托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Methods of Studying Infant Perception托福阅读原文In thestudy of perceptual abilities of infants, a number of techniques are used todetermine infants' responses to various stimuli. Because they cannot verbalizeor fill out questionnaires, indirect techniques of naturalistic observation areused as the primary means of determining what infants can see, hear, feel, andso forth. Each of these methods compares an infant's state prior to theintroduction of a stimulus with its state during or immediately following thestimulus. The difference between the two measures provides the researcher withan indication of the level and duration of the response to the stimulus. Forexample, if a uniformly moving pattern of some sort is passed across the visualfield of a neonate (newborn), repetitive following movements of the eye occur.The occurrence of these eye movements provides evidence that the moving patternis perceived at some level by the newborn. Similarly, changes in the infant'sgeneral level of motor activity —turning the head, blinking the eyes, crying, andso forth — have been used by researchers as visual indicators of the infant'sperceptual abilities.Suchtechniques, however, have limitations. First, the observation may be unreliablein that two or more observers may not agree that the particular responseoccurred, or to what degree it occurred. Second, responses are difficult toquantify. Often the rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficultto get an accurate record of the number of responses. The third, and mostpotent, limitation is that it is not possible to be certain that the infant'sresponse was due to the stimulus presented or to a change from no stimulus to astimulus. The infant may be responding to aspects of the stimulus differentthan those identified by the investigator. Therefore, when observationalassessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities,care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or twostudies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of theinfant.Observationalassessment techniques have become much more sophisticated, reducing thelimitations just presented. Film analysis of the infant's responses, heart andrespiration rate monitors, and nonnutritive sucking devices are used as effectivetools in understanding infant perception. Film analysis permits researchers tocarefully study the infant's responses over and over and in slow motion.Precise measurements can be made of the length and frequency of the infant'sattention between two stimuli. Heart and respiration monitors provide theinvestigator withthe number of heartbeats or breaths taken when a new stimulusis presented. Numerical increases are used as quantifiable indicators ofheightened interest in the new stimulus. Increases in nonnutritive sucking werefirst used as an assessment measure by researchers in 1969. They devised anapparatus that connected a baby's pacifier to a counting device. As stimuliwere presented, changes in the infant's sucking behavior were recorded. Increasesin the number of sucks were used as an indicator of the infant's attention toor preference for a given visual display.Twoadditional techniques of studying infant perception have come into vogue. Thefirst is the habituation-dishabituation technique, in which a single stimulusis presented repeatedly to the infant until there is a measurable decline(habituation) in whatever attending behavior is being observed. At that point anew stimulus is presented, and any recovery (dishabituation) in responsivenessis recorded. If the infant fails to dishabituate and continues to showhabituation with the new stimulus, it is assumed that the baby is unable toperceive the new stimulus as different. The habituation-dishabituation paradigmhas been used most extensively with studies of auditory and olfactoryperception in infants. The second technique relies on evoked potentials, whichare electrical brain responses that maybe related to a particular stimulus because ofwhere they originate. Changes inthe electrical pattern of the brain indicate that the stimulus is gettingthrough to the infant's central nervous system and eliciting some form ofresponse.Each ofthe preceding techniques provides the researcher with evidence that the infantcan detect or discriminate between stimuli. With these sophisticatedobservational assessment and electro-physiological measures, we know that theneonate of only a few days is far more perceptive than previously suspected.However, these measures are only "indirect" indicators of theinfant's perceptual abilities.托福阅读试题1.Paragraph 1 indicates that researchers use indirect methods primarily to observe theA.range of motor activity in neonatesB.frequency and duration of various stimuliC.change in an infant's state following the introduction of a stimulusD.range of an infant's visual field2.The word uniformly in the passage (Paragraph 1)is closest in meaning toA.clearlyC.consistentlyD.occasionally3.Why does the author mention repetitive following movements of the eye(Paragraph 1)?A.To identify a response that indicates a neonate's perception of a stimulusB.To explain why a neonate is capable of responding to stimuli only through repetitive movementsC.To argue that motor activity in a neonate may be random and unrelated to stimuliD.To emphasize that responses to stimuli vary in infants according to age4.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a problem in using the technique of direct observation?A.It is impossible to be certain of the actual cause of an infant's response.B.Infants' responses, which occur quickly and diffusely, are often difficult to measure.C.Infants do not respond well to stimuli presented in an unnatural laboratory setting.D.It may be difficult for observers to agree on the presence or the degree of a response.5.The word potent in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toB.powerfulmonD.similar6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Researchers using observational assessment techniques on infants must not overgeneralize and must base their conclusions on data from many studies.B.On the basis of the data from one or two studies, it seems that some infants develop a particular perceptual ability not observed in others.C.To use data from one or two studies on infant's perceptual abilities, it is necessary to use techniques that will provide conclusive evidence.D.When researchers fail to make generalizations from their studies, their observed data is often inconclusive.7.What is the author's primary purpose in paragraph 3?A.To explain why researchers must conduct more than one type of study when they are attempting to understand infant perceptionB.To describe new techniques for observing infant perception that overcome problems identified in the previous paragraphC.To present and evaluate the conclusions of various studies on infant perceptionD.To point out the strengths and weaknesses of three new methods for quantifying an infant's reaction to stimuli8.The word quantifiable in the passage(Paragraph 3)is closest in meaning toA.visualB.permanentC.meaningfulD.measurable9.Paragraph 3 mentions all of the following as indications of an infant's heightened interest in a new stimulus EXCEPT an increase inA.sucking behaviorB. heart rateC.the number of breaths takenD.eye movements10.According to paragraph 4, which of the following leads to the conclusion that infants are able to differentiate between stimuli in a habituation-dishabituation study?A.Dishabituation occurs with the introduction of a new stimulus.B.Electrical responses in the infant's brain decline with each new stimulus.C.Habituation is continued with the introduction of a new stimulus.D.The infant displays little change in electrical brain responses.11.In paragraph 4, what does the author suggest about the way an infant's brain perceives stimuli?A.An infant's potential to respond to a stimulus may be related to the size of its brain.B.Changes in the electrical patterns of an infant's brain are difficult to detect.C.Different areas of an infant's brain respond to different types of stimuli.D.An infant is unable to perceive more than one stimulus at a time.12.Paragraph 5 indicates that researchers who used the techniques described in the passage discovered thatA.infants find it difficult to perceive some types of stimuliB.neonates of only a few days cannot yet discriminate between stimuliC.observational assessment is less useful for studying infant perception than researchers previously believedD.a neonate is able to perceive stimuli better than researchers once thought13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The repetition allows researchers to observe the infant's behavior until they reach agreement about the presence and the degree of the infant's response.Observational assessment techniques have become much more sophisticated, reducing the limitations just presented. Film analysis of the infant's responses, heart and respiration rate monitors, and nonnutritive sucking devices are used as effective tools in understanding infant perception. ■【A】Film analysis permits researchers to carefully study the infant's responses over and over and in slow motion. ■【B】Precise measurements can be made of the length and frequency of the infant's attention between two stimuli. ■【C】Heart and respiration monitors provide the investigator with the number of heartbeats or breaths taken when a new stimulus is presented. ■【D】Numerical increases are used as quantifiable indicators of heightened interest in the new stimulus. Increases in nonnutritive sucking were first used as an assessment measure by researchers in 1969. They devised an apparatus that connected a baby's pacifier to a counting device. As stimuli were presented, changes in the infant's sucking behavior were recorded. Increases in the number of sucks were used as an indicator of the infant's attention to or preference for a given visual display.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Researchers use a number of techniques to determine how infants respond to changes in their environmentA.Data from observational methods must be confirmed through multiple studies.B.New techniques for studying infant perception have improved the accuracy with which researchers observe and quantify infant responsesC.Indirect observation is most accurate when researchers use it to test auditory and olfactory perception in neonates.D.Visual indicators such as turning the head, blinking the eyes, or crying remain the best evidence of an infant’s perceptual abilities.E.Pacifiers are commonly used in studies to calm an infant who has been presented with excessive stimuli.F.Sophisticated techniques that have aided new discoveries about perception in the neonate continue to be indirect measures.托福阅读答案1.以indirect methods做关键词定位至第二句，说用间接方法来观察婴儿能看到什么听到什么，接下来又说与stimulus引入之前的状态进行对比，所以答案是C，不管是hear还是see都是婴儿的state，而且只有引入之后的state才能与之前的state对比得出变化2.uniformly统一地，一致地，持续地，所以答案C的consistently正确。

