首都医科大学生理学2019年考博真题试卷

1. 声音经过中耳后其传音增压作用为A.12倍B.17倍C.20倍D.30倍E.24倍错误，正确答案是"E"2. 椭圆囊和球囊斑内毛细胞的适宜刺激是A.旋转加速运动B.旋转匀速运动C.旋转减速运动D.直线变速运动E.直线匀速运动错误，正确答案是"D"3. 甲状腺激素的作用机制是A.与核受体结合刺激mRNA生成B.与核受体结合促进cGMP生成C.与膜受体结合促进cAMP生成D.与膜受体结合抑制cAMP生成E.抑制cGMP生成错误，正确答案是"A"4. 缺氧对呼吸的刺激主要是通过A.直接刺激中枢的呼吸神经元B.刺激中枢化学敏感区C.刺激颈动脉体和主动脉体感受器D.刺激颈动脉窦和主动脉弓感受器E.刺激心肺感受器错误，正确答案是"C"5.下列哪项常作为评价可兴奋细胞兴奋性的指标A.阈强度(阈值)B.阈电位C.静息电位D.动作电位幅值E.动作电位传导速度错误，正确答案是"A"6.影响毛细血管前括约肌舒缩活动的主要因素是A.去甲肾上腺素B.肾上腺素C.组织代谢产物D.乙酰胆碱E.组胺错误，正确答案是"C"7. 下列哪种激素不是肾脏产生A.肾素B.25-二羟胆钙化醇C.雌激素D.促红细胞生成素E.前列腺素错误，正确答案是"B"8.第二信使DG可激活胞质中的A.蛋白激酶A(PKA)B.蛋白激酶C(PKC)C.蛋白激酶G(PKG)D.酪氨酸激酶E.一氧化氮合酶(NOS)错误，正确答案是"B"9.关于儿茶酚胺与α受体结合后产生的效应，下列叙述错误的是A.小肠平滑肌收缩B.有孕子宫收缩C.扩瞳肌收缩D.血管收缩E.竖毛肌收缩错误，正确答案是"A"10. 关于反射，下列哪项是错误的A.反射活动的基础是反射弧B.没有大脑，就不能发生反射C.可分为条件反射和非条件反射两种D.是机体在神经中枢参与下发生的反应E.机体通过反射，对外界环境变化做出适应性反应错误，正确答案是"B"11. 反应肺扩张难易程度的指标是A.肺扩散容量B.通气/血流比值C.肺顺应性D.气道阻力E.用力呼气量错误，正确答案是"C"12.当连续有效刺激骨骼肌的时间间隔短于单收缩的收缩期时，骨骼肌出现A.一次单收缩B.一串单收缩C.不完全强直收缩D.完全强直收缩E.持续舒张错误，正确答案是"D"13.在体循环中，微动脉具有最大的A.血流量B.外周阻力C.血流速度D.血压E.总截面积错误，正确答案是"B"14.大量出汗时尿量减少,主要原因是A.血浆晶体渗透压升高,引起血管升压素分泌增加B.血浆晶体渗透压降低,引起血管升压素分泌增加C.血浆胶体渗透压升高,引起肾小球滤过率减少D.交感神经兴奋,引起血管升压素分泌E.血容量减少,导致肾小球滤过率增大错误，正确答案是"A"15.肾脏髓质渗透梯度的维持主要靠A.小叶间动脉B.髓袢C.弓形动脉D.弓形静脉E.直小血管错误，正确答案是"E"16. 受交感节前纤维支配的器官是A.心脏窦房结B.面部汗腺C.甲状腺D.肾上腺髓质E.血管平滑肌错误，正确答案是"D"17. 血液中生物活性最强的甲状腺激素A.一碘甲腺原氨酸B.二碘甲腺原氨酸C.三碘甲腺原氨酸D.四碘甲腺原氨酸E.逆-三碘甲腺原氨酸错误，正确答案是"C"18. 下列哪一项不是感受器电位的特征A.为局部电位B.具有全或无的性质C.可以总和D.是一种过渡性的慢电位E.以电紧张形式作短距离扩布错误，正确答案是"B"19. 组织换气是指A.肺泡和肺毛细血管之间的气体交换B.组织和毛细血管之间的气体交换C.细胞器之间的气体交换D.线粒体膜内外的气体交换E.红细胞内外的气体交换错误，正确答案是"B"20. 老视眼的成因A.眼球的前后径过长B.眼球的前后径过短C.折光能力过强D.晶状体的弹性和调节能力减弱E.折光能力过弱错误，正确答案是"D"21.100ml血液中的Hb所能结合的最大氧量称为A.Hb的氧含量B.Hb的氧容量C.Hb的氧饱和度D.氧的利用系数E.O2贮备错误，正确答案是"B"22.在肾小管，原尿中的物质大部分被重吸收的部位是A.近端小管B.髓袢升支C.髓袢降支D.远端小管E.集合管错误，正确答案是"A"23. 下列哪些能使气体扩散速率增加A.通气/血流比值减少B.气体分压差增加C.肺水肿D.体温降低E.肺血流减少错误，正确答案是"B"24. 收缩压和舒张压的差值称为A.收缩压B.舒张压C.脉搏压D.平均动脉压E.循环系统平均充盈压错误，正确答案是"C"25.与肾小球滤过率无关的因素是A.滤过膜的通透性B.滤过膜的面积C.有效滤过压D.肾皮质血流量E.肾髓质血流量错误，正确答案是"E"26.正常情况下，肾小球滤过率为125ml/min时，近端小管的重吸收率为A.60ml/minB.65ml/minC.87．5ml/minD.90ml/minE.95．6ml/min错误，正确答案是"C"27.