中科院研究生英语A英语速读第一册期中考试翻译试题(全)

中国科学院大学研究生学位统考英语A分级考试真题及详解G E T11-2007-6Part I Listening Comprehension (25minutes, 20points)Section A (1Point each)1. A. He doesn't like classic music. B. He feels sorry to decline the offerC. He is eager to go to the concert.D. He hasn't got a ticket yet.2. A. At the garage. B. At the restaurant. C. At the supermarket. D. At the office.3. A. Tony doesn't always listen. B. Tony has hearing problems.C. It's unusual that Tony missed the interviewD. Tony often forgets himself.4. A. The weather is generally cooler and drier. B. The weather is generally warmer and wetter.C. The weather is moderately hot.D. The weather is usually changeable.5. A. A doctor. B. An operator, C. A nurse. D. A dentist.6. A. $0.35 B. $3.50 C. $3.05 D. $30.57. A. He had something wrong with his watch. B. He thought the meeting was for a different day.C. His oral presentation was not well-prepared.D. He was not paying attention to the time.8. A. He didn't attend Professor Smith's class last time.B. He thinks the class will meet as scheduled.C. The woman should pose a more serious question.D. Professor Smith often cancels classes for the long weekend.9. A. The woman does not drink beer. B. It was not the woman's coat.C. The woman just had her coat cleaned.D. The woman is not angry with the man. Section B ( 1 point each)10. A. 850,000 children, around two percent, are currently learning at homeB. School system provides teachers for homeschooling.C. All the states in the U.S. permit homeschooling.D. Homeschooled children are never expected to go to college.11. A. Because their children do not like attending schools.B. Because they love their children too much to send them away from homeC. Because homeschooling provides more time for the family to be together.D. Because they are able to help their kids to learn more social skills.12. A. A variety of honeybee. B. A geographic magazine.C. A National Home School Honor SocietyD. A national top competition.13. A. Importance of biodiversity. B. Protection of wild species.C. Farm pollution.D. Agricultural methods.14. A. Rice, maize, potato and wheat. B. Corn, bean, rice and wheat.C. Potato, maize, bean and rice.D. Rice, corn, wheat and sweet potato15. A. They can harm wetlands, rivers and other environments needed to support lifeB. They can destroy crops, native species and property.C. They spread in areas they are not native to with natural controls.D. They hardly survive different conditions.Section C ( 1 point each)Lecture Topic: Getting a good night’s sleep16. There are several ___________ drugs available to help people sleep.If you don’t want to use drugs, there are some things you can do on your own to help get a good night’s sleep:17. 1)___________________________________________18. 2)___________________________________________19. 3)___________________________________________20. 4)___________________________________________PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each )21. Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.A. compellingB. rationalC. ridiculousD. ambiguous22. The Chinese government continues to uphold the principle of peaceful co-existence.A. supportB. restrictC. raiseD. modify23. Patients are expected to comply with doctors' instructions for quick recovery.A. improve onB. abide byC. draw uponD. reflect on24. Scientists have achieved findings substantial enough to remove our fear of GM foods.A. abundantB. controversialC. conduciveD. convincing25. Those students who have made adequate preparations for the test will be better off.A. more wealthyB. less successfulC. dismissed earlierD. favorably positioned26. If you hold on to a winning attitude, you'll make a greater effort and also create positive momentum.A. influenceB. strengthC. outlookD. consequence27. Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches.A. believedB. discardedC. advocatedD. confirmed28. Customers in these markets of antiques are good at slashing prices.A. assessingB. cuttingC. elevatingD. altering29. The public attached great importance to the news that prices of housing would be brought under control.A. joinedB. ascribedC. fastenedD. diverted30. Thousands of people left their rural homes and flocked into the cities to live beside the new factories.A. dashedB. filedC. strolledD. swarmedSection B (0.5 point each)31._________this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.A. Tied up withB. Fed up withC. Wrapped up inD. Piled up with32. In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guest in his _____ home.A. humbleB. obscureC. inferiorD. lower33. Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, as far from ________ as possible.A. humidityB. humanityC. harmonyD. honesty34. As an important _______ for our emotions and ideas, music can play a huge role in our life.A. vesselB. vestC. ventureD. vehicle35. The day is past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who___six years of instruction.A. set aboutB. run forC. sit throughD. make for36. The wages of manual laborers stay painfully low, meaning digitalization could drive aneven deeper ______between the rich and poor.A. boundaryB. differenceC. wedgeD. variation37. A farmer must learn the kinds of crops best ____ the soils on his farm.A. accustomed toB. committed toC. applied toD. suited to38. The sun is so large that if it were ______, it would hold a million earths.A. elegantB. immenseC. hollowD. clumsy39. This patient's life could be saved only by a major operation. That would _____ her to a high risk.A. exposeB. leadC. contributeD. send40. It takes a year for the earth to make each ________, or revolution, around the sun.A. tourB. travelC. visitD. tripPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Harvard University's under-graduate education is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and more science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is 41 its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this 42 what many people had said that Harvard's curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization."Harvard needs to 43 its education for a world where global connections, cross disciplinary research, and science in general are ever more important," said Kirby.Particularly 44 is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad program or over a summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.Students can either find the program themselves or 45 some exchange programs offered by the university." 46 studying Chinese history without leaving the university, students interested in the subject should be spending a semester at a university in China."It was also recommended that Harvard 47 its required "core curriculum". The core curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly 48 topic and emphasized "ways of knowing".Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of 49 "Harvard College Courses", emphasizing knowledge over methodology and 50 wider territory. A life sciences course, for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing on one of those, said Benedict Gross, Harvard College dean.41. A. inspecting B. reviewing C. searching D. underlying42. A. in accordanceB. in line withC. in charge ofD. in response to with43. A. update B. uphold C. upset D. upward44. A. trust-worthy B. note-worthy C. praise-worthy D. reward-worthy45. A. turn out B. turn in C. turn to D. turn over46. A. In spite of B. As if C. Let alone D. Rather than47. A. perish B. destroy C. abolish D. denounce48. A. appropriate B. imaginative C. special D. specific49. A. optical B. optional C. opposite D. optimistic50. A. sparing B. spiraling C. spanning D. sparkling PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Passage OneA report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution.'? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source--exhaust fumes(烟气). Also don't walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be, less toxic than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.51. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big cities.C. How to breathe fresh air in big cities.D. How serious air pollution is in big cities.52. According to the report, air pollution in big cities __________.A. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster in ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think53. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ___________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger54. If you take a bus in a big city in China, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side in the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus55. It is implied in the passage that ________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the bus56. While waiting to cross a busy street, you should ___________.A. wait a few seconds until the fumes reduceB. stay away from the traffic as far as possibleC. hold your breath until you get to the other side of the streetD. count down for the light to changePassage TwoGlobal warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably ease the climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont. Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries.Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debate worldwide.Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can getrich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. "Wouldn't it be useful if the United States were to have a piece of the action. Wouldn't it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action," Alley said.Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold, windy region, like the weather in Siberia. Such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley's research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said.Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn't predict if, when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but it is something everyone should consider."This is not the biggest problem in the world. The biggest problem in the world is getting along with each other. But it's part of that because we're not going to get along with each other if we're not getting along with the planet," Alley said.57. According to Ally the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming _________.A. can be easedB. can be endedC. will become worseD. will last for decades58. Ally's research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by ___________.A. abrupt changes in atmospheric patternsB. subtle changes in atmospheric patternsC. humans' burning of fossil fuelD. increasing levels of carbon dioxide59. The word "upbeat" (in Paragraph 3) probably means __________.A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. worriedD. insensible60. What does Ally suggest people do in order to reduce global warming?A. To find other energy sources besides fossil fuels.B. To start a political, scientific and economic debate.C. To take action to burn no fossil fuels.D. To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.61. Alley predicts that global warming could turn Europe and parts of eastern North America into ______.A. a region like SiberiaB. a warmer and warmer placeC. a tropical regionD. a place like North Pole62. Ally thinks the biggest problem in the world isA. lack of harmonyB. violenceC. global warmingD. climate shiftPassage ThreeWe're talking about money here, and the things you buy with it--and about what attitude we should take to spending.Across most of history and in most cultures, there has been a general agreement that we should work hard, save for the future and spend no more than we can afford. It's nice to have a comfortable life right now, but it is best to think of the future. Yet economists have long known that things don't work out that way. They point to an idea called the "paradox of thrift." Imagine you are the owner of a big business making consumer goods. You want your own staff to work hard and save their money. That way, you don't have to pay them as much. But you want everybody else to spend all the money they can. That way you make bigger profits.It's a problem on a global scale. Many people in the UK and the United States are worried about levels of personal debt. Yet if people suddenly stopped buying things and started paying back what they owe to credit card companies, all the economies of the Western world would collapse. The banks would be happy, but everybody else would be in trouble.Traditionally, economists have believed that spending money is about making rational choices. People buy things to make their life better in some way. But in recent years, theyhave noticed that people often do not actually behave in that way. We all know people who take pleasure in buying useless things. And there are many people around who won't buy things that they need.In a recent series of experiments, scientists at Stanford University in the US confirmed something that many people have long suspected. People spend money because the act of buying gives them pleasure. And they refuse to spend when it causes them pain. The scientists discovered that different areas of the brain that anticipate pleasure and pain become more active when we are making a decision to buy things. People who spend a lot have their pleasure centers stimulated. People who like to save find buying things painful.If you think you really want that product because it's beautiful or useful, you are wrong, say the scientists. The desire to buy something is a product of the reaction between chemicals released by different parts of the brain when the eyes see a product.63. Across most of history and in most cultures, people are advised to _____________.A. enjoy their present life as much as possibleB. spend every penny they have earnedC. save every penny for the futureD. save some money for later use64. According to the context, "paradox" (in Paragraph 2) probably means “__________”.A. contradictionB. hypothesisC. declarationD. assertion65. It is implied that many people in the UK and the United StatesA. have to work hard to make ends meetB. spend more than they can affordC. have trouble in paying back their debtsD. don't pay back their debts on time66. According to the resent studies made by economists, people__________.A. take pleasure in buying useless thingsB. won't buy things that they need.C. spend their money irrationallyD. make rational choices while spending their money67. It has been proved by the scientists at Stanford University that some people like to save money because_____.A. they like keeping their money in the bankB. they will feel safe if they save enough money for the futureC. they don't want to spend their money on useless thingsD. spending money gives them pain68. The passage mainly tells us_________.A. how to spend our moneyB. it is better to save some money for the futureC. it is the chemicals released from the brain that decide our spendingD. how to form a habit of rational spendingPassage FourTrees are good. Good enough to hug. Planting trees will make the world cooler than it would otherwise be. This is the subject of a newly published study by Govindasamy Bala, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in California, and his colleagues. Dr Bala has found, rather counter-intuitively, that removing all of the world's trees might actually cool the planet down.The reason for this is that trees affect the world's temperature by means other than the carbon they take in. For instance forests remain quite a dark shade even after a snowstorm. They are certainly darker than grasslands, and thus they can absorb more of the sun's heat than vegetation which might otherwise cover the same stretch of land. That warms things up. Dr Bala and his colleagues took such effects into account using a computer model called the Integrated Climate and Carbon Model. Unlike most climate-change models, which calculate how the Earth should absorb and radiate heat in response to a list of greenhouse-gas concentrations, this one has many subsections that represent how the carbon cycle works, and how it influences the climate.Overall, Dr Bala's model suggests that complete deforestation would cause an additional 1.3ْC temperature rise compared with business as usual, because of the higher carbon-dioxide levels that would result. However, the additional reflectivity of the planet would cause 1.6ْC of cooling. A treeless world would thus be 0.3ْC cooler than otherwise.No one, of course, would consider chopping down the world's forests to keep the planet cool. But having made their point, Dr Bala and his colleagues then went on to look at forest growth and loss at different latitudes. Planting trees in convenient places such as Europe and North America may actually be counterproductive. In Russia and Canada, cutting trees down led mostly to local cooling. The carbon dioxide this released into the atmosphere, though, warmed the world all over. Around the equator, by contrast, warming acted locally (as well as globally), so a tropical country would experience warming created by cutting down trees.The results follow increasing criticism from climate scientists of the benefits of forestry schemes to offset carbon emissions. Planting trees to neutralise carbon emissions has become a big business: £60m worth of trees have been bought this year, up from £20m in 2005. By 2010 the market is expected to reach £300m.69. According to the passage, trees make the world warmer because of their _________.A. deep colorB. round shapeC. enormous sizeD. high reflectivity70. Dr Bala's Integrated Climate and Carbon Model____________.A. supports the findings of other climate modelsB. is based on the results of other climate modelsC. uses a system different from other climate modelsD. challenges the basic theory of other climate models71. Based on Dr Bala's model, a treeless world would__________.A. cause serious environmental problemsB. prove helpful in fighting global warmingC. make it difficult to deal with climate changeD. raise carbon dioxide levels and global temperature72. According to Dr Bala, the best places to plant trees would be__________.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. High-latitude countries.D. tropical countries73. As is shown in the passage, criticism from other climate scientists__________.A. should be taken rather seriouslyB. is unreasonable and far-fetchedC. involves mostly economic interestsD. is voiced on behalf of the government74. The best title for the passage is____________.A. Should Green Trees Be Left Alone?B. Why Green Trees Might Not Be Green?C. How to Help Green Trees Survive?D. How to Go Green with Green Trees? Passage FiveThe patient needed a spinal tap, and a senior attending physician asked a medical resident whether a preparatory blood test had been checked. The medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.Well, almost certain.Doctors in training sometimes confront situations in which they worry that their supervising physicians are making mistakes or bending the truth. Yet even though such acts can jeopardize patients, the inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is hampered by the hierarchies in teaching hospitals.On the top were the senior physicians who made rounds on the wards once or twice daily. Next were the overworked residents, who essentially lived in the hospital while training. Last were the medical students who were most assuredly at the bottom of the heap.The student whose resident seemingly lied to the attending physician about the blood test did not speak up. The resident was a good doctor, she said, and so she had given him the benefit of the doubt. And, she added, both the resident and the attending physician would be grading her.What should a medical student do in such a situation? One possibility is to take the matter up with a more senior doctor. Or the student might go directly to the patient or family, telling them that the physicians have a genuine disagreement and that they deserve to know about it. These options seem logical on paper. As the ethicist James Dwyer has written in The Hastings Center Report, "The practice of always keeping quiet is a failure of caring." But in the real world, it may be extremely difficult to go up the chain of command.Fortunately, medical educators are increasingly recognizing the dilemmas that doctors in training confront when they witness behavior that makes them uncomfortable. Students and residents are now expected to provide routine feedback -- positive and negative -- about their supervising physicians at the close of their rotation.Of course, physicians and students need to be educated about how to give feedback in professional and nonconfrontational ways. Medical educators are only now beginning to teach this skill. Still, it will be hard to change the unfortunate perception that constructive feedback, even for a patient's benefit, is whistle-blowing.75. As mentioned in the passage, the hospital hierarchy______________.A. is useful to the people on the lower layerB. is built on a performance-reward systemC. is a barrier to the exchange of medical viewsD. is an effective way of teaching medical students76. "the benefit of the doubt" in Paragraph 5 shows that_________________.A. the student was not quite certain that she was rightB. the resident did not respond to the student's doubtC. the student was denied the chance to doubt the superiorD. the resident benefited from the student's suggestion77. James Dwyer's words mean that___________.A. students should learn to speak both kindly and professionallyB. students should challenge the superior for the benefit of patientsC. students should retain their faith even after facing some difficultiesD. students should be educated on how to care more about the patients78. What is the attitude of medical educators toward teaching students to give feedback?A. Confused.B. Indifferent.C. Reluctant.D. Enthusiastic.79. The author tends to believe that the problem faced by medical studentsA. will remain for a long timeB. will disappear in the near futureC. should not be exaggeratedD. cannot be solved successfully80. The passage focuses on_____________.A. the development of teaching hospitals' hierarchiesB. the different roles in teaching hospitals' hierarchiesC. the future reforms on teaching hospitals' hierarchiesD. the problems caused by teaching hospitals' hierarchiesPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation．Section B(15 minutes，10 points)中国可持续发展依赖的有限自然资源正在锐减。