第13套Early Modern IndustrializationParagraph1：Industrial output increased smartly across nearly all of Europe between1450and 1575.Although trade with the Americas had something to do with this,the main (determinants)of this industrial advance lay within Europe itself.1..The word determinants in the passage is closest in meaning to○origins○long-term benefits○causes○effectsParagraph2：Population grew from61million in1500to78million a century later,and the proportion of Europeans living in cities of10,000or more and thus dependent on the market for what they consumed expanded from less than6percent to nearly8percent during the same period.More important than sheer numbers,many Europeans' incomes rose.This was especially true among more fully employed urban groups, farmers who benefited from higher prices and the intensifying commercialization and specialization in agriculture(which also led them to shed much non-agricultural production in favor of purchased goods),and landlords and other property owners who collected mounting ernment activities to build and strengthen the state were a stimulus to numerous industries,notably shipbuilding,textiles,and metallurgy. To cite just one example,France(hastened)to develop its own iron industry when the Hapsburgs the family that governed much of Europe,and whom France fought repeatedly in the sixteenth century came to dominate the manufacture of weapons in Germany and the cities of Li¨¨ge and Milan,which boasted Europe's most advanced technology.2..The word hastened in the passage is closest in meaning to○needed○rushed○decided○attempted3..According to paragraph2,the fact that more people lived in European cities meant that○more people had to purchase food and other basic necessities rather than producing these things themselves○industrial output increased because more people were available for employment in manufacturing○fewer people were available for agricultural work and thus farmers were forced to pay higher wages○more people competed for full-time urban employment,driving wages down4..Which of the following is discussed in paragraph2as contributing to the growth in the market for manufactured goods that occurred in Europe after1500○Lower costs for food and housing○Advancements in manufacturing technology○Higher incomes○Increased property ownership by farmersParagraph3：The supply of goods was also significantly modified.■Migration had long been critical for the(diffusion)of knowledge that spawned new trades or revived others. Now thousands of workers,and sizeable amounts of capital,moved from one region to another.■At the same time,new commodities appeared on the market,often broadening and deepening demand.■Most were inexpensive items destined for individual consumers.■Knitted stockings,ribbon and lace,buttons,starch,soap, vinegar brewed from beer,knives and tools,pots and ovens,and many more goods, formerly made only for local sale,now entered into channels of national or international trade.The best-known and most widely adopted new industry was printing with movable type,which spread swiftly throughout Europe after Johannes Gutenberg(perfected)his innovation in1453.Despite isolated cases of resistance the scribes'guild(an association of book copiers)delayed printing's introduction into Paris for twenty years,for example more than380working presses had sprung up by 1480,and1,000(in nearly250towns)by1500.Between1453and1500,all the presses of Europe together turned out some40,000editions(known as incunabula), but from1501to1600,that same quantity was produced in Lyon and Paris alone.5..The word diffusion in the passage is closest in meaning to○creation○spread○explosion○application6..The word perfected in the passage is closest in meaning to○marketed○completed○announced○exhibited7..Paragraph3suggests that one reason for the change in the supply of goods available to European consumers was○the development of the new industry of printing with movable type○a decrease in the demand for European goods in areas outside Europe○an increase in the wider European market for goods that before had been intended only for local markets○the overturning of rules preventing workers from moving from one region to another8..According to paragraph3,which of the following was true about the new technology for printing with movable type○It met with opposition wherever attempts were made to introduce it.○It spread with increasing rapidity throughout Europe after1453.○It rapidly turned printing into the most important industry in Paris.○It was controlled in most places by the local scribes'guild.Paragraph4：In metals and mining,technical improvements were available that saved substantially on raw materials and fuel,causing prices to drop.The construction of ever-larger furnaces capable of higher temperatures culminated in the blast furnace,which used cheaper ores and economized on scarce and expensive wood,cutting costs per ton by 20percent while boosting output substantially.A new technique for separating silver from copper allowed formerly worthless ores to be exploited.Better drainage channels,pumps,and other devices made it possible to tunnel more deeply into the earth as surface deposits began to be exhausted.【In most established industries, however,technological change played little role;as in the past,new customers were sought by developing novel products based on existing technologies,such as a new type of woolen cloth with the texture of silk.】9..Which of the following is NOT identified in paragraph4as an improvement made possible by technological developments○The mining of ores that had previously been too deep to reach○The use of previously worthless ores○A reduction in the cost of expensive wood○The construction of furnaces that cost less to operate10..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Although most established industries continued operating with existing technologies, some novel products required the development of new technologies.○In the past,technological change had been unimportant in most established industries because the products that customers wanted could be produced using existing technologies.○In most established industries,technological change played a role only when it made possible the production of novel products that attracted new customers.○Most established industries attracted new customers by developing new productsbased on existing technologies rather than by applying new technologies. Paragraph5：Sharply declining transaction costs(the direct and indirect expenses associated with transporting,distributing,and marketing goods and services)were more influential. On a general level,the decrease was due to greater security thanks to the lessening of wartime disruptions and to the achieved when selling to large,concentrated urban populations.More specifically,it can be traced to transport innovations such as the carrack,a large ship that reduced rates for ocean borne freight by up to25percent, and big four-wheeled Hesse carts for overland routes.The spread of efficient organizational forms further contributed to declining costs,as did falling interest rates, which dropped from20percent or25percent in the mid-fifteenth century to10 percent100years later.11..According to paragraph5,what was one reason for the increase in security○Reductions in transaction costs○Improvements to overland routes○Less war○More sophisticated techniques for distributing goods12..In paragraph5,the author mentions the transport innovations of the carrack and Hesse carts in order to○provide examples of wartime inventions that were adapted for use in industry○explain how knowledge of more efficient organizational forms was spread○provide reasons for the decline in transaction costs○identify innovations that led to falling interest rates13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.For example,during this period,international investment in Switzerland rapidly expanded after the country was flooded by skilled workers fleeing religious persecution in Italy and France.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph3：The supply of goods was also significantly modified.■Migration had long been critical for the(diffusion)of knowledge that spawned new trades or revived others.Now thousands of workers,and sizeable amounts of capital,moved from one region to another.■At the same time,new commodities appeared on the market, often broadening and deepening demand.■Most were inexpensive items destined for individual consumers.■Knitted stockings,ribbon and lace,buttons,starch,soap, vinegar brewed from beer,knives and tools,pots and ovens,and many more goods, formerly made only for local sale,now entered into channels of national or international trade.The best-known and most widely adopted new industry was printing with movable type,which spread swiftly throughout Europe after JohannesGutenberg(perfected)his innovation in1453.Despite isolated cases of resistance the scribes'guild(an association of book copiers)delayed printing's introduction into Paris for twenty years,for example more than380working presses had sprung up by 1480,and1,000(in nearly250towns)by1500.Between1453and1500,all the presses of Europe together turned out some40,000editions(known as incunabula), but from1501to1600,that same quantity was produced in Lyon and Paris alone.14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○Industrial development was stimulated by rising incomes and growing populations especially in market-dependent urban centers and by government support for certain industries.