignition, 260〈291〉 Selenium, 261〈301〉 Acid-neutralizing capacity, 261〈311〉 Alginates assay, 262〈341〉 Antimicrobial agents—content, 264〈345〉 Assay for citric acid/citrate and phosphate, 267〈351〉 Assay for steroids, 268〈361〉 Barbiturate assay, 268〈371〉 Cobalamin radiotracer assay, 268〈381〉 Elastomeric closures for injections,270〈391〉 Epinephrine assay, 275〈401〉 Fats and fixed oils, 276〈411〉 Folic acid assay, 290〈413〉 Impurities testing in medical gases,290〈415〉 Medical gases assay, 291〈425〉 Iodometric assay—antibiotics, 293〈429〉 Light diffraction measurement of particle size, 294 〈431〉 Methoxy determination, 299〈441〉 Niacin or niacinamide assay, 301〈451〉 Nitrite titration, 306〈461〉 Nitrogen determination, 306〈466〉 Ordinary impurities, 307〈467〉 Residual solvents, 309〈469〉 Ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol,and triethylene glycol in ethoxylated substances, 324〈471〉 Oxygen flask combustion, 325〈481〉 Riboflavin assay, 326〈501〉 Salts of organic nitrogenous bases,327〈503〉 Acetic acid in peptides, 327<503.1> Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) in Peptides〈511〉 Single-steroid assay, 328〈525〉 Sulfur dioxide, 329〈531〉 Thiamine assay, 334〈541〉 Titrimetry, 335〈551〉V itamin E assay, 338〈561〉 Articles of botanical origin, 345〈563〉 Identification of articles of botanical origin, 358〈565〉 Botanical extracts, 370〈571〉V itamin A assay, 373<580> Vitamin C Assay〈581〉V itamin D assay, 378〈591〉 Zinc determination, 387〈601〉 Inhalation and nasal drug products:aerosols, sprays, andpowders–performance quality tests, 388〈602〉 Propellants, 414〈603〉 Topical aerosols, 415〈604〉 Leak rate, 416〈610〉 Inhalation and nasal drug products:aerosols, sprays, and powders–performance quality tests, 416〈611〉 Alcohol determination, 418〈616〉 Bulk density and tapped density, 420〈621〉 Chromatography, 424〈631〉 Color and achromicity, 434〈641〉 Completeness of solution, 436〈643〉 Total organic carbon, 436〈645〉 Water conductivity, 438〈651〉 Congealing temperature, 441〈659〉 Packaging and storage requirements,443〈660〉 Containers—glass, 450〈661〉 Containers—plastics, 457<661.1> Plastic Materials of Construction<661.2> Plastic Packaging Systems for Pharmaceutical Use〈670〉 Containers—Auxiliary Components〈671〉 Containers—performance testing,465〈691〉 Cotton, 472〈695〉 Crystallinity, 474〈696〉 Crystallinity determination by solution calorimetry, 474〈698〉 Deliverable volume, 478〈699〉 Density of solids, 481〈701〉 Disintegration, 483〈705〉 Quality attributes of tablets labeled as having a functional score, 485〈711〉 Dissolution, 486〈721〉 Distilling range, 496〈724〉 Drug release, 497〈729〉 Globule size distribution in lipid injectable emulsions, 504〈730〉 Plasma spectrochemistry, 506〈731〉 Loss on drying, 513〈733〉 Loss on ignition, 514〈735〉 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, 514〈736〉 Mass spectrometry, 519〈741〉 Melting range or temperature, 525〈751〉 Metal particles in ophthalmic ointments, 527〈755〉 Minimum fill, 527〈761〉 Nuclear magnetic resonance, 528〈771〉 Ophthalmic Products—Quality Tests〈776〉 Optical microscopy, 537〈781〉 Optical rotation, 540〈785〉 Osmolality and osmolarity, 541〈786〉 Particle size distribution estimation by analytical sieving, 543〈787〉 Subvisible particulate matter in therapeutic protein injections, 547〈788〉 Particulate matter in injections, 550〈789〉 Particulate matter in ophthalmic solutions, 553〈790〉Visible Particulates in Injections〈791〉 pH, 556〈795〉 Pharmaceutical compounding—nonsterile preparations, 559〈797〉 Pharmaceutical compounding—sterile preparations, 567〈801〉 Polarography, 611〈811〉 Powder fineness, 616〈821〉 Radioactivity, 616〈823〉 Positron emission tomography drugs for compounding, investigational, andresearch uses, 627〈831〉 Refractive index, 636〈841〉 Specific gravity, 636〈846〉 Specific surface area, 638〈851〉 Spectrophotometry and light-scattering, 641<855> Nephelometry, Turbidimetry, and Visual Comparison〈861〉 Sutures—diameter, 669〈871〉 Sutures—needle attachment, 670〈881〉 Tensile strength, 671〈891〉 Thermal analysis, 672〈905〉 Uniformity of dosage units, 675〈911〉V iscosity—capillar y viscometer methods, 679〈912〉 Rotational rheometer methods, 681〈913〉 Rolling ball viscometer method, 686<914> Viscosity-Pressure Driven Methods〈921〉 Water determination, 688〈941〉 Characterization of crystalline and partially crystalline solids by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), 692〈1005〉 Acoustic emission, 699〈1010〉 Analytical data—interpretation and treatment, 703〈1015〉 Automated radiochemical synthesis apparatus, 717〈1024〉 Bovine serum, 719〈1027〉 Flow cytometry, 732〈1030〉 Biological assay chapters—overview and glossary, 748〈1031〉 The biocompatibility of materials used in drug containers, medical devices, and implants, 759〈1032〉 Design and development of biological assays, 769〈1033〉 Biological assay validation, 787〈1034〉 Analysis of biological assays, 801〈1035〉 Biological indicators for sterilization,814〈1041〉 Biologics, 818〈1043〉 Ancillary materials for cell, gene,and tissue-engineered products, 819〈1044〉 Cryopreservation of cells, 827〈1045〉 Biotechnology-derived articles, 840〈1046〉 Cellular and tissue-based products,854〈1047〉 Gene therapy products, 883〈1048〉 Quality of biotechnological products: analysis of the expressionconstruct in cells used for production of r-DNA derived protein roducts, 911〈1049〉 Quality of biotechnological products: stability testing of biotechnological/biological products,913〈1050〉Viral safety evaluation of biotechnology products derived from cell lines of human or animal origin, 918〈1051〉 Cleaning glass apparatus, 931〈1052〉 