2010----6PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes, 20 points)Section A (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He has better hearing than others．B. He doesn't care what the woman may say.C. He is eager to know the news．D. He doesn't believe what the woman said.2. A. The camera is the latest style.B. The camera is multi-functional.C. The camera is small and fashionable．D. There's nothing new with the camera.3. A. She asks the man to postpone the invitation.B. She tells the man to take a raincoat with him.C. She refuses the invitation because it is raining hard.D. She wants the man to pay the dinner check.4. A. The manager will report to the company.B. The manager will make trouble for the man.C. The manager will get into trouble.D. The manager will fire the man.5. A. She's not courageous enough．B. She didn't have enough time．C. She was afraid of the monster.D. She didn't like the game.6. A. He's broke.B. He's sick.C. He's very tired.D. He has something to do at home．7. A. Stock trading is not profitable.B. The stock market is always unstable.C. Stock trading is easier than the man said.D. Stock trading is not as easy as the man thinks．8. A. James is warm-hearted.B. James is a car technician.C. James knows the woman's car very well.D. James is very skillful in car repairing．9. A. Jake would do stupid things like this.B. The man's conclusion is not based on facts．C. The man shouldn't be on a date with another girl.D. Jake didn't tell the man's girlfriend about his date.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear two mini-talks: At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Mini-talk one10. A. In 1984. C. In 1992．B. In 1986. D. In 1996．11. A. Almost 25 billion dollars．B. Almost 2.5 billion dollars．C. Almost 25 million dollars．D. Almost 2.5 million dollars．12. A. Her family. B. Her mother. C. Her father. D. Herself.Mini-talk Two13. A. It covers an area of more than 430 hectares.B. It took more than 16 years to complete．C. The lakes and woodlands were all built by human labor.D. The two designers of the park were from Britain.14. A. 7 kilometers．B. 9 kilometers．C. 39 kilometers．D. 93 kilometers．15. A. Baseball, football and volleyball．B. Basketball, baseball and football.C. Basketball, football and hockey.D. Chess, baseball and table tennis．Section C (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you are asked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below. （请在录音结束后把16-20 题的答案抄写在答题纸上）16. The new exhibit is called “______.”(6 words)17. The Family of Man show was designed to express the connections that ______ . (3 words)18. The new exhibit was held at __________. (5 words)19. The new exhibit is divided into several parts: "Children of Man," "Family of Man," "Cities of Man," "Faith of Man"，and “____________”(3 words)20. The theme that comes out is really the unity of mankind that __________. (5 words)PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points）Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. If a country turned inward and insulated itself, the result would be a diminished standard of living.A. worshipedB. splitC. innovatedD. isolated22. The values and beliefs will dictate the direction of your pursuit as well as your life．A. ruleB. shapeC. alterD. complicate23. Studies have proved that smart people tend to be smart across different kinds of realms.A. realitiesB. fieldsC. occupationsD. courses24. Humans are beginning to realize that raising food animals contributes substantially to climate change．A. physicallyB. materiallyC. considerablyD. favorably25. This peer-reviewed journal has a specific emphasis on effective treatment of acute pain.A. urgentB. severeC. sternD. sensitive26. One way to maintain social stability is to crack down on crime while creating more jobs．A. clamp down onB. settle down toC. look down uponD. boil down to27. The city council decided to set up a school devoted exclusively to the needs of problem children.A. forcefullyB. externallyC. reluctantlyD. entirely28. City residents have a hard time trying to avoid contact with hazardous chemicals in daily life．A. dangerousB. prevalentC. novelD. invasive29. The most important aspect of maintaining a healthy diet is whether you can stick to it.A. insist onB. dwell onC. coincide withD. adhere to30. I tried to talk my daughter into dining out in a nearby restaurant that evening, but in vain.A. to my surpriseB. on her ownC. to no effectD. to some extentSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.31. We won't have safe neighborhoods unless we're always tough on drug criminals.A. toughB. roughC. thoroughD. enough32. The challenge for us is to engage these new states in building a more prosperous future.A. participateB. engageC. commitD. contribute33. Forty-five years of conflict and confrontation between East and West are now a thing of the past.A. convictionB. compatibilityC. collaborationD. confrontation34. Few people know the shape of the next century, for the genius of a free people defies prediction.A. deniesB. defiesC. repliesD. relies35. These countries are on the verge of concluding a free trade agreement to propel regional development.A. on the verge ofB. in the interest ofC. on the side ofD. at the expense of36. We‟ll continue along the road mapped out by our presidents more than seventy years ago.A. given outB. made outC. wiped outD. mapped out37. When you win, your errors are obscured；when you lose, your errors are magnified.A. expandedB. obscuredC. cultivatedD. exaggerated38. Although in her teens, the eldest daughter had to quit school to help provide for the family.A. provide forB. head forC. fall forD. go for39. Carbon footprint refers to the total set of greenhouse gases emissions caused by an organization.A. fingerprintB. footstepC. footprintD. blueprint40. There is no question that ours is a just cause and that good will prevail.A. vanishB. wanderC. witherD. prevailPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, l point each)Directions：There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet. 41-45 BAADA 46-50 CDBAC When people search online, they leave a trail that remains stored on the central computers of firms such as Google, Yahoo and Microsoft. Analyzing what we're looking for on the Web can offer a remarkable insight into our anxieties and enthusiasms. UK writer and Internet expert John Battelle wrote on his blog, “This can tell us extraordinary things about who we are and what we want as a culture” Google‟s experimental service Google Trends，for example, compares the numbers of people searching for different words and phrases from 2004 to the present. According to these graphs, sometimes people's interests are obviously driven by the news agenda: when the Spice Girls announce a reunion, there‟s an immediate rush to find out more about them. Other results are strikingly seasonal: people go shopping online for coats in winter and short pants in summer. The most fascinating possibility is that search data might help predict people‟s behavior. When we search online for a certain brand of stereo system, we are surely indicating we are more likely to buy that brand. Perhaps we search for a political candidate‟s name when we are thinking about voting fo r him or her. Maybe we even search for “stock market crash” or “recession” just before we start withdrawing from our investments. This information could clearly be useful to a smart marketer---it's already how Google decides which advertisements to show on its search results pages---or to a political campaign manager.41. A. investigation B. insight C. consideration D. prospect42. A. extraordinary B. obvious C. mysterious D. sensitive43. A. culture B. nation C. person D. mass44. A. reduced to B. resulting in C. backed up by D. driven by45. A. rush B. push C. charge D. dash46. A. presume B. preoccupy C. predict D. preserve47. A. liking B. alike C. like D. likely48. A. fighting against B. voting for C. believing in D. running for49. A. withdrawing from B. depositing in C. turning down D. adding to50. A. notices B. papers C. advertisements D. statementsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneNew York‟s WCBS put s it in a way that just can't be better expressed: “It was an accident waiting to happen.” 15-year-old Alexa Longueira was wandering along the street in Staten Island, obliviously tapping text messages into her phone as she walked. Distracted by her phone, she failed to notice the open manhole（下水道容井）in her path, and plunged into it, taking an unprepared bath of raw sewage along with receiving moderate injuries. Longueira called the dive “really gross, shocking and scary.” It‟s not all Longueira‟s fault. The manhole shouldn‟t have been left uncovered and unattended, and no warning signs or hazard cones had been set up near the work site. A worker with New York‟s Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), who was preparing to flush the sewage, helped her out, and the department later issued a formal apology for the incident. Nonetheless, observers are harshly divided over who is to blame here. The DEP is certainly at fault for failing to secure the manhole, but to what extent should the girl be held accountable for failure to be aware of her surroundings? If she had stepped into traffic and been hit by a car, would her reaction (that is: anger and a potential lawsuit) be any different? Detachment from one‟s environment due to electronic gadgets is a growing problem 一and a hazardous(有危险的；冒险的；碰运气的) one. The government is even trying to get involved; with multiple laws on the books across the country outlawing cell phone use and text messaging while operating a motor vehicle in the wake of serious accidents involving distracted drivers. New York Senator Kruger even tried to criminalize the use of handheld devices (including phones, music players, and game players) by pedestrians while they are crossing streets in major New York cities, due to concerns over the number of auto vs. pedestrian accidents. Following a substantial outcry, that legislation appears never to have been formally introduced. But did Kruger have a point? What interested me, at least, is the end of the story above that Longueira lost a shoe in the sewage. But since other things are not reported as lost, I'm guessing she appears to have managed to keep her grip on her phone during the accident.51. By “It was an accident waiting to happen”, New York‟s WCBS meant that _________.A. the accident should have been avoidableB. this kind of accidents happen frequentlyC. somebody was glad to see what would happenD. an open manhole is sure a trap for careless pedestrians52. When the girl fell into the open manhole, she _________.A. was seriously hurtB. was frightenedC. took a bath in the raw sewageD. cried help to the DEP worker53. According to the author, who was to blame for the accident?A. The girl herself.B. The DEP worker.C. Both A and BD. Nobody.54. According to the passage, which of the following is illegal in the US?A. Talking on a cell phone while driving.B. Text messaging while walking across a street.C. Operating music players while drivingD. Operating game players while walking across a street.55. The phrase “in the wake of ” (Para.5) is closest in meaning to “___________”.A. in view ofB. on condition ofC. as far asD. with regard to56. The author found it funny that the girl had __________.A. lost a shoe in the sewage in the accidentB. reported nothing lost after the accidentC. got a firm hold of her phone during the accidentD. managed to keep herself upright in the manholePassage TwoAccording to a study, intellectual activities make people eat more than when just resting. This has shed new light on brain food. This finding might also help explain the obesity epidemic of a society in which people often sit. Researchers split 14 university student volunteers into three groups for a 45-minute session of either relaxing in a sitting position, reading and summarizing a text, or completing a series of memory, attention, and alert tests on the computer. After the sessions, the participants were invited to eat as much as they pleased. Though the study involved a very small number of participants, the results were stark. The students who had done the computer tests downed 253 more calories or 29.4 percent more than the couch potatoes. Those who had summarized a text consumed 203 more calories than the resting group. Blood samples taken before, during, and after revealed that intellectual work causes much bigger fluctuations in glucose （葡萄糖）levels than rest periods, perhaps owing to the stress of thinking. The researchers figure the body reacts to these fluctuations by demanding food to restore glucose 一the brain's fuel. Glucose is converted by the body from carbohydrates（碳水化合物）and is supplied to the brain via the bloodstream. The brain cannot make glucose and so needs a constant supply. Brain cells need twice as much energy as other cells in the body. Without exercise to balance the added intake, however, such “brain food” is probably not smart. Various studies in animals have shown that consuming fewer calories overall leads to sharper brains and longer life, and most researchers agree that the findings apply, in general, to humans. And, of course, eating more can make you fat. “Caloric overcompensation following intellectual work, combined with the fact that we are less physically active when doing intellectual tasks, could contribute to the obesity epidemic currently observed in industrialized countries,” said lead researcher Jean-Philippe Chaput at Laval University in Quebec City, Canada. “This is a factor that should not be ignored, considering that more and more people hold j obs of an intellectual nature,” the researcher concluded.57. The passage mainly tells us that _________.A. consuming fewer calories can lead to sharper brainsB. thinking consumed more calories than restingC. resting more can make people fatD. brain cells need more energy than other cells in the body58. It is implied that to avoid obesity, people who have to sit long should__________.A. think more and eat lessB. increase the intake of vitaminsC. skip some mealsD. eat less potatoes59. The word “stark” in the 3rd paragraph is closest in meaning to “_________”.A. negativeB. obscureC. absoluteD. ambiguous60. According to the research, which of the following activities consumed the most calories?A. Relaxing in a sitting position.B. Reading professional books.C. Summarizing a text.D. Completing tests on the computer.61. According to the passage，eating less may make people __________.A. smarterB. less intelligentC. more emotionalD. live a shorter life62. One of the reasons for the obesity epidemic currently observed in industrialized countries is that in these countries __________.A. people take different exercisesB. fewer people watch their weightC. fewer people hold physical jobsD. foods are much cheaperPassage ThreeOne of the simple pleasures of a lazy summer day is to be able to enjoy a refreshing slice of watermelon either at the beach, at a picnic, or fresh from the farmer's market．Delicious and nutritious, watermelon is one of those guilt-free foods we can all enjoy: one cup of watermelon packs only about 50 calories！Watermelons are not only cooling treats for when the mercury starts to rise; they are also loaded with healthy nutrients such as vitamin A, （vitamin C, lycopene 番茄红素）and etc. Vitamins A and C and lycopene are antioxidants, which are substances that work to help get rid of the harmful effects of substances. Research has suggested that a diet high in fruits and vegetables that have plenty of antioxidants can reduce the risk of heart disease, some cancers, and some other dangerous diseases. A cup of watermelon provides 25% of the recommended daily value of vitamin C and 6% of the recommended daily value of vitamin A. Additionally, researchers have found that lycopene, a nutrient most traditionally associated with tomatoes, is found in equal or greater quantities in watermelon. Watermelons also provide significant amounts of vitamin B6 and vitamin B 1, both of which are necessary for energy production. In combination with the minerals and vitamins already described, these B vitamins add to the high nutrient richness of watermelon. Due to its high water content (watermelon is 92% water by weight) and low calorie count; watermelon is a good choice to satisfy your hunger while you try to eat a healthy diet: Think of them as nature's answer to the heavily marketed “vitamin water” craze. Besides the textured, watery flesh of the fruit, watermelon seeds are also widely eaten as a snack. They are rich in iron and protein and are often pressed for oil or roasted and seasoned. So if you are planning on dining outdoor this summer, or simply looking for a quick and convenient refreshment to serve to unexpected company or reckless children, reach for watermelon. The kids will enjoy its crisp taste and messy juices, the adults will enjoy its refreshing flavors, and everyone will benefit from its nutritious value.63. We don‟t feel guilty even if we eat more watermelon because _________.A. it is deliciousB. it is nutritiousC. it contains low caloriesD. it contains antioxidants64. The phrase “when the mercury starts to rise” (Para. l）probably means “__________”.A. in summer eveningsB. on sunny daysC. when people are thirstyD. when it is getting hot65. How many cups of watermelon can satisfy the daily need for vitamin C? A. One B. TwoC. ThreeD. Four66. By saying “Think of them as nature‟s answer to the heavily marketed “vitamin water” craze”, the author means __________.A. watermelon can take the place of vitaminsB. with watermelon, people don't have to buy vitamin waterC. natural foods are much better than the manufactured onesD. the vitamin water has been over-advertised67. Watermelon seeds are often _________.A. fried in oilB. stored for seasonsC. prepared with spiceD. pressed before being cooked68. The best title of the passage is __________.A. Watermelon-the Most Enjoyable RefreshmentB. The Wonders of WatermelonC. The Nutrients in WatermelonD. Watermelon the Best Summer Food for ChildrenPassage FourInitial voyages into space introduced questions scientists had never before considered. Could an astronaut swallow food in zero gravity? To keep things simple, astronauts on the Project Mercury ate foods squeezed out of tubes．It was like serving them baby food in a toothpaste container. But these early tube meals were flavorless, and astronauts dropped too many pounds. “We know that astronauts have lost weight in every American and Russian manned flight,” wrote NASA scientists Malcolm Smith in 1969．"We don't know why.”Feeding people in space was not as easy as it looked. Floating around in space isn't as relaxing as it might sound. Astronauts expend a lot of energy and endure extreme stresses on their bodies．Their dietary requirements are therefore different from those of their gravity-bound counterparts on Earth. For example, they need extra calcium to compensate for bone loss. “A low-salt diet helps slow the process, but there are no refrigerators in space, and salt is o ften used to help preserve foods;” says Vickie Kloeris of NASA. “We have to be very careful of that.” By the Apollo missions, NASA had developed a nutritionally balanced menu with a wide variety of options. Of course, all the items were freeze-dried or heat-treated to kill bacteria, and they didn‟t look like regular food. Today, the most elaborate outer-space meals are consumed in the International Space Station (ISS), where astronauts enjoy everything from steak to chocolate cake．ISS is a joint venture between the U.S．Russia, and The and diplomatic guidelines dictate the percentage of food an astronaut must eat from each country. NASA's food laboratory has 185 different menu items, Russia offers around 100, and when Japan sent up its first crew member in 2008，about 30 dishes came with him. Due to dietary restrictions and storage issues, astronauts still can't eat whatever they want whenever they feel like it. In 2008，NASA astronaut and ISS crew member Sandra Magnus became the first person to try to cook a meal in space．It took her over an hour to cook onions and garlic in the space station's food warmer, but she managed to create a truly delicious dish: grilled tuna（金枪鱼）in a lemon-garlic-ginger sauce-eaten from a bag, of course.69. Which of the following is true about the early space meals?A. They had to be eaten from a bag.B. They tasted better than they looked.C. They could not make eating as easy as possible.D. They were not nutritious enough for astronauts.70. It seems that astronauts‟weight loss __________.A. was an unusual problem among astronautsB. was what puzzled the early scientistsC. caused new problems in space flightsD. drew the attention of the general public71. According to Vickie Kloeris, serving a low-salt diet in space __________.A. is easier said than doneB. is not absolutely necessaryC. has worked as expectedD. will be the future trend72. In the International Space Station, _____________.A. there is enough space to store enough foods for astronautsB. there is a selection of flavored foods from a dozen countriesC. astronauts in general prefer foods from their own countriesD. astronauts‟need to eat their favorite foods can't always be met73. It can be learned that Sandra Magnus, cooking in space __________.A. left much to be desiredB. wasn't worth the effortC. was quite satisfactoryD. has inspired the others74. The passage mainly introduces ____________.A. the variety of food options in spaceB. the dietary need of astronauts in spaceC. the problems of living in the space stationD. the improvement of food offered in spacePassage FiveIs it possible to be both fat and fit-7-not just fit enough to exercise, but fit enough to live as long as someone a lot lighter? Not according to a 2004 study from the Harvard School of Public Health which looked at 115,000 nurses aged between 30 and 55．Compared with women who were both thin and active, obese (overweight) but active women had a mortality irate that was 91％higher. Though far better than the inactive obese（142% higher); they were still worse off than the inactive lean (5% higher)．A similar picture emerged in 2008 after researchers examined 39,000 women with an average age of 54. Compared with active women of normal weight, the active but overweight were 54% more likely to develop heart disease. .. That‟s settled, then. Or is it? Steven Blair, a professor 0of exercise science at the University of South Carolina, describes the official focus on obesity as an “obsession…and it‟s not grounded in solid data”. Blair‟s most fascinating study, in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2007, took 2,600 people aged 60 and above, of various degrees of fatness, and tested their fitness on the exercise device, rather than asking them to quantify it themselves. This is an unusually rigorous approach, he claims，since many rival surveys ask participants to assess their own fitness, or ignore it as a factor altogether. “There is an …ass ociation‟between obesity and fitness,” he agrees, “but it is not perfect. As you progress towards overweight, the percentage of individuals who are fit does go down. But here's a shock: among class 11 obese individuals [with a body mass index between 35 and 39.9]，about 40% or 45% are still fit. You simply cannot tell by looking whether someone is fit or not. When we look at these mortality rates in fat people who are fit, we see that the harmful effect of fat just disappears: their death rate during the next decade is half that of the normal weight people who are unfit." One day----probably about a hundred years from now---this fat-but-fit question will be answered without the shadow of a doubt. In the meantime，there anything that all the experts agree on? Oh yes: however much your body is weighs, you‟ll live longer if you move it around a bit.75. It can be learned that the 2008 research ________.A. posed a challenge to the 2004 studyB. confirmed the findings of the 2004 study．C. solved the problems left behind by the 2004 studyD. had a different way of thinking from the 2004 study76. Steven Blair probably considers the previous studies asA. unreliableB. uncreativeC. unrealisticD. untraditional77. The major difference between Blair's study and the previous research is that ________.A. Blair excluded the participants’fitness as a factorB. Blair guessed the participants‟fitness after weighing themC. Blair required the participants to assess their own fitnessD. Blair evaluated the participants‟fitness through physical tests78. Blair‟s study proves that __________.A. the weight problem should be taken seriouslyB. weight and fitness are strongly connectedC. it is possible to be both fat and fitD. fat people have a higher death rate79. It can be seen from the description of these studies that the author—A. shows no preference for any researcherB. finds no agreement between the researchersC. obviously favors the Blair studyD. obviously favors the Harvard study80. The purpose of writing this passage is to ___________.A. call on people to pay attention to the weight problemB. present the different findings of various weight studiesC. compare the strength and weakness of different studiesD. offer suggestions on how to remain fit and live longerPAPER TWO译写答题注意事项一、本试卷(Paper Two)答案一律写在答题纸II (Answer Sheet II )上，草稿纸上的答题内容一律不予计分。

