托福TPO46阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析(原TPO)现在大家在进行托福备考时官方真题Official托福模考软件相信是大家用的最多的工具了，对于托福成绩的提升是非常有帮助的。

托福听力可以说是整个托福考试当中比较重要的一个部分，如何利用现有资料官方真题Official模考软件来提升大家的托福成绩呢?今天小编在这里整理了官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析来分享给大家，希望对大家托福听力备考有帮助。

官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1原文文本Deer Populations of the Puget SoundTwo species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, andother arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. T o keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But forthe black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1题目Question 1 of 14According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.Question 2 of 14It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditionsA. cause some deer to hibernateB. make food unavailable in the highlands for deerC. make it easier for deer to locate understory plantsD. prevent deer from migrating during the winterQuestion 3 of 14The word "inhibits " in the passage is closest in meaning toA. consists ofB. combinesC. restrictsD. establishesQuestion 4 of 14The phrase "in the same breath " in the passage is closest in meaning toA. impatientlyB. humorouslyC. continuouslyD. immediatelyQuestion 5 of 14The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the UnitedStates than in the West.D. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.Question 6 of 14According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?A. The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.B. Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.C. Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.D. Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.Question 7 of 14Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer ” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?A. To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population declineB. To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environmentC. To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlementD. To argue that some deer species must be given a protected statusQuestion 8 of 14The phrase “indefinite period ” in the passage is closest in meaning to periodA. whose end has not been determinedB. that does not begin when expectedC. that lasts only brieflyD. whose importance remains unknownQuestion 9 of 14Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?A. Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.B. The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.C. The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.D. Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.Question 10 of 14The word “rebound ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. declineB. recoveryC. exchangeD. movementQuestion 11 of 14Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacif ic Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.B. Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.C. Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to findadditional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.D. According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.Question 12 of 14Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?A. A reduction in the number of predatorsB. Restrictions on huntingC. The effects of logging and fireD. Laws that protected feeding grounds of deerQuestion 13 of 14Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?There food is available and accessible throughout the winter..Question 14 of 14Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.A.The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in thedeer populations of the areas at that time.C.In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.E.Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.F.Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.官方真题Official4托福阅读Passage1解析Question 1 of 14正确答案：D题目解析：以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句：The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.说白尾鹿过去是什么什么地方的，现在是什么什么地方的，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活正确。

老托福阅读真题及答案PASSAGE1为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 1，希望大家喜欢!老托福阅读真题及答案 PASSAGE 1By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm abouttwenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century2. According to the passage , when did the word "icebox" become part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nineteenth century3. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before theinvention of the icebox5. The word "it" in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics7. The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) completely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" (lines 18-19) to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm(B) Moore was an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moore's design was fairly successful10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The "produce" mentioned in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) markets正确答案：BBACC DBCDA B托福阅读技巧之如何巧用关键词?托福考试阅读部分一篇文章一般较长，所以一般是以段落为单位的。

