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Chapter 7 语篇翻译——衔接与连贯语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。
它可以是独白、对话，也可以是众人交谈；可以说文字标志，也可以是诗歌、小说。
它可以是讲话，也可以是文章；短者一两句可成篇，长者可洋洋万言以上。
所以，可以说，无论是一句问候、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、一次记者招待会的问答，还是一张便条、一封书信、一份科研报告、一本文稿，都可以是语篇。
语篇包括“话语”（discourse）和“篇章”（text）。
衔接与连贯(Cohesion vs Coherence)衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上，是语篇的有形网络；连贯存在于语篇的底层，是语篇的无形网络。
衔接与连贯密不可分，衔接是实现语篇连贯的一个重要前提，但并不是说，连贯必须要以衔接为前提。
衔接(Cohesion)7.2.1 定义衔接是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称，是语篇表层的可见语言现象。
. Paris I’ve always wanted to go there.7.2.2 分类衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段（grammatical cohesion）和词汇衔接手段（lexical cohesion）两种。
前者包括指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)和关联/连接词(conjunction)；（后者指复现(reiteration)和同现(collocation)）。
（Halliday & Hason）这些语言手段形成一个有形的完整网络，使篇章的各组成部分有机地衔接起来，从而增强整个篇章的内聚力。
7.2.3英汉语衔接方式的差异1.就语句连接方式来说，英语多用连接词来连接，而汉语则通过意义来连接。
2.在语法方面，英语语法是显性的，而汉语语法则属隐性。
3.对英汉互译的启示。
7.2.4指称/照应(reference)指称是指一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。
. Tommy likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it..Whenever he saw an ice cream, Tommy would like to taste it.. Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true Psychologists have found they’re pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habits—and old sayings—die hard.. The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby. The doctor put it in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead.“But if a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavor to conceal it, he must find it out.”“Perhaps he must, if he sees enough of her.”---Jane Austen: Pride and prejudice7.2.5 省略(ellipsis)省略是用词项空缺的方式达到上下文衔接的目的。
Passage OneEnchantment of the South Sea IslandsThe mighty Pacific washes the shores of five continents—North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. Its waters mingle in the southeast with the Atlantic Ocean and in the southwest with the Indian Ocean. It is not on the shores of continents, nor in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls.南海诸岛之魔力浩瀚的太平洋不断冲刷着五大陆的海岸—北美、南美、亚洲、澳大利亚、南极洲。
其东南与大西洋汇合，西南与印度洋分界。
太平洋的魔力即不存在于大陆海岸，也不存在于海岛之中，而是隐藏于神秘的南海诸岛。
过节中国人过节，吃是主要内容，为了显示过节的气氛和水平，少说也要搞它个十菜八肴的。
这样一来，节前的紧张采购暂且不说，节后的剩菜处理也落在我一个人身上，妻孩们是不愿吃隔天菜的，自幼来自农村且深受“谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦”陶冶的我，是断然不肯将能吃的剩菜倒掉的，于是节后天天吃剩菜。
所以我不喜欢过节。
Festival-celebratingFor us Chinese,Festival celebration mainly consists in eating.To enhance the festival atmosphere/festive mood and show off the level of festivities,there will at least be a series of meat and vegetarian dishes.In this way,I have to not only assume the tight shopping before the festival but also make over leftovers after that as my wife and children are’t willing to touch the leavings.What’s worse,born in the countryside and deeply subjected to the saying“Every grain comes froms hardworking”，I absolutely refuse to throw away the leftovers.Therefore,it is my nightmare to eat up leftovers day by day after the festival,which really makes me hate festivals.。
Poor Birds可怜的小鸟There was a flock of birds in the jungle near a village. They lived together in a big tree and had a lot of fun every day. This flock of birds usually flew to different places in groups, making a beautiful picture in the sky. Sometimes they have a heated discussion in the tree.在一个小村庄附近的丛林里有一群小鸟，它们共同栖息在一棵大树上，每天过着快乐的生活。
这群小鸟常常成群结队地飞往不同的地方，它们的身姿形成天空一道漂亮的风景。
有时，它们会在大树上展开激烈的争论One day, a farmer went to the jungle to trap some animals for dinner. He saw a lot of birds in the tree, so he threw some corn on the ground and waited until the birds came down to eat. Then he threw a big net over the birds to trap them.一天，一个农夫到丛林里捕捉猎物用作晚餐。
他看到大树上有很多小鸟，于是就在地上撒了些谷物，等着小鸟来吃。
然后他支起一张大网捕捉来觅食的小鸟。
When the birds were in the net, they were all afraid and wanted to get out of the net. Some birds in this net said, “Let’s help one other to fly together and push this net up into the tree so we can get out of here.”Everyone listened and count ed, “One, two, three—everyone flies!” They all flew and pushed the net up into the tree and flew out of the net.被网罩住后，小鸟们都很害怕，想从中逃出去。
