Argument写作模板

Argumentation1. What’s your opinion? My view 型-——agree or disagree型/ some …others型介绍双方观点--—提出你支持的观点___________________（主题)is a common occurrence in our lives。

The attitudes toward this issue vary /differ from person to person. Some people tend to ____________ (观点A)。

However, others argue that ______________（观点B). As far as I am concerned， I will choose to ___________(你的观点）/ Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter.介绍对方观点及其1-2个理由介绍背景句。

Some people are of the opinion/ have the idea/ point out/ take the view that_______. They assert/ contend/ argue/hold/ insist/maintain/ claim thatSpeaking for myself，________________________。

(你的观点）。

I would like to present 2—3 explanations to confirm that I am right。

/ My arguments for this point are listed as follows.First, …Second …Third…From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ____________.简述上述理由或提出希望、方法等Topic OneNowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other。

开头：In this argument, the author concludes/claims/comes to the conclusion that…To support/justify/strengthen this conclusion/claim/recommendation, the author points out/reasons/cites (the fact that/survey results of)…In addition/Moreover, the author also points out/reasons/provides the evidence that…Close scrutiny of each of these evidence, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the conclusion/A careful examination of these evidence would reveal how groundless the conclusion is/I find this argument logically unconvincing/flawed/problematic in several critical respects/However, the conclusion depends/rests on a series of unsubstantiated/dubious assumptions, which render it wholly unconvincing/and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.当题目中的论据过于复杂冗长时，可分（1）（2）（3）点罗列论据。

另一种开头方式：先罗列论据，后得出结论。

分析每一句话的问题，不能漏掉一句话！！！常见讨论点1、X→YX可能是员工表现提高、销售增加等Y可能是increase profit等等E.g. 人口出生率下降→入学率下降2、错误类比A采取某项措施有效（或不好）→B采取这项措施也有效（或不好）N年前采取某项措施有效→现在也有效3、因果倒置（causal relationship）E.g. 员工睡眠时间短→绩效提高。

实际上可能是员工忙所以没时间睡觉4、样本容量小，或不具有普适性5、（A是B的原因）因为发现了B，所以AB的原因中有A，也可能有CDE，A只是一个原因，而且所占比重可能很小。

6、national趋势→某个地区的趋势每个地方都有独特性7、一个地方的政策推广的别的地方（1）有没有证据表明这个地方是成功的？（2）就是这个地方成功，别的地方未必适用。

8、房价显著下降→房价低可能房价超级高，显著下降后还是超级高不管是assumption，question还是evidence，一定要指出：（1）一旦假设不成立会如何如何（2）问题的回答是A将如何如何，回答是B又如何如何（3）这些证据到底会加强还是削弱论断？具体怎么加强削弱的？由此可见，argument的篇幅都是从上面这几点来的。