Biotechnology-derived articles—amino acid analysis, 931〈1053〉 Biotechnology-derived articles—capillary electrophoresis, 944〈1054〉 Biotechnology-derived articles—isoelectric focusing, 951〈1055〉 Biotechnology-derived articles—peptide mapping, 954〈1056〉 Biotechnology-derived articles—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 960〈1057〉 Biotechnology-derived articles—total protein assay, 967〈1058〉 Analytical instrument qualification,971〈1059〉 Excipient performance, 977〈1061〉 Color—instrumental measurement,997〈1065〉 Ion chromatography, 1000〈1066〉 Physical environments that promote safe medication use, 1003〈1072〉 Disinfectants and antiseptics, 1010〈1074〉 Excipient biological safety evaluation guidelines, 1015〈1078〉 Good manufacturing practices for bulk pharmaceutical excipients, 1019〈1079〉 Good storage and shipping practices, 1035〈1080〉 Bulk pharmaceutical excipients—certificate of analysis, 1044〈1084〉 Glycoprotein and glycan analysis—general considerations, 1052〈1086〉 Impurities in official articles, 1063〈1087〉 Apparent intrinsic dissolution—dissolution testing procedures for rotating disk and stationary disk, 1066〈1088〉 In vitro and in vivo evaluation of dosage forms, 1070〈1090〉 Assessment of drug product performance—bioavailability, bioequivalence, and dissolution, 1081〈1091〉 Labeling of inactive ingredients,1089〈1092〉 The dissolution procedure:development and validation, 1090〈1094〉 Capsules—dissolution testing and related quality attributes, 1097〈1097〉 Bulk powder sampling procedures,1105〈1102〉 Immunological test methods—general considerations, 1118〈1103〉 Immunological test methods— enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 1125〈1104〉 Immunological test methods—immunoblot analysis, 1135〈1105〉 Immunological test methods—surface plasmon resonance, 1146〈1106〉 Immunogenicity assays—design and validation of immunoassays to detect anti-drug antibodies, 1161〈1111〉 Microbiological examination of nonsterile products: acceptance criteria for pharmaceutical preparations and substances forpharmaceutical use, 1176〈1112〉 Application of water activity determination to nonsterile pharmaceutical products, 1178〈1113〉 Microbial characterization, identification, and strain typing, 1180〈1115〉 Bioburden control of nonsterile drug substances and products, 1185〈1116〉Microbiological control and monitoring of aseptic processing environments, 1191〈1117〉 Microbiological best laboratory practices, 1204〈1118〉 Monitoring devices—time, temperature, and humidity, 1210〈1119〉 Near-infrared spectrophotometry,1215〈1120〉 Raman spectroscopy, 1222〈1121〉 Nomenclature, 1230〈1125〉 Nucleic acid-based techniques—general, 1232〈1126〉 Nucleic acid-based techniques—extraction, detection, and sequencing,1237〈1127〉 Nucleic acid-based techniques—amplification, 1247〈1128〉 Nucleic acid-based techniques—microarray, 1256〈1129〉 Nucleic acid-based techniques—genotyping, 1262〈1130〉 Nucleic acid-based techniques— approaches for detecting trace nucleic acids (residual DNA testing), 1267〈1136〉 Packaging—unit-of-use, 1269〈1151〉 Pharmaceutical dosage forms, 1278〈1160〉 Pharmaceutical calculations in prescription compounding, 1303〈1163〉 Quality assurance in pharmaceutical compounding, 1317〈1171〉 Phase-solubility analysis, 1324〈1174〉 Powder flow, 1326〈1176〉 Prescription balances and volumetric apparatus, 1331〈1177〉 Good packaging practices, 1332〈1178〉 Good repackaging practices, 1335〈1180〉 Human plasma, 1337〈1181〉 Scanning electron microscopy,1360〈1184〉 Sensitization testing, 1370〈1191〉 Stability considerations in dispensing practice, 1381〈1195〉 Significant change guide for bulk pharmaceutical excipients, 1385〈1197〉 Good distribution practices for bulk pharmaceutical excipients, 1396〈1207〉 Sterile product packaging—integrity evaluation, 1418〈1208〉 Sterility testing—validation of isolator systems, 1420〈1209〉 Sterilization—chemical and physicochemical indicators and integrators, 1424〈1211〉 Sterilization and sterility assurance of compendial articles, 1427〈1216〉 Tablet friability, 1432〈1217〉 Tablet breaking, 1433〈1222〉 Terminally sterilized pharmaceutical products—parametric release, 1436〈1223〉 Validation of alternative microbiological methods, 1439〈1224〉 Transfer of analytical procedures,1443〈1225〉 Validation of compendial procedures, 1445〈1226〉 Verification of compendial procedures, 1451〈1227〉 Validation of microbial recovery from pharmacopeial articles, 1452〈1229〉 Sterilization of compendial articles,1456〈1229.1〉 Steam sterilization by direct contact, 1461〈1229.2〉 Moist heat sterilization of aqueous liquids, 1464〈1229.3〉 Monitoring of bioburden, 1468〈1229.4〉 Sterilizing filtration of liquids,1472〈1229.6〉 Liquid-phase sterilization, 1479〈1229.7〉 Gaseous sterilization, 1482〈1229.8〉 Dry heat sterilization, 1485〈1229.10〉 Radiation sterilization, 1487〈1230〉 Water for hemodialysis applications,1491〈1231〉 Water for pharmaceutical purposes,1492〈1234〉 Vaccines for human use— polysaccharide and glycoconjugate vaccines, 1518〈1235〉 Vaccines for human use—general considerations, 1534〈1237〉 Virology test methods, 1550〈1238〉 Vaccines for human use—bacterial vaccines, 1570〈1240〉 Virus testing of human plasma for further manufacture, 1582〈1241〉 Water–solid interactions in pharmaceutical systems, 1592〈1251〉 Weighing on an analytical balance,1597〈1265〉 Written prescription drug information—guidelines, 1602〈1285〉 Preparation of biological specimens for histologic and immunohistochemical analysis, 1603〈1285.1〉 Hematoxylin and eosin staining of sectioned tissue for microscopic examination, 1607〈1601〉 Products for nebulization—characterization