托福听力tpo46lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:I'd like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and start off today's class by focusing on a concept we haven't yet touched upon—swarm intelligence.Swarm intelligence is a collective behavior that emerges from a group of animals,like a colony of termites,a school of fish,or a flock of birds.Let's first consider the principles behind swarm intelligence,and we'll use the ant as our model.Now,an ant on its own is not that smart.When you have a group of ants,however, there you have efficiency in action.You see,there's no leader running an ant colony. Each individual,each individual ant operates by instinctively following a simple set of rules when foraging for food.Rule number1:Deposit a chemical marker…called a pheromone.And rule2:Follow the strongest pheromone path.The strongest pheromone path is advantageous to ants seeking food.So,for example,when ants leave the nest,they deposit a pheromone trail along the route they take.If they find food,they return to the nest on the same path and the pheromone trail gets stronger—it's doubled in strength.Because an ant that took a shorter path returns first,its pheromone trail is stronger,and other ants will follow it, according to rule2.And as more ants travel that path,the pheromone trail gets even stronger.So,what's happening here?Each ant follows two very basic rules,and each ant acts on information it finds in its immediate local environment.And it's important to note: Even though none of the individual ants is aware of the bigger plan,they collectively choose the shortest path between the nest and a food source because it's the most reinforced path.By the way,a-a few of you have asked me about the relevance of what we're studying to everyday life.And swarm intelligence offers several good examples of how concepts in biology can be applied to other fields.Well,businesses have been able to use this approach of following simple rules when designing complex systems,for instance,in telephone networks.When a call is placed from one city to another,it has to connect through a number of nodes along the way.At each point,a decision has to be made:Which direction does the call go from here?Well,a computer program was developed to answer this question based on rules that are similar to the ones that ants use to find food.Remember,individual ants deposit pheromones,and they follow the path that is most reinforced.Now,in the phone network,a computer monitors the connection speed of each path, and identifies the paths that are currently the fastest—the least crowded parts of the network.And this information,converted into a numeric code,is deposited at the network nodes.This reinforces the paths that are least crowded at the moment. The rule the telephone network follows is to always select the path that is most reinforced.So,similar to the ant's behavior,at each intermediate node,the call follows the path that is most reinforced.This leads to an outcome which is beneficial to the network as a whole,and calls get through faster.But getting back to animal behavior,another example of swarm intelligence is the way flocks of birds are able to fly together so cohesively.How do they coordinate their movements and know where they're supposed to be?Well,it basically boils down to three rules that each bird seems to follow.Rule1:Stay close to nearby birds.Rule2:Avoid collision with nearby birds.And rule3:Move in the average speed and direction of nearby birds.Oh,and by the way,if you're wondering how this approach can be of practical use for humans:The movie industry had been trying to create computer-generated flocks of birds in movie scenes.The question was how to do it easily on a large scale?A researcher used these threerules in a computer graphics program,and it worked!There have also been attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people using this bird flocking model of swarm intelligence.However,I'm not surprised that more research is needed.The three rules I mentioned might be great for bird simulations,but they don't take into account the complexity and unpredictability of human behavior.So,if you want to create crowds of people in a realistic way,that computer model might be too limited.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Various methods that ants use to locate foodB.A collective behavior common to humans and animalsC.A type of animal behavior and its application by humansD.Strategies that flocks of birds use to stay in formation2.According to the professor,what behavior plays an important role in the way ants obtain food?A.Ants usually take a different path when they return to their nest.B.Ants leave chemical trails when they are outside the nest.C.Small groups of ants search in different locations.D.Ants leave pieces of food along the path as markers.3.What are two principles of swarm intelligence based on the ant example?[Click on2answers.]A.Individuals are aware of the group goal.B.Individuals act on information in their local environment.C.Individuals follow a leader's guidance.D.Individuals instinctively follow a set of rules.4.According to the professor,what path is followed by both telephone calls on a network and ants seeking food?A.The path with the least amount of activityB.The most crowded pathC.The path that is most reinforcedD.The path that has intermediate stopping points5.Why does the professor mention movies?A.To identify movie scenes with computer-simulated flocks of birdsB.To identify a good source of information about swarm intelligenceC.To emphasize how difficult it still is to simulate bird flightD.To explain that some special effects in movies are based on swarm intelligence6.What is the professor's attitude about attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people?A.She believes that the rules of birds'flocking behavior do not apply to group behavior in humans.B.She thinks that crowd scenes could be improved by using the behavior of ant colonies as a model.C.She is surprised by how realistic the computer-generated crowds are.D.She is impressed that computer graphics can create such a wide range of emotions.答案C B BD C D A译文下面听一段生物学讲座的片段。

托福听力tpo46section1对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture1 (6)原文 (6)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture2 (12)原文 (12)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Conversation1原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee in the student housing office.MALE STUDENT:Hi.I'm a first-year student here,I-I live in the dorms,and I…well,I like where I'm living now…it's convenient and quiet,but I'm starting to think aboutwhere I want to live next year.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Good idea.As a second-year,you'll have more freedom to choose a place that suits your needs.MALE STUDENT:Yeah,and I want to make sure that,well,that I apply in time to get what I want.And,um,a friend was telling me about these,uh—not quite sure of terminology]common interest houses on campus…?FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Yes,we have a language house,a life science house,a music house—MALE STUDENT:Yeah,the music house!That's the one I'm interested in.But,um,I’m not a music major;I do play an instrument,but I'm a history major.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Oh,that's not an issue.You see,that house isn't just for music majors.It’s for anyone who’s interested in music.MALE STUDENT:But…isn't that everyone?FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well,maybe,but the house has a performance area and practice rooms.So people who choose to live there need to be open to the possibility that there's always going to be someone playing something—an instrument,the radio…even at odd times.You're pretty much always going to hear music there.That might bother some people.MALE STUDENT:Doesn't bother me.And I'd love to have a place to practice my saxophone without worrying about disturbing people.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well,it does sound like it might be a good fit for you.And the house also functions as a social club.MALE STUDENT:I know they do activities,but I don't know much beyond that…FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well,for example,every month I think it is,there’s an informal concert…any house resident can perform.And remember the big jazz festival at University Park last month?MALE STUDENT:Of course!It was amazing—the music was great!Um,I-I didn't connect it to the music house.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Not many people do.Anyway,they put on a whole range of other activities as well—someone at the house could give you more information about those.MALE STUDENT:So,how do I…uh,what's the process for getting a room there?FEMALE EMPLOYEE:You need to fill out an application form and send it to the house director.The form's on the housing department's Web site.But don't get your hopes up too high—they can only accept about thirty percent of the students who apply.MALE STUDENT:Oh wow,I had no idea…FEMALE EMPLOYEE:So,for your application…it needs to include a personal statement.You know,why you're interested in living in the house,how you might contribute to the group.There are guidelines on the form.That statement's really important because it's basically how they decide who to accept into the house题目1.Why does the student go to see the woman?A.To ask about events that the music house sponsorsB.To find out which of the common interest houses have rooms availableC.To find out if it would be possible for him to live in the music houseD.To check on the status of his application to move into the music house2.According to the woman,why might some people not want to live in the music house?A.It is rarely quiet.B.It is not conveniently located.C.All of the residents are required to participate in house activities.D.All of the residents must be enrolled in a music class.3.What does the woman imply when she mentions the jazz festival?A.It was free for residents of the music house.B.It was held at the music house.C.Music house residents were encouraged to perform at it.D.Music house residents were involved in organizing it.4.Why does the woman mention the acceptance rate of applicants for the music house?A.To warn the student that his application might not be approvedB.To suggest that the music house is not a popular place to liveC.To convince the student that his chances are better if he applies in personD.To emphasize the importance of turning in the application form early5.What information does the student need to include in his application?[Click on2 answers]A.Some ways he might contribute to the music house communityrmation about his experience as a musicianC.Reasons why he wants to live in the music houseD.A recommendation from a current resident of the music house答案C AD A AC译文旁白：听一段一个学生和一个工作人员在学生住宿办公室的对话。

