欧洲文化考试

第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of _________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays” . Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History” . Herodotus5. ________The greatest historian that ever lived. ThucydidesThe dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.I“came, I saw, I conquered. ” By _______. Julius CaesarThe representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答： In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democrac y” in ancient Greece答： 1 )Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the a dult male citizens.2 ) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?答： 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishingof science, philosophy, literature, art andhistorical writingin Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture inEurope and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy;Theyfirst wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about thenature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inheritedorthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour 努力 : Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’scomedies, Plato’sDialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Romanculture?答： 1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B.Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their militaryand administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答： 1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C.,Rome hadbeen a republic; fromthe year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by landarea’sextension: Encircling the Mediterranea n.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4)In the Roman history ,there came twohundredyears of peaceful time, whichwas guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana.5)Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine movedthe capital fromRometo Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was dividedintoEast (The Byzantine Empire) andWestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible,which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6.The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translatedfromthe Latin Vulgatein 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The OldTestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, includingthe origin of the worldandof man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt,the period when they began to receive God’sLaw. Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells aboutthe Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1 ) Oneis that Jesus Christ is theSon of God, andthat Godsent himtoearth tolive as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2 ) The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答： 1)Theoldest extant Greek translation of theOldTestament is known as the Septuagint. Andit is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translatedthe OldTestament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgatein 1382 andwas copiedout by handby theearly groupof reformers ledbyJohn Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’sversion, appeared William Tyndale’sversion. It wa sbased on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “ Authorized” or ing James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James.With its simple,majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the RevisedVersion in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答： 1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’sThe Sun AlsoRises, andSteinbeck’sEast ofEden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic ( 日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor andtook control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into L atin both Old and New T estament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______ introducedFrench andItaly writingthe English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer andThe Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of theWestern Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin f“eudum”,a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interestingfacet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacleof Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the RomanClassical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts ofWestern Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas,into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style inhistory.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith ？答：1) Duringthe Medieval times there was nocentral government tokeeptheorder. The only organization that seemedtounite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian anda member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the leadin politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the geof Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答： 1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. Andthey greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine,kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among otherthings, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’sinterest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced tothe West.5) As trade increased, village andtowns began togrow intocities. Andthe riseof towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答： 1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interestingfacet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacleof Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the RomanClassical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答： 1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important andmostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. L iterary works were no longer all written inLatin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature fromLatin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B.The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the firstmodern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer andthe Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答： 1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important andmostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. L iterary works were no longer all written inLatin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature fromLatin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language usedby Mark twain refers to both local andcolloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region.Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1)With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests toPope, the Roman Catholic Church seemedtobe the only unity across thewestern Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaninguniversal) church receivedheavy taxes fromlay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of the Church. People turnedtothe Church forcomfort andspiritual guidance; the Church alsowas the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the“Age of Faith ”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious;in learning,it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monk s’work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers ’ philosophy, Monasticism,Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________ .the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5.The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spainwas __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking,Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanistthinkers andscholars made attempts toget ridof conservatismin feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as asocio-political movement.It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement whichswept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engagedthemselves in translatingthe Bible intotheir mothertongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church hadlost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答： The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by theyear of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias:Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route toIndia round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour Americawas named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational andcultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion,Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance createda culture which freedman todiscover andenjoythe world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.。

欧洲文化复习题答案一、选择题1. 欧洲文艺复兴起源于哪个国家？A. 法国B. 意大利C. 德国D. 英国答案：B2. 以下哪位作曲家不属于浪漫主义时期？A. 贝多芬B. 柴可夫斯基C. 莫扎特D. 肖邦答案：C3. 欧洲的哪个城市被誉为“艺术之都”？A. 巴黎B. 罗马C. 维也纳D. 阿姆斯特丹答案：A4. 以下哪个节日起源于欧洲？A. 圣诞节B. 中秋节C. 泼水节D. 感恩节答案：A5. 欧洲哪个国家以其独特的建筑风格“哥特式”著称？A. 法国B. 意大利C. 西班牙D. 英国答案：A二、填空题6. 欧洲的______时期是文化和艺术的黄金时代，许多著名的艺术家和作家在这一时期涌现。