光指出逻辑错误，举两个反例，ETS绝对会用superficial形容你。

另外，再提醒大家一点，也就是我之前询问过的：题库中有9道alternative explanation题（出生顺序、人造黄油、两栖动物减少等等），不要根据逐个逻辑错误分开解释，要给出一个完整的解释，一次性解释所有现象！evidence类Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.It might seem logical, at the first glance/sight, to agree with the argument in Dr. Kar p’s articlethat children in Tertia actually are raised by their biological parents (and perhaps even,by implication, that an observation-centered approach to anthropological study isnot as valid as an interview-centered one).However, in order to fully evaluate this argument, we need a significant amount of additional evidence. The argument could end up being much weaker than it seems, or it might actually be quite valid.In order to make that determination, we need to know more then analyze what we learn.The first piece of evidence that we would need in order to evaluate Dr. Karp’s claimsis information about whether or not Tertia and the surrounding island group havechanged significantly in the past 20 years. Dr. Field conducted his observational study20 years ago, and it is possible that Tertia has changed significantly since then. Forexample, if we had evidence that in the intervening years Westerners had settled onthe island and they introduced a more typical Western-style family structure, it wouldcertai nly weaken Dr. Karp’s argument. In that case, the original study could have beenaccurate, and Dr. Karp’s study could be correct, as well, though his conclusion that Dr.Field’s method is ineffective would be seriously weakened.Another piece of evidence that might help us evaluate this claim involves the exactlocations where Dr. Karp’s interviews took place. According to this article, Dr. Karp andhis graduate students conducted interviews of “children living in the group of islandsthat includes Tertia.” If w e were to learn that they never interviewed a single Tertianchild, it would significantly weaken the conclusion. It could turn out to be the case, forexample, that children on Tertia are raised communally, whereas children on otherislands nearby are raised by their biological parents.In order to fully evaluate this article, we would also need to learn more about theinterview questions that Dr. Karp’s team used. What exactly did they ask? We don’tknow, nor do we know what the children’s responses actually were. What did they sayabout their biological parents? The mere fact that they speak more frequently abouttheir biological parents than they do about other adults does not mean that they areraised by their biological parents. It would significantly undermi ne Dr. Karp’s argument if it turned out that the children said things like howmuch they missed their parents orhow their parents had left them in a communal environment. Without knowing WHATthe children said, it is hard to accept Dr. Karp’s conclusion.It is slightly more difficult to discuss the evidence we might need in order to evaluate the more interesting claims in Dr. Karp’s article, namely his extension of theresults of his study to a conclusion that interview-centered methods are inherentlymore valid than observational-centered approaches. In order to fully evaluate thisclaim, in fact, we would need to look at many more examples of interview-based andobservation-based anthropological studies and we would also need to look intodifferent study designs. Perhaps Dr. Field did not conduct an effective observationalstudy, but other observational approaches could be effective. In order to make suchgrandiose claims, Dr. Karp really needs a lot of additional evidence (ideally a meta-analysis of hundreds of anthropological studies).Clearly, then, we need to have additional evidence in order to get a more complete understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of Dr. Karp’s article. We need to know about Tertia and the surrounding islands, whether or not they have changed over the past 20 years. We also need to know about study design (Dr. Karp’s and Dr. Field’s). And we really need a lot more information if we want to extend the results of a study about one island culture to all anthropological fieldwork.question类Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.The author argues that all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes because the experience of Groveton shows that it can dramatically lower cheating among students. It might seem logical at first glance, however, there are some questions need to be answered to ensure the conclusion is cogent. The argument could end up being weaker than it seems, or it might be quite valid. In order to make the determination, we need to know more then analyze what we learn.First, the amount of cheating decreases year by year according to the report. But the reliability of this report is questionable. As we can see, in honor code mechanism, student reciprocal monitoring replaces teacher monitoring. It is reasonable to believe that a lot of students wouldnot notify faculties when they suspect cheating happens because there are tight relationships among students and most of them would not like to do anything to harm the relationship. If a student suspect a school mate cheated and reported, he or she cannot help thinking that the school mate would later find out the person who reported it, which would definitely leads to an end of their friendship. In addition, the school mate may notify others that the student is not loyal, which means the student has a great chance to be hard maintaining friendship with others.Second, as the survey shows, most students in Groveton said that they would be less like to cheat with an honor code. We cannot be sure that the students are honest when they answered the questions.What's more, even if honor code mechanism does play an important role in decreasing cheating in Groveton, we cannot lead to a conclusion that all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes merely because it works well in Groveton. Every college or university has its own characteristics, the solution should fit in it. The colleges and universities that are similar to Groveton can adopt honor codes, but those that are quite different from it should consider the suitability before they take actions. Maybe the quality of students of some colleges and universities differs a lot from students of Groveton, and they tend to cheat more under honor codes since the monitoring of teachers decreases.To summarize, to make a conclusion that honor codes works well, we should find out the true reasons that lead to a decrease in cheating, and we should make sure that the colleges and universities suit that mechanism before adopt it.assumption类Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.While it may be true that the Mason City government ought to devote more money toriverside recreational facilities,this author’s argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. It is easy to understand why city residentswould want a cleaner river,but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions, and thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding.Citing surveys of city residents, the author reports city resident’s love of watersports. It is not clear, however, the scope and validity of that survey. For example, thesurvey could have asked residents if they prefer using the river for water sports orwould like to see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents towardriver sports. The sample may not have been representative of city residents, askingonly those residents who live upon the river. The survey may have been 10 pages long,with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. We just do not know. Unless the survey isfully representative, valid, and reliable, it cannot be used to effectively back theauthor’s argument.Additionally, the author implies that residents do not use the river for swimming,boating, and fishing, despite their professed interest, because the water is polluted andsmelly. While a polluted, smelly river would likely cut down on river sports, a concreteconnection between the resident’s lack of river use and the river’s current state is noteffectively made. Though there have been complaints, we do not know if there havebeen numerous complaints from a wide range of people, or perhaps from one or twoindividuals who made numerous complaints. To strengthen his/her argument, theauthor would benefit from implementing a normed survey asking a wide range ofresidents why they do not currently use the river.Building upon the implication that residen ts do not use the river due to the qualityof the river’s water and the smell, the author suggests that a river clean up will resultin increased river usage. If the river’s water quality and smell result from problemswhich can be cleaned, this may be true. For example, if the decreased water qualityand aroma is caused by pollution by factories along the river, this conceivably could beremedied. But if the quality and aroma results from the natural mineral deposits in thewater or surrounding rock, this may not be true. There are some bodies of water which emit a strong smell of sulphur due to the geography of the area. This is not something likely to be affected by a clean-up. Consequently, a river clean up may have no impactupon river usage. Regardless of whe ther the river’s quality is able to be improved ornot, the author does not effectively show a connection between water quality and riverusage.A clean, beautiful, safe river often adds to a city’s property values, leads to increasedtourism and revenue from those who come to take advantage of the river, and a betteroverall quality of life for residents. For these reasons, city government may decide toinvest in improving riverside recreational facilities. However, this author’s argument isnot likely signific antly persuade the city government to allocate increased funding.explanation类Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.Alternative explanation并没有要求讨论作者前面的解释是否可靠，相反它要求的是在知道前面一系列的facts（如第一胎的猴子cortisol高）的情况下，如何用其他的、不同于题目给出的理论（即birth effect影响stimulation）来解释这些facts，并论述理由。