心脏收缩力增强时，静脉回心血量增加，这是由于A.动脉血压升高B.血流速度加快C.体循环平均充盈压升高D.中心静脉压增高E.舒张期室内压低错误，正确答案是"E"28.排尿反射的初级中枢位于A.大脑皮层B.下丘脑C.延髓D.中脑E.骶髓错误，正确答案是"E"29. 水分及营养物质消化产物吸收的主要部位是A.结肠B.小肠C.胃D.盲肠E.口腔和食管错误，正确答案是"B"30.引导的神经干动作电位幅度在一定范围内随刺激强度增强而增大的原因是A.“全或无”定律B.离子通道不同C.局部电流不同D.局部反应不同E.各条纤维兴奋性不同错误，正确答案是"E"31.下列哪个时相细胞的兴奋性为零A.静息期B.绝对不应期C.相对不应期D.超常期E.低常期错误，正确答案是"B"32. 糖皮质激素对代谢的作用是A.促进葡萄糖的利用，促进蛋白质合成B.促进葡萄糖的利用，促进蛋白质分解C.促进葡萄糖的利用，抑制蛋白质分解D.抑制葡萄糖的利用，促进蛋白质分解E.抑制葡萄糖的利用，抑制蛋白质分解错误，正确答案是"D"33. 关于激素作用机制的叙述，错误的是A.含氮激素的作用主要是通过第二信使传递机制B.类固醇激素主要是通过调控基因表达而发挥作用C.含氮激素也可通过cAMP调节转录过程D.有些类固醇激素也可作用于细胞膜上，引起一些非基因效应`E.甲状腺激素属于含氮激素,是通过第二信使而发挥作用的错误，正确答案是"E"34. 消化道平滑肌动作电位产生的主要离子是A.K+内流B.Na+内流C.Mg2+内流D.Cl-内流E.Ca2+内流错误，正确答案是"E"35. 下列哪种激素的分泌调节存在正反馈A.糖皮质激素B.雌激素C.催乳素D.雄激素E.甲状腺激素错误，正确答案是"B"36. 脑干网状结构上行激动系统的作用是A.通过非特异投射系统激动大脑皮层产生特定感觉B.通过非特异投射系统维持或改变大脑皮层的兴奋状态C.通过特异投射系统激动大脑皮层产生特定感觉D.通过非特异投射系统激发大脑传出错误，正确答案是"C"37. 胃大部切除患者出现巨幼红细胞增多，其原因为A.HCl减少B.内因子缺乏C.粘液减少D.HCO3-减少E.胃蛋白酶原分泌减少错误，正确答案是"B"38. 眼的适宜刺激是A.320～780nmB.350～760nmC.360～780nmD.320～800nmE.380～760nm错误，正确答案是"E"39. 刺激生长激素分泌的代谢因素中作用最强的是A.低血糖B.低血脂C.低蛋白D.高血糖E.高血脂错误，正确答案是"A"40.当后负荷大于肌肉收缩所能产生的最大张力时，肌肉的收缩的形式是A.等张收缩B.等长收缩C.单收缩D.不完全强直收缩E.完全强直收缩错误，正确答案是"B"41.有髓神经纤维的兴奋传导的特点是A.单向传导B.跳跃式传导C.减衰性传导D.传导速度较无髓神经纤维慢E.比无髓神经纤维耗能多错误，正确答案是"B"42. 调节胰岛素分泌的最重要的因素是A.血中游离脂肪酸B.血糖浓度C.植物性神经D.胃肠道激素E.肾上腺素错误，正确答案是"B"43. 物质在膜蛋白介导下顺电化学梯度通过细胞膜的过程属于A.单纯扩散B.易化扩散C.主动转运D.入胞作用E.出胞作用错误，正确答案是"B"44.中心静脉压的正常变动范围是A.4~12mmH2OB.4~12cmH2OC.4~12mmHgD.15~20mmHgE.15~20mmH2O错误，正确答案是"B"45. 小肠特有的运动形式为A.容受性舒张B.蠕动C.移行性复合运动D.紧张性收缩E.分节运动错误，正确答案是"E"46. 正常人眼在视近物时的视觉调节过程包括A.晶状体变凸，瞳孔缩小，视轴会聚B.晶状体变凸，瞳孔不变，视轴会聚C.晶状体变凸，瞳孔缩小，视轴不变D.晶状体不变，瞳孔缩小，视轴会聚E.晶状体变凸，瞳孔扩大，视轴会聚错误，正确答案是"A"47.葡萄糖通过红细胞膜的方式是A.单纯扩散B.易化扩散C.原发性主动转运D.继发性主动转运E.入胞错误，正确答案是"B"48.大动脉的弹性储器作用的生理意义是A.使血液在血管中连续流动B.升高收缩压C.增大动脉血压的波动幅度D.降低舒张压E.储存更多血液错误，正确答案是"A"49.下列情况中，哪种情况尿量不增加A.尿崩症B.糖尿病C.交感神经兴奋D.肾入球小动脉血压升高E.输入甘露醇错误，正确答案是"C"50. 支配肢体远端肌肉运动的大脑皮层代表区在A.中央后回B.中央前回6区C.中央前回4区D.运动辅助区E.中央前回下部错误，正确答案是"C"1.有髓神经纤维的兴奋传导的特点是A.单向传导B.跳跃式传导C.减衰性传导D.传导速度较无髓神经纤维慢E.比无髓神经纤维耗能多错误，正确答案是"B"2. 关于反射，下列哪项是错误的A.反射活动的基础是反射弧B.没有大脑，就不能发生反射C.