tests, 1610〈1644〉 Theory and practice of electrical conductivity measurements of solutions,1613〈1660〉 Evaluation of the inner surface durability of glass containers, 1620<1661> Evaluation of Plastic Packaging Systems and Their Materials of Construction with Respect to Their User Safety Impact〈1724〉 Semi-solid drug products—performance tests, 1625<1730> Plasma Spectrochemistry—Theory and Practice<1735> X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry —Theory and Practice〈1736〉 Applications of mass spectrometry,1637〈1761〉 Applications of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 1659<1771> Ophthalmic Products—Performance Tests〈1788〉 Methods for the determination of particulate matter in injections and ophthalmic solutions, 1693〈1911〉 Rheometry, 1742〈2021〉 Microbial enumeration tests—nutritional and dietary supplements,1751〈2022〉 Microbiological procedures for absence of specified microorganisms— nutritional and dietary supplements,1756〈2023〉 Microbiological attributes of nonsterile nutritional and dietary supplements, 1762〈2030〉 Supplemental information for articles of botanical origin, 1765<2040> Disintegration and Dissolution of Dietary Supplements〈2091〉 Weight variation of dietary supplements, 1782〈2232〉 Elemental contaminants in dietary supplements, 1783〈2250〉 Detection of irradiated dietary supplements, 1786〈2750〉 Manufacturing practices for dietary supplements, 1789最新文件---------------- 仅供参考--------------------已改成-----------word文本 --------------------- 方便更改赠人玫瑰，手留余香。

Deutschland PartnerWo zu kaufenArtikel-NummernDetails DE 1815732Bio-S-Cape mit 3-l-Luftzylinder aus StahlBio-S-Cape mit 3-l-Luftzylinder aus Stahl - 15 Minuten Nutzungsdauer1815746Bio-S-Cape mit 3-l-Luftzylinder aus VerbundmaterialBio-S-Cape in Verbundmaterialausführung – einschl. 3-l-Luftzylinderaus Verbundmaterial mit Druck von 200 bar – 15 MinutenNutzungsdauer1815713Bio-S-Cape mit 2-l-Luftzylinder aus StahlBio-S-Cape in Stahlausführung – einschl. 2-l-Luftzylinder aus Stahl mitDruck von 200 bar – 10 Minuten Nutzungsdauer ChemieÖl und Gas NuklearbereichChemikalien Beengte Räume Gas, Dämpfe, Rauch Empfohlene Branchen/EinsatzbereicheRisikenNormen und VorgabenEN 1146:2005ISO 23269-1:2008SOLASÜbersichtBIO-S-CAPEProduktfamilieBio-S-Cape ist ein Pressluftatmer für den sofortigenAtemschutz bei Gefahr, der ein schnelles Anlegen undoptimalen Atemschutz gewährleistet. Er wird in einerTragetasche aufbewahrt, die beim Öffnen automatischdie Atemluftversorgung durch den Zylinder aktiviert.Durch den permanenten Überdruck in derAtemschutzhaube wird das Einatmen giftiger Gaseverhindert. Dank des integrierten, aufblasbarenLuftkissens am Hinterkopf passt sich die Haubeautomatisch an. Das System ermöglicht ein sicheresÜberziehen über den Kopf und sorgt für verbessertenAtmungskomfort. Zudem bleiben die Hände beimAnlegen frei, wodurch höchste Sicherheit gewährleistetwird. Ein akustischer Alarm ertönt, sobald dieLuftversorgung knapp wird. Zylinder in Stahl- oderVerbundmaterialausführung erhältlich.BIO-S-CAPEMEDIMOMSCTragetascheStabiles PVC (orange), schneller Öffnungsmechanismus, fluoreszierende Streifen, Sicherheitsdichtung, großerSichtbereich, System zur Reduzierung von FlüssigkeitsansammlungHalsabdichtungSynthetisches, nicht allergenes Weichgummi mit reißfestem System.LinseBreiter Sichtbereich – ohne optische VerzerrungDruckminderungsventilDruckminderungsventil wird beim Öffnen der Tasche automatisch ausgelöst, integrierter EN-Aufladeanschluss Gebrauchszeit10 oder 15 MinutenAbmessungen500 x 160 x 180 mm (19,7 x 6,3 x 7,1")Genutzter Druck200 barNutzungstemperatur–15 °C/60 °CBio-S-Cape EN certificate/Supplementary/Documents_and_Downloads/Secured/Respiratory_Protection/4294989032/1033.aspxMED certificate/Supplementary/Documents_and_Downloads/Secured/Respiratory_Protection/4294986876/1033.aspxBIO-S-CAPE user manual/Supplementary/Documents_and_Downloads/Respiratory_Protection /4294986873/1033.aspxBio-S-Cape – Technisches Datenblatt© Honeywell International Inc.。

乳鼠原代心肌细胞的英语英文回答：Neonatal Rat Primary Cardiomyocytes Isolation and Culture.Neonatal rat primary cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) areisolated from the hearts of newborn rats and cultured in vitro as a model system for studying cardiac biology and function. These cells are highly differentiated and exhibit many of the characteristics of adult cardiomyocytes, including the ability to contract spontaneously and respond to pharmacological agents. NRCMs have been used extensively in research to investigate a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and ischemic injury.Isolation of NRCMs.NRCMs are typically isolated from 1to 3-day-oldSprague-Dawley rats. The rats are euthanized and the hearts are removed and placed in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The hearts are then minced into small pieces and digested with a collagenase solution. The resulting cell suspension is filtered and centrifuged to separate the cardiomyocytes from other cell types.Culture of NRCMs.The isolated NRCMs are resuspended in a culture medium supplemented with serum and antibiotics and plated onto culture dishes. The cells are allowed to adhere to the dishes for 24 hours, after which the medium is replaced with a serum-free medium. NRCMs can be cultured for up to 4 weeks, although they typically begin to lose their differentiated characteristics after 2-3 weeks.Characterization of NRCMs.NRCMs can be characterized by their morphology, electrophysiological properties, and contractile function. Morphologically, NRCMs are