Inthis argument ，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites … .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that … .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. /PE(paragraph ending)：…,the author cannotexpect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that …contribute to … /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to …… before I can accept theauthor’s final conclusion that …(接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) …(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability ofthe survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of … as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. (小样本、代表性)(2) …are rarely sufficient to establisha general conclusion. From the survey quotedinthis argument,we findnosignof suchprocedures for randomsamplingsand have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides,…provides no information about what percentage of … responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study ’s conclusion. (随机性、代表性)结尾总结用author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study ’s sample.The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study ’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot …(2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable tocking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the autho r provides no evidence that ….PE.(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps …., ….PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine …(3)The fact that … lends no/little credible/scant support to …(4)A probleminvolves the definitionof ….The author fails todefine this critical term.If … is defined as … ,then … .In short, without a clear definition of … it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring t he factor of time which perhaps can change everything including … .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situationOne problemwhy I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted toinfer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps … .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the … are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,regionThe argument suffers from “either-or ” reasoning.Based on t he fact that … ,the author unfairly concludes that … .However,the author overlooks the possibility …Another problemwiththe argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the only factor affectingB.For instance,perhaps entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE.……/ItisThe author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise.结尾： In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …。

开头第一句：This argument concludes/recommends/argues that…In this argument the author concludes that…第二层：To support this conclusion the writer cites…/points out that…第三层：The argument is logically unconvincing in several respects.However, this evidence provides little credible support for the editorial's conclusion. This argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unconvincing/ unpersuasive as it stands.However, the author's argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.The president's argument relies on several doubtful assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive.BODY：各段开头：To begin with, First and foremost, To begin with, As a threshold matter, One problem with the argument is that,Next, Aside from, The argument also, Moreover, Furthermore, A second problem with the argument is that, Even if …Finally, A Final problem with the argument involves…具体内容：the editorial observes a correlation between… and …, then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter.However, the editorial fails to rule out other possible explanations for…For example,…Any of these factors, or other social, political or economic factors, might lead to…Without ruling out all other such factors it is unfair to conclude that…This evidence would support the editorial's conclusion only if…Moreover, the editorial fails to provide any evidence that…cites the Observer survey in which…However, the editorial fails to provide any information about the survey population; therefore it is impossible to determine whether the survey results apply generally to the Alta population.In addition, we are not informed how many parents were surveyed but did not respond. The greater this number, the less reliable the survey.Thus, as it stands the Observer study is statistically unreliable and lends no credible support to the editorial's conclusion.in citing the survey the editorial assumes that…However, the editorial provides no evidence to link one with the other.the argument assumes unfairly that…It is entirely possible that…The argument also overlooks many other possible explanations for…For example,per haps Or perhaps Or perhaps For that matter, perhaps…/Any of these scenarios, if true, would undermine the conclusion that…/ Without considering and eliminating these and other possible reasons why…the president cannot rely on the fact that…to bolster the recommendation.the letter fails to adequately support the claim that…it is fallacious to conclude that…Having failed to address this distinct possibility, the letter is wholly unconvincing.In further support of the recommendation, the letter cites the f act that…yet…But this fact alone lends no support to the recommendation.The author must eliminate these possibilities in order to rely justifiably on this evidence for his or her recommendation.the author unfairly equates …with…The author ignores the p ossibility that…Thus the author cannot convincingly conclude thatSome ways of concession:1.Even if…the author concludes too hastily that…2.Even assuming…the author falsely assumes that…3.even assuming that…the author fails to provide adequate evidence that…4.Even if … the author unfairly assumes that…5.even if we accept that…the argument ignores the possibility that…Without rulingout this possibility, the argument's proponent cannot justifiably conclude that…Besides, the mere fact that…proves nothing unless the author can show that…The author unfairly assumes that…Lacking evidence that this is the case, the author cannot convince me that…it assumes that…applies equally to…Yet this might not be the case, for…A second problem with the argument is that it unj ustifiably assumes that…We are not informed…Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that…The only evidence the author provides to substantiate this assumption are…If so, then the author cannot justifiably rely on t hese reports to conclude that…it unfairly assumes that…It is entirely possible that…It is also possible that…Without considering such potential academic benefits, the author cannot reasonably conclude that…the president's assumption that… might be unwar ranted.This "either-or" argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of…(The result) might have been caused by one or more other factors--such as…Without ruling out these and other possible reasons for the decline, the president's argument seems ill-conceived.the results of (some) survey are not necessarily representative of the overall population of …If so, then the president has overlooked the possibility that…If so, then (making such decision) would be ill-advised indeed.the mer e fact that… provides little assurance that…Without ruling out these possibilities, the president cannot justify…on the basis of…the argument depends on the assumption that …--rather than…Yet lacking evidence to the contrary it is entirely possible that…Without ruling out all other reasons why…, the argument that…is dubious at best. Even if …, the argument relies on the further assumption that… Yet the only evidencethe article offers to substantiate this assumption is that… (Perhaps… Or Perhaps…For tha t matter…)In short, without more information about…were established it is impossible to assess whether…(used for false analogy) Without accounting for such differences any analogy between the two cities is premature, and any conclusion based on that analogy is unjustified. the author's inference that incentives which were effective in the past will also be effective in the future rests on the poor assumption that during the last 18 months all conditions upon which their effectiveness depend have remained unchanged.the article fails to consider any other course of action that might help…In short, without weighing the proposal against alternatives, the article's claim that the proposed incentives are the "best" means of …is wholly unconvincing.结尾：结尾的开头：In conclusion, In sum, To sum up. In the final analysis,the recommendation of the author is not well supported.the editorial is (logically) unconvincing as it stands.this is a weak argument.the letter's author fails to adequately support the recommend ation that…the article has not convinced me that…(the proposal)结尾的第二层：To strengthen it/the argument /To bolster the argument, the arguer must provide detailed demographic/statistical evidence showing that…/ the editorial's author must rule out all other possible factors contributing to…/ the argument's proponent must consider and eliminate all other possible explanations for…/ the author must provide clear evidence that…/ the author must first establish a clear causal relationship between…/ the author must demonstrate/show that…/ The author must also show that…The author must also provide evidence--perhaps by way of a reliable survey—that…A proper evaluation of the recommendation requires more information about…In order to better evaluate/ assess/understand the argument, we would need more information about…(the Obs erver survey population, and about the percentage of those surveyed who responded.)I would also need to compare…with…Finally, I would need to consider…。