○With increased mobility of labor and capital,more and more goods especially inexpensive consumer goods were produced for wide distribution rather than being limited to local markets.○Numerous technological innovations that could be applied to the manufacture of consumer goods grew out of the weapons industry that had developed in Germany, Li¨¨ge,and Milan.○Industrial development was limited in some areas due to the high costs of transportation,labor,and rents,and because of the localized nature of industrial knowledge.○New industries that manufactured goods for individual consumers were able to keep prices low in large part because of new technologies designed to accommodate economies of scale.○Lower prices for manufactured goods were the result of lower interest rates;of improvements in transportation,security,and organization;and of innovations in metal-making,mining,and printing.Mesopotamian and Egyptian Settlement Patterns（17年3月考过，4月又考过）Paragraph1：On the basis of available evidence,there existed in ancient state-level societies a variety of urban types.These have been classified under a number of different headings,ranging from city-states to territorial-or village-states. Mesopotamia and Egypt,for example,traditionally represent the two opposing extremes along a spectrum of possible settlement distributions and types.1..According to paragraph1,which of the following best describes how ancient societies were organized○Ancient societies were classified as either city-states or village-states.○Most ancient societies started out as city-states and then became territorial-or village-states.○With the exception of Mesopotamia and Egypt,ancient societies were generally not urbanized.○Ancient societies likely followed a number of different urban settlement patterns.Paragraph2：【Mesopotamian city-state systems were made up of densely populated urban areas that shared a common language,status symbols,and economic systems, but their elites tended to compete with each other,often militarily,to control territory, trade routes,and other resources.】Each city-state controlled a relatively small territory,often only a few hundred square kilometers,and had its own capital city, which in many cases was enclosed by a wall.In addition to its capital,a city-state might govern a number of smaller centers,as well as numerous farming villages and hamlets.Ancient Sumer is a classic example of such a system.2..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Although composed of very similar societies,Mesopotamian city-states were also characterized by conflicts among elites over trade,territory,and resources.○City-states that shared a common language,status symbols,and economic systems were more likely to compete militarily than were other city-states.○Most military conflicts among Mesopotamian city-states were about economic issues,such as territory or trade routes,but some were over the status symbols of elites.○Despite the military control of elites,Mesopotamian city-states tended to compete with each other.3..The author mentions Ancient Sumer as an example of○an unusual settlement that differed from the classic city-state○a small farming village under the control of a large city○a city-state consisting of a capital and outlying settlements○a city-state that was particularly small in size for MesopotamiaParagraph3：In ancient Mesopotamia,urban centers tended to be relatively large,with populations ranging from less than1,000to more than100,000inhabitants,depending on the ability of a particular city-state to control and collect payments from its neighbors.Often,a considerable number of farmers lived in these centers to secure greater protection for themselves and their possessions.It is estimated that in southern Mesopotamia(circa2900¨C2350BC)more than80percent of the total population lived in cities.4..According to paragraph3,what determined the size of an urban center in ancient Mesopotamia○The number of people defending it○The amount of available space between the city and its nearest neighbor○The extent of its political and economic enforcement power over its neighbors○The number of farmers and the amount of food they producedParagraph4：These cities also supported craft production,which sought to satisfy the demands of the urban elite and society as a whole.The development of craft specialization and commercial exchanges between town and countryside as well as between neighboring urban centers encouraged the growth of public markets. Although the evidence for actual marketplaces is less than clear for southern Mesopotamia,the(remnants)of shop-lined streets indicate vigorous commercial activity involving large numbers of people.This activity in turn promoted competition among city-states to obtain supplies of(exotic)raw materials.As a result of widespread access to goods produced by full-time specialists and the development of more intensive agriculture close to urban centers,Mesopotamian city-states were able to support numerous nonfood producers,possibly as high a proportion as20percent of the total population.5..The word remnants in the passage is closest in meaning to○remains○locations○number○existence6..According to paragraph4,which of the following is NOT true of commercial activity in ancient Mesopotamia○Perhaps20percent of the population was involved in commercial activity rather than food production.○Commercial exchanges took place not only between urban and rural areas,but also between cities.○Although most urban centers had marketplaces,the largest ones were located in southern Mesopotamia.○Goods were plentiful and widely available to inhabitants of Mesopotamian cities. 7..The word exotic in the passage is closest in meaning to○high-quality○popular○diverse○foreignParagraph5：In contrast to Mesopotamia,ancient Egypt's population has traditionally been perceived as more evenly dispersed across the landscape,a characteristic of village-states.Topography and the formation of the early state were the major factors contributing to this dispersal.Unlike Mesopotamia,Egypt had relatively secure and defined borders,allowing a single state to(dominate)the area.Additionally,the villages and towns of Egypt,all of which were situated near the Nile on the river's narrow flood plain,had approximately equal access to the river and did not have to compete among themselves for water as their contemporaries in Mesopotamia wereforced to do.As the main highway through Egypt,the Nile offered innumerable harbors for shipping and trading,so there was no strong locational advantage to be gained in one area as opposed to another;hence the Egyptian population generally remained dispersed throughout the valley and delta in low densities.Trade specialists apparently were evenly spread throughout Egypt,supported by both independent workshops in small towns and royal patronage in the territorial capitals.In contrast to the defensive walls of Mesopotamian city-states,the walls of Egyptian towns primarily defined and delineated sections of the town(for example,a temple precinct from a residential area).8..The word dominate in the passage is closest in meaning to○enclose○control○protect○acquire9..In paragraph5,why does the author provide the information that all Egyptian villages and towns were located near the Nile and had equal access to the river○To explain why flooding was a frequent problem for the Egyptian people○To identify a contributing cause of the dispersal of Egypt's population○To support the claim that Egypt had well-defined borders○To demonstrate the similarity between Egyptian and Mesopotamian settlement patterns10..According to paragraph5,the primary purpose of city walls in ancient Egypt was to○distinguish territorial capitals from other urban areas○prevent the city's population from becoming too spread out○protect the city from outside attack○separate parts of the city designated for different usesParagraph6：Egypt,however,was not without urban centers.At points where goods entered the Nile valley via maritime routes or overland routes from the Red Sea via wadis(stream beds that remain dry except during the rainy season),the right circumstances existed for the growth of larger cities.Egyptian cities and towns shared certain characteristics with other(contemporary societies)but also displayed unique traits influenced by the culture and environment of the Nile valley.Thus,the geopolitical system that evolved in ancient Egypt was different from that of Mesopotamia;Egypt developed a village or territorial state characterized by dispersed settlements of varying size,a form of urbanism that gave Egypt its distinctive identity.11..Paragraph6suggests that Egypt's urban centers were located near stream beds called wadis because these areas○had the most fertile soil○provided opportunities for trade○had increased their water supplies○could easily be protected from invaders12..The phrase contemporary societies in the passage means societies that○existed at the same time○were located in the same region○were the same size○had the same resources13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.For example,Egypt's capital,Memphis,was located at a strategic point near the mouth of the Nile and grew to be one of the largest settlements of its time.