江西省林业有害生物普查技术方案江西省林业有害生物普查技术方案根据《国家林业局关于开展全国林业有害生物普查工作的通知》（林造发[2014]36号）、《国家林业局办公室关于印发<全国林业有害生物普查技术方案>的通知》（办造字[2014]92号）和《江西省林业厅关于印发<江西省林业有害生物普查工作实施方案>的通知》（赣林造字[2014]134号）的要求，为进一步统一和明确普查的技术标准，使我省普查工作顺利进行，确保普查质量，结合我省的实际情况，特制定本技术方案。

1普查范围全省范围内森林、荒漠和湿地三大生态系统的防护林、用材林、经济林、薪炭林、特种用途林，观赏(名木古树)和四旁绿化树木以及木本花卉、苗木、种实、果品、木材及其制品的生产和经营场所等。

重点调查自然保护区、重点生态区、重点湿地、重点工程区、重点旅游观光景区（点）、沿交通干线的生态敏感区域、毗邻疫区的高危地区、生态环境脆弱的水源涵养林地，以及花卉苗木栽培引种品种多、数量大、商品经营活跃的地区。

2普查对象和内容2.1普查对象可对林木、种苗等林业植物及其产品造成危害的所有病原微生物、有害昆虫、有害植物及鼠、兔、螨类等。

普查对象包括：2.1.1危险性种类国家林业局2013年第4号公告公布的《全国林业检疫性有害生物名单》（14种）、《全国林业危险性有害生物名单》（192种）、国家林业局2014年第6号公告新增列的林业危险性有害生物（椰子织蛾和松树蜂）。