开头：In this argument, the author concludes that______. At first glance, the author’s reasoning seems to be appealing, while clearly examining the author’s reasoning, we may find that it is unconvincing. The argument contains several facets that are questionable.调查：【证据不足】First of all, the author’s evidences are insufficient to support the conclusion. Obviously, author does not provide enough information on the subjects of the survey/poll.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinionsIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]【小众；调查比例】It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation betweenOne specific example cannot generate the general conclusion. Therefore, facing such limited evidence, the conclusion is unwarranted.他因：Secondly, the author makes an oversimplified analogy between___ and___. In most instances, this is an unwarranted assumption for the simple reason that things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time/from place to place. As we know, many factors should be taken into the consideration, such as demographics of the population, geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. _______.错误因果：In addition, the author commits “after this, and therefore because of this” fallacy. The causal relationship between the cause of _____ and the effect _____ is unwarranted.Even if … has been proved as a result of … , which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that …This is a fallacious reasoning unless the author can provide persuasive evidences to rule out any other possibilities.结尾：To sum up, the conclusion lacks of credibility. Regardless of who the author is, he or she has overlooked or chosen to ignore many aspects of his or her conclusion. To strengthen the conclusion, the author should give more evidences about the above-mentioned possibilities.其他：1"If your premise前提 is established, your conclusions are easily deducible可推论的."2。

因果关系：The argument relies on an unproven cause-and-effect relationship between AAA and BBB.
概念模糊不清：Absent either a clear definition of the term or clear evidence that…the author’s contention that… is simply unjustified.
例举：For example / for instance / other relevant factors might include / …as an example / …is a case in point / …serves as an apt illustration. / In order to see this point clearly, let us see an example.
攻击差异概念：A does not necessarily indicate that B.
不能与时俱进：Furthermore, the author’s inference that…which were effective in the past will also be effective in the future rest on the poor assumption that during [time] all conditions upon which their effectiveness depend have remained unchanged. Perhaps…Perhaps…Perhaps…Without taking into account these possibilities, the author cannot persuade me that…

Argument Introduction Paragraph开头：2~3句话，50~60个单词，2~3分钟完成。

结论+前提|论据+谬误1、引用原文，简写（主干|术语）—保留句子中的SOV2、不要歪曲题目3、自己分析时用一般现在时，引用原文保留时态4、只能说题目是invalid, unfounded, groundless, 不说false, wrong.5、谬误：(教材P192&186)开放式：In this argument, the argument concludes that...... To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that...... In addition, the arguer reasons that...... This argument suffers from several critical fallacies.The arguer/speaker recommends that...... To support this recommendation sb. cites the following facts about...... (1) (2) (3) Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.罗列式：The notion that+结论......seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion. After all, +核心谬误. However|Moreover, +加余下谬误。

经典Argument中的好开头：1.The argument that...... creates several problems because it assumes that......, it fails to address......, it omits the following importantevidence......2.有调查但是以偏概全。

Argument常用结构模板：1. 开头：In this argument the author concludes/claims that__. The conclusion is based on (the result of a survey)___. In addition, the arguer asserts that___. However, the statement alone does not constitute a logical argument in favor of its conclusion and fails to provide compelling support making this argument sound.The speaker asserts(claims/concludes/recommends) that_____. To justify the argument, the arguer points out/cites a result of a survey that_____. At the first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection tells me that I cannot agree with it for the following reasons(After a careful examination, we can find the conclusion drawn in the argument is ungrounded at all).2. 正文：First, it goes without saying that______.The second problem with this claim is that______.The last thing I want to take a glance at this argument is that__________.or:First, the argument questionably assumes that _____Second, the argument never addresses ______Finally, the argument omits/fails to consider_______or:First of all, the arguer commits a fallacy that of_____In addition, the validity of the survey is open to doubtFinally, the argument is based on a gratuitous assumption that_____3. 结尾：In conclusion, this is a weak argument. To strengthen the conclusion that___, this author must provide a thorough cost-benefit analysis of available alternatives and rule out factors other than___ that might be affecting current profits negatively.In sum, this argument is not convincing as it stands. To make it logically acceptable, the author would have to show that___. Additionally, the author must provide evidence of____. Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal.Thus, the argument is not completely sound. The evidence in support of conclusion should ____. Ultimately, the argument might have been strengthened by _____The conclusion reached in this argument lacks credibility in that the argument is based on an unwarranted assumption that _____. To strengthen this argument the arguer should provide more evidence to illustrate that_____. Then, the argument will bemore credible/convincing.The argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands.辩驳时用一般现在时,复述原文时应与原文时态一致。

