Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688-1990) 英帝国的兴衰

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The Isles of Greece 英汉对照

• 胡适对马、苏二人的译文均不满意，认为 “君武失之讹，而曼殊失之晦。”（马祖毅，1999：782）于是以《哀希腊歌》为题进行重译。胡译的最初发表时间有待考证。 1989年出版的《胡适诗存》收入此诗时注明“录自同日译者留学日记”，即1914年2 月3日。（胡适，1989：390）
哀希腊歌
裴伦作/马君武译
• A king sat on the rocky brow Which looks on sea-born Salamis; And ships, by thousands, lay below, And men in nations;---all were his! He counted them at break of day--And when the sun set, where were they?
• 且酌沙明盈酒杯，恼人时事不须提。 • 当年政治从多数，为忆阿明克朗诗。 • 吁嗟乎!国民自是国权主，纷纷暴君何足数。
• 暴君昔起遮松里，当时自由犹未死。 • 曾破波斯百万师，至今人说米须底。 • 吁嗟乎!本族暴君酒杯干，白卡之岸苏里岩。 • 上有一线成海湾，斗孛之母生其间。 • 吁嗟乎!其间或布自由种，谁实获之希腊种。
• Fill high the bowl with Samian wine! Our virgins dance beneath the shade--I see their glorious black eyes shine; But, gazing on each glowing maid, My own the burning tear-drop laves, To think such breasts must suckle slaves.

冰与火之歌全五卷英文

冰与火之歌全五卷英文The world of Westeros is a captivating and complex realm, a tapestry of intrigue, power struggles, and the eternal battle between light and darkness. George R.R. Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire" series has captivated readers and viewers alike with its rich characters, intricate plotlines, and the constant threat of the looming danger from the North. Spanning five volumes, this epic fantasy saga delves into the depths of human nature, exploring themes of loyalty, betrayal, honor, and the relentless pursuit of the Iron Throne.The first volume, "A Game of Thrones," introduces the reader to the diverse and colorful cast of characters that inhabit this world. From the noble Stark family in the North to the cunning Lannister clan in the south, each character is imbued with their own unique motivations, strengths, and flaws. The web of political machinations and familial rivalries is skillfully woven, as the various factions jockey for power and influence in the realm.One of the most captivating aspects of "A Game of Thrones" is the juxtaposition of the familiar and the fantastical. The story seamlesslyblends elements of medieval fantasy, such as the presence of mythical creatures and the ancient powers of the past, with the more grounded, human-centered conflicts of the present. This duality adds depth and richness to the narrative, challenging the reader to question the boundaries between the real and the mythical.As the series progresses, the stakes only continue to rise. In "A Clash of Kings," the war for the Iron Throne intensifies, with each contender employing cunning strategies and ruthless tactics to claim the coveted prize. The introduction of new characters, such as the enigmatic Stannis Baratheon and the enigmatic Melisandre, adds further complexity to the already intricate web of alliances and betrayals.The third volume, "A Storm of Swords," is particularly noteworthy for its ability to subvert reader expectations. Martin's willingness to take bold narrative risks, including the shocking events of the "Red Wedding," solidifies his reputation as a master storyteller who is unafraid to challenge the conventions of the genre. The consequences of these events reverberate throughout the remaining volumes, as the characters are forced to grapple with the fallout and adapt to the ever-changing landscape of power.As the series progresses, the focus gradually shifts from the political machinations of the realm to the looming threat that lurks beyondthe Wall. In "A Feast for Crows" and "A Dance with Dragons," the reader is introduced to the enigmatic and ominous forces of the White Walkers, a preternatural threat that promises to upend the delicate balance of power in Westeros. The need to confront this ancient evil adds an additional layer of complexity to the already intricate narrative, as the various factions must set aside their differences and work together to ensure the survival of the realm.Throughout the series, Martin's masterful characterization is a driving force behind the narrative. Each protagonist and antagonist is deeply flawed and multifaceted, defying simplistic categorizations of good and evil. The reader is constantly challenged to empathize with characters whose actions may be morally ambiguous, leading to a deeper understanding of the nuances of human behavior and the gray areas that exist between absolutes.The world of "A Song of Ice and Fire" is a rich and immersive one, filled with detailed descriptions of the varied landscapes, cultures, and customs of Westeros. Martin's meticulous world-building, combined with his talent for creating memorable and complex characters, has captivated readers worldwide and inspired a devoted fan following. The series has also been adapted into a critically acclaimed television series, further cementing its place as a cultural phenomenon.As the series nears its conclusion, the anticipation and speculation among fans only continues to grow. The final two volumes, "The Winds of Winter" and "A Dream of Spring," promise to deliver a dramatic and satisfying conclusion to this epic saga, one that will leave a lasting impact on the literary landscape and the hearts and minds of readers everywhere.。