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph6：Egypt,however,was not without urban centers.■At points where goods entered the Nile valley via maritime routes or overland routes from the Red Sea via wadis(stream beds that remain dry except during the rainy season),the right circumstances existed for the growth of larger cities.■Egyptian cities and towns shared certain characteristics with other(contemporary societies)but also displayed unique traits influenced by the culture and environment of the Nile valley.■Thus,the geopolitical system that evolved in ancient Egypt was different from that of Mesopotamia;Egypt developed a village or territorial state characterized by dispersed settlements of varying size,a form of urbanism that gave Egypt its distinctive identity.■14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○Mesopotamia was characterized by large,densely-populated urban centers,while the population of Egypt was more evenly distributed across the Nile valley.○Unlike Mesopotamian city-states,which were culturally and economically distinct, Egyptian villages and towns shared a common language and economy.○While defense was crucial in Mesopotamian cities due to competition for territory, trade routes,and raw materials,it was less important in Egypt.○Once they realized that craft production was more profitable than crop production, many Mesopotamians moved from rural to urban areas.○Differences in settlement patterns help to explain why the Egyptian central government survived and the Mesopotamian city-states did not.○Trade specialists were evenly spread throughout Egypt,while Mesopotamia's vibrant commercial trade was concentrated in its large urban centers.Extinctions at the End of the CretaceousParagragh1:It has long been recognized that the dinosaurs disappeared from the fossil record at the end of the Cretaceous period(65million years ago),and as more knowledge has been gained,we have learned that many other organisms disappeared at about the same time.The microscopic plankton(free-floating plants and animals) with calcareous shells suffered massively.The foundation of the major marine food chain that led from the minute plankton to shelled animals to large marine reptiles had collapsed.1..The word recognized in the passage is closest in meaning to○suspected○argued○assumed○accepted2..According to paragraph1,which of the following was true of small planktonic organisms at the end of the Cretaceous○They lost their main sources of food.○They developed calcareous shells.○They decreased greatly in number as did many other types of organisms.○They replaced other minute organisms as a food source in the major marine food chain.Paragraph2:On land it was not only the large animals that became extinct.The mammals,most of which were small,lost some35percent of their species worldwide. Plants were also affected.For example,in North America79percent did not survive, and it has been noted that the survivors were often deciduous they could lose their leaves and shut down while others could survive as seeds.As in the sea,it seems that on the land one key food chain collapsed:the one with leaves as its basic raw material. These leaves were the food of some of the mammals and of the herbivorous dinosaurs, which in turn were fed on by the carnivorous dinosaurs.Furthermore,it is most likely that these large dinosaurs had slow rates of reproduction,which always increases the risk of extinction.Crocodiles,tortoises,birds,and insects seem to have been little affected.The two first named are known to be able to survive for long periods without food,and both can be scavengers(feed on dead material).Indeed,with the deaths of so many other animals and with much dead plant material,the food chain based on detritus would have been well-supplied.Many insects feed on dead material; furthermore,most have at least one resting stage in which they are very resistant to damage.In unfavorable conditions some may take a long time to develop:there is a record of a beetle larva living in dead wood for over40years before becoming an adult.Some birds were scavengers,but the survival of many lineages is a puzzle. 3..Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the information provided in paragraph2about extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous○About35percent of mammal species were lost.○79percent of North American plants disappeared.○Most birds,tortoises,and crocodiles escaped extinction.○Deciduous trees were especially likely to go extinct.4..According to paragraph2,which of the following factors probably contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs○The length of time it took dinosaurs to reproduce○Large quantities of dead material disturbing their habitats○Increased competition for food from scavengers○An increase in carnivore populations5..In paragraph2,why does the author provide the information that there is a record of a beetle larva living in dead wood for over40years before becoming an adult○To help explain why insects were less likely to go extinct than other species○To show that not all species that relied on trees disappeared during the late Cretaceous○To suggest that insects that lived long ago had much longer life spans than those living today○To support the claim that conditions at the end of the Cretaceous were highly unfavorableParagragh3:What happened in the biological story just after these extinctions？What is found in and just above the boundary layer between the deposits of the Cretaceous and those of the Tertiary(65¨C2.6million years ago),termed the K/T boundary？■For a very short period the dominant microorganisms in marine deposits were usually diatoms and dinoflagellates(both single-celled types of plankton).■The important feature for the survival of both these groups was the ability to form protective cysts(sacs around organisms)that rested on the sea floor. Above these,in the later deposits,are the remains of other minute plankton,but the types are quite different from those of the Late Cretaceous.■In terrestrial deposits a sudden and dramatic increase in fern plant spores marks the boundary in many parts of the world;ferns are early colonizers of barren landscapes.The fern spike(sudden increase),as it is termed,has been found also in some marine deposits(such was the abundance of fern spores blown around the world),and it occurs in exactly the same layer of deposit where the plankton disappear.We can conclude that the major marine and terrestrial events occurred simultaneously.■6..The word simultaneously in the passage is closest in meaning to○rapidly○repeatedly○at the same time○for different reasons7..According to paragraph3,which of the following is true of plankton after the extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous○Diatoms and dinoflagellates suddenly became very rare.○Single-celled types of plankton were replaced by more complicated microorganisms.○The plankton found in later deposits are closely related to single-celled Late Cretaceous microorganisms.○The only types of Late Cretaceous plankton to survive extinction were those protected by cysts.8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.【The fern spike(sudden increase),as it is termed,has been found also in some marine deposits(such was the abundance of fern spores blown around the world),and it occurs in exactly the same layer of deposit where the plankton disappear.】The fern spike is the term given to this sudden increase in the abundance of fern spores blown into the oceans around the world.The sudden increase in fern spores occurred in exactly the same parts of the world where the plankton was disappearing.Fern spores have even been found in some marine deposits from exactly the same layer as that showing the disappearance of the plankton.Most marine deposits from around the world contain either plankton or a lot of fern spores but not both together in the same layer.Paragragh4:Many theories have been put forward for the extinction of the dinosaurs, but most of them can be dismissed.Since1980there have been more focused,but still controversy-ridden,investigations.In that year Louis and Walter Alvarez and colleagues from the University of California published their research on the amounts of various metals in the boundary between Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks(K/T boundary)in Italy,Denmark,and New Zealand.They had found,accidentally,that a rare metal,iridium,suddenly became very abundant exactly at the boundary and then slowly fell away.This phenomenon,known as the iridium spike,has now been identified in K/T boundary deposits in over a hundred other sites in the world.Iridium occurs in meteorites and volcanic material,but in the latter case it is accompanied by elevated levels of nickel and chromium.These other metals are not especially abundant at the K/T boundary.The Alvarezes concluded that the iridium spike was due to a large asteroid that struck Earth65million years ago.9.The word dismissed in the passage is closest in meaning to○further explored○rejected○completely revised○replaced。

