(完整版)英语专业毕业论文--中西方礼貌用语的文化差异

2011年第3期安徽文学浅谈中西方礼貌用语中的文化差异◎王兴韬（沈阳师范大学渤海学院中文系辽宁·兴城125105）摘要本文探讨了中西方语言交际中的礼貌用语使用的不同，分别从谦虚问题、称谓问题以及待人接物等方面分析了中西方语用习惯的差异，以期望学习语言的各国留学生能够注重语言的文化功能，更好地掌握语言交际技巧。

关键词中西方礼貌用语文化差异文章编号1671-0703（2011）03-262-01无论是学习英语的中国学生，还是学习汉语的外国留学生，都会经常感觉到中西方文化差异所带来的语言使用上的不同，语言不仅传递语意，还具有一定的文化符号功能。

中西方历史背景、生活习惯、宗教信仰、价值观等等方面都存在着很大的差异，形成了既有融合又有对立的两个文化圈，对某些总体的观念，人们有类似的认同，也有许多选择性和差异性。

比如，交际中最常见的礼貌问题，中西方语言的使用上就有不同的倾向性。

礼貌原则是语言交际中双方都会试图遵循的原则，为了能够顺利地完成语言交流，人们往往会注重交际中的礼貌用语与礼仪，这样显得更加得体，也容易得到他人的认同。

由于中西方生活习惯、文化背景等方面的差异，礼貌用语的使用就会有不同的侧重，如果不了解这些差异，交际过程就很难顺利地完成。

下面，就简单谈几点中西方在礼貌用语使用上的几点不同。

1关于“谦虚”的问题中国人自古就比较注重礼仪，而交际的基本原则之一就是“贬己抬人”。

往往对自己的称呼都用一些贬低的词汇，以表明自己的谦逊，如称自己为“鄙人”，称自己的家为“寒舍”，称自己的儿子为“犬子”等；而对待他人则要用一些赞扬或抬高的词汇，如询问别人姓氏时，要用“贵姓”，征求别人意见时会用“高见”，询问年龄的时候也会说“贵庚”。

西方人在这方面就显得更自然随意些，在语言上不体现出明显的差别。

当受到他人赞美的时候，中国人往往会极力表示自己的谦虚之意，比如，受到夸奖时，中国人往往会说“过奖了”、“哪里，哪里”、“还差得远呢”；而西方人则会欣然接受夸奖，并说“Thank you!”2关于“称谓”的问题中西方对他人的称谓方面也存在着很多不同，中国人不大喜欢直呼其名，除了父母对子女、老师对学生、比较要好的朋友，中国人是很少直接叫名字的。