可分为条件反射和非条件反射两种D.是机体在神经中枢参与下发生的反应E.机体通过反射，对外界环境变化做出适应性反应错误，正确答案是"B"3. 关于激素作用机制的叙述，错误的是A.含氮激素的作用主要是通过第二信使传递机制B.类固醇激素主要是通过调控基因表达而发挥作用C.含氮激素也可通过cAMP调节转录过程D.有些类固醇激素也可作用于细胞膜上，引起一些非基因效应`E.甲状腺激素属于含氮激素,是通过第二信使而发挥作用的错误，正确答案是"E"4.关于尿液浓缩和稀释的描述，正确的是A.越靠近内髓部，渗透压越低B.髓袢越短，浓缩力越强C.肾皮质越厚，浓缩力越强D.越靠近肾乳头，渗透压越高E.髓袢细降支越靠近肾乳头Na+浓度越低错误，正确答案是"D"5. 消化道平滑肌动作电位产生的主要离子是A.K+内流B.Na+内流C.Mg2+内流D.Cl-内流E.Ca2+内流错误，正确答案是"E"6.第二信使DG可激活胞质中的A.蛋白激酶A(PKA)B.蛋白激酶C(PKC)C.蛋白激酶G(PKG)D.酪氨酸激酶E.一氧化氮合酶(NOS)错误，正确答案是"B"7.当后负荷大于肌肉收缩所能产生的最大张力时，肌肉的收缩的形式是A.等张收缩B.等长收缩C.单收缩D.不完全强直收缩E.完全强直收缩错误，正确答案是"B"8. 缺氧对呼吸的刺激主要是通过A.直接刺激中枢的呼吸神经元B.刺激中枢化学敏感区C.刺激颈动脉体和主动脉体感受器D.刺激颈动脉窦和主动脉弓感受器E.刺激心肺感受器错误，正确答案是"C"9.肾脏髓质渗透梯度的维持主要靠A.小叶间动脉B.髓袢C.弓形动脉D.弓形静脉E.直小血管错误，正确答案是"E"10.葡萄糖通过红细胞膜的方式是A.单纯扩散B.易化扩散C.原发性主动转运D.继发性主动转运E.入胞错误，正确答案是"B"11. 散光的纠正可用A.凸透镜B.凹透镜C.柱面镜D.凸透镜+柱面镜E.凹透镜+柱面镜错误，正确答案是"C"12. 声音经过中耳后其传音增压作用为A.12倍B.17倍C.20倍D.30倍E.24倍错误，正确答案是"E"13.下列哪项常作为评价可兴奋细胞兴奋性的指标A.阈强度(阈值)B.阈电位C.静息电位D.动作电位幅值E.动作电位传导速度错误，正确答案是"A"14. 调节胰岛素分泌的最重要的因素是A.血中游离脂肪酸B.血糖浓度C.植物性神经D.胃肠道激素E.肾上腺素错误，正确答案是"B"15.与肾小球滤过率无关的因素是A.滤过膜的通透性B.滤过膜的面积C.有效滤过压D.肾皮质血流量E.肾髓质血流量错误，正确答案是"E"16. 下列哪一项不是感受器电位的特征A.为局部电位B.具有全或无的性质C.可以总和D.是一种过渡性的慢电位E.以电紧张形式作短距离扩布错误，正确答案是"B"17.正常情况下，肾小球滤过率为125ml/min时，近端小管的重吸收率为A.60ml/minB.65ml/minC.87．5ml/minD.90ml/minE.95．6ml/min错误，正确答案是"C"18.在信号转导过程中cGMP可激活A.蛋白激酶A(PKA)B.蛋白激酶C(PKC)C.蛋白激酶G(PKG)D.酪氨酸激酶E.一氧化氮合酶(NOS)错误，正确答案是"C"19. 组织换气是指A.肺泡和肺毛细血管之间的气体交换B.组织和毛细血管之间的气体交换C.细胞器之间的气体交换D.线粒体膜内外的气体交换E.红细胞内外的气体交换错误，正确答案是"B"20. 收缩压和舒张压的差值称为A.收缩压B.舒张压C.脉搏压D.平均动脉压E.循环系统平均充盈压错误，正确答案是"C"21. 正常人眼在视近物时的视觉调节过程包括A.晶状体变凸，瞳孔缩小，视轴会聚B.晶状体变凸，瞳孔不变，视轴会聚C.晶状体变凸，瞳孔缩小，视轴不变D.晶状体不变，瞳孔缩小，视轴会聚E.晶状体变凸，瞳孔扩大，视轴会聚错误，正确答案是"A"22. 可使气道口径变小的因素是A.迷走神经兴奋B.交感神经兴奋C.组织胺D.白三烯E.内皮素错误，正确答案是"A"23.下列哪个时相细胞的兴奋性为零A.静息期B.绝对不应期C.相对不应期D.超常期E.低常期错误，正确答案是"B"24.当跨膜电位去极化达到哪一水平时能引起动作电位A.静息电位B.阈电位C.锋电位D.正后电位E.负后电位错误，正确答案是"B"25. 甲状腺激素的主要贮存形式是A.甲状腺素结合球蛋白B.三碘甲腺原氨酸C.白蛋白D.四碘甲腺原氨酸E.甲状腺球蛋白错误，正确答案是"E"26. 下列哪种激素不是肾脏产生A.肾素B.25-二羟胆钙化醇C.雌激素D.促红细胞生成素E.前列腺素错误，正确答案是"B"27.在肾小管，原尿中的物质大部分被重吸收的部位是A.近端小管B.髓袢升支C.髓袢降支D.远端小管E.集合管错误，正确答案是"A"28.当连续有效刺激骨骼肌的时间间隔短于单收缩的收缩期时，骨骼肌出现A.