巴黎伦敦落魄记英文版

巴黎伦敦落魄记英文版Paris and London: Tales of Triumph and DesolationIntroduction:In the cities of Paris and London, two vibrant metropolises on opposite sides of the English Channel, there lies a tale of contrasting fates. This article delves into the narratives of these two cities, exploring their rich history, cultural significance, and the challenges that have afflicted each at various points in time. Paris and London, often referred to as sister cities, share a long-standing rivalry and a unique bond shaped by their similarities and differences.1. A Tale of Triumph: Paris1.1 The Eiffel Tower and the City of LightParis, famously known as the "City of Light," stands as a beacon of triumph. At the heart of this remarkable city stands the Eiffel Tower, an iconic symbol of grace and elegance, capturing the imagination of millions of visitors each year. Its soaring iron lattice structure and breathtaking views serve as a testament to human ingenuity and architectural genius. The Tower's allure has played a significant role in establishing Paris as a global cultural capital.1.2 The Louvre Museum – A Treasure Trove of ArtWithin the enchanting streets of Paris lies an artistic marvel – the Louvre Museum. Home to some of the world's most renowned masterpieces, including the enigmatic Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, the Louvre is atestament to Paris' triumph in preserving and celebrating artistic heritage. Its vast collection spans centuries, offering visitors a mesmerizing journey through time and culture.1.3 Parisian Cuisine – A Culinary TriumphBeyond its architectural splendor and artistic treasures, Paris is renowned for its gastronomic delights. From the delicate pastries of patisseries to the rich flavors of traditional French cuisine, the city's culinary scene is a testament to its triumph in the realm of fine dining. Parisian food culture, characterized by elegance and sophistication, has captivated taste buds across the globe, cementing the city's position as a culinary capital.2. A Tale of Desolation: London2.1 The Blitz and ResilienceWhile Paris boasts triumphs, London has faced its fair share of desolation. During the Second World War, the city endured relentless bombings, known as the Blitz, causing widespread destruction and loss. Despite the devastation, Londoners displayed an indomitable spirit, epitomizing resilience in the face of hardship. The rebirth of London from the ashes showcases the city's determination to preserve its heritage and emerge stronger.2.2 The Tower of London – A Dark PastWithin the heart of London stands the Tower of London, a structure shrouded in a dark past. Built as a palace, prison, and fortress, it witnessed the rise and fall of kings, the execution of queens, and tales of betrayal and intrigue. This historic landmark reflects the desolation that has markedcertain chapters of London's history, serving as a constant reminder of both the city's resilience and the shadows it has endured.2.3 The East End – From Squalor to RenaissanceThe East End of London, once synonymous with poverty and despair, has experienced a renaissance in recent times. Long associated with the Dickensian era and the hardships faced by the working class, the area has undergone extensive urban regeneration. The transformation of the East End testifies to London's resolve to uplift marginalized communities and channel desolation into hope.Conclusion:Paris and London are cities steeped in history, each with its own tale of triumph and desolation. Paris shines as a city of light, celebrated for its architectural marvels, artistic heritage, and culinary prowess. Meanwhile, London's desolation throughout history has been a catalyst for resilience and transformation. As these sister cities continue to shape the course of history, their stories remind us of the capacity of human spirit to overcome adversity and triumph over desolation.。

The-Fall-of-the-House-of-Usher《鄂谢府崩溃记》《厄舍古屋的倒塌》-中文译版

The Fall of the House of Usher《鄂谢府崩溃记》/《厄舍古屋的倒塌》【中文译版】[爱伦·坡著]他的心脏像是一个悬挂着的琴箱，稍一碰触便发出音乐的鸣响。