2.1.2常发性种类2003年以来全国有发生、危害记录的林业有害生物（506种）（见附件1）。

2.1.3造成危害的种类在本地区已造成危害但尚未记录的林业有害生物。

即原本属于本土有害生物，以前未造成危害且尚未记录，但近年来造成危害的林业有害生物。

2.1.4新传入的种类2003年以来从国（境）外或省级行政区外传入的林业有害生物新纪录种类。

2.1.5本省需要关注的种类我省补充林业检疫性有害生物，如松突圆蚧、湿地松粉蚧、杨树花叶病毒、桉树枝瘿姬小蜂、加拿大一枝黄花等；钻蛀性害虫，如松瘤象、小蠹、杉天牛等；林农关注的苗木和经济林病虫害。

1.Most houses and commercial structures that were constructed after 1980, when Japan’s building code had its last major revision, are still standing.日本最近一次对其建筑规范进行重大修订是在1980年，之后的大部分房屋和商业建筑至今仍完好无损。

Charles Scawthorn, vice president of EQE International, a San Francisco firm that specializes in quake-resistant engineering, says that ”This is the real heart of the seismic-hazard problem. ”国际EQE的副总裁，San Francisco 公司的抗震工程师Charles Scawthorn说：“这（改进现在的建筑结构）就是地震危害的核心问题。

”What he saw convinced him that relatively simple precaution could have prevented the most common form of damage: the roofs and upper stories of buildings crashing down onto lower floors.看到的使他相信那些相对简单的预防措施应该能够防止最常见的毁害：房顶和上层倒塌在下面的地板上In the traditional Japanese house, Scawthorn says, the first floor lacks interior walls that could help support the weight of the second floor, as they would for a Western homeScawthorn说，传统的日本房屋缺乏用于支撑第二层楼重量的内墙，而西方房屋的内墙则能支撑二层楼的重量。

2021年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）|研究生入学考试2021年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）Section I Use of English Directions：Read the following text.Choosethe best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) Even if families don＇t sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britonswill noheless have got a share this weekend of one ofthat nation＇s great traditions; the Sunday roast.__1__a cold winter＇s day, few culinary pleasures can2 it.Yetas we report now, the food police are determined our health.Thatthis__3__should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning about the risks of a pound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures.Thismeans that people should __7__ crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas and only __8__ toasttheir bread.Butwhere is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the pound is “__11__ to be carcinogenic“ but have no hard scientific proof.__12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued thatit is __13__ to follow the FSA advice.__14__,it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, withoutthe Yorkshire pudding and no wine.Butwould life be worth living? __17__, the FSA says itis not telling people to cut out roast foods __18__, butto reduce their lifetime intake.However,their __19__ risks ing across as exhortation and nannying.Constanthealth scares just __20__ with no one listening.In [B] Towards [C] On [D] Till2.[A]match [B] express [C] satisfy [D] influence 3.[A]patience [B] enjoyment [C] surprise [D] concern 4.[A]intensified [B] privileged [C] pelled [D] guaranteed 5.[A]issued [B] received [C] ignored [D] canceled 6.[A]under [B] at [C] for [D] by 7.[A]forget [B] regret [C] finish [D] avoid8.[A]partially [B] regularly [C] easily [D]initially 9.[A]Unless [B] Since [C] If [D] While10.[A]secondary [B] external [C] inconclusive [D] negative11.[A]insufficient [B] bound [C] likely [D] slowOn the basis of [B] At the cost of [C] In addition to [D] In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B] advisable [C] urgent [D] fortunate14.[A]As usual [B] In particular [C] By definition [D] After all15.[A]resemblance [B] bination [C] connection [D]pattern16.[A]made [B] served [C] saved [D] used17.[A]To be fair [B] For instance [C] To be brief [D] in general18.[A]reluctantly [B] entirely [C] gradually [D] carefully19.[A]promise [B] experience [C] caign [D] petitionfollow up [B] pick up [C] open up [D] end up Section Ⅱ Reading prehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts.Answerthe questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Markyour answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40points）Text1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK “town of culture“ award.Theproposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 20XX and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1.Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, out not to be confined to cities.Britain＇town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger petitions.Atown of culture award could, it is argued, bee an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sough-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in2021.Acynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture? It is also wise to recall that such titles are not acure-all.Abadly run “year of culture“ washe s in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the munity.Thereally successful holders of such titles are thosethat do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.Theytransform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.Itis hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, munity.groupsand cultural organisations.Butit can be done: Glasgow＇s year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of plex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A “town of culture“ could be not just about thearts but about honoring a town＇s peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21.Copper and her colleague argue that a “town of culture“ award would ___.A.consolidatethe town city ties in Britain B.promotecooperation among Brain＇s towns C.increasethe economic strength of Brain＇s towns D.focusBrain＇s limited resources on culturalevents.22.Accordingto paragraph2, the proposal might be regarded by some as______..A.asensible promise B.aself-deceiving attempt C.aneye-catching bonus D.aninaccessible target23.Theauthor suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______A.endeavorto maintain its image B.meetsthe aspiration of its people C.bringsits local arts to prominence D.mitsto its long-term growth24.“Glasgow”is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______A.a contrasting case B.asupporting exle C.abackground story D.arelated topic25.Whatis the author＇s attitude towards theproposal?A.SkepticalB.ObjectiveC.FavorableD.CriticalText2 Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money.Scientistsneed joumals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without moary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production ofscientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientificpublishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when therest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish25% of the scientific papers produced in the world , made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in20XX to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in20XX, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since20XX.Thesuccess of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.Insome ways it has been very successful.Morethan half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freelyavailable from the moment of publication, or paywalledfor a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishershave responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.Theserange from around ￡500 to $5,000.Areport last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs” had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social inter: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26.Scientificpublishing is seen as“a licence to printmoney“ partly because________ [A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.27.Accordingto Paragraphs2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.[B] gone through an existential crisis.[C] revived the publishing industry.[D] financed researchers generously.28.Howdoes the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?[A] Relieved.[B] Puzzled.[C] Concerned [D] Encouraged.29.Itcan be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________ [A]allow publishers some room to make money.[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.[D] free universities from financial burdens.30.Whichof the following characteristics the scientific publishing model? [A] Trial subscription is offered.[B] Labour triumphs over status.[C] Costs are well controlled.D] The few feed on the many.Text 3 Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field.Butall too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro TemporePatricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity“ on boards and missions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female.Inorder to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government as.Ifthe bills bee law, state boards and missions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adoptedin Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender as for private panies.Insigning the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an “important“ policy interest, Because the Califor nia law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that thelaw violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection“.But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may notcurrently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what? The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference.Accordingto a study by Catalyst, between2021 and20XX the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring panies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.Thatis exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender a.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt“phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop upmultiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate as as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.31.Theauthor believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________ [A] help little to reduce gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women＇s position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32.Whichof the following is true of the California measure?[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is weled by the Supreme Court, [C] It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will settle the prior controversies.33.Theauthor mentions the study by Catalyst toillustrate____ [A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34.Norway＇sadoption of a nationwide corporate gender a has led to____ [A] the underestimation of elite women＇s role.[B] the objection to female participation on boards.[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between labor and management.35.Whichof the following can be inferred from the text? [A] Women＇s need in employment should be considered.[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4 Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France.Digitalservices include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces.ManyFrench politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax,“ meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to panies such as Google, Apple, and Amazon- in other words, multinational tech panies basedin the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.Butit has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American panies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue.Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions.Thesehave included Britain＇s DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia＇s MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India＇s SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few.Atthe same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to taxmultinationals on ine and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right.Inother words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of2021 on an international solution.BothFrance and the United States are involved in the organization＇ s work, but France＇s digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France`s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American panies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.TheFrench Senate has passed a bill to_____ [A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French panies＇ interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37.Itcan be learned from Paragraph2 that the digital services tax _____ [A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38.Thecountries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____ [A] redistribution of tech giants＇revenue must be ensured.[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.[C] tech multinationals＇ monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39.Itcan be learned from Para 5 that the OECO＇s current work_____ [A] is being resisted by US panies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to in involve more countries.40.Whichof the following might be the.besttitle for this text? [A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions [B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax [C] France Says “NO“ to Tech Multinationals [D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed.ForQuestions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numberedblanks.Thereare two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points) [A] Eye fixactions are brief [B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude [C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal [D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact [E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated [F] Most people are not fortable holding eye contact with strangers [G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way.But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their petitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here ＇s what hard science reveals about eye contact: 41.________________We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother＇s eyes, and she will look back .This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child.Inadulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a plimentary sign of paying attention.Itcan catch someone＇s attention in a crowded room, “Eye contact and smile“ can signal availability and confidence, a mon-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42.________ Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a briefinterview when the direction of their gaze wasrecorded.Thiswas also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact.Specificbrain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43.________ With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it＇s more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarialsituations.Whetheryou＇re a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep ＇in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you＇re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,“ said Minson.44.________ When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth.Thesepauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots.Howthe whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45.________ In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated withself-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues.Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ-“ A more directfinding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more fortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.Part C Translation Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Yourtranslation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known.It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being.Renaissanceideas had spread throughout Europe well into the17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition.46.With（the gap between）the church＇s teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery.47.Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.Copernicustheorized in1543 that in actual fact, all of the plas that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense.Offeringup such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.Galileowas exmunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.48.Despiteattempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made, and at a rate that the people-including the Church -could no longer ignore.Itwas with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church＇s long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists andscientists.Thisvery fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the17th century.49.As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world.The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The17th and18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity.Scientificmethod, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress.50.Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase ＇sapere aude ＇ or ＇ dare to know＇, after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek outthe truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.Section IV Writing Part A 51.Directions: The Student Union of your university has assigned you toinform theinternational students an uping singingcontest.Writea notice in about100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your name in the notice.Part B 52: Directions: Write an essay of160-200 words based on the picture below.In your essay, you should:1) Describe the picture briefly;2) Interpret the implied meaning, and 3) Give your ments。

GENERAI ENGLISH QUALIFYING TESTFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR GRADUATE STUDENTS(GETJAN0811)考试注意事项一、本考试由两份试卷组成：试卷一 (Paper One)包括听力明白得、辞汇、完形填空与阅读明白得四部份，共80题，按顺序统一编号；试卷二(Paper Two)包括翻译与写作两部份，共3题。

二、试卷一(题号1-80)为客观评分题(听力Section C部份除外)，答案一概用2B 铅笔做在机读答题纸上，在对应题号下所选的字母中间划黑道，如[A][B][C][D]。