TPO 46听力文本C onversation 1Listen to a conversation between a student and a n employee in the student housing office.-Hi, I’m a first year student here, I live in the dorms, and I… well I like where I’m living now, it’s convenient and quiet but I’m starting to think about where I want to live next year.-Good idea. As a second year, you will have more freedom to choose a place that suits your needs.-Yeah, and I want to make sure that. Well…that I apply in time to get what I want. And a friend was telling me about these common interest houses on campus.-Yes! We have a language house, a life science house, a music house.-Yeah, the music house. That’s the one I’m interested in. But umm...I’m not a music major, I do play an instrument but I’m a history major.-Oh, that’s not an issue. You see that house isn't just for music major, it’s for anyone who is in-terested in music.-But… is not that everyone?-Ha-ha, well maybe, but the house has a performance area and practice rooms, so people who choose to live there need to be open to the possibility that there is always gonna be someone playing something, an instrument, the radio, even at odd times. You’re pretty much always gonna hear music there. That might bother some people.-Doesn’t bother me. And I’d love to have a place to practice my saxophone without worrying about disturbing people.-Well, it does sound like it might be a good fit for you. And the house also functions as a social club.-I know they do activities but I don’t know much beyond that.-Well, for example, every month, I think it is, there is an informal concert, any house resident can perform, and remember that big jazz festival at university park last month?-Of course! It was amazing! The music was great! umm... I didn’t’t connect to the music house -Not many people do, anyway, they put on a whole range of activities as well, someone in the house could give you more information about those.-So how do I…umm what’s the process for getting a room there?-You need to fill out an application form and send it to the house director. The form is on the housing department website. But don’t get your hopes up too high. They can only accept about 30% of students who apply.-OH, wow…I have no idea.-So for your application, it needs to include a personal statement. You know why you are inter-ested in living in the house, how you might contribute to the group. There are guidelines on the form. That statement is really important because it’s basically how they decide who to accept into the house.Conversation 2Listen to a conversation between a student and her history professor.-So I definitely want to write my term paper on American journalism in the 18th century. That old copy of the New York Daily Gazette you showed us, the one printed from the library's mi-crofilm. Just seeing a newspaper that was published1789 that was really cool.-Yes, reading old newspapers can be a powerful experience, especially to umm budding a story like yourself. As a resource for scholars and researchers, I don’t think any form of publication really captures the day to day life of a community better than a local newspaper.-Yeah! I mean I knew that the number of newspapers exploded in the 18th century. But I figured they all deteriorated before the technology was invented to preserve them or you know, make copies.-Well, actually before the mid-1800, newspapers were printed on fairly sturdy paper, made from cotton fibers, those that’s survived are in surprisingly good shape.-Are there many more copies of the gazette on microfilm?-Yeah! We’ve got a great microfilm library on campus. You will find it invaluable I’m sure as you research your paper. But also talk to the librarians because they are creating an online ar-chive of their microfilm collection. I’m not sure if the project status but if it’s done, it will proba-bly save you time. So 18th century journalism, you must realize that that topic is too broad for this assignment.-I do. So one idea I had was like looking at an important world event, like maybe the French Revolution of 1789, since we just finished a unit on it. The readings you had given us were in-credibly vivid. I loved them, but they were translations of French writers, historians, so I thought it would be interesting to pick the Gazette in one other American newspaper to see how each covered the revolution. How the journalists reported it from American’s perspective?-Umm, interesting approach. But remember I will be grading your paper based on the details you include and in some point in your paper, you wanna focus on a particular event of the revolution, like maybe the storming of the Bastille prison.-How about the formation of the French National Constituent Assembly?-Sure that would work.-And since I’m gonna look at newspapers from two cities. I could read the editorials, the opinion pieces, to find out what each communities thought about the national assembly.-Ok, but you know I want to attend a history conference where a professor presents a paper on the American press on the French revolution. She was discussing the development of democratic ideals here and in France at the time. But she also pointed out that using old newspapers as pri-mary sources to beware that they reflected the values of only a segment of society, and should not be used to draw conclusions about all Americans. I don’t think I hold on to her paper, but it was subsequently published, so you will have no trouble tracking it down on the Internet, let me give you her name.Lecture 1Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.I’d like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and start off today’s class by focusing on a concept we haven’t yet touched upon, swarm intelligence. swarm intelligence is a collective be-havior, that emerges from a group of animals like a colony of termites, a school of fish or a flock of birds. Let’s first consider the principles behind swarm intelligence, and we will use the ant as our model. Now an ant on its own is not that smart, when you have a group of ants however, there you have efficiency and action. You see there is no leader running an ant colony, each indi-vidual, each individual ant operates by instinctively following a simple set of rules when forging for food. Rule no.1, deposit a chemical marker called a pheromone. And rule 2, follow the strongest pheromone path.The strongest pheromone path is advantageous to ants seeking food. So for example, when ants leave the nest, they deposit a pheromone trail along the route they take, if they find food, they return to the nest on the same path and the pheromone trail gets stronger. It’s doubled in strength, because an ant that took a shorter path returns first, its pheromone trail is stronger, and other ants will follow it according to rule 2, and as more ant’s travel that path the pheromone trail gets even stronger. So what’s happening here. Each ant follows two very