中英礼貌用语的跨文化研究综述中英礼貌用语是两种不同文化背景下人们表达礼貌的方式。

虽然两种文化区别较大，但礼貌用语是交流的基础，因此跨文化研究中英礼貌用语非常重要。

本文将从四个方面介绍中英礼貌用语的跨文化研究——文化差异、社会等级、语境和年龄。

一、文化差异中英两国的文化差异很大，这导致了两种语言中的礼貌用语存在差异。

例如，中文中对对方年龄、职位的称呼非常重要，而英文中对个人信息的强调不如中文，更多的是通过称呼方式来表达礼貌。

与此同时，西方社会中提倡直白、开放的交流方式，人们较为直接地表达自己的观点和想法，而中国文化则更加注重面子和优雅，更倾向于使用婉转的措辞表达。

二、社会等级在中国文化中，社会等级是非常重要的因素，工作用语中使用合适的称呼也受到了极大的重视。

例如，某些职位，如老板或领导，在不同的场合下有不同的称呼，这取决于场合、人际关系和年龄等因素。

而英国文化对社会等级的关注不如中国文化那么细致入微。

在普通社交场合，英国人可能会使用比较随便的称呼，例如名字或者对方的职业，而不会像中文中一样直接使用对方的职务或称呼。

三、语境语境是指用语所处的情况或环境，它可以影响礼貌用语的具体表达。

在不同的语境中，人们可能会使用不同的礼貌用语。

比如，在欧洲英语文化中，"please"被认为是非常重要的礼貌用语，在英国人的日常交流中十分常见。

而在中国文化中，虽然"请"也是表示礼貌的重点用语之一，但它的使用情境却与英语不尽相同。

除了称呼外，还需要关注听众的年龄、社会地位、性别等细节。

因此，在不同的语境中，如何选择合适的用语来表达礼貌至关重要。

四、年龄在中文文化中，对长辈的尊重是非常重要的传统，在怎么称呼一个人和如何表达谦卑方面有很多特别的用语和习惯。

年轻一代的中国人已经开始跟进西方的潮流，开始变得更加开放和直接，但在家庭环境中，尊重长辈的惯例仍然得到遵守。

而在英文文化中，虽然老年人的地位也是非常重要的，但在称呼方式和用语表达中，没有那么强调对长辈的尊重。

中西方礼仪文化差异英语作文Here is the English essay on the cultural differences in etiquette between the East and West, with a word count of over 600 words:In the vast and diverse world we inhabit, the nuances of cultural etiquette play a significant role in shaping our social interactions and understanding of one another. The divergent traditions and norms governing manners and conduct in the East and the West present a fascinating study in the tapestry of human civilization. By exploring these differences, we can gain valuable insights into the underlying philosophies and worldviews that have informed the development of these distinct cultural practices.At the heart of Eastern etiquette lies a deep-rooted emphasis on harmony, respect, and the collective well-being of the community. In many Asian cultures, the concept of "face" – the preservation of one's social standing and dignity – is paramount. This manifests in a heightened awareness of social hierarchies, a tendency to avoid direct confrontation, and a preference for subtle, implicit forms of communication. The act of bowing, for instance, is a widespread custom in countries like Japan and Korea, serving as a gesture of respect, deference, and humility.Mealtimes in the East are often imbued with elaborate rituals and unspoken rules. In China, it is considered impolite to begin eating before the eldest or most senior person at the table. Slurping one's food and leaving chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice are also frowned upon, as these behaviors are associated with funerary rites. The act of sharing communal dishes and encouraging others to partake reflects the collectivist nature of many Asian societies.In contrast, Western etiquette tends to place a greater emphasis on individualism, directness, and personal space. The handshake, a ubiquitous greeting in the West, is a testament to this cultural difference. While a firm handshake is often seen as a sign of confidence and assertiveness in European and North American contexts, it may be perceived as overly aggressive or intrusive in parts of Asia, where a gentler, more subtle touch is preferred.Additionally, the Western dining experience is often marked by a greater degree of formality and adherence to specific rules. The placement of utensils, the proper way to hold a fork and knife, and the etiquette surrounding the use of napkins are all meticulously observed. Failure to abide by these norms can be viewed as a breach of social protocol, whereas in many Eastern cultures, the focus is more on the enjoyment of the meal and the quality of the conversation.The concept of time also differs markedly between the East and the West. In societies like the United States and the United Kingdom, punctuality is highly valued, and tardiness is often interpreted as a sign of disrespect or lack of organization. In contrast, the notion of "time is money" is less prevalent in many Asian cultures, where a more relaxed, fluid approach to scheduling is the norm. The concept of "island time" in places like Hawaii and the Caribbean is a testament to this cultural difference.Furthermore, the gestures and body language employed in social interactions vary significantly between the two spheres. In the West, direct eye contact is often seen as a sign of confidence and trustworthiness, whereas in parts of Asia, prolonged eye contact may be perceived as confrontational or disrespectful. The act of pointing with one's index finger, which is widely accepted in the West, is considered rude and impolite in countries like Japan, where pointing is typically done with an open hand or the thumb.These divergent cultural practices and their underlying philosophies are a testament to the rich diversity of human civilization. By understanding and respecting these differences, we can foster greater cross-cultural understanding, facilitate more meaningful and respectful interactions, and ultimately, contribute to a more harmonious global community. As we navigate the increasinglyinterconnected world, the ability to navigate the nuances of etiquette across cultures becomes an invaluable asset, allowing us to forge stronger connections and bridge the divides that have long separated East and West.。

中西礼貌用语的差异与文化影响Culture Differences Between Chinese and Western Courtesy Language郭靖经济学系经济Q0941班摘要:生活在不同文化背景与地域的人,由于道德价值观、文化习俗、行为规范上的差异,对礼貌语言的理解能力是不同的。