一次单收缩B.一串单收缩C.不完全强直收缩D.完全强直收缩E.持续舒张错误，正确答案是"D"29.运动神经纤维末梢释放乙酰胆碱属于A.单纯扩散B.易化扩散C.原发性主动转运D.继发性主动转运E.出胞错误，正确答案是"E"30. 促胃液素是由下列哪种胃肠内分泌细胞分泌的A.I细胞B.G细胞C.PP细胞D.S细胞E.D细胞错误，正确答案是"B"31. 物质在膜蛋白介导下顺电化学梯度通过细胞膜的过程属于A.单纯扩散B.易化扩散C.主动转运D.入胞作用E.出胞作用错误，正确答案是"B"32.心脏收缩力增强时，静脉回心血量增加，这是由于A.动脉血压升高B.血流速度加快C.体循环平均充盈压升高D.中心静脉压增高E.舒张期室内压低错误，正确答案是"E"33. 下列哪种激素的分泌调节存在正反馈A.糖皮质激素B.雌激素C.催乳素D.雄激素E.甲状腺激素错误，正确答案是"B"34.在体循环中，微动脉具有最大的A.血流量B.外周阻力C.血流速度D.血压E.总截面积错误，正确答案是"B"35.下列情况中，哪种情况尿量不增加A.尿崩症B.糖尿病C.交感神经兴奋D.肾入球小动脉血压升高E.输入甘露醇错误，正确答案是"C"36.大量出汗时尿量减少,主要原因是A.血浆晶体渗透压升高,引起血管升压素分泌增加B.血浆晶体渗透压降低,引起血管升压素分泌增加C.血浆胶体渗透压升高,引起肾小球滤过率减少D.交感神经兴奋,引起血管升压素分泌E.血容量减少,导致肾小球滤过率增大错误，正确答案是"A"37. 反应肺扩张难易程度的指标是A.肺扩散容量B.通气/血流比值C.肺顺应性D.气道阻力E.用力呼气量错误，正确答案是"C"38. 肺换气的动力是A.呼吸运动B.大气与肺泡气之间压力差C.大气与血液之间气体分压差D.肺泡气与血液之间气体分压差E.肺泡气气压错误，正确答案是"D"39. 眼的适宜刺激是A.320～780nmB.350～760nmC.360～780nmD.320～800nmE.380～760nm错误，正确答案是"E"40.排尿反射的初级中枢位于A.大脑皮层B.下丘脑C.延髓D.中脑E.骶髓错误，正确答案是"E"41.中心静脉压的正常变动范围是A.4~12mmH2OB.4~12cmH2OC.4~12mmHgD.15~20mmHgE.15~20mmH2O错误，正确答案是"B"42.引导的神经干动作电位幅度在一定范围内随刺激强度增强而增大的原因是A.“全或无”定律B.离子通道不同C.局部电流不同D.局部反应不同E.各条纤维兴奋性不同错误，正确答案是"E"43. 血液中生物活性最强的甲状腺激素A.一碘甲腺原氨酸B.二碘甲腺原氨酸C.三碘甲腺原氨酸D.四碘甲腺原氨酸E.逆-三碘甲腺原氨酸错误，正确答案是"C"44.大动脉的弹性储器作用的生理意义是A.使血液在血管中连续流动B.升高收缩压C.增大动脉血压的波动幅度D.降低舒张压E.储存更多血液错误，正确答案是"A"45. 糖皮质激素对代谢的作用是A.促进葡萄糖的利用，促进蛋白质合成B.促进葡萄糖的利用，促进蛋白质分解C.促进葡萄糖的利用，抑制蛋白质分解D.抑制葡萄糖的利用，促进蛋白质分解E.抑制葡萄糖的利用，抑制蛋白质分解错误，正确答案是"D"46.关于儿茶酚胺与α受体结合后产生的效应，下列叙述错误的是A.小肠平滑肌收缩B.有孕子宫收缩C.扩瞳肌收缩D.血管收缩E.竖毛肌收缩错误，正确答案是"A"47. 与暗视觉有关的感光细胞是A.视锥细胞B.视杆细胞C.水平细胞D.神经节细胞E.双极细胞错误，正确答案是"B"48. 受交感节前纤维支配的器官是A.心脏窦房结B.面部汗腺C.甲状腺D.肾上腺髓质E.血管平滑肌错误，正确答案是"D"49. 半规管壶腹嵴内的毛细胞的适宜刺激是A.旋转匀速运动B.旋转变速运动C.直线加速运动D.直线减速运动E.直线匀速运动错误，正确答案是"B"50. 椭圆囊和球囊斑内毛细胞的适宜刺激是A.旋转加速运动B.旋转匀速运动C.旋转减速运动D.直线变速运动E.直线匀速运动错误，正确答案是"D"1. 哇巴因抑制甲状腺激素的产热效应是通过A.抑制腺苷酸环化酶B.抑制脱碘酶C.抑制溶酶体酶D.抑制Na+-K+-ATP酶E.抑制磷酸二酯酶错误，正确答案是"D"2.与肾小球滤过率无关的因素是A.滤过膜的通透性B.滤过膜的面积C.有效滤过压D.肾皮质血流量E.肾髓质血流量错误，正确答案是"E"3.肾脏髓质渗透梯度的维持主要靠A.小叶间动脉B.髓袢C.弓形动脉D.弓形静脉E.直小血管错误，正确答案是"E"4.在肾小管，原尿中的物质大部分被重吸收的部位是A.近端小管B.髓袢升支C.髓袢降支D.远端小管E.集合管错误，正确答案是"A"5. 刺激生长激素分泌的代谢因素中作用最强的是A.低血糖B.低血脂C.低蛋白D.高血糖E.高血脂错误，正确答案是"A"6. 