polygonal in shape and have acentral nucleus. They exhibit spontaneous contractions and respond to electrical stimulation. NRCMs express a varietyof cardiac-specific proteins, including sarcomeric proteins, ion channels, and calcium-handling proteins.Applications of NRCMs.NRCMs have been used in a wide range of research applications, including:Investigation of cardiac diseases: NRCMs have beenused to study the mechanisms underlying a variety of cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and ischemic injury.Development of new drugs: NRCMs have been used to screen for new drugs that may be effective in treating cardiovascular diseases.Toxicology testing: NRCMs have been used to test the toxicity of new drugs and chemicals.Gene therapy: NRCMs have been used to study the effects of gene therapy on cardiac function.Advantages of NRCMs.NRCMs offer a number of advantages over other cell types for studying cardiac biology and function. These advantages include:High degree of differentiation: NRCMs are highly differentiated and exhibit many of the characteristics of adult cardiomyocytes.Spontaneous contractility: NRCMs exhibit spontaneous contractions, which makes it possible to study cardiac function without the use of electrical stimulation.Response to pharmacological agents: NRCMs respond to pharmacological agents in a manner similar to adult cardiomyocytes, which makes them a good model system for studying the effects of drugs on cardiac function.Easy to isolate and culture: NRCMs are relatively easy to isolate and culture, which makes them a cost-effective and convenient model system.Disadvantages of NRCMs.NRCMs also have some disadvantages, including:Limited lifespan: NRCMs can only be cultured for up to 4 weeks, which limits their use for long-term studies.Loss of differentiated characteristics: NRCMs begin to lose their differentiated characteristics after 2-3 weeks in culture, which limits their use for studying chronic cardiac diseases.Variability between preparations: The isolation and culture conditions can affect the properties of NRCMs, which can lead to variability between preparations.中文回答：新生大鼠原代心肌细胞——分离与培养。

Introduction 绪论dialectic[,daiə'lektik]. n.1. any formal system of reasoning that arrives at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments 2. a contradiction of ideas that serves as the determining factor in their interaction. n. 论理的推论,辩证法materialism[mə'tiəriəlizəm]. n. (philosophy) the philosophical theory that matter is the only reality. n. 1. 唯物主义；唯物论physiology[,fizi'ɔlədʒi] . .n. processes and functions of an organism. n.. 生理机能；生理pathology[pə'θɔlədʒi]. any deviation from a healthy or normal condition. n. 病理；病状rehabilitation['ri:(h)ə,bili'teiʃən]. n.1 vindication of a person's character and there-establishment of that person's reputation 2. the treatment of physical disabilities by massage and electrotherapy and exercises. n. 1修复2. (恢复残疾人正常生活的)康复unification[,ju:nifi'keiʃən]. n.the act of making or becoming a single unit. n. 统一；联合；一致strive[straiv]. v. 1. attempt by employing effort 2. to exert much effort or energyv. (strove,striven;strived,strived) 努力,奋斗,力争ideology[,aidi'ɔlədʒi, id-]. n. 1. an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation 2. imaginary theorization. n. 观念学，意识形态totalitarian[,təutæli'tɛəriən]. n. an adherent of totalitarian principles or totalitarian government. n. 极权主义者drastic['dræstik]. adj. forceful and extreme and rigorous. adj. 激烈的,猛烈的terminologies[,tə:mi'nɔlədʒi]. n. a system of words used to name things in a particular discipline. n. 用辞,术语epidemic diseases. n. any infectious disease that develops and spreads rapidly to many people. 传染病，流行病jaundice['dʒɔ:ndis]. n. 1. yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood; can be a symptom of gallstones orliver infection or anemia n. 1. 【病理学】黄疸;黄疸病(俗指肝炎)[亦作icterus,参较physiologic jaundice]blockage['blɔkidʒ] . n. 1. the state or condition of being obstructed 2. an obstruction in a pipe. n.. 堵塞；阻塞. 阻碍物，障碍性abdominal[æb'dɔminl]. n. the muscles of the abdomen; adj. of or relating to or near the abdomen. adj. 【解剖学】腹(部)的；位于腹部的; n. [常作复数] [口语]腹肌masses['mæsiz]. n. the common people generally. 大众;民众;平民;群众scattered['skætəd]. adj. 1. occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space 2. lacking orderly continuity. 分散的fragmented[fræg'mentid, 'frægməntid]. adj. having been divided; having the unity destroyed. adj. 成碎片的, 片断的skeletal['skelitl] . adj. 1. of or relating to or forming or attached to a skeleton 2. very thin especially from disease or hunger or cold. adj.1. 骨骼的；似骨骼的；附于骨骼的; 2. 骨瘦如柴的enhancement[in'hɑ:nsmənt]. n. an improvement that makes something more agreeable. .n. 增强(提高,放大)organic[ɔ:'gænik]. n. a fertilizer that is derived from animal or vegetable matter. n. 有机物integrity [in'tegriti]. n. an undivided or unbroken completeness or totality with nothing wanting. n.完整,完善anus['einəs] . n. excretory opening at the end of the alimentary canal. n. 肛门gallbladder['gɔ:lblædə]. n. a muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion. n. 胆囊nail[neil]. n.. horny plate covering and protecting part of the dorsal surface of the digits. n.指甲digestive[di'dʒestiv, dai-]. adj. relating to or having the power to cause or promote digestion. adj.1. 消化的reproductive['ri:prə'dʌktiv]. adj. producing new life or offspring. adj. 复制的,生殖的urogenital[juərəu'dʒenitl] . adj. of or relating to the urinary and reproductive systems. adj. 泌尿生殖器的circulatory[sɜ:kjʊ'leitəri; (US) 'sɜ:kjələtɔ:ri]. adj. 1. of or relating to circulation 2. relating to circulatory system or to circulation of the blood. adj. 