basic rules, and each ant acts on information it finds in its mediate local environment.And it’s important to note even though none of the individual ants is aware of the bigger plan, they collectively choose the shortest path between the nest and the food source, because it’s the most reinforced path. By the way, a few of you have asked me about the relevance of what we are studying to everyday life, and swarm intelligence offers several good examples of how con-cepts in biology can be apply to other fields. Well, businesses have been able to use this ap-proach a following simple rules when designing complex systems, for instance, in telephone net-works. When a call is placed from one city to another, it has to connect through a number of nodes along the way. At each point, a decision has to be made. Which direction does the call from here? Well, a computer program was developed to answer this question based on rules that are similar to the ones that ants used to find food.Remember individual ants deposit pheromones, and they follow the path that is most reinforced. Now in the phone network, a computer monitors the connection speed of each path and identifies the paths that are currently the fastest, the least crowded part to the network and this information converted into a numeric code is deposited at the network nodes. This reinforces the paths that are least crowded at the moment. The rule that telephone network follows is to always select the path that is most reinforced. So, similar to the ants’ behavior, at each intermedia node, the callfollows the path that is most reinforced, this leads to an outcome which is beneficial to the net-work as a whole, and calls get through faster.But getting back to animal behavior, another example of swarm intelligence is the way flocks of birds are able to fly together so cohesively, how do they coordinate their movements and know where they are supposed to be? Well it basically boils down to three rules that each bird seems to follow. Rule one, stay close to nearby birds. Rule two, avoid collision with nearby birds. And rule three, move in the average speed and direction of nearby birds. Oh and by the way if you are wondering how this approach can be of practical use of humans, the movie industry has been try-ing to create computer generated flocks of birds in movie scenes, the question was how do they do it easily on a large scale?A researcher used these three rules in a computer graphics program and it worked. There have also been attempts to create computer generated crowds of people using this bird flocking model of swarm intelligence. However, I’m not surprised that more research is needed the three rules I mentioned might be great for birds simulations, but that don’t take into account the complexity and unpredictability of human behavior. So if you wanna create crowds of people in a realistic way, that computer model might be too limited.Lecture 2Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.As you know portrait artists often position their subjects so that their head is turned a little to one side, thereby presenting the artists with a semi-side view, a semi-profile view. And for some rea-son, western European artists have historically tended to show the left side of the subject’s face more than the right. A while back some researchers examined about 1500 portraits painted from the 16th to the 20th century in western Europe. And in the majority of them it’s the left side of the face that’s most prominently displayed.Why is that? And interestingly enough, this tendency to show the left side diminished over time, especially in the 20th century, in fact, the left right ratio is now about 1to 1, 50 percent left, 50 percent right. Why is that? We do know that for many artists, the choice of left side right side was very important. There is an image by the Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh called The Potato Eaters, that shows the profiles of a group of farmers, it’s a lithograph which is a print made from images drawn on a stone. When you print something that way, what you get is a mirror image of the original picture, the exact same image except that left and right are reversed, and Van Gogh was so dissatisfied with the print that he wrote to his brother, quote “The figures I’m sorry to say are now turned the wrong way” end quote.Anyway why do you think so many painters in the past chose to pick the left side of their sub-ject ’s face. Nancy! ‘Could it have to do with whether the artists were left handed or right handed like maybe most of them were right handed and maybe for some reason they felt more comforta-ble painting the left side? Ok, many right handed artists do find it easier to paint left profiles and many art historians think that’s the reason for the directional bias, but if that hypothesis, let’s call it the right handed hypothesis was correct, you’d expect that left handed artists would find it eas-ier to paint right profiles.But the research suggests that left handed artists find it just as easy to paint left profiles as right. So any other ideas? Well another theory is what’s known as parental imprinting hypothesis, which proposes that people are more used to seeing left profiles because supposedly right handed parents are more likely to hold their babies in their left arm. ‘Well my sister just had a baby and she keeps talking about how her left arm is getting so much stronger than the right’. OK, there’s some anecdotal evidence.So then when the baby looks up at their parent, what they see is left profile. Right! And so the theory goes the left side of the face becomes imprinted in our memories. But the parental im-printing hypothesis doesn’t explain why left profiles have decreased over time. I mean parents are still carrying their babies in their left arm, right? Exactly! Alright, what about the way the art-ist’s studio is organized? Specifically, the light source.Remember that the light source determines where the shadows are, so if you are a right handed artist, you want the light coming from your left, because you don’t want your painting hand to catch the shadow across your canvas right? And of the lights coming from your left, you’d want your subject to turn to their right, into the light, and if they do that, what do you see? The left side of their face. Exactly!And while into the 20th century many in artists’ primary light source would be the sun they set up their studio to take maximum advantage of it, but then what happens as other high quality portable artificial light sources become available. Well you can position your subject in a lot more different ways and still have good lighting on your subject and on your canvas. So? You’d expect to see a more balanced ratio of left and right side portraits.Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.Ok, so when we were discussing Gainsborough’s painting The Blue Boy, which he painted in 1770, I mentioned a story that the painting might have been an experiment, the result of a chal-lenge, it was believed that the blue couldn’t be an important color in the painting, because well it tends to recede into the background, not good for your main subject right? So to show other-wise, Gainsborough created The Blue Boy, with the boy featured large his famous blue clothes and well I guess he proved his point, but there was another challenge to blue it was very very ex-pensive back then, now of course because of modern chemistry any color is available in tubes at any art supply store. But in the 18th century and before, it wasn’t so easy, and blue, well the color ultramarine, the most desired shade of blue was made of precious stone lapis lazuli, which had to be imported all the way from Afghanistan. And the second most favorite shade of blue, after ultramarine made from lapis lazuli was a shade of blue that came from another precious stone azurite. But azurite was, well, harder to work with. There is evidence that artists would try to get around these difficulties, for example, use pigment from lapis lazuli or azurite very spar-ingly. And also use something cheaper like smalt which was made of ground glass. The thing is smalt became discolored overtime, so many artists probably just avoided blue altogether rather than use something cheap and impermanent. So blue, especially ultramarine pigment was a lux-ury, a status symbol, worth even more than gold at times and you even had the wealthy ordering paintings with ultramarine to show others that they could afford something made from this pre-cious pigment much in the same way they’d order gold leaf. Actually, the ancient Egyptians did manage to make an artificial blue, the first synthetic pigment in fact if you can believe that. They passed the formula onto the Greeks and Romans but then it was lost. Anyway, not only wasthe lapis lazuli hard to get, it was also hard to process. The recipe was difficult, the stone has to be ground finely, not easy to do with a rock, then mixed with melted wax, resins andoils, wrapped in a cloth and kneaded like bread dough, the fine particles of ultramarine were then separated from the rest. The process was time consuming, which also contributed to the high cost of producing ultramarine, and it didn’t’t even eagled very much useable pigment. As a result, the French government sponsored a competition in the 1824, to find a cheaper way to make ultramarine pigment. And soon after, a process was demonstrated where a combination of coal, Sulphur and other cheap carbon plate substances were heated creating a suitable syn-thetic substitute for lapis lazuli. So there is no doubt that 19th century artists after good synthetic versions were available used more ultramarine. Think of the impressionist for example, they had a lot more choices, or at least less expensive choices than painters not that long before them.Listen to part of a lecture in a material science class.So what’s the first thing that comes to mind when we talk about the uses for copper? Tammy? The penny, it’s made of copper. Ok, good one. But what’s a one cent coin worth these days. You might get back change like if you go to the store and give the cashier 5 dollars for something that costs 4.98 cents, you will get 2 cents back, but 2 cents don’t buy much, the value of the pennyin terms of what it will buy has gotten so low that there is actually a move a foot to eliminate the coin from U.S. currency. But there is more to it, as Tammy implied, the penny looks like it’s solid copper, it’s reddish orange, with bright metallic luster when it’s new, but that’s just the copper plating, the penny is not solid copper, in actuality it’s almost 98%zinc. But giving the ris-ing value of both these metals, each penny now costs about 1.7cents to produce, so it generates what called negative seigniorage.Negative seigniorage is when the cost of minting a coin is more than the coin’s face value. Even though the penny generates quite a bit of negative seigniorage there is concern that if it’s elimi-nated we will need more nickels. Because more merchants might start setting prices in fivecent increments. 4 dollars and 95 cents and so on. So we need a trusty five cent piece that can be minted economically. But the n ickels’ negative seignior age is even worse than the pennies. Each nickel costs the U.S mint ten cents to produce. Also, some of us are pretty attached to pen-nies for whatever reason. Nostalgia and there is collectors. And people if they see a penny on the sidewalk, they will pick it up and think it’s my lucky day. Another scenario is that without pennies merchants instead of charging 4.98 might round up the price to even 5 dollars. So con-sumer goods would become slightly more expensive. But on the other hand, some cash transac-tions would be more convenient for consumers. And as I said, the government would save money if pennies were eliminated.But would’t the copper industry suffers financially if the U.S. government stopped buying cop-per to make pennies? But how much copper do pennies actually contain? How much? ohm, got it. Right. So what else comes in mind when you think about copper? what else is copper used for? I know that copper cane shaped to all sorts of things. Sheets, tubing, my cousin’s house has a copper roof. Yes, like gold and silver, copper is extremely malleable. But it’s not a precious metal. It’s far less expensive than gold or silver, it’s also a superb conductor of electricity, so you can stretch it into wires which go into appliances and even car molders.Copper also has superior alloying properties; you know when it’s combined with other metals. For instance, how many of you play a brass instrument? Like a trumpet or trombone. Well brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. If your trombone is made of pure copper or pure zinc it wouldn’t sound nearly as beautiful as a brass trombone. Another alloy, a combination of copper andnickel resists corrosion. It doesn’t rust even with long exposure to water. But what aboutthe statue of liberty in New York harbor, it’s made of pure copper but it turned green. Isn’t that a sign of corrosion? Indirectly, if copper exposed to damp air, its color changes from reddish or-ange to reddish brown.But in time, green film called patina forms. And the patina actually serves a halt for further cor-rosion. It’s one reason that ship holds are made of copper nickel alloys. This alloys are also hard for barnacles to stick to. If these little shellfish adhere to the haul of a ship, it producesdrag, solving the vessel down. Copper is also a key material used in solar heating units and wa-ter desalination plants which are playing increasingly important roles in society. Bottom line, if you are a copper miner, you won’t lose any sleep should the penny get if you excuse the expres-sion pinched out of existence.。