tpo13综合写作文本解释听力记笔记以下这两点最为重要：1、关键词（定位词后的内容）2、逻辑结构（即为文章的逻辑顺序，篇章结构也就是搞对表格题的必需品）关键词大家都比较容易理解，逻辑结构是个抽象的概念，打个比方，画人画皮难画骨，逻辑结构是让我们画骨，我们详细的了解一下怎么才能画好这个骨。

1、必须听到明文章的非政府信息的结构；就是按照分类举例，还是表述一个过程，或者就是将事物展开对照分析，然后搞听力笔记；2、可以适当记一下展现文章结构的逻辑词和过渡词如first,second,third,what'smore,andthen,another，…l如果文章结构为分类举例，那么必须记录的重点信息为分类的依据、每个类别的名称以及每个类别中列出的例子；l如果文章在解释一个过程，那么要着重去听一些表示阶段的信号词，并记录每个阶段的事件进展以及主要特征；l如果文章在跟事物展开比较或对照，那么必须记录他们的相同点、不同点。

1，注意reading/listeningmaterial是不能说话的.最好吧listeningmaterial改成的lecturer,professor,speaker.2,body段开头很不错，很清晰.段落中的表对比转折的词最好不要用第二遍.（however,yet,incontraryto,but.）3，论述和对比在充分点.阅读文章现成的摆在那里就是要你用的，要paraphrase!ex.(second,theauthorbelievesthatthegirlinthepictureisaustenbecauset hesimilaritybetweenthesetwogirls)注意whatsimilarity?4，语法，偏口语化.ex.第二段（how,thespeakerthinksthatthegirlmaybeoneofaust.）总体不错，思路清晰，做到以上几点就能保perfect了.加油.level:good(4.0-5.0)yourperformance:yourespondedwelltothetask,relatingthelecturetothereading.w eaknesses,ifyouhaveany,mighthavetodowithslightimprecisioninyoursummaryofsomeof themainpointsand/oruseofenglishthatisoccasionallyungrammaticalorunclear.。

托福TPO13综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】在备考托福写作的过程中，总是将托福的独立作文放在了第一位，但是实际上，综合作文也是占到了作文总分30分里面的50%的分值，不要等到分数出来了，才发现其实是综合作文的limited或者fair极大的影响了自己的分数。

考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。

如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。

文末教你如何使用这个材料。

TPO13 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingPrivate collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates, has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public.The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity.More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the most important fossils and thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest and most important fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquire them. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for often cannot compete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers.Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientific evidence associated with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossil collectors are untrained or uninterested in carrying out the careful field work and documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptor fossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones.ListeningProfessor: Of course there are some negative consequences of selling fossils in the commercial market, but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercial fossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase, and as a result, even low-level public institutions like public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils and display them for the public.As for the idea that scientists will lose access to really important fossils, that's not realistic either.Before anyone can put a value on a fossil, it needs to be scientifically identified, right? Well, the only people who can identify fossils, who can really tell what a given fossil is or isn't, are scientists, by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossils themselves. So even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientific experts first. This way, the scientific community is not going to miss out on anything important that's out there.Finally, whatever damage commercial fossil collectors sometimes do, if it weren't for them, many fossils would simply go undiscovered because there aren't that many fossil collecting operations that are run by universities and other scientific institutions. Isn't it better for science to at least have more fossils being found even if we don't have all the scientific data we'd like to have about their location and surroundings than it is to have many fossils go completely undiscovered?首先，就是在自己做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！很多时候，我们的综合作文之所以分低，就是因为听力写的不全！第二点，也可以用于在托福考试前来做跟读，有不少托福考生跟小托君说，自己的口语实力不够，那么做跟读，仔细地来模仿ETS官方素材，是一个很好的提高自己口语的方式。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文文本： Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates, has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public. The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity. More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the most important fossils and thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest and most important fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquire them. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for often cannot compete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers. Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientific evidence associated with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossil collectors are untrained or uninterestedin carrying out the careful field work and documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptor fossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones. 托福TPO13综合写作听力原文文本： Professor：Of course there are some negative consequences of selling fossils in the commercial market, but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercial fossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase, and as a result, even low level public institutions like public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils and display them for the public.As for the idea that scientists will lose access to really important fossils, that's not realistic either. Before anyone can put a value on a fossil, it needs to be scientifically identified, right? Well, the only people who can identify fossils, who can really tell what a given fossil is or isn't, are scientists, by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossils themselves. So even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientificexperts first. This way, the scientific community is not going to miss out on anything important that's out there.Finally, whatever damage commercial fossil collectors sometimes do, if it weren't for them, many fossils would simply go undiscovered because there aren't that many fossil collecting operations that are run by universities and other scientific institutions. Isn't it better for science to at least have more fossils being found even if we don't have all the scientific data we'd like to have about their location and surroundings than it is to have many fossils go completely undiscovered? 托福TPO13综合写作满分范文： The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about the problems involved with the booming business of commercial fossil trading. In her opinion, the benefits of this new development outweigh its negative consequences. The lecturer does not agree with the first point made in the reading that private collectors will keep their fossil collection away from the public, leading the public to lose interests in fossils. She contends that the commercial trading of fossils actually makes them available to a wider public, because everyone with a budget, such as private schools and libraries, can purchase them for study and exhibition. The lecturer goes on to refute the claim in the reading that fossil trading business prevents scientists and public museums from benefiting from fossil finds, as these parties cannot compete with wealthy private buyers to acquire important fossils for research purpose. On the contrary, she argues, scientists themselves are the first to evaluate any important fossil before it can be sold in the commercial market at a price, so the academic community does not miss any opportunity to study privately traded fossils. Additionally, the lecturer challenges the final downside of fossil trading mentioned in the reading.The lecturer reminds us that the damages, if any, caused by private collectors in their field operations are more than offset by the effort they have made to increase the number of fossils available to the public that would otherwise remain undiscovered. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

▉托福TPO13阅读Passage1原文文本：Types of Social GroupsLife places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their ownright. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.Paragraph 1: Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.▉托福TPO13阅读Passage1题目：1. The word “complex” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ delicate○ elaborate○ private。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Types of Social Groups托福阅读原文Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoya direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others areforbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.托福阅读试题1.The word “complex”(Paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.delicateB.elaborateC.privatemon2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?A. It is a structure of associations with many people.B. It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.C. It places great demands on people.D. It develops gradually overtime.3.The word endowing in the passage（Paragraph 2）is closest in meaning toA.leavingB.exposingC. providingD. understanding4.Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?A. Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.B.Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.C. Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.D.Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.5.According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?A.Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.B. In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.C. Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose.D.Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.6.Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?A.Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.B.A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.C.Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.D. Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.7.The phrase “size up” in the passage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.enlargeB.evaluateC. impressD. accept8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 5)in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.A.Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.B.Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.C.Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.D.Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.9.This passage is developed primarily byA.drawing comparisons between theory and practiceB.presenting two opposing theoriesC.defining important concepts and providing examples of themD.discussing causes and their effects10.The word “deviate” in the passage(Paragraph 7)is closest in meaning toA.detractB.advanceC.selectD.depart11.According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?A.To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the groupB.To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the groupC.To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the groupD.To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves. Where would the sentence best fit?Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■【A】Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■【B】Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. ■【C】For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. ■【D】13.Directions: Complete the table below by selecting three answer choices that are characteristics of primary groups and two answer choices that are characteristics of secondary groups. This question is worth 3points.A.Developing socially acceptable behaviorB. Working together against competitorsC.Experiencing pressure from outside forcesD.Viewing people as a means to an endE.Existing for practical purposesF.Providing meaning for life situationsG.Involving close relationships1 ）Primary GroupsA B C D E F G2 ）Secondary GroupsA B C D E F G托福阅读答案plex复杂的，所以B的elaborate正确。