下列哪种激素的分泌调节存在正反馈A.糖皮质激素B.雌激素C.催乳素D.雄激素E.甲状腺激素错误，正确答案是"B"7.正常情况下，肾小球滤过率为125ml/min时，近端小管的重吸收率为A.60ml/minB.65ml/minC.87．5ml/minD.90ml/minE.95．6ml/min错误，正确答案是"C"8.运动神经纤维末梢释放乙酰胆碱属于A.单纯扩散B.易化扩散C.原发性主动转运D.继发性主动转运E.出胞错误，正确答案是"E"9.心脏收缩力增强时，静脉回心血量增加，这是由于A.动脉血压升高B.血流速度加快C.体循环平均充盈压升高D.中心静脉压增高E.舒张期室内压低错误，正确答案是"E"10.促性腺激素释放激素来源于：A.下丘脑B.腺垂体C.卵巢D.子宫E.胎盘错误，正确答案是"A"11.排尿反射的初级中枢位于A.大脑皮层B.下丘脑C.延髓D.中脑E.骶髓错误，正确答案是"E"12. 调节胰岛素分泌的最重要的因素是A.血中游离脂肪酸B.血糖浓度C.植物性神经D.胃肠道激素E.肾上腺素错误，正确答案是"B"13.葡萄糖通过红细胞膜的方式是A.单纯扩散B.易化扩散C.原发性主动转运D.继发性主动转运E.入胞错误，正确答案是"B"14. 下列哪种激素不是肾脏产生A.肾素B.25-二羟胆钙化醇C.雌激素D.促红细胞生成素E.前列腺素错误，正确答案是"B"15. 红细胞沉降率变快主要是由于：A.红细胞比容增大B.红细胞比容减小C.血浆白蛋白含量增多D.血浆球蛋白含量增多E.血浆纤维蛋白原减少错误，正确答案是"D"16.下列哪个时相细胞的兴奋性为零A.静息期B.绝对不应期C.相对不应期D.超常期E.低常期错误，正确答案是"B"17.引导的神经干动作电位幅度在一定范围内随刺激强度增强而增大的原因是A.“全或无”定律B.离子通道不同C.局部电流不同D.局部反应不同E.各条纤维兴奋性不同错误，正确答案是"E"18. 促胃液素是由下列哪种胃肠内分泌细胞分泌的A.I细胞B.G细胞C.PP细胞D.S细胞E.D细胞错误，正确答案是"B"19. 半规管壶腹嵴内的毛细胞的适宜刺激是A.旋转匀速运动B.旋转变速运动C.直线加速运动D.直线减速运动E.直线匀速运动错误，正确答案是"B"20. 与暗视觉有关的感光细胞是A.视锥细胞B.视杆细胞C.水平细胞D.神经节细胞E.双极细胞错误，正确答案是"B"21. 受交感节前纤维支配的器官是A.心脏窦房结B.面部汗腺C.甲状腺D.肾上腺髓质E.血管平滑肌错误，正确答案是"D"22. 血液中生物活性最强的甲状腺激素A.一碘甲腺原氨酸B.二碘甲腺原氨酸C.三碘甲腺原氨酸D.四碘甲腺原氨酸E.逆-三碘甲腺原氨酸错误，正确答案是"C"23. 椭圆囊和球囊斑内毛细胞的适宜刺激是A.旋转加速运动B.旋转匀速运动C.旋转减速运动D.直线变速运动E.直线匀速运动错误，正确答案是"D"24. 关于激素作用机制的叙述，错误的是A.含氮激素的作用主要是通过第二信使传递机制B.类固醇激素主要是通过调控基因表达而发挥作用C.含氮激素也可通过cAMP调节转录过程D.有些类固醇激素也可作用于细胞膜上，引起一些非基因效应`E.甲状腺激素属于含氮激素,是通过第二信使而发挥作用的错误，正确答案是"E"25.中心静脉压的正常变动范围是A.4~12mmH2OB.4~12cmH2OC.4~12mmHgD.15~20mmHgE.15~20mmH2O错误，正确答案是"B"26.有髓神经纤维的兴奋传导的特点是A.单向传导B.跳跃式传导C.减衰性传导D.传导速度较无髓神经纤维慢E.比无髓神经纤维耗能多错误，正确答案是"B"27. 下列哪一项不是感受器电位的特征A.为局部电位B.具有全或无的性质C.可以总和D.是一种过渡性的慢电位E.以电紧张形式作短距离扩布错误，正确答案是"B"28.第二信使DG可激活胞质中的A.蛋白激酶A(PKA)B.蛋白激酶C(PKC)C.蛋白激酶G(PKG)D.酪氨酸激酶E.一氧化氮合酶(NOS)错误，正确答案是"B"29. 肺换气的动力是A.呼吸运动B.大气与肺泡气之间压力差C.大气与血液之间气体分压差D.肺泡气与血液之间气体分压差E.肺泡气气压错误，正确答案是"D"30.细胞膜受到刺激而兴奋时，膜内电位负值减小称为A.极化B.去极化C.复极化D.超极化E.反极化错误，正确答案是"B"31.影响毛细血管前括约肌舒缩活动的主要因素是A.去甲肾上腺素B.肾上腺素C.组织代谢产物D.乙酰胆碱E.组胺错误，正确答案是"C"32. 组织换气是指A.肺泡和肺毛细血管之间的气体交换B.组织和毛细血管之间的气体交换C.细胞器之间的气体交换D.线粒体膜内外的气体交换E.红细胞内外的气体交换错误，正确答案是"B"33.在信号转导过程中cGMP可激活A.蛋白激酶A(PKA)。