——贝朗瑞在这年秋天的一个沉淡、阴暗、寂静的白日，天上的云彩低垂。

整整一天我独自一人骑着马走过乡下一大片极为凄凉的土地，暮色降临时，我终于看见了那阴沉的厄舍古厦。

不知怎么搞的，我一看到这幢房子，就不由产生出一种难以忍受的忧郁感。

我说难以忍受，是由于这种感情中没有半点美的味道，要知道，即使是最荒凉、最可怕的自然景象，在人们心中也往往会引起一种近乎诗意的感伤，而我现在的忧郁感中却毫无诗意可言。

我望着前面的景象——望着这幢房子和它周围的地貌，望着光秃秃的墙壁，望着眼睛般的窗户，望着那一排排蓑草，望着那几株死树的白树干，心中极感压抑。

这感觉就如同吸足鸦片的人从美梦中醒来，重新回到冰冷的现实中一样。

我心里冰凉冰凉的，心猛地往下一沉，感到一阵恶心——不论运用何种崇高的想象力，这种忧郁感都是无法驱散的。

我不由想到：这是怎么了？为什么我一看到厄舍古厦心里便极为别扭？这是一个难解之谜，我无法解释为什么我一想到它便心中充满种种阴沉的想象。

我只好得出一个十分牵强的结论：一方面，毫无疑问，自然景物这种组合，确实产生了一种力量，可以影响人的情绪，而另一方面，对于这种组合的感受和分析，却应该是因人而异，寓于人本身的思考当中的。

我想到，假如把眼前的这些景物重新安排一下，它们的压抑性很可能就会大大减弱，甚至完全消除。

这样一想，我便策马来到池塘陡峭的边缘，观看灰色的蓑草、丑陋的枯树干，和那眼睛般空洞洞的窗口，我心中忽然打一个冷战，情绪变得比刚才更为压抑。

然而，我却将在这幢阴沉的古厦中住上几个星期。

它的主人罗德里克·厄舍从小就是我的好朋友，但是现在我俩已经许多年未曾谋面了。

最近我收到了一封来自远方乡下的信——一封来自他的信，一封纠缠着我、必须我亲自答复的信。

饥鹅旅行记第五章读后感150字

饥鹅旅行记第五章读后感150字
"The Wild Swans" Chapter 5 left me with a profound impression. The courage and perseverance displayed by the protagonist in facing adversity are truly inspiring.
《野天鹅》第五章给我留下了深刻的印象。

主人公面对困境时所展现出的勇气和毅力，实在令人鼓舞。

His unwavering determination to save his siblings, despite the dangers he faced, is a testament to the power of love and family bonds.
他面对重重危险，依然坚定不移地决心拯救兄弟姐妹，这充分证明了爱与家庭纽带的强大力量。

The story teaches us that no matter how difficult the situation may seem, with love and perseverance, we can overcome any obstacle.这个故事告诉我们，无论情况看起来多么艰难，只要有爱和毅力，我们就能克服任何障碍。

It is a heartwarming tale that reminds us of the importance of family and the strength we draw from each other in times of need.
这是一个温馨的故事，提醒我们家庭的重要性，以及在困难时期我们彼此间汲取的力量。

新编英美概况许鲁之（第四版）Unit1-7课后习题简答题答案

as then poor and poli cally fragmented, It was beset by local wars and civil disorder and largely illiterate. In short, Europe was then incapable of responding to the Norse discoveries.
Chapter 4 American Revolu on
2. What happened on the evening of March 5, 1770? A clash between American colonies and Bri sh soldiers took place in Boston.
①The people of the US are predominantly white. ②The second most numerous minority in the US were the black people whose forefathers came from
Africa.
from La n American countries.
⑤The Chinese American have proved to be industrious and intelligent.
2. What factors cause the Americans to move frequently within the United States?
3. Why do many Americans now migrate from ci es to suburbs?
①The widespread uses of automobiles and the construc on of express highways made it possible for