Q1正确答案：B解析：complex复杂的，所以B的elaborate正确。

原句提到生活把我们放在什么样的与其他人的关系网中。

A的delicate“脆弱的，纤细的，美味的”；C的“私人的”和D的“普通的”都不合文意。

Q2正确答案：D解析：段落最后一句说，当an association能够持续得足够久，久到可以让两个人通过一套相对稳定的彼此预期紧密联系起来，才可以叫做relationship，A选项不符合这个说明，说的是with many people；B选项看段落第二句，不符合，说到的是humanness；C选项的demands在原文中没有提及；D选项符合relationship 这个概念的足够久的属性，所以it develops gradually overtime的表达正确。

Q3正确答案：C解析：endow“赋予，捐助”，所以provide“提供，供给”正确。

原句说有时候我们与其他人合作只是做完某事，没有怎么样有更多重要意义的关系。

其余三项的意思放入句子之后均不符合。

Q4正确答案：A解析：关键词是instrumental ties，定位到原文段落的第四句，这句说instrumental ties是为了达到一定目标而要和其他人合作而建立的links，所以有时候这意味着是和竞争者合作而不是竞争。

所以A选项完全符合这个意思的表达，正确。

Q5正确答案：C解析：以primary group和secondary group做关键词定位至第二句和第四句；primary group的关键信息点是：two or more people & enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship；secondary group的关键信息点是：two or more people & have come together for a specific, practical purpose. 所以二者的区别是后半部分提到的目的，一个是亲密的，私人的；另一个是具体的，务实的；C选项完全符合。

TPO1-34综合写作TPO 1 (1)1. 阅读部分 (1)2. 听力部分 (3)3. 范文赏析 (5)TPO 2 (7)1. 阅读部分 (7)2. 听力部分 (10)3. 范文赏析 (12)TPO 3 (14)1. 阅读部分 (14)2. 听力部分 (16)3. 范文赏析 (17)TPO4 (19)1. 阅读部分 (19)2. 听力部分 (21)3. 范文赏析 (22)TPO5 (24)1. 阅读部分 (24)2. 听力部分 (24)3. 范文赏析 (24)TPO6 (25)1. 阅读部分 (25)2. 听力部分 (25)3. 范文赏析 (25)TPO7 (26)1. 阅读部分 (26)2. 听力部分 (26)3. 范文赏析 (26)TPO8 (27)1. 阅读部分 (27)2. 听力部分 (27)3. 范文赏析 (27)TPO9 (28)1. 阅读部分 (28)2. 听力部分 (28)3. 范文赏析 (28)TPO10 (29)1. 阅读部分 (29)2. 听力部分 (29)3. 范文赏析 (29)TPO11 (30)1. 阅读部分 (30)3. 范文赏析 (30)TPO12 (31)1. 阅读部分 (31)2. 听力部分 (32)3. 范文赏析 (34)TPO13 (35)1. 阅读部分 (35)2. 听力部分 (36)3. 范文赏析 (38)TPO14 (39)1. 阅读部分 (39)2. 听力部分 (40)3. 范文赏析 (41)TPO15 (43)1. 阅读部分 (43)2. 听力部分 (44)3. 范文赏析 (45)TPO16 (47)1. 阅读部分 (47)2. 听力部分 (48)3. 范文赏析 (49)TPO17 (51)1. 阅读部分 (51)2. 听力部分 (52)3. 范文赏析 (54)TPO18 (55)1. 阅读部分 (55)2. 听力部分 (55)3. 范文赏析 (55)TPO19 (56)1. 阅读部分 (56)2. 听力部分 (56)3. 范文赏析 (56)TPO20 (57)1. 阅读部分 (57)2. 听力部分 (57)3. 范文赏析 (57)TPO21 (58)1. 阅读部分 (58)2. 听力部分 (58)3. 范文赏析 (58)TPO22 (59)1. 阅读部分 (59)3. 范文赏析 (59)TPO23 (60)1. 阅读部分 (60)2. 听力部分 (60)3. 范文赏析 (60)TPO24 (61)1. 阅读部分 (61)2. 听力部分 (61)3. 范文赏析 (61)TPO25 (62)1. 阅读部分 (62)2. 听力部分 (62)3. 范文赏析 (62)TPO26 (63)1. 阅读部分 (63)2. 听力部分 (63)3. 范文赏析 (63)TPO27 (64)1. 阅读部分 (64)2. 听力部分 (64)3. 范文赏析 (64)TPO28 (65)1. 阅读部分 (65)2. 听力部分 (65)3. 范文赏析 (65)TPO29 (66)1. 阅读部分 (66)2. 听力部分 (66)3. 范文赏析 (66)TPO30 (67)1. 阅读部分 (67)2. 听力部分 (67)3. 范文赏析 (67)TPO31 (68)1. 阅读部分 (68)2. 听力部分 (68)3. 范文赏析 (68)TPO32 (69)1. 阅读部分 (69)2. 听力部分 (70)3. 范文赏析 (70)TPO33 (71)1. 阅读部分 (71)3. 范文赏析 (71)TPO34 (72)1. 阅读部分 (72)2. 听力部分 (73)3. 范文赏析 (74)TPO 11. 阅读部分In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.在美国，职员一般执行的一周五天，每天八小时工作制。