2019医学考博英语真题电子版part ⅡVocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B, C D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentences. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1.appetite2.purition(水净化步骤)3.gratitude(感激烈士牺牲做贡献)4.surveyed(调查一堆人)5.futile(没有用)6.accidental7.vulnerable8.likewise9.in turn10.turn toSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.1.disaster(灾难)2.malformation(畸形)3.increased4.immerse(好像是什么腿肿了浸泡在冰里)5.restrain6.Maintenance (保养维修什么东西)7.inactive8.tedious(好像是什么)monotonous(单调的乏味的)9.apparent(明显的划线的词是)distinct10.slender(说的女性什么追求苗条划线词是slim)。

2016年首都医科大生理学一、名词解释1.钠钾泵（sodium-potassium pump）由α和β两个亚单位组成的二聚体蛋白质，具有ATP酶的活性。

当细胞Na+浓度升高时，钠泵被激活，使ATP分解为ADP，释放的能量用于Na+和K+的主动转运。

1分子ATP分解释放的能量可以将3个Na+运到细胞外，而将2个K+运入细胞，故钠泵也称为Na+-k+依依赖式ATP酶。

钠泵的活动具有重要的生理意义，如它能维持细胞外Na+、K+的浓度差，形成细胞外高Na+、细胞高K+的不均衡分布，这是细胞生物电产生的基础。

2.异常自身调节（heterometric regulation）即心脏前负荷(心肌初长度)对搏出量的影响，心脏前负荷是指心室收缩前所承受的负荷。

通常用心室舒末期压力或心室舒末期容积来反应。

搏出量与前负荷有关，在一定限度前负荷增加→搏出量增加。

可见，心肌的收缩强度和速度是通过改变心肌的初长来实现的，故称为异长自身调节。

3.感受器电位（）当刺激作用于感受器时，在感受器细胞或感觉神经末梢引起的电位变化。

它是一种过渡性慢电位，具有局部电位的特征。

4.肾糖阈（）当血中的葡萄糖浓度超过8.96～10.08mmol/L（1.6～1.8g/L）时，部分近端小管上皮细胞对葡萄糖的吸收已达极限，葡萄糖就不能被全部重吸收，遂尿排出而出现糖尿，尿中开始出现葡萄糖时的最低血糖浓度，称为肾糖阈5.下丘脑调节肽（hypothalamic regulatory peptides,HRP）下丘脑的神经分泌小细胞能合成调节腺垂体激素分泌的肽类物质，主要作用是调节腺垂体的活动，称为下丘脑调节肽。

二、简答1．钠离子跨膜方式转运举例1）经通道蛋白介导的异化扩散：2）原发性主动转运：Na+-K+的交换3）继发性主动转运：肾小管上皮细胞的Na+-H+的交换2.兴奋在神经肌肉传递特点3.血浆血清区别及制备4.胃酸的作用5.被动转运及主动转越区别及举例6.甲状腺激素分泌异常表现三、论述1.心室肌细胞膜上钾离子通道类型特点作用2.不同后负荷对骨骼肌收缩产生力及速度的表现及机制2015年首都医科大生理学一、名词解释（3分/个）：1.肾小球滤过率2.牵反射3.继发性主动转运二、简答题七个（5分/个）：1.载体易化扩散的特点2.血小板的生理功能3.影响心输出量的因素4.肺泡表面物质的作用5.影响肾小球滤过的因素6.非突触化学传递的特点三、论述题两个（15分/个）1.脑干网状系统对骨骼肌肌紧的调节作用、活动特点以及如何用实验证明；2.中等量失血，循环系统和泌尿系统有何变化？2014年首都医科大生理学一选择题：1.兴奋性周期变化顺序：2.骨骼肌兴奋收缩Ca来源：3.人安静时通气量/血流比值：4.参与尿液稀释浓缩的激素：5.使组织液生成减少的是：6.食物的氧热价：7.影响兴奋在心脏传导速度最重要因素：8.心脏的异长调节指：9.肺泡回缩是由于：10.快速叩击脚腱，刺激与肌肉相连的什么结构引起肌肉收缩：11.脊髓前角r运动神经元传出冲动增加，会导致：12.消化时胃肠运动属于：13.什么物质可以用于检测肾小球滤过速率：14.什么结构对肾小球滤过的通透性无关：15.骨骼肌放在高渗任氏液中，刺激后会发生现象：16.换气时氧的扩散系数与二氧化碳相比：17.盐酸抑制胃活动通过什么方式：18.心房容积在什么期最大：二、名词解释：1、等长收缩（isometric contraction）肌肉收缩时长度保持不变而只产生力增加称为等长收缩。