Q1答案：D解析：以White-tailed deer做关键词定位至最后一句，提到白尾鹿过去在什么地方，现在在什么地方，也就是它们的生活环境发生了变化，所以D不再在原来的地方生活正确，其他选项都未提到。

Q2答案：B解析：题干问的是冬天的环境会怎样，没有确切的定位词，但可以看到该段最后一句snow on the ground 说的是冬天的环境，该句话说的是在地面上，即使有雪，林下植被也会暴露在表面，而前面第一句话说到这些林下植被都是鹿的食物，所以很容易推断出答案选B。

Q3答案：C解析：inhibit“阻止，阻拦”，后半句说鹿吃别的东西去了，说明没有这种草，也就是这种草没长起来，之前说森林这种草的生长，当然是阻止，A“组成”B“结合”意思差不多，都不正确。

D“建立”完全不符合文意。

Q4答案：D解析：in the same breath是“同时”或者“立刻”之意，所以D immediately正确，代回原文，说那些人知道1800年代有很多鹿，但他们又因为没有鹿而难过，A“没耐心”B“不幽默”都不符合文意，C“持续”不能表达当时人们失望的心情，而且原文也没有信息说持续难过，所以不正确。

Q5答案：A解析：这两个人是早期探险家的一个例子，读前句，他们知道原本有很多鹿但又没找到，很显然这句话不足以作为一个观点，本段中心句说鹿的数量变化很大，这是一个中心，而A选项刚好是这个中心，正确。

Q6答案：C解析：以人名和时间做关键词定位至最后一句，说那些鹿消失了，还有被猎杀了，所以应该是没有鹿了，B正好相反，C正确，作者只是说把鹿打死为了保护农作物，没说农作物的产量上升，D错误，A未提及。

Q7答案：A解析：往前句看，前句说the numbers of deer declined still further，鹿的数量进一步下降，然后才让读者recall哥伦比亚白尾鹿的例子，也就是说白尾鹿就是人类破坏生存环境导致鹿群数量下降的一个证明，所以答案A正确。

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▉托福TPO4阅读Passage1原文文本： Deer Populations of the Puget Sound Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River. Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder. The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops. Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroachedon the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period." The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings. ▉托福TPO4阅读Passage1题目： Question 1 of 14 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound? A. It is native to lowlands and marshes. B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer. C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie. D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied. Question 2 of 14 It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions A. cause some deer to hibernate。