一、开头段的写法（C－E－F）In this argument/newsletter/editorial/memo, the arguer concludes that_____. To substantiate (support/justify) this conclusion the arguer points out evidence that_____. In addition, he indicates/claims that_____. Furthermore, the arguer also cites the fact that . Furthermore, he cites the result of a recent survey in support of this recommendation. However, this argument is logically unconvincing in several respects,the reasons are stated as follows. 1．In this argument, the arguer recommend (conclude) that…2．This recommendation is based on the result (evidence; fact) of the survey that…3．In addition, the arguer assumes this…4．A careful examination would review how groundless the argument (conclusion) is…二、结尾段的具体写法In conclusion, the arguer has failed to substantiate his claim that_____, because the evidences cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains(可以去掉). To strengthen the argument, the arguer must provide clearly evidence that_____. The arguer must also rule out all other possible explanations for_____. To better assess/evaluate the argument I would need more information about _____. Therefore, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.三、各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言1.Survey/Study/Report/Poll：(1)ProcedureA. Selective sample样本选择不随机，不具代表性。

Argument 模板句1.开头：Merely based on unfounded assumption and dubious/suspicious evidence ,thestatement draws a conclusion that______. To substantiate/support the conclusion ,the arguer points out the evidence that _______ .In addition , he indicates that ______ .Furthermore ,he cites the result survey in support of this recommendation .At first glance ,the author’s argument appears to be somewhat convincing , but further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument.( In my opinion of view , this argument suffers from_______ logical flaws .)The argument is well-presented ,but not thoroughly well-reasoned . By making a comparison of the region of Forestville , the town with the higher speed limit and therefor automobile accidents, with the region of Elmsford , an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents , the argument for reducing F’s speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical. ______开始攻击信件类的开头：In this letter a committee of D homeowners recommend that in order to enhance D property values homeowners should follow certain restrictions concerning their homes’exterior appearance . To support this recommendation the committee points out that in the seven years since B adopted similar restrictions property values there have risen .This argument rests on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions , and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands . While it may be true that the M government ought to devote more money to riversiderecreationalfacilities , this author’s argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use .It is easy to understand why city residents would want a cleaner river ,but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions , and thus ,not strong enough to lead to increased funding.2.各类逻辑错误的攻击语言(1)调查类错误Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of ______and did so randomly across the entire spectrum ,the survey results are not reliable to gauge____ generally . The number of respondents/samples in itself does not endure representativeness .For example ,if the sample included only _______, then the results would no doubt suggest_____/ Or if _____, would account for only a little percentage ,which would render the result of the survey meaningless. (2)充分必要条件Sufficient evidencea.The argument assumes too hastily that ___will necessarily result in the behavior that theargument predicts .Perhaps ，_____.Moreover ______/b.The fact that A is not sufficient for the prediction that B .Necessary evidenceThe editor’s recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B . However ,common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one .A myriad of other factors ,including _____or ____,might just as likely be the cause of B .To be specific , ____/Without ruling out these and other possible causes ,the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by________ can _____-.(3)因果类错误The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that____ and the claim that ____ .This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events .Perhaps ,for example ,______results from ____.The argument observed a correlation between A and B, then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter .However ,the argument fails to rule out other possible explanation for B. For example ,_______ . Any of these factors might lead to B .Without ruling out all other factors it is unfair to conclude that A is responsible for B .(4)范围变化错误个体——整体The argument resets on the assumption that 个体案例代替整体情况.If this is not the case , then it is entirely possible that 在另一个地方，上述个体案例的结果不会发生相同的情况.Thus ,lacking more marketing information about ____nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memo’s recommendation.整体——个体One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide statistics about _____applies equally to 个体成员. Yet this might not be the case ,for a variety of possible reasons .Perhaps ______;or perhaps _____.Without ruling out such possibilities , the author cannot justifiably conclude that ______.(5)外推类错误The author claims that ____,because_____.The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different time .The assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended period of time .There are likely all kinds of difference between A and B . For example ,A______;however ,B_____. Any of these scenarios ,if true ,would serve to undermine the claim that _____.(6)FA错误The arguer’s recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between A and B . The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that ____in both A and B are similar .However ,it is entirely possible that A与B 存在很大的不同.In short ,without accounting for important possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot reasonably prove the proposed method will help A_____.(7)非此即彼(either –or)Even assuming A is not the reason for the B , the author falsely assumes that the B must be attributable to C. This “either _ or “argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of the B . For example ,其他原因.3.结尾段To sum up ,this arguer fails to substantiate its claim that __, because the evidence cited in the analysis do not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains .To make the argument more convincing ,the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to _____.Additionally ,he would have to demonstrate that-____/ Therefore ,if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable .In conclusion ,the letter’s author fails to adequately support the recommendation for a school-sponsored mandatory driving course .To strengthen the argument ,the author mustprovide dear evidence that Centerville High School students caused the accidents in question ,and that a mandatory driving course would have prevented them .To better evaluate the argument , I would need more effectiveness of a mandatory school-sponsored course compared to that of the two private courses .。