三、试卷二为主观评分题，答案做在ANSWER SHEET II上。

答题前，请认真阅读试卷二的注意事项。

四、试卷一、试卷二上均不得作任何记号(听力Section C部份除外)，答案一概写在答题纸上，不然无效。

五、本考试全数时刻为150分钟，采纳试卷一与试卷二分卷计时的方法。

试卷一考试时刻为90分钟，听力明白得部份以放完录音带为准，大约25分钟；其余部份共计时65分钟，每部份所占时刻均标在试卷上，考生可自行把握。

试卷二共计时60分钟，每部份所占时刻均标在试卷上，考生可自行把握。

六、试卷一与试卷二采取别离收卷的方法。

每次终了时刻一到，考生一概搁笔，等候监考教师收点试卷及答题纸。

全数考试终止后，须待监考教师将全数试卷及答题纸收点无误并宣布本考试终止，方可离开考场。

PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION(25 minutes，20 points)Section A(1 point each)Directions：In each section，you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers．At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said．The conversations and the questions will be read only once．Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet．1．A．He was beaten by a fellow worker．B．He was laughed at by a fellow worker．C．He was fired from his work．D．He was replaced by his co-worker．2．A．He did it like everyone else．B．He was not speeding basically．C．He would like to pay the fine．．D．The policeman was unfair to him．3．A．Talk about their fishing experiences．B．Drive the woman’s dad to the station together．C．Put off their fishing plan for the next weekend．D．Go fishing after the woman sees her dad off．4．A．She thought the man’s project had been finished．B．She didn’t know the man’s project was urgent．C．She thinks the man shouldn’t be so stressed．D．She thinks the man has exaggerated about his project．5．A．He knows psychology very well．B．Psychology is beyond his comprehension．C．Psychology is his major．D．He has forgotten the theory of psychology6．A．It’s a pleasant surprise．B．It’s really unexpected．C．It’s very sad．D．It’s a pity．7．A．He was disappointed with the service．B．He Was satisfied with the service．C．He finally got what he wanted．D．He would like to try it again．8．A．He didn’t finish his finals week．B．He failed most of his examinations．C．He couldn’t remember what he had prepared in the exams．D．He couldn’t concentrate during the exams．9．A．Not enjoyable．B．Just so so．C．It’s his favorite．D．He likes it．Section B(1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear two mini．talks．At the end of each talk, there will be some questions．Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once．After each question，there will be a pause．During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer SheetMini-talk One10．A．T0 start up her own business．B．To gain experience．C．To save for her tuition．D．To help her family．11．A．Because he could have more spare credits．B．Because the 15-credit-plan was more cost-efficient．C．Because he had to make up 15 credits．D．Because the 15-credit-plan was easier．12．A．To become an intern．B．To challenge traditions．C．To start up her own business．D．To get a full time job．Mini-talk Two13．A．The United States has declared its independence．B．Lady Liberty is a gift from the people of France．C．American people have shaken off the oppression．D．The United States has broken off its relations with UK．14．A．Lady Liberty．B．Liberty Lady．C．The Statue of Liberty．D．Liberty Enlightening the World．15．A．By bus．B．By boat．C．By car．D．By subway．Section C (1 point each)Directions：In this section you will hear a short lecture．Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture．You will hear the recording twice．After the recording you are asked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet．You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below．(请在录音终止后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上)16. Mental health experts also include other disorders like ___________ (4 words) that affect millions of people．17．Mental health problems are most severe in poor countries that __________(3 words) to deal with them．18．About half of all mental health problems first appear before __________(4 words)．19．According to WHO，how many people suffered from depression in 2020? (4 words) 20．The disability caused by mental disorders can have a big impact on __________.(3 words)PART Ⅱ VOCABULARY(10 minutes，10 points)Section A point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined .Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A , B,C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. It was fascinating to watch my husband as he literally became President before my eyes．A. liberallyB. wisely C．actually D．theoretically22. The rights that the citizens of those countries enjoy can all be incorporated in the laws of those individual countries．A．embodied B．excluded C．immersed D．interpreted 23．These are the men and women who run the house and tend to the special needs of its residents．A．take to B．amount to C．attend to D．object to 24．These women hoped that the cease-fire would continue and that the violence would end once and for all．A. quickly B．conclusively C．universallyD．temporarily25. There is some excitement on the horizon, but I can’t tell you about it．A. in the distance B．soon to happen C．without a question D．at first sight26. Low interest rates created easy credit conditions, fueling a housing construction boom and encouraging consumption．A. contaminating B．extinguishing C．stimulating D．transporting 27．War involves inflicting the greatest amount of damage in the briefest space of time．A. imposing B．avoiding C．compensating D．fabricating28. Inflation can destroy the fabric of society by adversely affecting fixed income groups．A. stabilityB. perplexity C．evolution D．structure29. The participants of the meeting were astonished by the discrepancy between the mayor’s words and his actionsA．difference B．correlation C．conformity D．separation 30．The English writing of college students in China is generally redundant for lack of specific words．A．ambiguous B．wordy C．unconvincing D．stereotypedSection B point each)Directions：There are ten questions in this section．Each question is a sentence with something missing．Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D． Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence．Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet．31． Without mutual trust，the willingness to engage _______ in the learning processis hindered．A．deliberately B．collaboratively C．destructively D．individually32． Humans have to settle the problems with food, clothes and _______ before they call survive．A．cabin B．mansion C．shed D．shelter33． How did it ________ that in English the correlation between spelling and pronunciation is not very close?A．come about B．come on C．come to D．come by34．While the test-oriented approach to teaching is _________ desirable，it is widely used in China．A．other than B．not only C．nothing but D．far from35．In January 1995，George M . Bush ________ was as the new governor of Texas．A．turned in B．taken in C．sworn in D．put in 36．The latest data showed that global ozone ________ had dropped several percent over the last decade．A．penetrations B．concentrations C．dimensions D．extensions 37．Scientists have been trying to ________ what factors can cause aging．A．find out B．turn out C．set out D．carry out38．Ten years ________ her career as a lawyer, she decided to start her own firmin Chicago．A．within B．during C．into D．amid39．The tower of the World Trade Center ________ after it was hit by the plane．A．dissipated B．paddled C．hedged D．collapsed40．I could speak their language and ________ with their problems because I have been there myself.A．collide B．coincide C．identify D．associatePART Ⅲ CLOZE TEST(10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions：There are 10 questions in this part of the test．Read the passage through．Then , go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A．B．C. orD for each blank in the passage．Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on),our machine-scoring Answer Sheet．Early in January 2020，the temperature in Tanana，Alaska, fell to 55 below zero F．It was so cold that when the airport runway lights stopped working，crews were 41 from going outside to fix them．So it was a real concern when Vicky Aldridge，a nurse practitioner at the village health center, realized that 61-year-old Winkler Bifelt was bleeding 42 and needed medical treatment at Fairbanks Memorial Hospital， 43 150 miles away．The sun was already down when Aldridge made the 44 telephone callto Frontier Flying Service in Fairbanks．“We told them the only way we could fly was if they could find enough vehiclesto 45 the runway with headlights so we could land,” said Bob Hajdukovich，the company’s president．Aldridge’s next calls went to airport and town officials，who， 46 called villagers．Forty five minutes later, enough cars，trucks，minivans and snowmobiles had lined up SO that the runway was 47 .Pilots Nate Thompson and David Fowler landed without 48 , and then tookoff again，with Bifelt．“There is this wonderful caring 49 in the village，”Aldridge said．“If anyone needs anything，all I have to do is call one or two people and everything will get 50 .41．A．objected B．obstructed C．obliged D．observed 42．A．intimately B．integrally．C．intentionally D．internally 43．A．1ess B．some C．but D．even 44．A．eagerness B．pressure C．emergency D．hurry45．A．1ine B．cross C．span D．park46．A．by turns B．in turn C．in order D．in return47．A．1ightened B．illustrated C．cleared D．widened 48．A．reason B．support C．hesitation D．consideration 49．A．status B．occasion C．surrounding D．atmosphere 50．A．into control B．out of danger C．done well with D．taken care ofPART IV READING COMPREHENSION(45 minutes，30 points，1 point each)Directions：In this part of the test, there are five short passages．Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow．Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet．Passage OneNovember 25 is the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women．This day was recognized by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1999 with a view to raising public awareness of violations of the rights of women．Why was this step necessary?In many cultures women are viewed and treated as inferior or as second class citizens． Prejudices against them are deep rooted． Gender based violence in all its forms is all its forms is an ongoing problem，even in the so-called developed world．According to former UN Secretary General Kofi Anna, “violence against women is global in reach, and takes place in all societies and cultures. It affects women no matter what their race, social origin, birth or other status may be.”Radhika Coomaraswamy, UN expert of the Commission on Human Rights on violence against women, says in his report that for the vast majority of women, violenceagainst women is “a taboo issue，invisible in society and a shameful fact of life.”Statistics issued by a victim study institution in Holland indicate that 23 percent of women in one South American country, or about 1 in 4, suffer some form of domestic violence. Likewise, the Council of Europe estimates that 1 in 4 European women suffer domestic violence during their lifetime. According to the British Home Office in England and Wales in one recent year, an average of two women each week were killed by current or former partners. The magazine India Today International reported that “for women across India, fear is a constant companion and rape is the stranger they may have to confront at every corner, on any road，in any public place at any hour.”UN experts described violence against women and girls as “today’s most serious human fights challenge.”51．This passage is intended to _________.A．point out the root of violence against womenB．find solutions 10 violence against womenC．criticize the governments’ inaction about violence against womenD．make people better aware of violence against women52．The word “gender” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _________.A．race B．society C．culture D．sex53．According to former UN Secretary General Kofi Anna，violence against women could be widely found _________.A．in South American countriesB．in rich countriesC．in developing countriesD．across the world54．By “violence against women is a taboo issue”，Radhika Coomaraswamy means that the vast majority of women _________.A．turn a blind eye to the problemB．don’t want to talk about the problemC．turn a deaf ear to the problemD．have been accustomed to the problem55．According to the last paragraph，violence against women is _________.A．more serious in South American countriesB．more serious in European countriesC．equally serious in South American and European countriesD．1ess serious in developed countries56．According to the passage，women in India _________.A．often live in the fear of violence against themB．suffer more serious domestic violenceC．must have their companions everywhereD．are facing most serious human rights challengesPassage TwoWhen you think of monkeys，you probably think of the Tropics．Few species of monkeys venture into temperate lands．Nevertheless，there are one or two notable exceptions．In the high Atlas Mountains of North Africa，where snowfall is common during the winter, small groups of Barbary apes roam through forests of cedar and oak．One isolated group of these monkeys can be found 200 miles to the north，living on the Rock of Gibraltar, at the southern most tip of Europe．