答案：文艺复兴7. 欧洲的______被誉为现代科学之父，他的发现对科学革命有着深远的影响。

答案：伽利略8. 欧洲的______是中世纪欧洲最大的宗教建筑之一，也是哥特式建筑的代表。

答案：巴黎圣母院9. 欧洲的______是现代奥林匹克运动会的发源地，每四年举办一次。

答案：希腊10. 欧洲的______是世界著名的音乐之都，每年都会举办各种音乐节。

答案：维也纳三、简答题11. 简述欧洲中世纪的封建制度。

答案：欧洲中世纪的封建制度是一种基于土地的权力和义务关系。

领主拥有土地，而农民则在领主的土地上耕作，并向领主提供劳役和税收。

这种制度形成了一种等级分明的社会结构。

12. 描述欧洲文化中对个人主义的重视。

答案：欧洲文化强调个人自由、独立和创造力。

个人主义在欧洲文化中表现为尊重个人的权利和选择，鼓励个人发展和自我实现。

这种文化背景促进了艺术、科学和哲学的繁荣。

四、论述题13. 论述欧洲文化对世界文化的影响。

答案：欧洲文化对世界文化产生了深远的影响。

从文艺复兴时期的艺术和文学，到启蒙时代的哲学思想，再到现代科学的发展，欧洲文化在艺术、哲学、科学等多个领域都为世界文化的发展做出了重要贡献。

此外，欧洲的民主政治制度、法律体系和教育模式也对全球产生了广泛的影响。

An oracle said that the child Oedipus would grow up to kill his father and __________ his mother. 6. The greatest names in European philosophy are _____________, _____________ and_____________,
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山东农业大学考试专用
Part III: Answer the following two questions briefly: (10 points) 1. What are the three main elements of Marxism and what are their main sources? 2. What do you think are the major influences of the Bible and the Greco-Roman Culture on European Culture?
4. Name at least six important figures during the time of Romanticism in Europe and their works (masterpiece) or their contributions to culture. (6 points)
means only the adult __________citizens. 4. Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s _____________ sports competition. 5. Oedipus the king has a perfect plot. It is the story of a man who unknowingly committed terrible sin.