因此我们在与西方各国人交往时,要全面地了解中西文化的差异,以避免礼貌语言使用不当的情况出现,造出误会，不能使交往和谐友好地进行。

关键词:礼貌语言;中西文化;差异；影响KeyWords: courtesy language; Chinese andWestern cultures; difference一、中西文化对“礼貌”一词的解释不同，文化是一个群体（可以是国家、也可以是民族、企业、家庭）在一定时期内形成的思想、理念、行为、风俗、习惯、代表人物，及由这个群体整体意识所辐射出来的一切活动。

社会学家告诉我们:一切文化都是独特的,互不相同的。

《辞源》上说:“礼”是规定社会行为的法则、规范、仪式的总称。

尊敬、敬意是现代礼貌的社会功能,强调的是人与人之间关系的融洽与和谐,消除抵触,促成合作。

于是出现了“礼貌语言”、“礼貌待人”等礼貌语言,那么,什么样的言语行为才被称得上是礼貌行为呢?本人认为,要注意礼貌语言的两层含义:一是内容上要礼貌;二是表达方式上要礼貌。

内容上要礼貌就是要遵循社会的礼貌法则,礼貌待人;表达方式上要礼貌就是使用语言时要尊重听话人,对听话人要有敬意。

西方礼貌又是什么样的呢? 在《英汉辞海》中, polite解释的第三条是:属于高度文化的,或有特点的,表示出有修养、教养、雅致和温文的,有高度的受尊敬的习惯的。

第四条是:有礼貌的、客气的,有时是由于真心实意地体贴人,有时只是出于顾全社会礼节的那种体贴,应付得体、尊重、客气或宽厚的。

如polite answer (有礼貌的回答) , polite letter (客气的信) 。

Contents Acknowledgements (I)English Abstract (II)Chinese Abstract (III)Chapter1 Introduction........................................................................ (1)1.1The definition of euphemism (1)1.2The features of euphemism (2)1.2.1National characteristic (2)1.2.2Regional feature (2)1.2.3Indirect a nd Implicit (3)1.2.4Universality (3)1.2.5Humor (3)1.2.6Vagueness (4)Chapter 2 Euphemism, Language and Culture (5)2.1The definition of culture (5)2.2Language and culture (6)2.3Euphemism and culture (6)Chapter 3 A Comparison About English and Chinese Euphemism (8)3.1Euphemisms for death (8)3.2Euphemisms for old age (9)3.3Euphemisms for poverty (10)3.4Euphemisms for marriage and pregnancy (11)3.5Euphemisms for disease (12)Chapter4 Conclusion (14)References (15)AcknowledgementsThis thesis is a result of contributions from many supporting individuals.During the process of writing, I have received various kinds of help from many people. Because of their help, I have finished writing this thesis so smoothly. Here, I want to render my sincere thanks to all the teachers and classmates who have given me their help in the last four years. The help is not only one of the most important treasures deserving cherishing all my life, but also will be a perfect guide in my life in the future.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my supervisor – Ms. Peng Qiying. In this short but sufficient period, she has given me many good suggestions for the materials and the ways of organizing ideas. Without her consistent instructions, this thesis would not have reached its present form.My sincere thanks are also owed to all the teachers who have taught me during the four years of my university study. I also thank the library of Guizhou University and the library of our college for providing me with the facilities and sources that I needed for my research and writing.I also acknowledge my sincere thanks to all my classmates and friends who have enriched my life with their generous help and precious friendship.The finishing of my thesis is not an end but a new beginning. I believe that I can do better and better in my future life. Thank you again, my supervisor, my classmates and my teachers.AbstractOne of the most important ways for our human beings to communicate with others is language. Language is an important means for people to maintain their social relationship. However, there are many things which are supposed to be unspeakable. Many words also make people embarrassed and unhappy. So, in order to avoid the offensiveness and misunderstandings, people usually use the indirect or pleasant expressions to replace with those unpleasant and rude words in communication. We call that euphemism. Euphemism plays an important role in people’s social communication and exists in almost every culture and society. In order to help the language learner to understand euphemism better, this thesis mainly explores the cultural differences between English and Chinese euphemisms. In chapter one, the author introduces the definition and features of euphemism. In chapter two, the author introduces the relationship between euphemism, language and culture. Chapter three is mainly a contrastive study of English and Chinese euphemism from these aspects: euphemisms of death, poverty, marriage, pregnancy and disease. Then the author brings to the conclusion that if the language learners want to learn a foreign language well, it is better that he has a good knowledge of its culture.Key Words：euphemism, definition, feature, culture, difference摘要语言是人与人交流的最重要的方法，也是保持社会关系的重要方法。