How do naturalists explain this mystery? Some believe that the monkeys colonized other areas of Europe in the distant past and that those of Gibraltar are the only surviving group．Others think that Arabic or British colonizers brought them to the Rock．Legend has it that the monkeys crossed the narrow straits dividing Europe from Africa by means of a long—lost underground tunnel．Whatever their origin，they are now the only free range monkeys found in Europe．The Barbary apes are not actually apes．They are tailless monkeys．The Barbary apes inhabit the pine woods that cover the upper part of the Rock．Although they number only a hundred or so, they have become “the peninsula’s most famous residents,” according to the International Primate Protection League．Since seven million tourists visit Gibraltar every year，the mischievous monkeys have an ample food supply．Although they feed on wild plants．they have becomeskilled at begging and occasionally stealing food from visitors．Local authorities also provide the monkeys with fruit and vegetables．Apart from feeding，the monkeys spend 20 percent of their day grooming each other. Both male and female monkeys care for and play with the young ones. They live in close knit groups, where stress sometimes leads to confrontation. While the older monkeys use threats and screams to chase away the younger ones，they also have an unusual tooth—chattering behavior that seems to calm them down．Their arrival on Gibraltar may remain a mystery；still，these sociable monkeys add a special charm to the limestone headland that guards the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea．Gibraltar world not be the same without them.57．The monkeys on the Rock of Gibraltar are special because _________.A．they live in tropic areasB．they inhabit temperate landsC．they live in forestsD．they came from North Africa58．Which of the following is NOT the possible origin of the Gibraltar monkeys?A．They may be the surviving group of European monkeys．．B．They may have been brought to Gibraltar by colonizers．C．They may have come from Africa through the long—lost tunnel．D．They may have swum across the narrow straits from Africa．59．The population of “the peninsula’s most famous residents”_________.A．is growing rapidlyB．outnumbers the local peopleC．is threatened by too many visitorsD．is about five scores60．We can learn from the 5th paragraph that Gibraltar monkeys _________.A．mainly feed on food from visitorsB．often threaten local touristsC．are very naughtyD．are raised by．the local authorities61．The word “grooming” in the 6m paragraph is closest in meaning to _________.A．cleaning B．biting C．fighting D．isolating62．According to the passage, _________.A．Gibraltar would be better without the monkeysB．the monkeys have added beauty to the Rock of GibraltarC·Gibraltar monkeys and those in the high Atlas Mountains are of different speciesD．the older Gibraltar monkeys are very fierce to the younger onesPassage ThreeWhich would You give up：TV, Cell，Or Web? From November 6 to December 3，a 1-question online Poll was placed on high-traffic websites in 15 countries (Australia，Brazil，Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Netherlands, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Spain, United Kingdom, United States). A total of 150 respondents in each country participated in the poll．In this global survey, 11 of 15 countries say they’d turn off the TV before they’d silence their cell phone or log off the Internet. Women，especially, will give up their favorite shows，voting to do so by a greater percentage than men in all but four countries. “I work 50-plus hours a week and more importantly, the programs 1 watch on TV are free on the web.” Paula Kress of Georgia explains why she’d give up on TV.Younger respondents are more likely to take a pass on television，but older folks don’t necessarily stay away from the online experience．In Singapore，not a single person over 45 voted to stop surfing．“I'm not much for sitting in front of the screens，but I need the Interact to keep in touch with friends and family．”Hanna Lama explains why she’d keep the web and ditch TVIn the United States，people voted to give up TV, yet Americans sit in front of the flat screen for an average of four hours，37 minutes a day．But if the decision had been made by respondents over 45，the cell phone would have．gotten the boot instead．In Canada people voted to give up the cell．The cost effect analysis shows thatpeople there pay some of the highest rates for their cell phone plans，which may be why they have the lowest number of cell users among the western countries polled．“I don’t want to be reachable at every moment”is another logical explanation．Why was Brazil the only country to pick the Internet (and by such a huge margin)? Brazil has some of the lowest rates of Internet use worldwide, with just 35 users per l00 people．(The U．S．and U．K．both have 72.) Brazil’s cost to hook up is also high，about $26 a month，compared with $7.4 in Germany．63．What is the most important reason for Paula Kress to give up TV?A．She doesn’t have time to watch TV．B．She doesn’t like sitting in front of screens．C．She can watch TV programs on the web．D．She finds online programs more interesting．64．Survey results in Singapore show that _________.A．women watch TV programs for a longer period of time than menB．men depend as much on cell phones as women doC．younger people use cell phones more than older peopleD．older people enjoy the Internet just like the younger ones65·Which of the following phrases is closest in meaning to“get the boot”(Para．3)?A. be dismissed B．catch on C．be favored D．become dominant66．It is implied that among the Americans polled，there were more _________.A．men B．women C．younger people D．older people 67．How many countries picked the cell phone in the survey?A．2．B．3．C．4．D．5．68．In the last paragraph，the author mainly _________.A．describes the findings in the Brazilian surveyB．discusses the gap between Brazil and the western worldC．presents the reasons behind the Brazilian decisionD．analyzes the development of the Internet in BrazilPassage FourToday, world leaders are discussing climate change and what—if anything—can be done to combat global warming. Extreme weather conditions have brought home the fact that our climate is changing--and changing fast．It may be easy to be fatalistic about it, but the truth is that although we humans have caused the problem, we also have the solution. “Think global and act local,”said Friends of the Earth founder David Bower. In many small but important ways we can make a difference. Here are my top tips for how to begin：Count your food miles. What you eat and where you buy it affects global emissions. Pollution from transport is the fastest growing source of carbon dioxide emissions, so it is madness to fly out-of-season vegetables across the world to supermarkets．We should lobby supermarkets for a system of classifying food according to the distance travelled：0 for local food， l for British，2 for Europe，and 3 for intercontinental．Turn off anything that winks at you. A video recorder on standby uses almost as much electricity as one playing a tape．Turning down the thermostat by one degree．not leaving TV and music centre on standby，turning off lights，putting lids on cooking pots，and only half-filling kettles can cut energy consumption by 30％，saving your money as well as saving the planet．Just stop using petrol. Yes you can，and the car industry may (eventually) help you. Hydrogen-powered cars are loved by car designers and could become a reality in about 1 0 years. Meanwhile, consider convening to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)．You won’t be alone：a new pump for this is opening every day. Meanwhile，you can cut down on conventional petrol use just by changing driving habits—no rapid acceleration，lower speeds，keeping tires at the right pressure·Well，you can always walk. Or cycle. The majority of car journeys are less than five miles and．Honestly, once you’ve stepped out，you’ll find it’s really not that bad．The only energy used is your own and that’s healthy. You only have to look at the collective strength of the people’s fuel lobby to know this makes sense．These changes will save you money which you should invest in an ethical savingaccount. They are profitable and they put the pressure on business to clean up its act．69．In the first paragraph, the author tries to emphasize _________.A．his concern over climate changeB．his optimism in finding a way outC．the necessity of global actionsD．the difficulty in reaching an agreement70．Which conclusion can be drawn from paragraph 2?A．Centralized distribution of food is highly efficient and cost-effective．B．Organic food from abroad is better than food produced locally．C．Supermarkets do a great job of offering a wide selection of goods．D．It’s better for us consumers to shop in local farmers’ markets．71．In Paragraph 3 the author tries to convey the message that _________.A．small changes in small habits can make big differencesB．it is not easy for us to reduce energy consumption at homeC．the present way of using energy leaves much to be desiredD．we individuals may not help much in fighting global warming72．At present, to replace petrol-driven cars，people may choose cars driven by _________.A．electricity B．LPG C．hydrogen D．biofuel73．For most of the car journeys，walking or cycling _________.A．is a waste of time B．is undesirableC．is a feasible option D．is what people prefer74．The passage is focused on _________.A．the impact of climate change on people’s livesB．the importance of individuals improving the environmentC．the benefits of cutting energy consumptionD．the small ways that can help fight global warmingPassage FiveSome years ago，thumping，jumping noises routinely issued from the apartment upstairs as if baby elephants were competing in the 50-yard dash. I went up one day to politely inquire. “No, nobody’s making noise here”the husband and wife both insisted．It must be coming from elsewhere in the building.”Two children about five years old，each holding soccer balls, stood fight beside their parents. “Could the thumping be your kids running around, perhaps playing soccer?” I asked．“Oh no, we never let the kids play in the house．”For months, the pattern continued: the thumping and jumping above, our delicate check-in, the denial. It got so that every time I saw the couple, I glared without a word of greeting. When they moved out of the building, the thumping stopped.I suppose I could have forgiven my neighbors and spared them the glare. After a11, forgiveness is in, a trend advocated by best-selling books, foundations and research institutes．The notion has gone well beyond spiritual leaders advising that forgiveness is good for the soul and that hard feelings will turn us bitter and hostile. Now the medical community cites studies showing that forgiveness can prevent heart attacks, lower blood pressure and even ease depression．I may be outnumbered，but I still believe in the healing power of the grudge(不满)．I’ve deployed grudges with an equal-opportunity sense of fairness—against teachers and classmates， bosses and colleagues，family and friends．I’ve chosen to stop speaking to certain people permanently and occasionally even spoken ill of them—but more with disbelief than a sense of revenge．I’m neither proud nor ashamed．But I’ve discovered that nothing feels quite as satisfying as a grudge well nursed．I’m not against forgiveness itself; I have forgiven people for rudeness as well as for deep misunderstandings and have done so without holding on to hard feelings. What I deplore is the propaganda about forgiveness. No longer an option，forgiveness is an official order. Forgiving so democratically cheapens the very act．A long standing grudge suggests that we hold certain standards, that we respect ourselves enough to reject bad behavior. Failure to forgive can be just as righteous, just as honorable as forgiveness itself.75．The author would probably describe the neighbors as __________.A．careless B．dishonest C．ignorant D．immodest76．Paragraph 3 is focused on __________.A．how forgiveness is good for US spiritually and physicallyB．how forgiveness has become a fashionable conceptC．what has changed people’s understanding of forgivenessD．what is the true meaning and virtue of forgiveness77. By “I may be outnumbered”(Para．4)，the author means that most people in her situation would probably _________.A．tell people how bad the neighbors areB．refuse to speak to the neighborsC．try to practice forgiveness to the neighborsD．ask the neighbors for an explanation78．The author seems ________ what she always does with grudges．A．ashamed of B．proud of C．satisfied with D．disappointed with 79．It can be 1earned that the author _________.A．has great difficulty forgiving peopleB．regrets failing to practice forgivenessC．wants to learn how to forgive peopleD．opposes “forgiveness without principle”80．The best title for the passage is __________.A．To Forgive is GodB．The Right Not to ForgiveC．Forgiveness in，Grudge outD．The Power of ForgivenessPAPER TWO译写答题注意事项一、小试卷(PaperTwo)答案一一概写在答题纸Ⅱ(Answer Sheet Ⅱ)一，草稿纸上的答题内容一概不予计分。

Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 20 points)Section A ( 1 point each)1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B. Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C. Unmarried girls were allowed to compete with men.D. Unmarried women were allowed to watch it somewhere2. A. She needs to buy some new clothes.B. She cares a lot about what to wear.C. The man doesn't work hard enough.D. The man should buy some new ties.3. A. Takes a hot bath.B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4. A. They have a very close relationship.B. They don't spend much time together.C. They are getting along with each other better.D. They are generally pretty cold to each other.5. A. His sixth sense told him.B. He is unskillful with his present job.C. His present job pays too little.D. His present job is too demanding.6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B. Seven people were killed in the accident.C. Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7. A. 2754201.B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8. A. She had no chance to speak.B. She was speechless.C. She talked a lot to the star.D. She saw too many people around the star.9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B. Because it provides a lot of information.C. Because it is the top one on the list of newspapers.D. Because it is an inside newspaper.Section B (1 point each)Mini-talk One10. A. Because other scientists had raised questions about these claims.B. Because some of its scientists had made false claims before.C. Because the claims were very important to the study of physics.D. Because some of its scientists published too many papers in a year.11. A. He made up false data in the experiment to support his new findings.B. He used information from previous work to support his new findings.C. He denied other scientists' involvement in his experiments.D. He was not productive in writing scientific papers.12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon's publications.B. They asked Mister Schon to apologize to the public.C. They recalled Mister Schon's title as a Nobel Prize winner.D. They removed Mister Schon from his position.Mini-talk Two13. A. The winner should write a report to the committee of the foundation.B. The winner should report to the committee before they spend the moneyC. The winner should not be a government official.D. The winner should be nominated by the foundation's directors.14. A. For her achievements in environmental protection.B. For her achievements in developing computer software.C. For her achievements in developing warships.D. For her achievements in developing robots.15. A. He was recognized as a genius by the foundation's directors.B. He helped the developing countries to fight .against earthquakes.C. He helped the third world countries to develop quickly.D. He ran a non-profit international organization.Section C ( 1 point each)16. What did the several hundred college students compete to build recently in Washington, D.C.?17. Which department in the United States organized the competition?18. How many teams took part in the competition?19. How much did each team spend on equipment and other materials?20. What is the purpose of the competition?PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each )21. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of theconversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again and take in most of human life.A. acceptB. understandC. supportD. include22. The applicant was so choked with excitement at the acceptance notification that he could hardly bringout a goodbye.A. blow outB. give outC. get away withD. come out with23. Science education has an important role to play in this reorientation toward fostering creative scientists.A. reformingB. yieldingC. breedingD. conceiving24. Once a proposal goes into place, it's next to impossible to reverse it.A. overthrowB. enhanceC. implementD. provoke25. A punctual person always deals with something properly when it has to be attended to.A. participated inB. seen toC. concentrated onD. involved in26. The majority of these graduate students have but one aspiration--to be top economists.A. inspirationB. ambitionC. requestD. acquisition27. She is found immersed in her studies almost every time I call at her room.A. absorbed inB. submerged inC. saturated withD. agonized by28. The latest evidence suggests that the possibility of recurrence of the bird flu has been eliminated.A. given outB. ruled outC. written outD. turned out29. We are obliged to the teaching stuff here for their academic guidance and profound influence.A. committedB. compelledC. gratefulD. respectful30. Humans have the ability to modify the environment and subject other forms of life to their peculiarideas and fancies.A. novelB. particularC. arbitraryD. fantasticSection B (0.5 point each)31. These ____ salespersons of insurance will be introduced to relevant regulations and business strategies.A. prospectiveB. perspectiveC. respectiveD. protective32. Skin, being sturdy and ______ and well supplied with blood, tolerates injury well and recovers quickly.A. flexibleB. looseC. elasticD. resourceful33. Since teacher behavior is ______ for public display, teachers must be cautious in their personal lives.A. held upB. used upC. kept upD. dressed up34. The concept of personal choice _____ health behaviors is an important one.A. in face ofB. in case ofC. in relation toD. in charge of35. The so-called "brain drain" refers to the fact people carrying heavy responsibilities becomedisillusioned and end up by ________.A. immigratingB. migratingC. integratingD. emigrating36. As fulfillment seldom________ to anticipation, there is no need to feel upset.A. amountsB. correspondsC. addsD. contributes37. The technique provides more detailed information about subtle differences in gene activity __ withcancer-causing pathways.A. coupledB. stainedC. associatedD. integrated38. It was by no means easy to work for a president who demanded security beyond what was really ____.A. called forB. called forthC. called upD. called at39. The display of goods needs to be ______ with the store's atmosphere.A. persistentB. existentC. insistentD. consistent40. These Christians often ask themselves what they have to do to live an _____life.A. externalB. originalC. eternalD. optimalPART III CLQZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, I point each)The chicken is probably the most populous bird on earth. According to 41 , there are over 13 billion chickens! And its meat is so popular that more than 73 billion pounds of it are consumed each year. 42 , hens produce some 600 billion eggs a year worldwide.The chicken is a descendant of the red jungle fowl of Asia. Man soon discovered that the chicken could be domesticated easily. But it was 43 the 19th century that mass production of chickens and eggs became a commercial 44.Today chicken is 45 the most popular poultry meat. Chickens are raised by minions of households for domestic and commercial use.Advanced scientific methods of breeding and raising have made chicken production one of the mostsuccessful agricultural industries. Modern techniques now make 46 possible for just one person to care for from 25,000 to 50,000 chickens. It takes the birds only three months to reach market weight. Many people 47 these mass-production techniques as cruel. But that has not stopped farmers from developing increasingly efficient ways of breeding these birds. Many of the birds raised by such methods are easily to die off----some as 48 of the deadly disease--the bird flu. Many farmers have neither the 49 nor the means to feed their chickens adequately, to provide proper housing for them, or to protect them from diseases.50 this reason programs have been started by the United Nations to help educate farmers in many countries.41. A. estimates B. evaluations C. judges D. legislations42. A. Surprisingly B. Essentially C. Additionally D. Generally43. A. up till B. rather than C. out of D. not until44. A. investment B. venture C. administration D. adventure45. A. by far B. by and by C. for good D. for all46. A. that B. those C. them D. it47. A. conceal B. condemn C. commence D. command48. A. witnesses B. sacrifices C. donations D. victims49. A. know-how B. how-so C. in-the-know D. how-come50. A. Because of B. Due to C. For D. AsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneOf all the accessories and adornments to clothes one perhaps pays least of all attention to buttons. Functional and often unexciting, replaced by zip fasteners or hooks and eyes, there is, one would think, nothing much to be said about the humble button.Yet it is very probable that buttons started life as ornaments; certainly it is not known that they had any practical function until the 13th century. By the 14th century buttons were once again ornamental, often wastefully so, to such an extent that it was by no means uncommon for a person of wealth and consequence to have as many as 300 buttons on a single article of dress. Unimaginable as it seems today, sewing superfluous buttons on clothes became a craze--not one that seems harmful to us though some Italians took a different view and a law against buttons was enforced in Florence. No buttons were to be worn on the upper arms: penalty for disobedience--a sound whipping. (How often this had to be carried out, history does not relate!)Most of the buttons on modem clothes which could be called decorative once did in fact serve a useful purpose. Buttons on boots are one good example. Sleeve buttons on men's coats are a reminder of the days when the fashion was for wearing shirts with frilly lace cuffs.On the tails of a modem tail coat there are indeed buttons which are purely ornamental but in earlier days horsemen used these buttons to keep the tails out of harm's way.With regard to the side on which clothes are buttoned, originally both male and female dress was buttoned on the left hand side. Change came when men had to have access to their swords.So perhaps it is worth taking a look at buttons.51. Which of the following statements is true regarding buttons?A. They have little function.B. They are the only useful accessory.C. They receive the least attention among accessories.D. They are one of the best adornments to any clothes.52. According to the author, ___________.A. buttons are used as ornaments only in modem timesB. buttons have been used as ornaments since the 14th centuryC. buttons were used as ornaments before the 13thcenturyD. buttons have been used as ornaments on and off throughout the history53. It is implied that in the 14th century buttons ___________.A. were a symbol of wealthB. were occasionally put on clothesC. began to have practical functionsD. represented the wearers' artistic taste54. In Florence, a city in Italy, buttons were once __________.A. loved by every citizenB. banned because they were a crazeC. considered harmful and nobody wore themD. forbidden on the upper arms55. It seems to the author that buttons _________.A. are worth a second lookB. have never served any functionC. should not be sewed on coatsD. play an important role in cur lives56. Male and female dress is now buttoned _________.A. on the right sideB. on the left sideC. on different sidesD. on the same sidePassage TwoBehind most of the bad things we do to our bodies as adults, eating more than we should is the idea we carry with us from childhood. On the one hand, we assume that we are indestructible. On the other, we think that any damage we impose on ourselves can be undone when we finally clean up our act.If the evidence for how wrong the first idea is isn't apparent when you stand naked in front of the mirror, just wait. But what if you eat right and drop all your bad habits? Is there still time to repair the damage?To a surprising degree, the answer is yes. Over the past five years, scientists have accumulated a wealth of data about what happens when aging people with bad habits decide to turn their lives around. The heartening conclusion: the body has an amazing ability to heal itself, provided the damage is not too great.The effects of some bad habits--smoking, in particular--can haunt you for decades. But the damage from other habits can be largely healed. “Any time you improve your behavior and make lifestyle changes, they make a difference from that point on”, says Dr. Jeffrey Koplan. “Maybe not right away. It's like slamming on the brakes. You do need a certain distance”.But the distance can be remarkably short. Consider the recent announcements from the front lines of medical research:--A study concluded that women who consume as little as two servings of fish a week cut their risk of suffering a stroke to half that of women who eat less than one serving of fish a month.--The day you quit smoking, the carbon monoxide levels in your body drop dramatically. Within weeks, your blood becomes less sticky and your risk of dying from a heart attack starts to decline Adopting healthy habits won't cure all that bothers you, of course. But doctors believe that many chronic diseases--from high blood pressure to heart disease and even some cancers----can be warded off with a few sensible changes in lifestyle.Not sure where to star? Surprisingly, it doesn't matter, since one positive change usually leads to another. Make enough changes, and you'll discover you've adopted a new way of life.57. Most people with bad habits of eating more than they should believe that _________.A. they can never change the habits that have haunted them for decadesB. their bodies cannot be damaged by the bad habitsC. their bodies can heal all the damage without the help from outsideD. they can force themselves to clean up the bad habits later58. The evidence to disapprove the assumption that we are indestructible ___________.A. is seldom apparentB. is clearly shown in the mirrorC. will appear obvious sooner or laterD. is still a question59. According to the passage the human body can heal the damage caused by bad habits _________.A. when the damage is not very seriousB. no matter how serious the damage isC. after we have dropped our bad habitsD. much more slowly than we think60. According to the recent announcements,___________.A. women should eat as much fish as possibleB. women are at a higher risk of suffering a stroke than menC. eating a little more fish can improve women's healthD. men don't have to eat as much fish as women61. It is implied in the passage that ___________.A. smokers have lower levels of carbon monoxide than non-smokersB. the blood of smokers is more sticky, than that of non-smokersC. smokers will be unlikely to die from heart attack if they quit smokingD. chronic diseases can be cured if we drop our habit of smoking62. In the last paragraph the author tells us _________.A. when we should start quitting our bad habitsB. it doesn't matter how we start quitting our bad habitsC. that making enough changes wilt make doctors unnecessary to usD. it's never too late to start making sensible changes in our lifestylePassage ThreeOur true challenge today is not debts and deft, its or global competition but the need to find a way to live rich, fulfilling lives without destroying the planet's biosphere, which supports all life. Humanity has never before faced such a threat: the collapse of the very elements that keep us alive.An apple is an easy thing to take for granted. If you live where apples grow in abundance, you might assume that they are readily available and better yet, that you may pick from a wide variety. But do you know that there are far fewer types to choose from today than there were 100 years ago?Between the years 1804 and 1905, there were 7,098 varieties of apples grown in the United States. Today 6,121 of those are extinct. But does diversity really matter?In the 1840's, Ireland's population exceeded eight million, making it the most densely populated country in Europe. Potatoes were its dietary mainstay, and a single variety called lumpers was the most widely grown.In 1845 the farmers planted their lumpers as usual, but a plant disease known as blight struck mad wiped out almost the entire crop. “Most of Ireland survived that difficult year,” wrote Paul Raeburn in hisbook The Last Harvest--The Genetic Gamble That Threatens to Destroy American Agriculture. “The devastation came the next year. Farmers had no choice but to plant the same potatoes again. They had no other varieties. The blight struck again, this time with overwhelming force. The suffering was indescribable.” Historians estimate that up to 1 million people died of starvation, while another 1.5 million emigrated, most to the United States. Those remaining suffered from crushing poverty.In the Andes of South America, farmers grew many varieties of potatoes, and only a few were affected by blight. Hence, there was no epidemic. Clearly, diversity of species and diversity, within species provide protection. The growing of just one uniform crop runs counter to this basic survival strategy and leaves plants exposed to disease or pests, which can destroy an entire region's harvest. That is why many farmers depend so heavily on the frequent use of pesticides, even though such chemicals are often environmentally hazardous.Why do farmers replace their many folk varieties with one uniform crop? Usually in response to economic pressures. Planting uniform crops promises ease of harvesting, attractiveness of the product, resistance to go bad, and high productivity. But these trends may be destroying man's own food supply.63. The main idea of the passage is___________.A. it is important to protect the earth's bio-diversityB. man is destroying his own food supplyC. we now have fewer bio-species than beforeD. numerous strains of plants can resist plagues64. With regard to the variety of apples in the United States _________.A. it is the fewest in variety in terms of plant familyB. over 80% of its varieties have been destroyedC. we have done our best to protect itD. it is as wide as it was 100 years ago65. The author tells the story in Ireland in the 1840's to show that__________.A. farmers should grow as many varieties of potatoes as in South AmericaB. potatoes should not be gown as a dietary, mainstayC. lumpers were not a choice variety of potatoesD. biodiversity is essential to life on earth66. The uniform crop of lumpers in Ireland in the 1840's_________.A. caused blight to strike Ireland repeatedlyB. caused Ireland's population to decline by halfC. destroyed the whole Irish agricultural traditionD. seriously devastated Ireland's economy67. Diversity of species and diversity within species can help plants _________.A. ward off some disastrous diseases and pestsB. resist natural disasters such as droughtsC. withstand the harmful effect of pesticidesD. yield bumper harvests68. Which of the following is NOT the reason that farmers replace their folk varieties with one uniform crop?A. They want to make more money.B. They want to have a higher output.C. They want to prevent the destruction of human food.D. They want to make their products more attractive.Passage FourIt is a well-documented fact that women still live longer than men. A 1998 study by Harvard Medical School geriatrician Thomas Perls offers two reasons: one is the evolutionary drive to pass on her genes; the other is the need to stay healthy enough to rear as many children as possible. A man's purpose is simply to carry genes that ensure longevity and pass them on to his children.Okay, so that's the legacy of our cave-dweller past. But what is it about a man's lifestyle that reduces his longevity? As action moviemakers know all too well, men are supercharged with testosterone. Aside from forcing us to watch frenzied movies like The Matrix Reloaded, the testes-produced hormone also triggers riskier behavior and aggression, and increases levels of harmful cholesterol, raising the risk of heart disease or stroke. Meanwhile, the female hormone chops harmful cholesterol and raises "good" cholesterol.As Perls's study points out: "Between ages 15 and 24, men are four to five times more likely to die than women. This time frame coincides with the onset of puberty and an increase in reckless and violet behavior in males. Researchers refer to it as a 'testosterone storm.' Most deaths in this male group come from motor vehicle accidents, followed by homicide, suicide...and drownings."While all this jumping from tall buildings may result in some accidental death, it still doesn't account for the onset of fatal illnesses at an earlier age. Statistically, men are crippled more quickly by illnesses like heart disease, stroke and cancer. A Singapore study found that while men were diagnosed with chronic illness two years earlier than women, women were also disabled by their illnesses four years later. Men more often engage in riskier habits like drinking alcohol and using recreational drugs, as well as eating to excess. And the stereotype about men being adverse to seeing a doctor on a regular basis? Studies have shown it's true.If your goal is to become the first 100-year-old man on your family tree, there are some things you can do to boost your odds. One is to examine what centenarians are doing right. According to the ongoing New England Centenarian Study, the largest comprehensive study of centenarians in the world, they can fend off or even escape age-associated diseases like heart attack, stroke, cancer diabetes and Alzheimer's. Ninety percent of those studied were functionally independent for the vast majority of their lives up until the age of 92, and 75% were just as autonomous at an average age of 95. "Centenarians disprove the perception that 'the older you get, the sicker you get.' Centenarians teach us that the older you get, the healthier you've been."69. This passage mainly discusses ____________.A. why women lead a healthier life than menB. how women can live longer and stay healthyC. what keeps men from enjoying a longer life spanD. whether men's life style leads to their early death70. According to Thomas Perls, which of the following a major factor is contributing to the relative longevity of women over men?A. Their natural urge to remain healthy.B. Their greater natural drive to pass on genes.C. Their need to bear healthy offspring.D. Their desire to have mere children.71. The author mentions “the legacy of our cave-dweller past” to ___________.A. support the argument about women's role in rearing childrenB. summarize a possible cause of different life expectanciesC. challenge the theory about our ancestors' behavior patternsD. illustrate the history of human evolution process72. According to the passage, testosterone is a hormone that__________.A. increases as men grow olderB. reduces risk factors in male behaviorC. leads to aggressive behavior and heart diseaseD. accounts for women's dislike for violent films73. Compared with women, men as a whole______________.A. suffer from depression more oftenB. suffer from diseases later than womenC. are reluctant to have physical checkupsD. are not affected by violent movies74. Centenarians refer to people who ___________.A. live longer than femalesB. live at the turn of the centuryC. are extremely independentD. are a hundred years or olderPassage FiveLast year, Curt Dunnam bought a Chevrolet Blazer with one of the most popular new features in high-end cars: the OnStar personal security system.The heavily advertised communications and tracking feature is used nationwide by more than two million drivers, who simply push a button to connect, via a built-in cellphone, to a member of the onStar staff. A Global Positioning System, or G.P.S., helps the employee give verbal directions to the driver or locate the car after an accident. The company can even send a signal to unlock car doors for locked-out owners, or honk the horn to help people find their cars in an endless plain of parking spaces. The biggest selling point for the system is its use in frustrating car thieves. Once an owner reports to the police that a car has been stolen, the company can track it to help arrest the thieves, a service it performs about 400 times each month.But for Mr. Dunnam, the more he learned about his car's security features, the less secure he felt. He has enough technical knowledge to worry that someone else--law enforcement officers, or hackers----could listen in on his phone calls, or gain control over his automotive systems without his knowledge or consent. "While I don't believe G.M. intentionally designed this system to facilitate such activities, they sure have made it easy," he said.Mr. Dunnam said he had become even more concerned because of a federal appeals court case involving a criminal investigation, in which federal authorities had demanded that a company attach a wiretap to tracking services like those installed in his car. The suit did not reveal which company was involved. A three-judge panel in San Francisco rejected the request, but not on privacy grounds; the panel said the wiretap would interfere with the operation of the safety services. OnStar has said that its equipment was not involved in that case. An OnStar spokeswoman, Geri Lama, suggested that Mr. Dunnam's worries were overblown. The signals that the company sends to unlock car doors or track location-based information can be triggered only with a secure exchange of specific identifying data, which ought to hinder all but the most determined hackers, she said.75. The most important feature of OnStar advertised by the company is that it can_____________.A. help people find their cars in the big parking lotB. give verbal direction to drivers lost in unfamiliar areasC. open car doors for owners unable to find their car keysD. make it difficult for thieves to get away with stolen cars76. We can conclude from the passage that OnStar is __________.A. too complicated to use especially for new driversB. not as useful and effective as the company claimsC. popularly used among the more expensive carsD. not widely used in the country except in a few states77. Mr. Dunnam felt dissatisfied with OnStar because ___________.A. his personal information might be revealedB. his demand for better services was rejectedC. OnStar posed potential danger to driving safetyD. OnStar had been developed mainly to facilitate police work78. The three-judge panel rejected the request of the federal authorities because_________.A. it was in violation of individual privacyB. it was against the Constitution of the nationC. the wiretap might affect the safety of personal dataD. the wiretap might reduce the efficiency of the system79. OnStar spokeswoman suggested that Mr. Dunnam's worries ____________.A. exaggerated the problems that might occurB. represented reasonable concerns of customersC. presented problems for them to solveD. made sense due to the existence of hackers80. The passage is mainly written to___________.A. promote the brand and sale of OnStarB. point out the worries caused by OnStarC. introduce the new features of OnStarD. show the future trend represented by OnStarPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)As a branch of cognitive science, linguistics has undergone systematic inquiry and elaboration in terms of language acquisition and classification. When it comes to language learning, the spelling of Chinese characters is notoriously difficult to Westerners, who are often left puzzled about numerous strokes. In China, the myth remains that maximum efficiency can be achieved by exposing young children to native speakers as early as possible. However, a more profound insight into the process of language acquisition won't be gained until studies of the brain have developed to the point where the function of each part of the brain is brought to light. The eagerness to make children proficient in English on the part of parents in China is open to question.Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)计算机被认为是有史以来对人类生活影响最大的发明。