The Origin of WritingIt was in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that civilization arose, and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization, writing. These examples, in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E., have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians, a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia.The word “key” in the passage is closest in meaning to∙frequent∙essential∙original∙familiarThe Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing, but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material. In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus plants, and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper; it was excellent in quality but, like any paper, fragile. Mesopotamia's rivers boasted no such useful reeds, but its land did provide good clay, and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material. Though clumsy and bulky it has a virtue dear to archaeologists: it is durable. Fire, for example, which is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood, simply bakes it hard, thereby making it even more durable. So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian palace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it. Clay, moreover, is cheap, and forming it into tablets is easy, factors that helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well, in Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and even for a while in Crete and Greece. Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all these lands. In the Near East they remained in use for more than two and a half millennia, and in certain areas they lasted down to the beginning of the common era until finally yielding, once and for all, to more convenient alternatives.The word “virtue” in the passage is closest in meaning to∙price∙design∙desirable quality∙physical characteristicWhich of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.∙In part because of its low cost and ease of use, clay became the preferred writing material throughout Mesopotamia and well beyond it.∙Clay was cheap throughout Mesopotamia, so clay tablets from Mesopotamia became the preferred writing material as far as the Mediterranean.∙For a while, the clay tablet was the preferred writing material in Crete and Greece.∙Moreover, because clay was used as the writing material of choice in Mesopotamia, Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and the Mediterranean, it was cheap and popular.∙What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about clay as a writing material?∙It had to be baked before it could be written on.∙Its good points outweighed its bad points.∙Its durability was its most important feature for its users.∙It was not available in Egypt.In paragraph 2, why does the author discuss the Egyptian use of papyrus as a writing material?∙To describe the superiority of papyrus over leather and wood as a writing material∙To explain why writing in Egypt did not develop as quickly as it did Mesopotamia∙To explain why archaeologists’ knowledge of the early history of writing relies mainly on Sumerian cuneiform∙To explain why the Sumerians preferred clay tablets for writing over papyrusThe Sumerians perfected a style of writing suited to clay. This script consists of simple shapes, basically just wedge shapes and lines that could easily be incised in soft clay with a reed or wooden stylus; scholars have dubbed it cuneiform from the wedge-shaped marks (cunei in Latin) that are its hallmark. Although the ingredients are merely wedges and lines, there are hundreds of combinations of these basic forms that stand for different sounds or words. Learning these complex signs required long training and much practice; inevitably, literacy was largely limited to a small professional class, the scribes.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of cuneiform writing EXCEPT:∙It was composed of very simple shapes.∙It was perfected by the ancient Sumerians.∙It influenced the choice of material on which it was written.∙It was understood by very few Sumerians.The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians around the middle of the third millennium B.C.E.,and they took over the various cuneiform signs used for writing Sumerian and gave them sound and word values that fit their own language. [] The Babylonians and Assyrians did the same, and so did peoples in Syria and Asia Minor. [] The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East, and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken, the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literary language, the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome.[] For the scribes of these non-Sumerian languages, training was doubly demanding since they had to know the values of the various cuneiform signs for Sumerian as well as for their own language. []According to paragraph 4, how did the Akkadians use the Sumerian language?∙They used Sumerian for speaking but used their own national language for writing.∙They used the complex cuneiform signs developed by the Babylonians and Assyrians rather than the Sumerian signs.∙They developed their own cuneiform shapes on clay tablets to replace those used by the Sumerians.∙They assigned new sound and word values to the signs of Sumerian cuneiform. Paragraph 4 answers all the following questions about Sumerian writing in the period after the Sumerians were conquered EXCEPT:∙Did Sumerian literature continue to be read?∙Did Sumerian continue to be spoken?∙Did scribes compose new texts in Sumerian?∙Did Sumerian have the same fate as Latin had after the fall of Rome?Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, the Sumerian language did not entirely disappear.The contents of the earliest clay tablets are simple notations of numbers of commodities-animals, jars, baskets, etc. Writing, it would appear, started as a primitive form of bookkeeping. Its use soon widened to document the multitudinous things and acts that are involved in daily life, from simple inventories of commodities to complicated governmental rules and regulations.Archaeologists frequently find clay tablets in batches. The batches, some of whichcontain thousands of tablets, consist for the most part of documents of the types just mentioned: bills, deliveries, receipts, inventories, loans, marriage contracts, divorce settlements, court judgments, and so on. These records of factual matters were kept in storage to be available for reference-they were, in effect, files, or, to use the term preferred by specialists in the ancient Near East, archives. Now and then these files include pieces of writing that are of a distinctly different order, writings that do not merely record some matter of fact but involve creative intellectual activity. They range from simple textbook material to literature-and they make an appearance very early, even from the third millennium B.C.E.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.The earliest examples of writing have been found in Mesopotamia and date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E.∙∙∙Answer ChoicesA. Writing was invented in the same areas in which civilization began by theancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and the Mediterranean.B. Writing was developed first by the Sumerians using wedge-shaped markscuneiformon clay tablets and then by the Egyptians using papyrus paper.C.The development of cuneiform is known because it was written on along-lasting material and because it was long and widely used throughout the ancient Near East.D. Scribes using cuneiform in Assyria, Babylon, Syria and Asia Minor had tolearn all the languages that used the cuneiform script.E.Cuneiform tablets generally dealt with business and factual matters, butother topics, including literature, were also recorded and valued.F. Batches of clay tablets, sometimes with as many as a thousand tablets each,are often found by archaeologists.。