a三、开头和结尾的写法和模板开头和结尾用早已备好的模式（套路可以是老师给的也可以是自己写的，不是也没关系）和句型（宾语从句加点东西就可以了）迅速展开写作。

开头段：第一句指出原论证的结论，由于有信号词（so, therefore, consequently, hence, thus等）的存在使得它们比较明显；第二、三句指出原论证的论据或者假设，第四句表明自己对原论证的判断。

结尾段：首先用一句话指出原作者未能有效地支持自己的结论，然后用两个句子说明如何加强原论证，也就是把正文TS所指出的逻辑错误换个角度说一下。

当然了，如果考场出现“不可抗拒”的原因导致大家没有足够的时间写个完整的结尾，我们的模板给出了相应的对策。

总之，不管是开头还是结尾，我们需要用自己的词忠实的保留原始信息。

Beginning 1:In this argument, the arguer recommends that…to support this conclusion the arguer cites the result of a resent survey that…moreover the arguer points out th at… As it stands, the argument suffers from several critical flaws as follows. Beginning 2:In this argument, the arguer concludes that…To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer points out that…In addition, the arguer assumes that / reasons that / cites the example of / cites the result of a recent study that…A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless it is.Beginning 3:对打字速度慢的考生可以用如下模板：The argument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned. By…, the argument…seems logical.不要具体restate立场了，只要简单写出如范文分析类似的几个原因就行，但是务必做到：写出文章的结论并且指明它是是错误的。

一、经不起推敲的类推The argument relies on what might be a incorrect analogy between (类推的几样事物). In order for ..... the (提建议的那个人) must offer effective evidences that all relevant circumstances including... are essentially the same. However, this assumption is unwarranted. For example, the argument neglects the possibility that (被作者忽略的其它可能性). Perhaps (设想一种未考虑到的可能性) .Or, perhaps....二、将因果关系与单纯的关联关系或者时间关系混淆起来The argument makes the conclusion based on a known correlation between (有关系的两类事物) that the latter/former is attributable, at least partly, to the former/latter. Y et the correlation alone amounts to scant evidence of the asserted cause-and-effect relationship. Perhaps.... can be caused by other factors as well, which are not mentioned in these particular states but present in all others. Moreover, the argument overlooks the fact that (指出被作者忽略的东西). The author has not taken into account the possibility that (提出其它可能性). If this is the case, then the conclusion that (建议) would lack any merit whatsoever.三、认为一个群体的特征适用于该群体的所有成员The argument assumes that ... Yet, the author fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. Absent such evidence, it is just as likely that (指出未被考虑到的可能性); for the matter, perhaps....., in which event the author`s recommendation woul d amount to especially poor advice.四、认为某条件是某结果的必要/充足条件（常出现于采取某种方法以达到某种目的）The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of .... are available. Yet, no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption. Admittedly, the.... is some evidence that no other program/measure is as likely to achieve the desired result. However, it is entirely possible that means other than this or any other .... would also achieve the desired result. Perhaps... Or, perhaps... without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of ...... the author/speaker can out confidently conclude that......（此段攻击要想达到目的，必须采取这种方法的思路）The recommendation depends on the additional unsubstantiated assumption that adopting....... would to the desired extent. Absent evidence that this is the case, it is equally possible that adopting the program would not suffice by itself. （提出其它达到目标所需的条件）:otherwise, the program will not be effective. In short, unless the superintendent can show that the program will be effectively implemented and received, I can not accept the recommendation.五、基于可能不具有代表性的的统计数据One problem with the argument involves the cited statistics about ..... It is unreasonable to draw any conclusions about ...... based on statistics about...... Depending on the.... It is entirely possible that ....are not representative of...... For example, perhaps (提出其它可能性) If so, then the editorial`s recommendation might amount to poor advice for students at other soifeges.六、基于不准确的调查或民意测验结果The survey methodology might be problematic in two respects: First, we are not informed whether the survey required that respondents choose their ..... between alternatives: If it did, then the results might distort the preferences of the respondents, who might very well prefer ......not provided in the survey. Secondly, we are not informed whether survey responses were anonymous, or even confidential. If they were not..... In either event, the survey results would be unreliable for the purpose of drawing any conclusions about ......七、认为一切事物都是永恒不变的The author claims that .....: Absent evidence to support this inference, it is just as likely that the .....or that......: For the matter, perhaps...... Any of these scenarios, if true. would serve to undermine the author`s claim that.......。

Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理,我们一起学习一下吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理开头实验结论In this argument, the arguer concludes that …doing…will lead to …To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that…In addition, the arguer reasons that…The argument suffers from several critical fallacies.自己应该干吗根据观察和现象自己改正根据因果In this argument, the arguer recommends that … should advise … to …To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that… Thus… should follow the study’s recommendation and … in order to …自己尝试新方法根据预测和假想The conclusion in this argument is that … can expect to … by doing … In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that … Moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has … benefits:1) to; 2)to; 3)to; This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified, and unwarranted assumptions.换一个供应商In this argument, the arguer advocates that … should … This recommendation is based on the observation that … Meanwhile, the arguer assumes … to be a better choice … because … This argument is problematic for … reasons.自己应该干吗根据其他州的情况In this analysis, the arguer claims that … should … To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of … where … In addition, the arguer assumes that … This arg ument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.正文：The major problem with this argument is that …Another flaw that weakens this argument is that. …In addition, the arguer ignores several factors that might undermine the argument.… the argue r fails to consider several other relevant factors that might influence …For instance … since … what’s more … etc.样本的问题：When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization调查survey 的问题：The sample of the survey conducted by the … is vague.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions..(民意测验) How many people participated?The sample of the survey is not representative.数据的问题：(平均值)The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between(实验的数据不可靠) the data of the research is unconvincing (样本太小)the sample is too small to... (光数字没比例)the ratio of four to sixthere is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio?Insufficient SampleIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]The arguer commits afallacy of hasty generalization.It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.实验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征副作用有的病人会对抗生素过敏错误的类比：But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.错误的比较：The comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective. The arguer discovers that …However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding … respectively …别的因素：Furthermore the arguer ignores the possibility that … may … Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.没有因果：Confusing causal relation with correlationthe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, anunwarranted assumption, it does not follow that 就算怎样，也不怎样Finally, the arguer hints that … but he fails to analyze the causes. Is it because… or because … ?-----------------------------------------------------------其他：The fact that … does not necessarily imply that …First of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization. According to the cited studies … which is understandable.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.分析常用：the actual amount of time for doing … respectively …The survey is based on two isolated examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.How large was the sampleHow many people participated?What extent do this participators improve their …speed?The arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to the ABCs performance.循环假设The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that …-------------------------------------------------------------结尾：To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution.In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading.In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between …To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that …To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about …As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that … is the only condition that …Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the …To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands.新GRE写作Argument范文Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University."Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their。

Argument 模板词句：一、模板In this argument, the author concludes that…To bolster the contention, the author cites the example/statistics that…Plausible as it is ostensibly, the argument suffers from some serious fallacies.First of all, the assumption that…is unwarranted.Second, even admitting that…, I still cast doubt on…Third, in asserting…, the author... However…Apart from the foregoing flaws, another weakness involved in the argument lies in the false conjecture that…To sum up, because of these paralogisms discussed above, I have to suspend my judgment on the credibility of the argument until the author either lends more cogent evidence on….or demonstrate that….二、证据不足●Absence of evidence buttressing that…simply leaves the conclusion open to suspension.●Without ruling out these possibilities, the conclusion is severely undermined.三、错误因果The mere fact cannot substantiate it that there is any correlation between the two phenomena, which just turn out to be synchronic(同时发生的), let alone a causal relationship.四、错误类比Nevertheless, the author makes such a hasty generalization that he totally neglects/overlooks the potential disparity(不同，比difference高级) between A and B.五、举反例●The inadequate evidence cannot overshadow other possible scenarios that…(举反例)●Chances are that…●It is entirely possible that…●We have every reason to surmise that…六、建议改进●Should the author modify the recommendation/take other facts into consideration/providemore evidence to illustrate the point, the conclusion could have been more persuasive.●The writer had better…●It is wiser for the Company not risk adopting the unjustified recommendation before morecredits were lent on this point.七、Argument常用词近义替换：1、证明：substantiate/justify/testify/verify/vindicate/warrant/underlie/corroborate2、解释：illustrate/demonstrate/elucidate/explicate/expound/elaborate/accout for3、推论：contention/position/stance/conclusion/conjecture/inference/deduction4、推理：surmise/conjecture(v.)/extrapolate/deduce/reason(v.)5、可靠：credibility/validity/tenability/reliance/legitimacy/soundness6、削弱：undermine/detract/impair/whittle down/vitiate7、增长:boost/mounting/augment/rise/grow/surge/enhance/accelerate/amplify/promote/ soar/proliferate8、减少：reduce/decline/deplete/drop/fall/cut down/slash/curtail/dwindle/shrink/slash9、可疑：dubious/problematic/sweeping/indefensible/vulnerable to challenge。

1In this argument, the speaker concludes that…………………………. To support the conclusion, the speaker cites the survey of (如果原题引用了调查，研究，之类的，稍微变动一下). The speaker also point out that(接原题作者引用另外的理由). Although the speaker’s reasoning seem to appealing, we may still find out that this argument rests on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.如果原题出现了调查，研究之类的，第一段一定要按照如下：2A threshold problem with this argument involves a survey/ study/ research itself. The statistical reliability of the survey/study/research/ is really questionable. Namely, the speaker provide no evidence that the number of the respondents( 这里建议替换成调查研究中的群体。

比如针对谁提问就写谁) is statistically significant or that the respondents were representative of (接所有群体，比如北京市所有的一类群体)in general. That is to say,(你要开始攻击了)this survey merely involves …A.. and B….(A和B就是样本中地区性的调查对象)。