理智与情感英语全文

理智与情感英语全文"Sense and Sensibility" is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1811. It is set in the late 18th century and follows the lives of the Dashwood sisters—Elinor, Marianne, and Margaret—as they experience love, loss, and societal expectations.Chapter 1: The Dashwood InheritanceThe story opens with the death of Mr. Dashwood and the entailed estate passing to his son from his first marriage, John Dashwood, leaving the second family in a precarious financial situation. The family, including Mrs. Dashwood and her three daughters, is forced to move out of their home.Chapter 2: New BeginningsThe Dashwood family relocates to a cottage in Devonshire, offered to them by a kind relative, Sir John Middleton. Here, they begin to establish a new life and meet new people, including potential suitors.Chapter 3: Love and SocietyElinor, the eldest, is known for her sense and practicality, while Marianne, the second daughter, is guided by her emotions and romantic ideals. Their contrasting approaches to love and life are central to the novel's themes.Chapter 4: Romantic EntanglementsMarianne falls passionately in love with John Willoughby, a charming but ultimately untrustworthy suitor. Meanwhile, Elinor finds herself attracted to the more reserved and principled Edward Ferrars, her sister-in-law's brother.Chapter 5: The Dashwood Women in SocietyAs the Dashwoods become more integrated into local society, they encounter various characters, including the dashing Colonel Brandon and the ambitious Lucy Steele.Chapter 6: Trials and TribulationsBoth Elinor and Marianne face heartbreak and disappointment. Marianne's relationship with Willoughby ends abruptly, and Elinor learns that Edward is secretly engaged to Lucy Steele.Chapter 7: The Consequences of ImprudenceMarianne's imprudent behavior and public displays ofaffection for Willoughby lead to her social downfall. She becomes ill and is cared for by Colonel Brandon, who has secretly loved her for some time.Chapter 8: Resolutions and GrowthThe novel concludes with a series of fortunate events. Marianne comes to appreciate the steadiness of ColonelBrandon, who ultimately reveals Willoughby's true character. Elinor's steadfastness is rewarded when Edward is freed from his prior engagement, and he and Elinor are able to marry.Epilogue: A Change in FortuneThe Dashwood family experiences a change in fortune when John Dashwood, feeling guilty for not providing for them as promised, leaves them a large sum in his will. This allows them to live comfortably and on their own terms."Sense and Sensibility" is a classic exploration of the complexities of love, family, and social class in the 18th century. It is a tale that continues to resonate with readers for its wit, insight, and the enduring appeal of its characters.。

英国的起源公元前5000年—1066年

英语国家概况Chapter 1 第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain an d Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Irela nd, and hundreds of sm all ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

美国文学chapter_5

Upper class in background but democratic in sympathy, the Brahmin poets carried their genteel, European-oriented views to every section of the United States, through public lectures at the 3,000 lyceums (centers for public lectures) and in the pages of two influential Boston magazines, the North American Review and the Atlantic Monthly.The writings of the Brahmin poets fused American and European traditions and sought to create a continuity of shared Atlantic experience. These scholar-poets attempted to educate and elevate the general populace by introducing a European dimension to American literature. Ironically, their overall effect was conservative. By insisting on European things and forms, they retarded the growth of a distinctive American consciousness. Well-meaning men, their conservative backgrounds blinded them to the daring innovativeness of Thoreau, Whitman (whom they refused to meet socially), and Edgar Allan Poe (whom even Emerson regarded as the ―jingle man‖). They were pillars of what was called the ―genteel tradition‖ that three generations of American realists had to battle. Partly because of their benign but bland influence, it was almost 100 years before the distinctive American genius of Whitman, Melville, Thoreau, and Poe was generally recognized in the United States.

《英语国家概况》- Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire

第五章英帝国的兴衰Ⅰ.辉格党人和托利党人这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命，皆以绰号命名。