中西礼节差异英文作文英文：As someone who has experienced both Western and Chinese cultures, I can say that there are definitely differencesin etiquette between the two. Let me give you some examples.In Western culture, it is common to shake hands when meeting someone new or in a professional setting. This is a way of showing respect and establishing a connection. In Chinese culture, however, there are different ways of greeting someone depending on the relationship and the occasion. For example, a younger person may bow slightly to an elder as a sign of respect, or two friends may give each other a hug.Another difference is in gift-giving. In Western culture, it is common to wrap gifts in colorful paper and present them to the recipient. However, in Chinese culture, the wrapping is not as important as the gift itself. It isalso customary to give gifts in pairs, such as two oranges or two red envelopes with money inside.One more example is in dining etiquette. In the West,it is polite to wait for everyone to be seated before beginning to eat. In China, it is customary to begin eating as soon as the dishes are served. In addition, it is common to use chopsticks in China, while in the West, knives and forks are more commonly used.Overall, these are just a few examples of the differences in etiquette between Western and Chinese cultures. It is important to be aware of these differences when interacting with people from different cultures, as it can avoid misunderstandings and show respect.中文：作为一个经历过西方和中国文化的人，我可以说两者之间的礼节确实有所不同。

毕业设计（论文）题目：中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究A Constructive Study of Politeness in ChineseAnd English Culture学生姓名：蔡美玲学号：0807060128专业班级：B08英语（国际商务）1班指导教师：唐红梅学院：外国语学院2012年4 月中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究摘要语言礼貌是一种普遍的社会现象，广泛地存在于人类社会生活之中。

它协调着人们的社会关系和交际活动,是维系人际和谐的工具,避免交际冲突的手段。

随着中国加入WTO，中国与西方国家在政治，经济，文化方面的联系变得越来越紧密，社交越来越频繁，礼貌用语也显得越来越重要。

在此过程中，言语交际成功与否,在很大程度上取决于能否选用恰当的礼貌表现形式。

本课题将通过对中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究，阐明中西礼貌用语的共性和差异性，以及在不同文化背景下，中英不同的礼貌原则和各自的侧重点。