前面简单的生理是运动训练专业的，后面得是人体专业的。

人体专业的生理考题是没有名词解释的。

04---解剖：一名词解释1腱鞘好和肌腱袖2骨盆3气血屏障和滤血屏障4侧枝循环和微循环5迷路与腹壶嵴二简答1试从解刨学角度简述骨质的年龄变化特点及在实际运动中应注意的问题。

2简述视网膜的构造，并说明黄斑和中央凹处感觉最敏锐的结构基础。

3简述自主神经的概念、结构与分布特征及功能4简述内分泌系统与神经系统在作用方式上的区别与联系。

三论述1举例详细说明运动技术动作的解剖学分析的全过程，并阐述体育实践中此方法如何与专项力量训练相结合。

2试述心脏各腔的形态和结构特征，并详述心脏内所有防止血液逆流结构的构造特征和作用机理。

3试述脊髓的结构和功能，并说明脊髓虽处于中枢神经系统较低级部位，却对人体生命活动起至关重要作用的原因。

生化一概念1酮体2别够效应3生物氧化二简答1分析构象与结构的区别2试述脂肪蛋白的分类及其作用3试述旋光性及产生的原因三论述试述分离纯化蛋白质的程序和可采用方法用图表示糖酵解和糖异生的基本过程生理一概念1兴奋收缩耦联2局部兴奋3有效虑过压二简答1比较原发性主动转运沐浴继发主动转运2简述组织或细胞兴奋及恢复过程中兴奋变化特点3简述心脏的异长调节作用三论述1用试验方法举例分析生理学的研究有整体水平、器官水平和细胞、分析水平2你是如何认识人的基本生理特点（如新陈代谢、兴奋型、适应性等）与体育的关系生理一名词解释1氧脉搏2渗透压3射血分数4心力储备5运动后过量氧耗6氧热价二简答1简述影响无氧耐力的主要生理因素有那些2出现极点与第二次呼吸现象的生理原理是什么3简述骨骼肌兴奋——收缩耦联的机理4简述无氧阈的测试原理与生理意义三论述试述肌纤维类型与运动实践的关系试述高原训练对人体的生理作用试述如何运用运动生理学知识指导运动的时间活动05生理一概念1条件反射2赛前状态3离心收缩4等动收缩5有氧耐力二简答1简述人体运动时是如何进行供能2简述形成运动技能的过程及其发展规律3简述运动性疲劳的产生机理三论述1试述不同类型肌纤维的形态、机能及代谢特征2试述高原训练对人体机能的影响及影响高原需nolian效果的因素解剖：一名词解释1关节面软骨和关节内软骨（概念、构造、存在的意义、举例）2多关节肌功能性“被动不足”和运动杠杆{概念、举例和分类应用}3房水循环与脑脊液循环{概念、途径和功能}4本体感受器与corti器“（概念、组成和功能）5下丘脑和神经垂体（概念、二者区别与联系）二简答1简述足弓的构造与功能，并说明静止站立和运动时维持足弓的结构2简述肌肉的大体构造，并说明通过改善肌肉那些结构可以有助于提供给肌肉的力量3简述腹膜和腹膜腔的构造与功能，并举例说明其与腹膜腔的器官的关系4简述大脑皮质机能中枢的概念，并举例说明大脑皮质各机能中枢的位置与其功能间的对应关系三论述1请任择一个运动项目，为该项目设计发展专项肌肉力量的辅助练习，并通过对该项目某个具体动作进行的解剖学分分析说明设计依据。

Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。

A 、血压下降B 、心交感神经传出冲动减少C 、心迷走中枢紧张性增加D 、以上都对22、去甲肾上腺素对心血管系统的最主要生理作用是 （ ）2019 年生理学期末考试试卷A 、使心输出量增加B 、使外周阻力增大C 、使血管容量增大 D、使心肌收缩力增强23、血液进出心腔按一定方向流动取决于 （ ） 所有答案请作答到“答题卡” ，否则无效！A 、重力作用B 、心室肌收缩 二、 选择题（单选， 1 分 / 题，共计 40 分）C 、心房、心室依次收缩D 、压力差与瓣膜开启状态 1、机体内环境是指 ( ) C. 细胞外液 D. 血液24、交换血管是指 （ ）A. 体液B. 细胞内液A 、大动脉B 、小动脉及微静脉C 、毛细血管D 、静脉2、人体内最重要的调节机制是 ( )25、心脏射血时，大动脉内所呈现的最高压力称（ ）A. 神经调节B. 体液调节C. 自身调节D. 正反馈作用3、二氧化碳进入红细胞属于 ( ) CD 、通道扩散 A 、收缩压 B 、舒张压 C 、脉搏压D、平均动脉压A 、载体扩散 B、单纯扩散 、入胞作用26、心血管活动的基本中枢在（ ）4、细胞内液中的主要阳离子是 ( )C 、 K +D 、Fe 2+A 、脊髓 BCDA 、 Na +B 、Ca 2+）、延髓、下丘脑、大脑皮层5、毛细血管产生自发性出血现象主要是由于 （、大量输液对心肌负荷的影响是（）A. 白细胞减少B. 血小板减少C. 凝血因子减少D. 纤维蛋白原减少27A 、增加心肌前负荷B 、增加心肌后负荷6、血清中只含有抗 A 凝集素的血型是 （ ）C 、降低心肌前负荷D、对心肌负荷无影响A.B 型B.AB 型C.A 型D.O 型7、正常人的血浆渗透压约为 313mosm/L ，静脉注入 0.9%NaCL 溶液，血浆渗透压 （ ）28、严重肾病时，尿蛋白增多引起水肿的原因是 （ ）A. 升高B. 下降C. 红细胞皱缩D. 不变 A 、毛细血管壁通透性增加 B 、有效滤过压增加 8、某一体重 60kg 的健康成年人，其血液量约为 （ ）C 、血浆胶体渗透压显著下降D 、淋巴回流减少 A. 约为 4500ml B. 约为 3500ml C. 约为 5500ml D. 约为 2500ml 29、右心衰竭时组织液生成增加而致水肿，主要原因是 （ ）9、导致血压立即下降，机体各生命活动受影响的一次急性失血量，是超过人体总血量的 A 、毛细血管血压增高 B 、血浆胶体渗透压降低 （ ） B.20% C.30% D.40%C 、组织液静水压降低D 、组织液胶体渗透压增高 A.10%30、血浆蛋白减少时引起组织水肿的原因是（ ）10. 巨幼红细胞性贫血是由于缺少 （ ） D.A 、淋巴回流减少 B、毛细血管壁通透性增加 A. 铁 B. 蛋白质 C. 维生素 B 12 和叶酸 促红细胞生成素C 、抗利尿激素分泌增加D 、有效滤过压增大 11. 肾性贫血是 （ ）31、肺通气的原动力是 （ ） 肺内压于大气压之差A. 缺乏铁质B. 缺乏维生素 BC. 缺乏叶酸D. 促红细胞生成素减少A. 肺本身的舒缩活动B. 12. 输血的原则是12C.肺内压的变化D.呼吸肌的舒缩活动（ ）A.A ，B 型不能互输B. 输同型血经交叉配血试验主，次侧均不能凝集为首选 32、某人的潮气量 500ml ，呼吸频率为 14 次/ 分，肺泡通气量为 （C.紧急情况下 O 型可少量缓慢输给其他血型 E.A.3000mlB.5000mlC.4000mlD.5500ml D.AB 型必要时可少量缓慢接受其他血型 以上都对33、产生和维持正常呼吸节律的中枢位于 C. （ ）13、骨髓受到 X 线损害时的贫血是（ ）A. 脊髓和延髓B. 延髓和脑桥脑桥和间脑 D.脑桥和下丘脑 A. 缺铁性贫血 B. 巨幼红细胞性贫血 C.再生障碍性贫血34. 呼吸中枢的正常兴奋性依赖于 （ ） C. 缺氧 D.HD. 肾性贫血E. 脾性贫血A. 高浓度的 COB. 正常浓度的 CO2214、血液中多种凝血因子的合成均在 （ ） D.E.35. 机体缺氧时最早受损害的是 （ ） D.A. 肝脏B. 小肠C. 血细胞骨髓 心肌A. 心肌B. 肾脏C. 肝脏 脑15、输血时最不易找到合适给血者的血型是（ ）阳性 AB 型 D. Rh 阴性 AB 型36、胃排空速度由快到慢的物质依次是 （ ）A. Rh 阴性 O 型B. Rh 阳性 O 型C. Rh A. 糖、脂肪、蛋白质 B. 脂肪、糖、蛋白质 16、肝硬化病人容易发生凝血障碍，主要是由于 （） C.糖、蛋白质、脂肪 D. 蛋白质、脂肪、糖A. 某些凝血因子缺乏B. 维生素 K 缺乏37. 营养物质的主要吸收部位是 （ ） D.C. 凝血因子不能被激活D. 血小板减少A. 口腔B. 胃C. 十二指肠和空肠） 17、心室内压变化的根本原因是（ ）38. 滥用广谱抗生素可造成那两种维生素缺乏 （A. 维生素 B 族和维生素 AB. 维生素 B 族和维生素ＣA 、心室射血B、心室肌舒缩 C、心室充盈 D 、瓣膜开放C.维生素 B 族和维生素 DD. 维生素 B 族和维生素 K 18、正常机体内，影响外周阻力的主要因素是 （ ） 39. 胃蛋白酶原转变为胃蛋白酶的激活物是 （ ） D.KA 、小动脉和微动脉的口径B 、血液粘滞性C 、微静脉的口径D 、血管长度A.Cl －B.HClC.Na ++40. 排便反射的初级中枢位于 （ ）19、影响正常人舒张压的主要因素是（）A. 脊髓胸段B. 脊髓腰骶段C. 延髓D.脑桥A 、博出量 B、大动脉的弹性 C、循环血量 D 、外周阻力二、名词解释 （5 分 / 题，共计 20 分）20、影响正常人收缩压的主要因素是 （ ） 1、 肺泡通气量： 2、排泄： 3、反射： 4、肾糖阈：A 、循环血量 B、博出量 C 、心率 D 、外周阻力三、问答题（ 20 分 / 题，共计 40 分）21、颈动脉窦压力感受器敏感的人，适当压迫颈动脉可以产生 （）1、气胸有什么危害？2019 级《生理学》期末考试答题卡三、问答或计算题（20分/题，共计40 分）1、气胸有什么危害？题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 题号11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 题号21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 题号31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40参考答案【生理学】期末考试一、选择题：题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10答案C A B C B A D A B C题号11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20答案D E C A D A B A D B题号21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30答案D B D C A B A C A D题号31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40答案D B B B D C C D B B二、名词解释或简答1、肺泡通气量：指每分钟吸入肺泡且能与血液进行气体交换的气体总量。