Passage1（共4句）1. Among his first efforts in this area was “Tommy Tucker’s Tooth” (1922), a short combining live action and animation made on assignment for a local dentist.他在这个领域的第一个成就是“汤米塔克的牙”（1922），一部结合了生动动作和动画，描述给当地医生任务的短剧。

2. A 1945 Look magazine article, titled “Walt Disney: Teacher of Tomorrow,” described Disney as “revolutionizing an educational system” and cited how the Donald Duck short “The New Spirit,” made for the United States Treasury Department, affected 37 percent of Americans regarding their willingness to pay taxes1945年，瞭望杂志一篇标题为“沃特迪斯尼：老师的明天”的文章，把迪斯尼描述为“改革一个教育体系”，并且引用美国财政部是如何用唐老鸭短剧“新的精神”来影响37%的美国人交税的意愿。

3. This film contributed to Disney’s being presented with an award of merit, for his contribution to public safety, by the Automobile Club of Southern California.因为迪斯尼对于公共安全的贡献，南加利福尼亚汽车俱乐部给予迪斯尼功绩的奖赏。

2019-2020学年中国科学院兰州分院中学高三英语上学期期中试题及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项APeople in the Middle Ages did eat with their hands. Personal utensils (餐具) were mostly unheard of, especially forks. There were spoons to help serve, but only special guests would receive a knife from the host. Everyone else would be expected to bring their own. Of course, eating with one's hands can be quite a sticky situation, so towels were provided to help diners stay at least somewhat clean as they ate.Still, dining was often a messy affair. At special occasions in the wealthiest households, women tended to dine alone, separate from the men. Women were expected to uphold a quality of grace. Eating greasy meat by hand would certainly not help! Once the men and women had finished their meals, they would come together to socialize.Dietary scholars of the Middle Ages believed that the foods in a meal needed to be served and eaten in order of heaviness. The lightest and most easily digested foods, such as fruits and cheeses, were eaten first to help the digestive (消化) system get started. Once digestion was underway, greens and light meats, such as lettuce, cabbage and chicken, could be eaten. Last came the heavier vegetables and meats, such as carrots, beans, beef, pork, and mutton. This method was considered the most healthful way to eat.The main and largest meal of the day was supper, and it was eaten at midday. Dinner was a light meal, and many of those in nobility (贵族) -the highest levels of the Middle Ages society-skipped breakfast altogether. Breakfast was considered unnecessary for those who did not perform physical work. Snacks and any other eating during the day were viewed the same way. Commoners, or the working class, were allowed to eat breakfast and small meals throughout the day.1. What did people in the Middle Ages usually do at the dinner table?A. They cleaned hands before meals.B. They used personal utensils.C. They had to use knives at dinner.D. They ate mostly with hands.2. What is the third paragraph mainly about?A. The order of eating foods.B. The weight of various foods.C. The principles of digesting foods.D. The list of healthy foods.3. Why did the nobility avoid eating breakfast?A. Breakfast was wasted for the nobility.B. Breakfast was viewed as unnecessary.C. Breakfast was considered as a light meal.D. Breakfast was saved for commoners.BBabies who frequently communicate with their caregivers using eye contact and vocalisations(发声)at the age of one are more likely to develop greater languages skills by the time they reachtwo,according to new research.In the study, researchers looked at 11-and 12-month-od babies' vocalisations. gestures and gaze behaviours ,and at how their caregivers responded to them.To measure he interactions ,the researchers videoed infants(婴儿)and caregiver at home,and asked them to play as usual.They took those recordings back to the universityThe scientists then used statistical models to find that the best predictor of vocabulary at 24 months was when infants were seen to use vocalsatioms while looking at their caregiver's face when they were about a year old.The benefits were even greater when these interactions were followed by responses from the caregiver.The statistics showed that at 19 months,children had an average of about 100 words.Those who exhibited the beneficial interactive behaviour earlier in life were seen to have an average of about 30 extra words."The message of this paper is thatitis the result of a joint effort; noticing what your child is attending to and talking to them about it will support their language development." said McGillion, a co-author of the work."The joy of this message is that that can happen in any context... across any part of your day.It's not something that requires special equipment or even lots of time.I can happen when you're doing the laundry,for example—when you're taking out the socks, you can talk about socks...in the park, in the car, at mealtimes,at bathtimes.This finding can be used in any context,"added McGillion."This is a developmental snapshot in the first year of life, but children are constantly growing and changing and so are their behaviours. It would be interesting to look at these sorts of behaviours again as children progressthrough the second year of life to see what's happening there,"said Donnellan,the lead author on the study.4. How did the researchers get the findings?A. By interacting with babies.B. By asking babies to vocalize.C. By analyzing relevant recordings.D. By referring to the previous statistics.5. What does he underlined word "it"in Paragraph 5 mean?A. Infants' eye contact.B. Infants' larger vocabulary.C. The response from caregivers.D. The best predictor of vocabulary.6. What did McGilion say about infants' interactive behaviour?A. I's easy to perform.B. It's complex to understand.C. It's difficult to copy.D. It's interesting to video.7. What might further studies be on?A. Children's academic progress.B. Children's growing environment.C. Children's potential physical development.D. Children's behaviours across more age ranges.CWhat will future schools look like in 100 years? Imagine future schools in which students are totally engaged in a class. They are concentrating on working together to solve real-world problems. They are self-driven and are coming up withamazing ideas on the spot. They are concerned with each other’s well-being as part of a team. Their concerns reach far beyond the classroom to others all over the globe.The school of the future will be an amazing melting pot of different peoples coming together to solve real-world problems.Will they even be called “schools” in the future?The teacher-student relationship is changing. Teachers are acting more as helpers rather than keepers of allknowledge. Students are driving their own education to the path that they feel best fits them. In the future, employers may not be as concerned with a diploma. They’ll look more at cases and examples of how students contribute to solving real-world problems. They’ll want to know how well they work in a team.What will problem-solving look like in the future?Information from the Internet is accessible everywhere and at unimaginable speeds. Kids are connected to news around the world in real time. Imagine someone could put out a request to the global community to help solve an issue in their own community! Classes can adopt an issue and work with other classes around the world in real time to create solutions.What will information look like in the future?It’s already everywhere. Users can get flooded by the constant flow of information. The need to understand what is true and what is not is important. The flipped classroom (翻转课堂) has already completely changed lecture-based lessons. It presents interesting content to students before they even come to class. They can access the Internet as many times as they want to review the lessons.8. What is the key message of the first paragraph?A. The things students will do in the future school.B. The situation where students will be in the future.C. The attention students will pay to in the classroom.D. The methods students will use to study in the classroom.9. What will be thought highly of when students solve real-world problems?A. Respect.B. Patience.C. Teamwork.D. Concern.10. What can we infer from the fourth paragraph?A. Teachers encourage students to develop leadership.B Students are really relaxed with their heavy study.C. The employers value students’ diplomas most.D. Students have the right to choose the most suitable lessons.11. What’s the purpose of the flipped classroom?A. To help students to improve the problem-solving ability.B. To provide the lessons for students to study before or after class.C. To help students to keep in contact with the outside world.D. To help students to understand the most difficult content.DChimps use loud calls and gestures to make their feelings known but until now, the exact meaning for individual movements has remained a mystery. Now researchers believe they have translated the key gestures used in the chimp community and identified their intentions for the first time.From 4,351 gestures, experts were able to identify 66 that are used for 19 specific message meanings, including showing a foot to tell a child they can climb on their back. The researchers were able to narrow down these 66 gestures to 36 that are used intentionally to achieve 15 purposes. The translations were made by Dr Catherine Hobaiter and her colleagues at St Andrews University in Scotland.Dr Hobaiter used behavior sampling and filmed all recorded cases of gestural communication. Other gestures include stomping their feet to ask another chimp to stop what they are doing, and slapping objects together to ask another to follow them. Of the 19 meanings,17 encouraged interactions to start, or to develop, such as “move closer,” and “change play”. Some of the gestures were found to have more than one meaning. and only 10 of the 66 gestures were used for only a single meaning.Researchers collected a total of 471 video clips from two social groups of chimps at a shelter near Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. As well as identifying what the gesture means, they also discovered the technique needed to increase the chances of success.“Human children use gestures to communicate before they produce their first words, and their earliest gestures typically appear around 10 months of age,” explained the researchers. “In great apes, there is good evidence that language-trained individuals are capable of acquiring and understanding signals, but this is far less clear in their natural communication. ”12. Chimps slap the objects to____________.A. tell others to stop what they are doingB. ask others chimps to join themC. gather other chimps to move closerD. encourage interactions to start13. What did researchers find after studying 471 video clips?A. Chimps trained in language are good at understanding signals.B. Two social groups of chimps live at a shelter near Kinshasa.C. Language-trained individuals do well in natural communication.D. Chimps’earliest gestures appear around 10 months of age.14. How is the last paragraph developed?A. By analyzing causes.B. By examining differences.C By making comparisons. D. By following time order.15. What can be a suitable title for the text?A A New Research on Chimps B. Human Children and ChimpsC. Getting the Chimps Trained for LanguageD. Translating the Sign Language of Chimps第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

一、听力部分（20分）1. 请听对话，回答问题。

（10分）A. What does the man want to do?B. Why does the woman refuse the man?C. How does the woman feel about the movie?2. 请听短文，回答问题。

（10分）A. What is the main idea of the passage?B. Why does the author want to travel?C. What is the author's favorite travel destination?二、单项选择题（30分）1. The weather is very cold. Please ________ your coat.A. put onB. put outC. put away2. She is ________ to come to the party.A. too busyB. too happyC. too tired3. I ________ my keys. Can you help me find them?A. loseB. lostC. have lost4. He ________ his birthday party at home.A. holdsB. holdC. held5. She ________ a lot of money to study abroad.A. has savedB. had savedC. have saved三、完形填空（20分）In order to improve our English, we need to practice speaking and writing. Here are some suggestions:1. ___________ every day. You can talk with your friends, watch English movies or listen to English songs.2. ___________ English newspapers and magazines. They can help you learn new vocabulary and grammar.3. ___________ an English diary. It can help you practice your writing skills and express your thoughts.4. ___________ an English club or join an English conversation group. You can practice speaking with other students.5. ___________ your mistakes. Don't be afraid to make mistakes. They are part of the learning process.Choose the best answer for each blank:A. SpeakB. ReadC. WriteD. Learn四、阅读理解（30分）1. 阅读下列短文，回答问题。