***开头段Merely based on the unfounded assumption and dubious evidence, the statement draws a conclusion that 结论.In support of the conclusion, the author pointes out that 论据1.To justify this conclusion, the arguer cites that 论据2.Furthermore, he indicates that 论据3.In addition, he cites the result of a (recent) survey in support of his recommendation. At first glance, this argument seems to be somewhat convincing, nonetheless, further reflection reveals that it omits amount of vital concerning that should have been addressed in the statement.As far as I concerned, this argument suffers from at least three logical flaws.***论述段1. First and foremost, the threshold problem with this argument is that 反驳点1.…………Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.2. Another fundamental problem pointed worth considering which serious weakens the logic of this argument is that 反驳点2.…………Lacking evidence that 反驳点2的证明, the arguer’s conclusion that 结论is unjustified.3. Before I come to my final judgment, it is necessary to indicate another flaw involved in the argument, 反驳点3.…………In short, without better evidence that 反驳点3的证明, the author cannot justifiablely draw any conclusion about 结论.***结尾段To sum up, the author fail to substantiate his claim that 结论, because the evidence cited here could not led strong support to what the arguer maintains.To make this argument more appealing, the author should have to offer more information with regard to建议.Therefore, if the argument hand included the given factors discussed about, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.◆无理假设unwarranted assumptionThe author falsely depends on unwarranted assumption that错误的假设.In fact, it is not a necessary case. The mere fact hardly suffices to prove由错误的假设引出的结果. For example, it is highly possible that造成该结果的其它可能原因.Even if the author can substantiate all of the foregoing assumption, his assertion that 由错误的假设引出的结果is still unreasonable, because he unfairly equates目前未知的情况with 目前已知的情况.◆概念差异The author simply equates A with B.Even assuming B是对的, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author’s broader contention that A也是对的◆无效调查The argument relies on a survey调查的内容, however, the survey cited here is toovague to be informative.The arguer provides no assurance that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable.#样本数量Unless the surveyor sampled a sufficient number of 样本and did so randomly across the entire样本spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge调查结果. Moreover, the number of samples not ensure represent the overall group. For example, if the samples includes不合适的样本, or if 样本没有代表意义, the number of respondents would account for only a little percentage.#参与者诚实，调查者无倾向We are not informed whether the survey responses are anonymous or even confidential, what is more, there is no assurance that the survey not required people who anticipated choose their preference between alternative.#总数和比例The argument tells us that a great number of 样本, nevertheless, the arguer fails to indicate the percentage of支持其结论的样本.The argument tells us that more than ** percent支持其结论. Nevertheless, it fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of 样本.◆错误类比 false analogyThe arguer’s recommendation relies on a poor analogy between 一个情况and 另一个情况.This analogy falsely depends on the assumption that情况in both 一个and 另一个are similar.However, it is entirely possible that 其它造成已知情况的可能原因1.In addition, 其它造成已知情况的可能原因2, without accounting far some essential difference between一个情况and 另一个情况.The author can not prove that the method will also help 另一个情况.To strength this argument, instead of relying on a dubious analogy, the argument should provide evidence, perhaps by way of a survey or a pilot program at另一个的目前实际情况, so that this method will lead to the success of 论者期望达到的目标.◆急于概括 hasty generalizationThe auger commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.Even if 作者所讲的假设是成立的, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that作者所期待的结果.It is highly possible that other factors may have contribution to 结果, that作者认为正确的未必是唯一的.Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning 论据中的疑点. Unless其它可能的原因which is unknown from this argument, there is no guarantee that结论.Without ruling out this and other possible factors that given rise to 目前的情况, the author cannot confidently conclude that结论◆因果关系简单化 causal oversimplizationThe author’s recommendation depends on the assumption that on factors other than作者认为正确的原因caused 结果.However, commonsense informs me that these factors, including 其它可能的原因1 or 其它可能的原因2, might just as likely be the cause of 结果.Without ruling out these and other possible factors, the author cannot justifiablely conclude that only by doing 作者认为正确的方法◆两难处境 false dilemmaBy concluding that sb should do 一项措施or should do另一项与之矛盾的措施, the author commits a fallacy of false dilemma.The author assumes that 一种解决方案and 另一种解决方案are only available solution to the problem.However, it is possible that other proposal might also contribute to this problem.For example, 其他可能的解决方案.If so, just doing 一种解决方案or另一种解决方案would not solve the problem.◆Profit 类_____ (company)will not possibly earn a substantial profit by 作者认为正确的措施. The author provides no information about the cost involved in作者认为正确的措施.If so, then the costs of 作者认为正确的措施might prevent _____ (company) from earning a profit.In short, without more information about supply、demand、and production costs, without weighting revenue against expenses the author’s notion is premature at best.◆外推类The author claims that 结果, because 作者认为正确的原因.The argument assumes without justified that the background conditions have remained (will remain) the same at different time.The assumption is unwarranted because thing rarely remain the same over the extended periods of the time.There are likely all kinds of differences between 一种情况and 另一种情况.For example,可能影响结果的因素.Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the author’s claim that结论.。