循环的(血液)respiratory['respərə'tɔri:]. adj. pertaining to respiration. adj. 呼吸的versa. inverse. adj. 反constipation[,kɔnsti'peiʃən]. n. 1. irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels; can be a symptom of intestinal obstruction or diverticulitis. n. 【医学】便秘，(肠道)秘结inquiry[in'kwaiəri]. n. 1. a search for knowledge 2. an instance of questioning. n. 打听,询问,调查,查问palpation. n. a method of examination in which the examiner feels the size or shape or firmness or location of something (of body parts when the examiner is a health professional). n. 触诊,扪诊curative['kjuərətiv]. adj. tending to cure or restore to health. adj. 治病的,有治病效力的bladder['blædə]. n. 1. a distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas). n.【解剖学】膀胱urine['juərin]. n. liquid excretory product n. 尿interstices[in'tə:stis]. n.. a small structural space between tissues or parts of an organ. n.1. 空隙；间隙；裂隙perspire[pəs'paiə]. v. excrete perspiration through the pores in the skin. v. 出汗,流汗peak[pi:k]. n. 1. the most extreme possible amount or value 2. the period of greatest prosperity or productivity 3. the highest point (of something) . n.顶点, 高点exuberant[ig'zju:bərənt]. adj. 1. joyously unrestrained 2. unrestrained, 3. produced or growing in extreme abundance. adj. 繁茂的,丰富的febrile['fi:brail] . adj. of or relating to or characterized by fever. adj. 发烧的,热病的dysentery['disəntri]. n. an infection of the intestines marked by severe diarrhea. n.【病理学】1) 痢疾2) [口语]腹泻，拉肚子diarrhea[,daiə'riə] . n. frequent and watery bowel movements; can be a symptom of infection or food poisoning or colitis or a gastrointestinal tumor. n. 痢疾,腹泻humid ['hju:mid]. adj. containing or characterized by a great deal of water vapor. adj. 潮湿的prescribe[pris'kraib]. v. issue commands or orders for. v. 规定,命令,开药方eliminating除去的，排除的,剔除的. eliminate from the bodyrepresent [,ri:pri'zent]. v 1 be representative or typical for 2 serve as a means of expressing something 3be characteristic of. vt. 表现,formula ['fɔ:mjulə]. n.1. directions for making something 2. a conventionalized statement expressing some fundamental principle 3. something regarded as a normative example. n. 公式,规则；appropriate [ə'prəupri:ət] adj. 1. suitable for a particular person or place or conditionetc 2. appropriate for achieving a particular end; 3. meant or adapted for an occasion or use 4. suitable and fitting. adj. 适当的paradoxical [,pærə'dɔksikəl] . adj. seemingly contradictory but nonetheless possiblytrue. adj. 似非而是的,矛盾的,诡论的tonification【医】补益,强壮make a man feel stronger and healthierpurgation [pə:'geiʃən]. n.1. purging the body by the use of a cathartic to stimulate evacuation of the bowels. n. 催泻峻下harass ['hærəs]. v.1. annoy continually or chronically2. exhaust by attacking repeatedly. v. 使...困扰,使...烦恼,反复袭击indication [,indi'keiʃən]. n.1. something that serves to indicate or suggest 2. (medicine) a reason to prescribe a drug or perform a procedure. n. 指征,迹象,nausea ['nɔ:sjə] . n.1. the state that precedes vomiting 2. disgust so strong it makes you feel sick. n. 反胃,晕船,极度的不快laboratory [lə'bɔrətri, 'læbrətɔ：ri] . n.. a workplace for the conduct of scientific research. n. 实验室infection [in'fekʃən]. n.1. the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms 2. (medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease. n.传染病pneumonia [nju(:)'məunjə]. n.respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants. n. 肺炎conversely ['kɔnvə:sli]. adv.with the terms of the relation reversed. ad. 相反地measles ['mi:zlz] . n.an acute and highly contagious viral disease marked by distinct red spots followed by a rash; occurs primarily in children. n. 麻疹therapy ['θerəpi]. n.(medicine) the act of caring for someone (as by medication or remedial training etc.). n. 疗法,治疗pathogenic [,pæθə'dʒenik] . adj.able to cause disease. a. 致病的eruption [i'rʌpʃən] . n. symptom consisting of a breaking out form the skin and becoming visible, usually caused by virus. n.,出疹remedy ['remidi]. n. . a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relieve pain. n. 药物,治疗法,补救prolapse['prəulæps]. n.the slipping or falling out of place of an organ (as the uterus). n. [医]下垂, 脱垂rectum ['rektəm]. n. the terminal section of the alimentary canal; from the sigmoid flexure to the anus. n. 直肠uterus ['ju:tərəs]. n. a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females; contains the developing fetus. n. 子宫sunken ['sʌŋkən] . adj.. having a sunken area. v. 使...下沉replenishing[ri'pleniʃ]. v.fill something that had previously been emptied. v. 补充,再装满vt. 补充manifestation [,mænifes'teiʃən]. n. 1. a clear appearance 2. a manifest indication of the existence or presence or nature of some person or thing 3. an appearance in bodily form (asof a disembodied spirit). n. 显示,证明,Chapter One第一章Essential qi theory, yin-yang theory, and five phase theory 精气学说，阴阳学说，五行学说I. Essential qi theory 精气学说II. Yin-yang theory 阴阳学说rearrange['ri:ə'reindʒ] . v. put into a new order or arrangement. 重新整理,重新排序morphology[mɔ:'fɔlədʒi]. n. the branch of biology that deals with the structure of animals and plants. n. 形态学,语形论,形态论framework['freimwə:k]. n. 1. the underlying structure. n.,框架，骨架primordial[prai'mɔ:djəl] . adj. existing at or form the beginning of the word. adj.原始的synonym['sinənim] . n. two words that can be interchanged in a context are said to be synonymous relative to that context. n.同义词conformity[kən'fɔ:miti]. n. correspondence in form or appearance. n. 适合,一致,相似fundamental[,fʌndə'mentl]. adj. serving as an essential component. a. 基本的,根本的predominance[pri'dɔminəns]. n. the state of being predominant over others. n. 