任何饮食习惯都无法违反热力学定律，即使现在充斥各种神奇的减重方法，减轻体重的唯一方法只有消耗的热量。

但新的研究指出增加体重的身体位置可以提供线索来决定那种饮食习惯将最适合你。

【Section One】ArticleNo diet has ever been able to defy the laws of thermodynamics. Whether you go low carb, low fat, low this or low that, the only way to lose weight is to burn more calories than you consume. Even the new "it" diet, volumetrics—which uses fancy terms such as energy density and satiety to describe why filling up on certain low-calorie, water-based foods like celery makes you less hungry—can‘t mir aculously melt away fat. But new research indicates that where on your body you pack onextra kilograms may provide a clue to determining which diet will work best for you.It is already widely accepted that even the most rigorously adhered-to diet will not produce the same results from person to person. Some of us are simply genetically predisposed to burn more calories more efficiently than others. Restricting those calories, as you do on a diet, will similarly lead to differing results. But the biggest wild card in the diet game may be how you crank out insulin.As digestion breaks down much of what we eat into sugary,energy-rich fuel that helps keep us on the go, insulin triggers the body to store excess sugar floating around the bloodstream as fat. Insulin was particularly important in our caveman days, when we needed theenergy from one meal to last as long as possible, until we had hunted down the next. "Insulin is the hormone of feast," says Gary D. Foster, director of the center for obesity research and education at the Temple University School of Medicine in Philadelphia.But nowadays, with food so plentiful that groups like Weight Watchers are making a fortune promoting portion control, our insulin is often forced to work overtime, sweeping up the excess carbohydrates we pour into our system from candy bars or fruit juice or starchy foodslike pasta. Sometimes insulin can do such a good job of responding to a spike in blood sugar that it causes those levels to quickly drop. Thisin turn can lead to feelings of hunger shortly after a big meal. Forthis reason, many scientists think insulin‘s ride on the blood-sugar roller coaster may be a stimulus for overeating and, as a result, weight gain. It would be nice if there were an easy way to determine howaggressive your particular insulin response is, and now it appears there is.In a study of 73 obese adults published last month in theJournal of the American Medical Association (J.A.M.A.), Dr. David Ludwig, director of the obesity program at the Children‘s Hospital Boston, and his colleagues looked at high- and low-insulin secretors. People who rapidly secrete a lot of insulin after eating a little bit of sugar tend to carry their excess weight around their waist—the so-called apple shape. People who secrete less insulin carry their excess fat aroundtheir hips—the pear shape. Those differences are more thanaesthetic.Low-secreting, pear-shaped people will do equally well oneither type of diet. But the results went deeper than simply how much weight was lost.Over the course of six months, high-secreting, apple people lost an average of 6 kg on a low-glycemic diet and just 2.3 kg on a low-fat diet. Low-secreting, pear people lost about 4.5 kg on both diets. At the end of 18 months, however, the pear-shaped people had gained back halfof the weight they had lost on either diet. Apple-shaped people gained back almost 1.4 of the 2.3 kg they lost on the low-fat diet but kept off all the weight they lost on the low-glycemic diet. While the study isre vealing, almost nothing about it is simple. It‘s not clear just what the mechanism is that links body shape and insulin levels—a crucial detail if scientists are going to understand the full implications of their findings. More important, nothing suggests that apple-shapedpeople should simply dash out to sign up for an Atkins-type low-carbohydrate diet.True, a large report published in J.A.M.A. earlier this year showed that regardless of body shape, Atkins produces the greatestshort-term weight loss. ("If you want to look good in your wedding gown, I would go for Atkins," says Dr. Anastassios Pittas, assistant professor of medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine.) But adherents tend to fall off the low-carb wagon and quickly gain back unwanted kilograms. What‘s more, the Atkins diet allows only a small fraction of caloriesto come from carbs, compared with 40% on the new study‘s low-glycemic regimen. The more balanced diet allows—indeed, encourages—people toeat whole-grain cereals and other complex carbs that take longer to digest and thus don‘t cause the rapid fat production that accompanies spikes in blood sugar. Atkins‘ more restrictive regimen may reduce fateven faster, but people lose weight on both diets. "Atkins just does it with a bludgeon instead of a chisel," says Ludwig.What‘s clearer from the study is that apple-shaped people should probably not choose low-fat diets, because the white rice or other types of simple carbs they are still allowed to eat may have a yo-yo effect on blood-sugar levels, making them hungrier sooner. The study didn‘t evaluate whether these people would do better on an Ornish-style vegetarian diet that restricts fat intake and has dieters make up the difference by eating lots of complex carbs, such as brown rice and oats—which are high in fiber and tend to make people feel fuller longer—as well as low-sugar fruits like blueberries.。

METHODS OF STUDYING INFANT PERCEPTION1. 以indirect methods做关键词定位至第二句，说用间接方法来观察婴儿能看到什么听到什么，接下来又说与stimulus引入之前的状态进行对比，所以答案是C，不管是hear 还是see都是婴儿的state，而且只有引入之后的state才能与之前的state对比得出变化2. uniformly统一地，一致地，持续地，所以答案C的consistently正确。

首先将单词拆分，uni表示单一，form形式，所以能猜出统一之意。

原句说如果在新生儿的视野范围内发生怎样的移动方式，那么他们的眼睛会反复跟着移动，婴儿的眼睛会反复动，当然移动的pattern也是反复或者持续的，C正确。

A清楚B快D偶尔都没法表达反复之意3. 修辞目的题，修辞点所在的句子上题已经读过，只是在叙述一个例子，而且for example进一步说明这句话只是例子。

往前看，前句说两种方法的不同告诉研究人员新生儿对刺激的不同反应的level和duration，所以A是答案。

B的only原文没说；C的unrelated 与原文相反；D的age原文没说4. EXCEPT题，本应该排除法，但原文中非常清楚地写到第一第二第三三个局限性，也就是三个正确答案，所以也可以直接选的。

第一对应D，正确，不选；第二对应对应B，正确，不选；第三对应A，正确，不选；所以C错，选5. potent有力的，有效的，所以B的powerful正确。

从单词本身看，potential叫做有潜力的，有可能的，所以potent肯定跟力量或者可能性有关；从所在句看，原句说第三，一般重要的要么放前要么放后，特别描述的一般都是重要的，其余答案完全不对6. 原句的结构是当blabla的时候，必须仔细以防止一件事和另一件事的发生，原文中隐含的主语是我们防止。

A正确，其余三个答案把原句的主干完全改变。

B说婴儿怎么怎么样，原文的我们防止彻底没了；C主干当中的conclusive evidence在原句中完全不主要；D主句和从句都跟原文不一样7. 问第三段整段的目的，看中心句，也就是本段首句。

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12月13日托福阅读答案解析Obviously=clearlyWidespread=commonDense=thickThus=consequentlyresultantShallow=smalldepthexerciseProfound=very strongEmergence=riseTactic=strategyAdjacent to=near toParallel=match12月13日托福阅读第一篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：板块运动可以改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。

比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。

一个山脉可以把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。

或者一个障碍的形成可以把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候，发现北部的可以到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。

相似TPO练习推荐TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations相关背景知识：Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was the first to coin the term ‘speciation’ for the splitting of lineages or “cladogenesis,” as opposed to “anagenesis” or “phyletic evolution” occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species.There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion.All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity.One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last glacial period, has undergone speciation into new freshwater colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over an estimated 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show structural differences that are greater than those seen between different genera of fish including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.During allopatric speciation, a population splits into two geographically isolated populations (for example, by habitat fragmentation due to geographical change such as mountain formation). The isolated populations then undergo genotypic and/or phenotypic divergence as: (a) they become subjected to dissimilar selective pressures;(b) they independently undergo genetic drift; (c) different mutations arise in the two populations. When the populations come back into contact, they have evolved such that they are reproductively isolated and are no longer capable of exchanging genes. Island genetics is the term associated with the tendency of small, isolated genetic pools to produce unusual traits. Examples include insular dwarfism and the radical changes among certain famous island chains, for example on Komodo. The Galápagos Islands are particularly famous for their influence on Charles Darwin. During his five weeks there he heard that Galápagos tortoises could be identified by island, and noticed that finches differed from one island to another, but it was only nine months later that he reflected that such facts could show that species were changeable. When he returned to England, his speculation on evolution deepened after experts informed him that these were separate species, not just varieties, and famously that other differing Galápagos birds were all species of finches. Though the finches were less important for Darwin, more recent research has shown the birds now known as Darwin’s finches to be a classic case of adaptive evolutionary radiation.12月13日托福阅读第二篇题材划分：生物类主要内容：主要讲关于夏威夷岛上的Noendemic animals and plants是如何移民到岛上的，主要通过风，动物皮毛和消化，以及通过人类的船只等。

智课网TOEFL备考资料
托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Types of Social
Groups_托福阅读
重点单词查看全部解释
expectation [.ekspek'teiʃən] 想一想再看 n. 期待，期望联想记忆 X 单词expectation 联想记忆：
ex出+pect看+ation→期待，希望
security [si'kju:riti] 想一想再看 n. 安全，防护措施，保证，抵押，债券，证券
forbidden [fə'bidn] 想一想再看 adj. 被禁止的
commend [kə'mend] 想一想再看 vt. 推荐，嘉奖，把 ... 托付给
vi. 联想记忆 X 单词commend 联想记忆：
com共同，mend修改，改进－大家一起改进错误，这是多么值得称赞的举动啊！
social ['səuʃəl] 想一想再看 adj. 社会的，社交的
n. 社交聚会
interpret [in'tə:prit] 想一想再看 v. 解释，翻译，口译，诠释
tend [tend] 想一想再看 v. 趋向，易于，照料，护理
elicit [i'lisit] 想一想再看 vt. 引出，诱探出联想记忆 X 单词elicit 联想记忆：
e出，licit引一引出
cooperate [kəu'ɔpəreit] 想一想再看 vi. 合作，协力联想记忆 X 单词cooperate 联想记忆：
co共同，operate（v 操作）－共同操作－合作。