通过对此课题的研究，使人们在社交过程中，根据不同的场合，正确的使用合适的礼貌语，避免不同文化下不同礼貌用语带来的各种冲突。

同时，能使英语学习者更加透彻的了解西方文化，掌握交际语言。

最后，若用于英语教学中，将提高学生的综合素质，以及跨文化交际能力。

关键词：礼貌用语; 礼貌原则; 文化; 差异对比A CONSTRUCTIVE STUDY OF POLITENESS IN CHINESEAND ENGLISH CULTUREABSTRACTLanguage Courtesy is a kind of common social phenomenon, which widely occurs in the human society of life, coordinating the people's social relationships and communication activity, maintaining interpersonal harmony,and avoiding the communication conflicts. As China entering the WTO and the forming of the globalized market, the relationship between China and the western countries has become closer, with more frequent activities in politics, economy and culture. So language courtesy is taking a more important role in our social life. In this process, the successful cross-cultural communication, to a great extent, depends on the selection of the appropriate politeness. This paper expounds the common features and different courtesy between Chinese and the western through a constructive study of politeness in Chinese and English culture. On the other hand, the paper expounds different politeness principle and the emphasis of the respective in different cultural background.Therefore, the study of this subject can conduct people to use the right polite language, avoiding the conflict that brings about the different culture courtesy and different culture according to the different occasions in the social process. At the same time, the paper can make the reader understand and master the western culture and the right way of communication. Finally, if the politeness principles are used in the English teaching and Learning, it will improve the students' comprehensive quality, and the ability of cross-cultural communication.Key words: polite language; politeness principle; culture;Contents1. Introduction (1)2. Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and English (1)2.1 Politeness Principles of English (1)2.1.1 Brown and Levinson’s “face” theory (1)2.1.2 Grice Cooperative Principle (2)2.1.3 Leech’s Politeness Principle (2)2.2 Politeness Principles of Chinese (3)3. A Comparison between Chinese and English Politeness (5)3.1 Terms of Address (5)3.2 Humility Language and Formal L anguage (5)3.3 Terms of Privacy (6)3.4 Terms of Greeting (6)3.5 Terms of Thanks (7)3.6 Terms of Goodbye (8)3.7 Terms of Invitation (8)3.8 Differences Politeness of Cooking Culture (8)3.8.1. The Politeness of Atmosphere on T able (8)3.8.2 The Politeness of Customary Actions on T able (9)4. Reasons for the different & countermeasures (9)4.1 Reasons for the Difference (9)4.1.1 Confucianism and Christianity (10)4.1.2 Philosophy D ifferences (10)4.1.3 Differences of Culture, Thinking and V alue (10)4.2 Countermeasures (11)4.2.1 Countermeasures in English teaching (11)4.2.2 Countermeasures in communication (11)5. Conclusion (13)References (14)1.Introduction“As a universal phenomenon, politeness is observed in every society; its main functions are maintaining social order; maintaining friendly interpersonal relations; reducing conflicts and misunderstandings by means of polite speech acts so as to attain the aim of communication.”[1]Both English and Chinese language has much different restriction in the pragmatic, among which the most important is the restriction of cultural factors. British linguists, Leech listed the six politeness principles according to the English culture characteristic, while Gu YueGuo analysed Chinese culture characteristic and had conclude five politeness principles in his work Politeness, Pragmatics and Culture. Comparing the politeness principles of Gu YueGuo and Leech we can find that there are many politeness norms of differences. It is an effective way to prevent pragmatic failures and promote the communication smoothly by analyzing and comparing these differences scientifically.2.Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and EnglishPoliteness is the common phenomenon existing in social and group which is the symbol of human civilization and the tool of maintaining interpersonal harmony. People should comply with the politeness principles in order to avoid the failures that cause by different politeness 2.1 Politeness Principles of English2.1.1 Brown and Levinson’s “face” theoryPoliteness, in the interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s face. [2]Early in the 1950s, E Goffman, the United States Scholar, had put forward the “Face Behavior T heory”from sociology. Then in 1978, Brown and Levinson had further put forward the “Mature Face T heory”which tried to take face as a common language phenomenon to research on the basis of Goffman in their work of Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena. The Mature Face Theory of Brown and Levinson is the firsttime to discuss the face problems of politeness systematically from anthropology and philosophy. They thought that face i s ,for every social member ,wanted to gain for the public self-image of them. In the process of interaction, people hope each other can maintain each other's face. Along with the face threat increasing, people use the higher politeness strategies to maintain their face. The face threat level depends on the difference of social distance and social power between the communications.Brown and Levinson divided the face into positive face and negative face. Then politenes s is also divided into the positive manner and negative manner. [3]2.1.2 Grice Cooperative PrincipleGrice, an American linguist, has put forward the Cooperative Principle in people’s conversation. He thought that, “in all the communicati on, the speaker and listener should follow some principles which make the process of communication develop toward the tacit understanding and cooperation. There are four maxims to embody the Cooperative Principle: (1) Quantity Maxim: the information you offer should accord with the conversation, justthe right amount(2). Quality maxim: what you said should be reasonable and true.(3). Relevant maxim: what you said should be related to the content of the front(4). Manner maxim: the word you said should be terse, clear, and systematical. [4]But some people do not comply with this social principle; even some of them violate those in social communication. In other words, the Cooperative Principle can't completely contain the kinds of conversation. According to this, the English linguist Leech thought the root of people violating the Cooperative Principle is that they want to comply with another principles — Politeness Principle. From the Pragmatics and Interpersonal Rhetoric, Leech summed up and classified the Politeness Principle during the social communication. Leech pointed that: the Cooperative Principle guides what we should say, so as to meet the expectations. However, the politeness principle can be maintained the friendship. So the Cooperation Principles and politeness principles can make a supplement each other which restrict people's conversation behaviors.2.1.3 Leech’s Politeness PrincipleEnglish scholar Leech, in his principles of pragmatics, put forward his politeness principle on the basis of Gricean framework. He believed that,”besides Cooperative Principle, Politeness Principle guides and constrains rational people’s conversation as well. It is closelyconnected with Cooperative Principle. Yet on the other hand, it solves the problem why people prefer to use indirect speech in conversation, which cooperative principle can not explain”. Leech’s Politeness Principle is elaborated into six maxims.(1). Maxim of tact: minimize cost to other, maximize benefit to other(2). Maxim of generosity: minimize benefit to yourself, maximize cost to yourself.(3). Maxim of approbation: minimize dispraise to other, maximize praise to other(4). Maxim of modesty: minimize praise of self, maximize dispraise of self,(5). Maxim of agreement: minimize disagreement between self and other; maximizeagreement between self and other.(6). Maxim of sympathy: min imize antipathy between self and other’, maximize s ympathybetween self and other. [5]This is the main content of Leech’s politeness principles. The above criteria have the different emphasis. For example, the maxim of tact and the maxim of generosity, maxim of approbation and maxim of modesty, which is the same, have two different aspects. The maxim of tact is referring to how to treat others which is applied to causative Verbal Behavior “request”. But the maxim of generosity is referring to how to treat self which is applied to commitment Verbal Behavior “promise to help”. Analogously, Approbation maxim is referring to how to treat others while Modesty maxim is referring to how to treat self. The Agreement maxim points out that it is not suitable to express directly the diversity viewpoint with other person. The last maxim, sympathy, stresses out that we should express common mood with others when people are in bad mood.2.2 Politeness Principles of ChineseLike the English speaking countries, the ancient Chinese have made an important discussion on politeness. “道德仁义非礼不成”, “人有礼则安。