《欧洲文化入门》复习题（一）Division One: Greek Culture and Roman CultureGreek CultureI.填空1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are consideredto be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the ruleof Alexander, king of Macedon.4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.6.Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateursports competition.7.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece,led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home,island of Ithaca.10.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today:Sappho and Pindar.11.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.12.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games,such as the 14 Olympic odes.13.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles,and Euripides.14.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.15.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone.16.Euripides wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and TrojanWomen.edy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes,who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.18.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars be tweenGreeks and Persians.19.Thucydides described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens andSyracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.20.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.21.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of whicheverything else had arisen.23.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.24.Democritus was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and speculatedabout the atomic structure of matter.25.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with eachother, they arethe Cynics, the Sceptics, the Epicureans, and the Stoics.26.Euclid is well-known for his Elements, a textbook of geometry.27.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told theking: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”28.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric style which isalso called the masculine style; the Ionic style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian style.29.The Acropolis at Athens and the Parthenon are the finest monument of Greekarchitecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years.30.In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’smodernist masterpiece Ulysses.II.选择1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?A.Greek CultureB.Roman CultureC.Egyptian CultureD.Chinese Culture2.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A.1200B.C.B.700 B.C.C.146 B. C.D.The 5th century3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the cityof Troy?A.Oedipus the KingB.IliadC.OdysseyD.Antigone4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A.AntigoneB.AgamemnonC.PersiansD.Prometheus Bound5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A.ElectraB.AntigoneC.Trojan WomanD.Oedipus the King6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?A.AntigoneB.PersiansC.ElectraD.Medea7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?A.AristophanesB.EuripidesC.SophoclesD.Aeschylus8.Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river”?A.PythagorasB.HeracleitusC.Aristotle9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesD.Pythagoras10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?A.ProtagorasB.PythagorasC.PyrrhonD.EpicurusIII.名词解释1.Aeschylus2.Plato3.The CynicsIV.简答与问答1.What are the major elements in European culture?2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society?3.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays dideach of them write?4.Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?5.Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on Englishliterature.Roman CultureI.填空1.The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which wasthen reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.2.The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.3.In 27 B. C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus.4.The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkablephenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana.5.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome toByzantium, renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Coths and marked the endof the West Roman Empire.7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaignshe took part in and these writings, collected in his Commentaries, are models of succinct Latin.9.Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.10.The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was builtin 27 B. C. And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D..11.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.II.选择1.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A.HoraceB.Julius CaesarC.VirgilD.Marcus Tullius Cicero2.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is ___________.A.VirgilB.Julius CaesarC.HoraceD.Lucretius3.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A.The ColosseumB.The PanthenonC.The ParthenonD.Pont du Gard4.Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”?A.SapphoB.PlatoC.VirgilD.HoraceIII.名词解释1.Julius Caesar2.The Pax RomanaIV.简答与问答1.What did the Romans have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chiefdifference between them?2.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the centuries? Inwhat way is the book linked with the Greek past?3.Why do we say Aeneas is a truly tragic hero?Division Two: The Bible and ChristianityThe Old TestamentⅠ填空题1.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by farthe most influential in the West.2.Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration andtrade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.3.Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews –the Hebrews –wandered throughthe deserts of the Middle East.4.About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan atthat time, and formed small kingdoms.5.The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to anotherin the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament.6.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the OldTestament and the New Testament.7.The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of whichare first five books, called Pentateuch.8.When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbedto the top of the mountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.9.Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament.10.In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formedsynagogues to practise their religion.II 选择题1.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism2.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of whichare the first five books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch3.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?_______A.Honour your father and your motherB.Do not commit suicideC.Do not desire your neighbour’s wifeD.Do not take the name of God in vain4.When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practise their religion? ______A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th centuryⅢ名词解释1.the Bible2.the Pentateuch3.Ten CommandmentsⅣ简答与问答1.What was the Hebrews major contribution to world civilization?2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?3.What are the Ten Commandments about?Rise of ChristianityⅠ填空题1.At the age of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist.2.Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.3.Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman EmperorAugustus.4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayedby Juda.5.In 313 the Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine I and granted religiousfreedom to all and made Christianity legal.6.In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of theempire and outlawed all other religions.7.After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spreadgospel in the Mediterranean regions.Ⅱ选择题1.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third2.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of theempire and outlawed all other religions? __________A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar3.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianitylegal in 313? __________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I4.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. JohnWycliffⅢ名词解释1.The Edict of MilanⅣ简答与问答1.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?The New TestamentⅠ填空题1.By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader2.Towards the end of he fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of theNew Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.3.When as Jesus’ mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, befor e they came together,she was found with child of the Holy Ghost4.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayedby Juda and caught at the Last Supper.Translations of the BibleⅠ填空题1.Except a few passages in the related Armaic dialect the Old Testament wasoriginally written in Hebrew. And the New Testament was originally written ina popular form of Greek.2.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as theSeptuagint, as according the fictional letter of Aristeas, it was translated by 72 translators in 72 days.3.The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition,which was done in 384 –405 A.D. by St. Jerome in common people’s language.4.The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgatein 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.5.The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” orKing James’ version, first published in 1611.Ⅱ选择题1.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 1542.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint3.When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bible was the firstcomplete work printed.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew4.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? _______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 1979Division Three: The Middle AgesManor and ChurchⅠ填空题1.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the WestRoman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2.Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, West Europe was the scene of frequentwars and invasions.3.The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged.4.Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding – a system of holdingland in exchange for military service.5.In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefsas a reward for their service.6.The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.7.By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castle, which were made ofstone and designed as fortress.8.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, tobe loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.9.In the medieval days a knight was trained for war by fighting each other in mockbatters called tournaments.10.After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the EasternOrthodox Church.11.The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippowho lived in North Africa in the fifth century.12.Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes:clergy, lords and peasants.13.The Pope not only ruled Roman and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the headof all Christian churches in western Europe.14.In the Medieval times the Church set up a church court – the Inquisition tostamp out so-called heresy.15.One of the most important sacraments was Holy Communion, which was to remindpeople that Christ had died to redeem man.16.