辉格是对牧牛人的贬称，而托利是爱尔兰语歹徒的意思。

泛泛而言，辉格人是指那些反对绝对王权、支持新教徒享有宗教自由权利的人们。

第一位沙夫茨伯雷伯爵(1621-1683)被视为辉格党首任领袖。

托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。

辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人结盟组成自由党。

托利党则为保守党的前身，至今还保留托利党这个绰号。

在19世纪初，辉格党没有特定的纲领，也不是现代意义上团结一致的政党。

他们还没有组建政党结构，例如没有政党基金。

辉格党人主张：(1)削弱王权(比如任命政府重要官员的权力)；(2)同情非国教教徒(即已脱离国教的卫理公会及其他新教派别)；(3)保护商人和银行家的利益。

大多数辉格党人赞同某种形式的议会改革，但就改革的深度不能达成一致。

(例如:允许商人投票吗?或者允许所有的男性有选举权吗？)托利党人是一批持传统观点的人。

他们主张保留君主和英格兰教会的权力。

他们不喜欢非国教教徒，认为他们是对英格兰教会的一大威胁。

他们想严格地维护法律与秩序，害怕下层造反。

他们并不总是赞同改革，尤其坚决反对议会改革，他们只同意某些人道主义改革。

议会中还有另一派观点，支持者较少。

他们是激进派分子，认为只有彻底的改革才能解决根本问题。

议会成员中只有少数激进派分子，但在18世纪末、19世纪初他们非常活跃，广泛散播激进观点。

他们的一个共同目标是彻底改革议会制度。

激进派分子深受杰拉米·本汉姆"功利主义"哲学的影响。

本汉姆认为政府的功能应是"取得最大多数人的最大幸福"。

他认为有两种办法做到这一点：(1)政府和行政应尽可能高效。

任何低效和无用的事情都应改革(例如，教育制度，监狱制度和议会)；(2)政府应尽可能少地干涉人民的个人生活。

激进派分子倡导"不干涉主义"，这是一种激进的自由贸易观点，因为他们认为进出口关税干涉了贸易的自然流通。

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re was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures.They were forced to look for work in towns,which rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to mass emigration, particularly to the New World;

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8.Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic” helped.(自由贸易和“新教工作伦理” 可能起到一定作用) 9.England,Scotland,and Wales formed a customs union (海关协会)after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807.So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.(这使国内市场不再受国内海关规定的约束)
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The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. They disliked the Nonconformists and considered them a threat to Church of England’s influence on the people. They might agree to some humanitarian reforms,but were certainly against Parliamentary reforms.
1
What were the parliamentary th politics like in the late 18 and th early 19 centuries

The Glorious Revolution in 1688 resulted in the constitutional monarchy, in which parliament played an important role in the British politics. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Parliament was controlled by two political parties, the Whigs and the Tories.

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10.The enclosure and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labor for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed in industry.( 圈地运动和农业其他方面的发展给日益增多的人口提供了足够的食物,为工厂提供了劳动力, 也为工业提供了所需的一些原材料.)
To be continued
1.Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade. 2.Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital(资金) in large quantities for industrialization.(这些人和从农业改革中受益的封建领主为工业化提供了大量资金)
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Land enclosures in England

Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results: 1.Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; 2.more vegetables,more milk and more dairy produce were consumed,and diet became more varied;

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3.The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community(强大的社区经济利益) could exert their influence over Government policy. 4.It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports(海港), or from rivers, which could distribute their products.(英国主要大城市都靠近海港和河流,很容易向外运输产品)
第5章英帝国的兴衰 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688---1990)

学习本章的目的和要求了解18世纪英国工业革命,其中包括圈地运动,殖民剥削和奴隶贸易,工业革命的过程及其影响,宪章运动(1836---1848),殖民帝国的建立,英帝国的衰落与瓦解以及战后英国的概况.
14
The Chartist Movement(18361848)
Parliamentary reforms political change in England did not come through revolution but through gradual reform. At the general election of 1830, the Whigs under lord Grey returned to power and want to carry out parliamentary reforms. There were several reasons. carry out 开展, 实现, 完成, 进行到底贯彻, 执行, 落实
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To be continued

The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. They were in favor of some kind of Parliamentary reform, but could not agree how far this reform should go.
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4.a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.(农村关系中出现了新的阶级仇恨) Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the laborers’ hopes of even owning his own land.(也使劳动者希望拥有自己土地的梦想成为泡影) Many became wage laborers, earning rates which were very low in spite of agriculture’s new prosperity.(许多人成为计时工,尽管农业出现新的繁荣,但他们的薪水却低得可怜)

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First, power was monopolized （vt.独占, 垄断） by the aristocrats. (gentleman， nobleman） Second,representation (代表)of town and country, and North and South was unfair. Finally,there were also various rotten or pocket boroughs.(腐败选区或口袋选区) 腐败选区一度曾是繁忙的集镇,现在已被废除, 但却仍可参选议员. 在口袋选区,选举一已不代表政治观点而全凭权势. 16
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There was another brand of opinions, but with much smaller support in the parliament. They were the Radicals who wanted fundamental reforms to get to the root of problems. Their common aim was thorough reform of the parliamentary system.