Cultural Differences between Chinese and English on Politeness中英礼貌用语对比研究摘要礼貌是人类文化的普遍现象，广泛的存在于人类社会生活之中，它不仅是人类社会活动的重要准绳，也是人类文明的主要标志。

文明古国中国和西方处于不同的地域，有着不同的文化背景，道德价值观，风土人情等等，中英文化的巨大差异必然导致其礼貌用语的使用差异。

本文将从文化价值角度对中英两种礼貌用语进行对比分析，旨在使交流顺利进行，提高跨文化交际能力。

关键词礼貌用语；英语；汉语；差异对比绪论礼貌作为一种文化习俗，在人脑中是根深蒂固的，它以巨大的力量促使人们按照本民族的习惯进行交际。

即使是许多有文化有教养，知道入乡随俗的人也难以摆脱文化习俗的羁绊，在跨文化交际中有意无意的触犯对方的禁忌，造成语用失误。

跨文化交际中关键性的问题，就是人们能否冲破各自文化的约束去领略认可，或接受其他文化中多重且隐蔽的特性。

为了顺利融洽的进行交际，除了建立良好的习俗差异意识，遵守“入境问禁，入国问俗，入门问佛”的礼仪，规范，更重要的还应重视移情，不管是说话人还是听话人，在认知心理上都要乐于接受对方d 的不同文化，想方设法去理解对方的用意。

在跨文化交流中我们会轻松地发现，英汉两种语言的礼貌用语存在很大的不同，下面我将从以下几个方面进行分析。

一、中英称呼语的文化差异中国人较习惯于非对等式的称呼类型，称呼要讲究“长幼尊卑贵贱”之分，体现出一种权势倾向，是垂直社会关系的标志。

而英语国家受西方文化影响，较崇尚对等式称呼，表现出平等的文化取向 。

（一）、姓名。

比如，在中国，下属不能叫上司的名字，学生不能直接叫老师的名字，孩子不能直呼父母的名字。

否则就会被认定为没有礼貌，缺乏教养。

而英语文化中的称呼语注重双方亲近，表现出平等的文化取向。

在英语国家，一般来说，不论对方年龄多大，地位和级别多高，人们更愿意直呼其名，以示亲近。

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