卓越,优势life span. n. the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death). n. 生命的源泉inhale[in'heil]. v. draw deep into the lungs in by breathing. v. 吸入dynamic[dai'næmik] . adj. expressing action rather than a state of being; used of verbs (e.g. `to run') and participial adjectives (e.g. `running' in `running water'). a. 动态的coordination[kəu,ɔ:di'neiʃən]. n. the act of making parts of sth ,groups of people. n. 同等,调和morbid['mɔ:bid] . n.(medical) connected with disease. a. 病态的,不正常的dynasty['dinəsti]. n. a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family. n. 朝代,王朝indivisible[,indi'vizəbl]. adj. impossible of undergoing division. a. 不可分割的,不可分裂的complementary [kɔmplə'mentəri]. adj. acting as or providing a complement (something that completes the whole). adj. 互补的，互为补充的；互补作用的；cosmic['kɔzmik]. adj. inconceivably extended in space or time. a. 广阔的，广大无边的comparison[kəm'pærisn]. n. relation based on similarities and differences . n处于对比状态diaphragm['daiəfræm]. n.. (解剖anatomy) a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities; functions in respiration . n.1 【解剖学】膈；横膈膜quantitative['kwɔntitətiv]. adj.1. expressible as a quantity or relating to or susceptible of measurement 2. relating to the measurement of quantity. a. 数量的,resuscitate [ri’ sʌsiteit]. v.to make sb start breathing again or become conscious again after they have almost died. v复苏complexion[kəm'plekʃən]. n. the coloring of a person's face. n.1. 肤色；气色，面色mutual [‘mju:tjuəl]\. adj.actions that affect two or more people. adj.相互的, 共有的waxing['wæksiŋ]. n.. a gradual increase in magnitude or extent. n.1. 增大，变大；增加waning['weiniŋ]. n.a gradual decrease in magnitude or extent. n. (重要性、势力、影响的)衰落，减弱copulate['pri:'rekwizit] . v.make love. vi.交媾，(动物)交配prerequisite['pri:'rekwizit]. n. something that is required in advance. n. 先决条件；前提；必备的事物；必要条prevalence['prevələns] . . n. a superiority in numbers or amount. n. 传播,流行,普及.flux[flʌks]. n. in constant change. n. 不断的变动，不停的变化thrive[θraiv]. v.. grow stronger . v. 兴旺,繁荣subdue[sʌb'dju:] . v. hold within limits and control . v.压制,ebb[eb] . n. a gradual decline (in size or strength or power or number). n. 退潮,衰退infant['infənt] . n.a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk. n. 婴儿,幼儿senility[si'niliti] . n.. the state of being senile. n. 高龄,lessen['lesn] v. decrease in size, extent, or range . v. 减少,变小,减轻detriment['detrimənt] . n.a damage or loss. n.. 损害，伤害，损伤；invigorating [in'vigəreitiŋ]. adj. imparting strength and vitality. adj. 精神充沛的,爽快的infiltrate[in'filtreit] . v. pass into or through by filtering or permeating. v. 浸润,渗透, entrenched[in'trentʃt] . adj. established firmly and securely. a. (权力,风俗等)确立的,确定的properties道具n.property的变形(property ['prɔpəti] n. 性质n. a basic or essential attribute shared by all members of a class III. Five phase theory 五行理论effusion[i'fju:ʒ(ə)n] . n.the expression of feelings in an exaggerated way;feelings that are expressed in this way. n. 流出,溢出brumal . adj.characteristic of or relating to winter. adj.,冬天似的,stuffiness['stəfinis] . n . the quality of being close and poorly ventilated . n.通风不畅regurgitation [ri,gɜ:dʒi'teiʃən,ri:-]. n. the reflex act of ejecting the contents of the stomach through the mouth. n.1. 回流反胃anorexia[,ænə'reksiə] . n.a prolonged disorder of eating due to loss of appetite. n. 厌食症eructation [,i:rʌk'teiʃən]. n. a reflex that expels wind noisily from the stomach through the mouth. n. 打嗝，嗳气hypochondrium [,haipəu'kɔndriəm]. n.the upper region of the abdomen just below the lowest ribs on either side of the epigastrium. n. [医]季肋部diarrhea[,daiə'riə]. n.frequent and watery bowel movements; can be a symptom of infection or food poisoning or colitis or a gastrointestinal tumor. n. 痢疾,腹泻dyspnea [dis'pni:ə] . n.difficult or labored respiration. n.【病理学】(尤指导致某些人睡眠中呼吸间歇性停止的)呼吸困难hemoptysis [hi'mɔptisis]. n.coughing up blood from the respiratory tract; usually indicates a severe infection of the bronchi or lungs. n. [医]咳血, 咯血radix scrophulariae玄参根Figwort Root;radix scrophulariae; scrophularia ningpoensis emphatically[im'fætikLli] . adv.without question and beyond doubt. ad. 断然地,强调地applicable['æplikəbəl] . adj.1. capable of being applied; having relevance. adj.1. 可应用的，适用的，合用的(to)edema [i(:)'di:mə]. n.swelling from excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue. n. <美>(=oedema)[医]浮肿,水肿Chapter Two第二章Viscera and bowels 脏腑I. General 总论perceptible indication可察觉的指征(perceptible [pə'septəbl] adj. 可察觉的,能感觉得到的,看得见的adjeasily perceived by the senses or grasped by the mindindication [,indi'keiʃən] n. 象征,迹象,指示,表示【医学】指征n.. (medicine) a reason to prescribe a drug or perform a procedurenaked eye肉眼unaided eyefeudal['fju:dl] adj.of or relating to or characteristic of feudalism. a. 封建的dyspepsia[dis'pepsiə] . n.a disorder of digestive function characterized by discomfort or heartburn or nausea. n. 消化不良snivel['snivl] . n the act of breathing heavily through the nose (as when the nose is congested). n鼻涕.drool[dru:l] . nsaliva spilling from the mouth. n. (口中流出的)涎沫，口水spittle['spitl] . n.a clear liquid secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth; moistens the mouth and starts the digestion of starches. n. 口水,唾液 hollow['hɔləu] . adj.1. not solid; having a space or gap or cavity . a. 中空的fetus['fi:təs] . n.an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal. n. 【胚胎学】胎,胎儿II. Five viscera 五脏1. The liver 肝脏dysmenorrhea [,dismenə'ri:ə]. n.painful menstruation. n.【医学】痛经[亦作dysmenorrhoea]amenorrhea [ei,menə'ri:ə]. n.absence or suppression of normal menstrual flow. 【病理学】无月经;经闭;闭经syncope ['siŋkəpi] . n.1. a spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood to the brain . n.