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went onjourneys to sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.17.With a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched aseries of holy wars called the Crusades.Ⅱ选择题1.In the later part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept intoEurope from central Asia, robbing and killing a large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes? ________A. the MongoliansB. the HunsC. the TurkishD. the Syrians2.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”3.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to dofor a knight? _______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth4.In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service?_________A. Charles Martel, a Frankish rulerB. Charles I, a Turkish rulerC. Constantine I, a Frankish rulerD. St. Benedict, a Italian ruler5.When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern OrthodoxChurch?_________A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after4766.Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in WesternEurope is NOT true?____________A.Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.C.As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church.D.At about fourteen, the page became a knight.7.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe? _______A.At the age of 14.B.When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errandsfor the ladies.C.At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D.When he was pledged to fight for the church.8.Which of the following is NOT true about what the monks must do before enteringthe monastery according to the Benedictine Rule?A.They had to attend service 6 times during the day and once at midnight.B.They could promise to give up all their possession before entering themonastery.C.They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding themonastery.D.They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot.9.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs10.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and wonthe crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control? ________A. 1270B. 1254C. 1096D. 1291Ⅲ名词解释1.the Middle Ages2.Manor3.Code of Chivalry4.Benedictine Rule5.the CrusadesⅣ简答与问答1.Who was Charles Martel?2.What was the difference between a serf and a free man?3.Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism?4.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?Learning and Science, Literature, Art and ArchitectureⅠ填空题1.Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, wasperhaps the most important figure of the medieval period.2.Charlemagne was crowed “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800.3.The Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas forms an enormous system and sumsup all the knowledge of medieval theology.4.Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of Scientific research and calledfor careful observation and experimentation.5.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages – thatis, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.6.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from thecollective efforts of oral literature.7.Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The DivineComedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.8.Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales were his most popularwork for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.9.Chaucer writers in dialect used by Londoners, and by the sheer weight andpopularity of his writings he sets it firmly on the way towards Modern English.10.The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness,solidity and monumentality with all overall blocky appearance.11.The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of westernEurope.Ⅱ选择题1.Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800?______A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James2.Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatlyto the medieval European culture? _________A. Charles IB. Constantine IC. Alfred the GreatD. Charles the Great3.Does Song of Roland belong to which co untry’s epic? _________A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French4.Who is the author of the Opus Maius? ________A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas AquinasⅢ名词解释1.Carolingian Renaissance2.Beowulf3.Song of Roland4.The Canterbury tales5.Romanesque6.GothicⅣ简答与问答1.What was the merit which Charlemagne and Alfred the Great share?Division IV: Renaissance and ReformationRenaissance in ItalyⅠ填空题1.Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid17th century.2.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.3.In essence, Renaissance was a historical period in which the European humanistthinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman Church authorities. 4.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings,sculpture and architecture.5.Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy.6.Decameron is a collection of 100 tales told by 7 young ladies and 3 youngergentlemen on their way to escape the Black Death of 1348.7.Petrach was best known for Canzoniers, a book of lyrical songs written in hisItalian dialect.8.The Renaissance artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomyand perspective.9.The four representative artists of High Renaissance in Italy are Leonardo daVinci, michelangelo, Raphael and Titian.10.Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religiouspictures; Mona Lisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.11.Michelangelo created a style of art in which he freed himself from the oldtradition of decoration on the one hand and documentary realism on the other.12.Titian’s painting is acknowledged to have established oil colour on canvas asthe typical medium of the pictorial tradition in western art.13.In world trade, Italy had lost its supremacy because of the discovery of Americain 1492 and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, the opening of an all-water route to India which provided a cheaper means of transport.14.Petrach is looked up as the father of modern poetry.15.Italy is regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture andarchitecture? _______A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany2.When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, thento Rome, and created High Renaissance? ___________A. in the 11th centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century3.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _______A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses4.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione5.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern modeof painting? _______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD.Michelangelo6.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona(Virgin Mary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael7.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Mariariding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? ________A. TempestaB. Sacred and Profane LoveC. Flight into EgyptD. The Return of the HuntersⅢ名词解释1.Renaissance2.DecameronⅣ简答与问答1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?2.What are the main elements of humanism? How are these elements reflected in artand literature during the Italian Renaissance?3.How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medievaltradition?4.In what way was Leonardo da Vinci important during the Renaissance?Reformation and Counter-ReformationⅠ填空题1.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe wasaimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible.2.Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrinemarked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.3.When the Pope refused to recognized Henry’s mar riage with Anne Boleyn, BritishParliament, in 1534, passed the Act of Supremacy which marked the formal break of the British with the Papal authorities.4.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Societyof Jesus.5.John Calvin put his theological thoughts in his Institutes of the ChristianReligion, which was considered one of the most influential theological works of all times.Ⅱ选择题1.Who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time? ________A. Jan HusB. John WyliffC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin2.Who is the author Institutes of the Christian Religion?A. John WycliffB. Jan HusC. John CalvinD.Erasmus3.In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal authorities take place?____A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII4.After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church? _______A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. QueenⅢ名词解释1.Calvinism2.the Council of Trent3.Counter-ReformationⅣ简答与问答1.What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?2.What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?Renaissance in other CountriesⅠ填空题1.The Protestant group in France was known as the Huguenots whose rivalry withthe Catholic Church led to the wars of religion from 1562 to 1598.2.In 1492 the Moors that had ruled Spain for four centuries were driven out fromtheir last stronghold.3.In 1492 Columbus discovered American and claimed America for Spain.4.The author of Don Quixote is Cervantes.5.Albrecht Dürer was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany. His engravings areunsurpassed and his paintings of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.6.Under the reign of Elizabeth I, England began to embark on the road tocolonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.7.Thomas More was a great humanist during the Renaissance. Among his writings thebest known is Utopia.8.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during theRenaissance.Ⅱ选择题1.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises thegreatness of man, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning? _______A.Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia2.Whose motto put down in his essays “What do Know” is world famous?________A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. MontaigneD. Shakespeare3.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideasand a style which is easy and familiar? ________A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance4.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne5.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais6.“To be, or not to be, -- that is the question ” from whose works? _______A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. ShakespeareⅢ简答与问答1.Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance? In whatway was English Renaissance different from that of other countries? Who were the major figures and what were their contributions?Science and Technology during the RenaissanceⅠ填空题1.The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.2.Columbus was a Genoese-born navigator and discoverer of the New World.3.Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope.4.Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India roundthe Cape of Good Hope between the year of 1497 and 1498.5.Amerigo Vespucci was the Italian navigator in whose honor America was named6.Amerigo Vespucci discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and acceptedSouth America as a new continent.7.Copernicus came to be known as father of modern astronomy.8.During his life time Leonardo da Vinci dissected more than thirty corpse and。