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO13(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Biological Clocks托福阅读原文Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biologicalactivity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock. When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately—but not exactly—a day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted—either experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's dailyinternally generated cycle of activity continues without change. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel running by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step byregular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cues provided by the daylight/darkness cycle.Paragraph 1: Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biologicalactivity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.托福阅读试题1.The word “Consequently”(Paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.ThereforeB.AdditionallyC.NeverthelessD.Moreover2.In paragraph 1, the experiment on the fungus Neurosporais mentioned to illustrateA.the existence of weekly periods of activity as well as daily onesB.the finding of evidence that organisms have internal clocksC.the effect of space on the internal clocks of organismsD.the isolation of one part of an organism's cycle for study3.According to paragraph 1, all the following are generally assumed to be true EXCEPT:A.It is important for animals' daily activities to be coordinated withrecurring events in their environment.B.Eukaryotes have internal clocks.C.The relationship between biological function and environmental cycles is a topic of intense research.D.Animals' daily rhythms are more dependent on external cues than on internal clocks.4.The word “persistent” in the passage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.adjustedB.strongC.enduringD.predicted5.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(Paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Stability, a feature of the biological clock's period, depends on changeable factors such as temperature.B.A major feature of the biological clock is that its period does not change despite significant changes in the environment.C.A factor such as temperature is an important feature in the establishment of the biological clock's period.D.Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature.6.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the circadian periods of animals deprived of environmental cues?A.They have the same length as the daily activity cycles of animals that are not deprived of such cues.B.They can vary significantly from day to day.C.They are not the same for all members of a single species.D.They become longer over time.7.According to paragraph 2, what will an animal experience when its internal rhythms no longer correspond with the daily cycle of the environment?A.DisorientationB.Change in period of the internal rhythmsC.Reversal of day and night activities increasedD.Sensitivity to environmental factors8.In paragraph 2, the author provides evidence for the role of biological clocks byA.listing the daily activities of an animal's cycle: sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormonesB.describing the process of establishing the period of a biological clockC.presenting cases in which an animal's daily schedule remained stable despite lack of environmental cuesD.contrasting animals whose daily schedules fluctuate with those of animals whose schedules are constant9.The word duration in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.lengthB.featureC.processD.repetition10.In paragraph 2, why does the author mention that the period for different horseshoe crabs ranges from 22.2 to 25.5 hours?A.To illustrate that an animal's internal clock seldom has a 24-hour cycleB.To argue that different horseshoe crabs will shift from daytime to nighttime vision at different timesC.To illustrate the approximate range of the circadian rhythm of all animalsD.To support the idea that external cues are the only factors affecting an animal's periodic behavior11.The word “it” in the passage(Paragraph 3)refers toA.an external cue such as sunriseB.the daily rhythm of an animalC.the local solar dayD. a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours12.The word “sustained” in the passage(Paragraph 3)is closest inmeaning toA. intenseB.uninterruptedC.naturalD.periodic13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Because the internal signals that regulate waking and going to sleep tend to align themselves with these external cues, the external clock appears to dominate the internal clock.Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. ■【A】Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. ■【B】Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. ■【C】Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. ■【D】This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheelrunning by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step by regular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cuesprovided by the daylight/darkness cycle.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The activity of animals is usually coordinated with periodically recurring events in the environment.A.Most animals survive and reproduce successfully without coordinating their activities to external environmental rhythms.B.The circadian period of an animal's internal clock is genetically determined and basically unchangeable.C.Environmental cues such as a change in temperature are enough to reset an animal's clock.D.Animals have internal clocks that influence their activities even whenenvironmental cues are absent.E.Animals are less affected by large differences between their internal rhythms and the local solar day than are humans.F.Because an animal's internal clock does not operate on a 24-hour cycle, environmental stimuli are needed to keep the biological day aligned with the solar day.托福阅读答案1.consequently因此，所以，所以therefore正确。

托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage13为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，练习更多阅读题目。

提高阅读水平，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage13，希望对大家有所帮助!老托福阅读文本passage13Any rock that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous rock. Therefore, if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks. Even today, approximately 95 percent of the entire crust is igneous. Periodically, molten material wells out of the Earth's interior to invade the surface layers or to flow onto the surface itself. This material cools into a wide variety of igneous rocks. In the molten state, it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface.All magma consists basically of a variety of silicate minerals (high in silicon-oxygen compounds), but the chemical composition of any given flow may differ radically from that of any other. The resulting igneous rocks will reflect these differences. Igneous rocks also vary in texture as well as chemistry. Granite, for instance, is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by the naked eye. A slow rate of cooling has allowed the crystals to reach this size. Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface. Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion. Igneous rocks with this coarse-grained texturethat formed at depth are called plutonic.On the other hand, if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickly cooled by the atmosphere, the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite different from granite, although the chemical composition will be identical. This kind of rock is called rhyolite. The most finely grained igneous rock is volcanic glass or obsidian, which has no crystals. Some researchers believe this is because of rapid cooling; others believe it is because of a lack of water vapor and other gases in the lava. The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a glacier. Some of the glacier melted on contact, but suddenly there also appeared a huge black mass of glassy stone.老托福阅读题目 passage131. In the first paragraph, the author mentions that 95% of the Earth's crust is composed of igneous rock to support the idea that(A) the Earth began as a molten mass(B) a thin layer of magma flows beneath the Earth's crust(C) the minerals found in igneous rock are very common(D) igneous rock is continually being formed2. The word "invade" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) move into(B) neutralize(C) cover(D) deposit3. The word "contemporary" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) vast(B) natural(C) existing(D) uneven4. The word "it" in line 16 refers to(A) granite(B) surface(C) landscape(D) texture5. Granite that has been found above ground has been(A) pushed up from below the crust by magma(B) produced during a volcanic explosion(C) gradually exposed due to erosion(D) pushed up by the natural shifting of the Earth6. Which of the following is produced when magma cools rapidly?(A) granite(B) plutonic rock(C) rhyolite(D) mineral crystals7. The word "finely" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) minutely(B) loosely(C) sensitively(D) purely8. Which of the following is another name for volcanic glass?(A) Plutonic rock(B) Crystal(C) Lava(D) Obsidian老托福阅读答案 passage13AACAC CAD托福阅读技巧：词汇题应对方法为什么很多考生会对词汇题束手无措?一方面是因为考生的词汇量达不到，OG中词汇题的解释里有一句话，there is no “list of words” that must be tested. 这句话就告诉考生死了那条心去背所谓的大纲词汇，因为没有大纲，而考试中要考查到的单词可能是来自牛津字典或朗文字典中的任何一个单词，范围大的离谱;而另一方面则是因为有的考生没有学会从上下文或者从语法结构去猜测词义。

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO13ÔĶÁPassage2Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO13ÔĶÁPassage2Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Biological Clocks¡¡¡¡Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity¡ªsleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example¡ªare well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.¡¡¡¡When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately¡ªbut not exactly¡ªa day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted¡ªeither experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's daily internally generated cycle of activity continues withoutchange. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.¡¡¡¡Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also¡ªbecause it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel running by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step by regular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cues provided by the daylight/darkness cycle.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1: Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity¡ªsleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example¡ªare well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.。