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From Fish to Terrestrial Vertebrates One of the most significant evolutionary events that occurred on Earth was the transition of water-dwelling fish to terrestrial tetrapods(four-limbed organisms with backbones).Fish probably originated in the oceans,and our first records of them are in marine rocks.However,by the Devonian Period(408 million to 362 million years ago),they had radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats,including freshwater settings.One of the groups whose fossils are especially common in rocks deposited in fresh water is the lobe-finned fish. The freshwater Devonian lobe-finned fish rhipidistian crossopterygian is of particular interest to biologists studying tetrapod evolution.These fish lived in river channels and lakes on large deltas.The delta rocks in which these fossils are found are commonly red due to oxidized iron minerals,indicating that the deltas formed in a climate that had alternate wet and dry periods.If there were periods of drought,any adaptations allowing the fish to survive the dry conditions would have been advantageous.In these rhipidistians,several such adaptations existed.It is known that they had lungs as well as gills for breathing.Cross sections cut through some of the fossils reveal that the mud filling the interior of the carcass differed in consistency and texture depending on its location inside the fish.These differences suggest a saclike cavity below the front end of the gut that can only be interpreted as a lung.Gills were undoubtedly the main source of oxygen for these fish,but the lungs served as an auxiliary breathing device for gulping air when the water became oxygen depleted,such as during extended periods of drought.So,these fish had already evolved one of the prime requisites for living on land:the ability to use air as a source of oxygen. A second adaptation of these fish was in the structure of the lobe fins.The fins were thick,fleshy,and quite sturdy,with a median axis of bone down the center.They could have been used as feeble locomotor devices on land,perhaps good enough to allow a fish to flop its way from one pool of water that was almost dry to an adjacent pond that had enough water and oxygen for survival.These fins eventually changed into short,stubby legs.The bones of the fins of a Devonian rhipidistian exactly match in number and position the limb bones of the earliest known tetrapods,the amphibians.It should be emphasized that the evolution of lungs and limbs was in no sense an anticipation of future life on land.These adaptations developed because they helped fish to survive in their existing aquatic environment. What ecological pressures might have caused fishes to gradually abandon their watery habitat and become increasingly land-dwelling creatures?Changes in climate during the Devonian may have had something to do with this if freshwater areas becameprogressively more restricted.Another impetus may have been new sources of food.The edges of ponds and streams surely had scattered dead fish and other water-dwelling creatures.■A In addition,plants had emerged into terrestrial habitats in areas near streams and ponds,and crabs and other arthropods were also members of this earliest terrestrial community.■B Thus,by the Devonian the land habitat marginal to freshwater was probably a rich source of protein that could be exploited by an animal that could easily climb out of water.■C Evidence from teeth suggests that these earliest tetrapods did not utilize land plants as food;they were presumably carnivorous and had not developed the ability to feed on plants.■D How did the first tetrapods make the transition to a terrestrial habitat?Like early land plants such as rhyniophytes,they made only a partial transition;they were still quite tied to water.However,many problems that faced early land plants were not applicable to the first tetrapods The ancestors of these animals already had a circulation system,and they were mobile,so that they could move to water to drink.Furthermore,they already had lungs,which rhipidistians presumably used for auxiliary breathing.The principal changes for the earliest tetrapods were in the skeletal system—changes in the bones of the fins,the vertebral column,pelvic girdle,and pectoral girdle. Paragraph 1 One of the most significant evolutionary events that occurred on Earth was the transition of water-dwelling fish to terrestrial tetrapods(four-limbed organisms with backbones).Fish probably originated in the oceans,and our first records of them are in marine rocks.However,by the Devonian Period(408 million to 362 million years ago),they had radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats,including freshwater settings.One of the groups whose fossils are especially common in rocks deposited in fresh water is the lobe-finned fish. 1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about fish evolution? A.Lobe-finned fish were among the earliest types of fish to appear. B.Fish began living in freshwater habitats only after originating elsewhere. C.Lobe-finned fish radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats. D.During the Devonian,lobe-finned fish were more common in marine than in freshwater habitats. Paragraph 2 The freshwater Devonian lobe-finned fish rhipidistian crossopterygian is of。

Conversation 11. Why does the student go to see the woman? 【题型】目的主旨题A To ask about events that the music house sponsorsB To find out which of the common interest houses have rooms availableC To find out if it would be possible for him to live inthe music houseD To check on the status of his application to move intothe music house答案：C破题关键词汇：why解析：(从第35“开始，原文重现：Yeah, the music house. That’s the one I’m interested in, but, um, I’m not a music major.)Student说自己想选择music house, 所以C选项正确。

2. According to the woman, why might some people not wantto live in the music house? 【题型】细节题A is rarely quiet.B is not conveniently located.C All of the residents are required to participate inhouse activities.O All of the residents must be enrolled in a music class.答案：A破题关键词汇：why, not want to live解析：(从第1‘04“开始，原文重现：You’re pretty much always gonna hear music there. That might bother some people.)Woman说music会bother some people. A选项与此同义，故A正确。