【医】晕厥.excretion[eks'kri:ʃən] . n.. waste matter (as urine or sweat but especially feces) discharged from the body. n. 排泄物，分泌物，unobstructed ['ʌnəb'strʌktid]. adj.free from impediment or obstruction or hindranceadj. 无阻碍的(没有阴挡的,自由的).Irascibility. n.a feeling of resentful anger. n. 易怒,脾气暴躁agitation[ædʒi'teiʃən] . n.1. a mental state of extreme emotional disturbance orously)n(情绪等的)纷乱，骚动，激动不安，焦虑【医学】焦虑不安.stagnant, ['stægnənt] . adj.not circulating or flowing, adj. 不流动的，呆滞的，hematemesis [,hi:mə'temisis]. n.vomiting blood. n. 吐血, 咯血hemoptysis [hi'mɔptisis] . n.coughing up blood from the respiratory tract; usually indicates a severe infection of the bronchi or lungs. n. [医]咳血, 咯血epistaxis [,epi'stæksis]. n.bleeding from the nose. n. [医]鼻出血,鼻衄polymenorrhea [,pɔli,menə'ri:ə] n.【病理学】月经频繁(=polymeubrrhoea).persistent[pə'sistənt] . adj. never-ceasing . adj.. 持续的；持久的.exhaustion[ig'zɔ:stʃən] . n serious weakening and loss of energy. n. 疲惫,筋疲力尽,竭尽tremor['tremə] . n. shaking or trembling (usually resulting from weakness or stress or disease) . n. 颤动；震动swollen['swəulən] . adj. abnormally expanded or increased in size; (`swollen' is sometimes used in combination) . a. 肿大的.icteric sclera巩膜黄染(icteric [ik'terik] adj. 黄疸的adj.affected by jaundice which causes yellowing of skin etc. sclera ['skliərə] n.【解剖学】巩膜n.whitish fibrous membrane (albuginea) that with the cornea forms the outer covering of the eyeball)trembling['trembliŋ] . n.a shaky motion. adj.vibrating slightly and irregularly; as e.g. with fear or cold or like the leaves of an aspen in a breeze. vi.tremble的变形adj.发抖的，震颤的，战栗的，颤抖的n.发抖；震颤；战栗.spasm['spæzəm] . n.a painful and involuntary muscular contraction . n.【医学】痉挛，抽搐. opisthotonos . n.severe spasm in which the back arches and the head bends back and heels flex toward the back. n.角弓反张.2. The heart 心脏. ethereal[i'θiəriəl]. adj.1. characterized by lightness and insubstantiality; as impalpable or intangible as air. a.，虚无缥缈的；稀薄的；难以捉摸的. 精微的，微妙的；sovereign ['sɔvrin] . adj. greatest in status or authority or power. a. 具有主权的,至高无上的.palpitation [pælpi'teiʃ(ə)n]. n. a rapid and irregular heart beat . n. 心悸,psychotic[sai'kɔtik] . adj.characteristic of or suffering from psychosis. n.&a. 精神病的 . ulceration [,ʌlsə’reiʃən]. n.a circumscribed inflammatory and often suppurating lesion on the skin or an internal mucous surface resulting in necrosis of tissue. n.溃疡tender['tendə] . v. propose a payment . vt. 提供.sanguine['sæŋgwin] . adj. inclined to a healthy reddish color often associated with outdoor life. 面色红润的sprout [spraut]. n．a new part growing on a plant. n.苗芽.expiry[iks'paiəri] . n.1. a coming to an end of a contract period . n.死亡，灭亡.mental derangementn. 精神错乱. （精神失去常态）be (mentally) destroyed [deranged]; insane; delirious; get out of one's mind.3. The spleen 脾脏.Decomposed [,di:kəm'pəuzd]. a. 已分解的, 已腐烂的vt.decompose的变形（decompose v. 分解v.1. separate (substances) into constituent elements or parts2. lose a stored charge, magnetic flux, or current3. break down）chyme [kaim]. n.a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum. n.【生理学】食糜(食物经胃液消化后所变成的浆状物).lassitude['læsitju:d] . n. weakness characterized by a lack of vitality or energy. n.疲劳，疲乏，无力，无精打采.emaciation n. 瘦弱,憔悴,衰弱n.emaciate的变形（emaciate [i'meisieit] vt.使憔悴，使瘦弱，使消瘦；使衰弱: vi.变消瘦，消瘦下去，衰弱下去v.1. cause to grow thin or weak2. grow weak and thin or waste away physically）conveyed [kən'vei]. v transmit or serve as the medium for transmission. v. 传达，转达；表达,运输,转移hematochezia [,hemətə'ki:ziə] . n.passage of stools containing blood (as from diverticulosis or colon cancer or peptic ulcer). n.【病理学】便血.hematuria [,hi:mə'tjuriə]. n.the presence of blood in the urine; often a symptom of urinary tract disease. n. 血尿症,血尿.purpura ['pə:pjurə] . n.any of several blood diseases causing subcutaneous bleeding. n. [医]紫癜denotes [di'nəut]. v. make known; make an announcement. v. 指示sloppy['slɔpi] . adj.. wet or smeared with a spilled liquid or moist material . adj. 潮湿的，湿污的.soggy['sɔgi] . adj. (of soil) soft and watery . adj.浸水的，湿润的；湿透的.epigastrium [,epi'gæstriəm]. n.the region lying on or over the stomach (just below the sternum). n.1. 【解剖学】上腹部，腹上部.ligament['ligəmənt] . n.1. a sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or supporting muscles or organs . n.【解剖学、动物学】韧带.tendons ['tendən]. n.a cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment. n. 【解剖学】腱，筋.encumbrance[in'kʌmbrəns] . n. any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome. n. 妨碍物, atrophy ['ætrəfi] . n.1. a decrease in size of an organ caused by disease or disuse. n.1. 【病理学】(全身或某器官等的)萎缩[亦作atrophia].paralysis[pə'rælisis] . n.loss of the ability to move a body part. n.1. 麻痹；尤指(身体的局部或全部)瘫痪.fortify['fɔ:tifai] . v.1. make strong or stronger . vt... 给…增加抵抗力；支持；使坚强. lubricating ['lu:brikeitiŋ] 润滑的vt.lubricate的变形（lubricate ['lubrikeit] v. 润滑,涂油v.1. have lubricating properties2. apply a lubricant to3. make slippery or smooth through the application of a lubricant）.mucous membrane . n.mucus-secreting membrane lining all body cavities or passages that communicate with the exterior. 【解剖学】黏膜4. The lung 肺脏Spontaneous[spɔn'teinjəs, -niəs] adj. happening or arising without apparent external cause. adj. 自发的,自然产生的unimpeded. [,ʌnim'pi:did] adj. not slowed or prevented. adj. 不妨碍的canopy['kænəpi] n. 天篷,遮篷,苍穹a covering that serves as a roof.stale[steil] adj. 不新鲜的,陈腐的. lacking originality or spontaneity; no longer new anhidrosis[,ænhai'drəusis] . n.【病理学】闭汗症,无汗症[亦作Anhydrosis, anidrosis]n.failure of the sweat glands.asthma ['æsmə] n. respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing; usually of allergic origin. n.【病理学】哮喘,气喘[亦作bronchial asthma].sweat gland n. 汗腺n.. any of the glands in the skin that secrete perspiration.Anosmia. n. 嗅觉丧失症n. absence of the sense of smell (as by damage to olfactory nasal tissue or the olfactory nerve or by obstruction of the nasal passages).hoarse [hɔ:s] adj. 沙哑的,嘶哑的,刺耳的adj. deep and harsh sounding as if from shouting or illness or emotion.aphonia n. a disorder of the vocal organs that results in the loss of voice. n.【医学】发音不能，失音(症)5. The kidney 肾脏dormancy ['dɔ:mənsi]. n.a state of quiet (but possibly temporary) inaction. n.【生物学】蛰伏状态，休眠状态.humpback['hʌmpbæk] . n.an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column. n. 驼背, sperm [spə:m]. n.the liquid that is produced by the male sex organs that contains these cells. n.精液, 精子,retardations[,ri:tɑ:'deiʃən] . n. the process of making something happen or develop more slowly, or the fact of being less well developed than other people or things of the same kind. . n. 智力迟钝,精神发育迟缓.five limpnesses 五软(flaccidity of neck and nape, extremities, muscles and mastication). reciprocal[ri'siprəkəl] . adj. concerning each of two or more persons or things; especially given or done in return . a. 相互的,互惠的相互的,相互补偿的.impotence['impətəns] . n an inability (usually of the male animal) to copulate. n. 【医学】阳痿.habitual abortion . n.repeated spontaneous abortion (often for no known reason). n. 习惯性流产.fontanel[,fɔntə'nel] . n.any membranous gap between the bones of the cranium in an infant or fetus. n.【解剖学】(婴儿、胎儿或幼畜的)囟，囟门.mal [mɑ:l]. n.[法语]疾病；病；不适. sickness；disease；unwell；indisposed.enuresis[,enju'ri:sis] . n.inability to control the flow of urine and involuntary urination. n.【医学】遗尿，失禁.incontinence[in'kɔntinəns]. n.involuntary urination or defecation . n. [医]失禁trachea[trə'ki:ə] . n. membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi . n.【解剖学】气管.Lumbago [lʌm’beiɡəʊ]. n.pain in the muscles and joints of the lower back. n.腰痛.III. Six bowels 六腑.esophagus[i(:)'sɔfəgəs] . n.the passage between the pharynx and the stomach. n. 食道. temporally['tempərəl] n. adj.1. not eternal. adj.1. 短暂的，暂时的，暂存的(与eternal 相对.hiccups['hikʌp] . n.(usually plural) the state of having reflex spasms of the diaphragm accompanied by a rapid closure of the glottis producing an audible sound; sometimes a symptom of indigestion. n.1. 呃逆，打嗝儿；呃逆声.dysuria[dis'juəriə]. n.painful or difficult urination. n.【病理学】排尿疼痛；排尿困难. umbilicus[ʌm'bilikəs]. n.scar where the umbilical cord was attached. n.1. 肚脐.IV. Extraordinary organs 奇恒之腑morphological[,mɔ:fə'lɔdʒikəl] . adj. relating to or concerned with the morphology of plants and animals. a. 形态学的.primordial[prai'mɔ:djəl] . adj.having existed from the beginning; in an earliest or original stage or state. adj. 根本的；基本的.embryo['embriəu] . n a young animal or plant in the very early stages of development before birth, or before coming out of its egg or seed, especially a human egg in the first eight weeks after fertilization. n. 胚胎.gestated['dʒesteit] . v. be pregnant with. v. 孕育menopause['menəpɔ:z] . n.the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends. n. 停经期,更年期.deformity[di'fɔ:miti] . n.an affliction in which some part of the body is misshapen or malformed . n. 畸形.V. The relationships between the viscera and the bowels 脏腑之间的关系Sluggishness. n. inactivity; showing an unusual lack of energy. n. 惯性(惰性,小灵敏度,低灵敏度,缓慢,停滞).palpitations n. 急速不规则的跳动;心悸;颤动n.palpitate的变形. （palpitate ['pælpiteit] v. 悸动,心跳,发抖v.1. cause to throb or beat rapidly 2. shake with fast, tremulous movements 3. beat rapidly）.weeping ['wi:piŋ] . n.the process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds). n 哭泣(的).hepatic lobes肝叶liver lobesraw[rɔ:] . rmal terms for nakedness. adj.1. (used especially of commodities) being unprocessed or manufactured using only simple or minimal processes. adj.1. 生的，未煮过的,于自然状态的，未经加工的.经处理.visceroptosis[,risərɔp'təusis] . n.【医学】内脏下垂.enuresis[,enju'ri:sis]. n.inability to control the flow of urine and involuntary urination. n.【医学】遗尿，失禁.corporeal[kɔ:'pɔ:riəl] . adj affecting or characteristic of the body as opposed to the mind or spirit. a. 肉体的,有形的,物质的.ethereal[i'θiəriəl] . adj. of heaven or the spirit. a.虚无缥缈的；稀薄的；难以捉摸的. guarantee[,gærən'ti:] . v.give surety or assume responsibility. vt. 保证.Chapter Three第三章Essence, qi, blood, spirit, fluid and humor 精，气，血，神，津液II. Qi 气lucid['lu:sid] . adj. . transmitting light; able to be seen through with clarity. a. 明白易懂的,清晰的,头脑清楚的. 理智的，神智清醒的sophisticated[sə'fistikeitid] . adj having or appealing to those having worldly knowledge and refinement and savoir-faire . a. 诡辩的,久经世故的dehydration[,di:hai'dreiʃən] . n. dryness resulting from the removal of water n. 脱水，去湿，干燥. .III. Blood 血. stagnate['stægneit] . v.. cease to flow; stand without moving. vt.. 使不流动，使呆滞Accomplished [ə'kɔmpliʃt] .adj.. successfully completed or brought to an end . a. 完成的,实现的,inhibited [in'hibitid] . adj. held back or restrained or prevented. vt.. 抑制，约束；控制. Viscosity [vis'kɔsiti] . n.resistance of a liquid to sheer forces (and hence to flow). n.1. 黏性. Luster ['lʌstə]. adj. a quality that outshines the usual. 有光泽,发亮.sallow['sæləu] . adj.unhealthy looking. a. 淡黄色的,苍白的,气色不好的.Emaciation. n.extreme leanness (usually caused by starvation or disease). n. 瘦弱,憔悴. palpitation [pælpi'teiʃ(ə)n] n. 悸动,.insomnia[in'sɔmniə] . n.an inability to sleep; chronic sleeplessness. n. 失眠(症).delirium[di'liriə m] . n. a usually brief state of excitement and mental confusion often accompanied by hallucinations. n. 【病理学】说胡话，谵妄，神志失常(或昏迷)，精神错乱。

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