航空定位定姿系统PPOI-A系列
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国产高精度位置和姿态测量系统LDPOS的发展与应用周落根邓晓光洪勇(摘要:本文详细介绍了高精度位置和姿态测量系统的发展,我国具有完全自主知识产权的移动测量和实景三维技术和产品的研究、应用和服务情况,以及地面无控航测系统,并对其未来的发展进行展望。
关键词:高精度位置和姿态测量系统LDPOS地面无控航测系统一引言高精度位置和姿态测量系统(Position and Orientation System, POS)集全球导航卫星系统、惯性测量单元、导航处理计算机技术于一体,可以实时获取运动物体的高精度空间位置和三维姿态信息,广泛应用于飞机、轮船和陆地载体的导航定位。
POS通过全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System ,GNSS)接收定位数据,利用高精度光学陀螺捷联惯性测量单元(Inertial Measurement Unit,IMU)提供设备瞬间的速度、加速度和方向信息,然后通过数据处理与融合软件对所接收的定位定姿信息进行数据处理,获得载体设备的高精度位置及姿态信息,同时给载荷传感器提供高精度同步信息,直接解算观测成果的高精度外方位元素,输出具有直接地理参考的影像数据。
POS解决了GNSS动态可靠性差,会出现信号遮挡、丢失,同时数据输出的频率低等问题。
POS系统将GNSS长期、低动态定位精度高的特性与惯性导航系统QNS)的短期、高动态定位精度高的性能有机地结合起来,不但提高了系统的精度,加强了系统的抗干扰能力,同时解决了GNSS动态应用采样频率低的问题。
POS系统可为载体或航空传感器提供高精度、高频率(200HZ)的实时位置与姿态(X,Y,Z,e,3, K)数据,应用于各种不同类型的传感器:如航空胶片或数字相机、线阵扫周落根,立得空间信息技术股份有限公司副总经理;邓晓光、洪勇,立得空间信息技术股份有限公司。
描仪、激光扫描仪、合成孔径雷达、成像光谱仪等。
在崇山峻岭、戈壁荒漠等难以通行的地区,如国界、沼泽滩涂等作业员根本无法到达的地区,采用POS系统和航空摄影系统集成进行直接空间对地定位,可迅速、及时地获取多频段、多时相、高精度、高分辨率的位置与图像信息,快速高效地编绘基础地理图件,大大提高了作业效率和成功率。
飞机泊位机型自动识别与指示系统1. 系统概述飞机泊位机型自动识别与指示系统是一种基于现代计算机技术和机器视觉技术的智能系统。
该系统可以实现对停机位上停放的飞机机型的自动识别,并向机组人员和地勤人员提供相应的机型信息和地面操作指示。
这一系统可以有效提高机场地面服务的效率和安全性,优化效益和提高服务质量。
本系统由基础软硬件组成:硬件部分主要包括机舱内部和地面设备。
而软件部分则由三大模块组成:图像处理模块、机型识别模块和指示信息输出模块。
在实际使用中,地勤人员通常通过自己的PDA或其他智能终端来接收与处理指示信息。
2. 系统功能2.1 机型识别功能机型识别模块可以对机场所有停机位停驻飞机的机身进行自动识别,识别出飞机的品牌、型号和所需的地勤操作等信息,并将信息上传到服务器,供地勤人员核实使用。
2.2 指示指令输出功能指示信息输出模块可以将相应的机型信息和泊位指令发送给机组和地勤人员,以指示地勤人员在相应的机型停靠停机位时该如何操作。
同时,地勤人员也可以通过自己的PDA和其他智能终端终端,随时随地接收相应的指令,提高操作准确性并减少出错率。
2.3 系统安全性本系统安全性高,对地勤人员和机组人员的操作进行严格的控制和管理。
系统需要使用密码和权限的验证才能进行操作,以防止不当操作引起的事故和损失。
3. 技术支持3.1 图像处理技术该系统采用计算机视觉技术和图像处理技术进行机型识别。
在识别过程中,对飞机图像进行深度学习和分析,以确保机型的准确识别。
3.2 指示信息输出技术地勤人员和机组人员可以通过智能终端,随时随地接收到相应的指令。
此外,该系统还可以将指令信息实时传送到大屏幕上,以便地勤和机组人员更好地了解运行情况和进程。
3.3 数据后台技术该系统还拥有一个后台数据库,用于存储机型信息、停机位信息、指令数据等。
系统管理员可以通过该后台数据库进行数据管理和维护,以确保系统的正常运行。
4. 系统优势4.1 自主化与人性化该系统可以自主完成相应的机型识别和指令输出,大大缩短了地勤人员的操作时间和人力成本。
产品介绍产品介绍ACGS-01 是CGSTECH 公司提供的基于MEMS 技术的低成本的,高性能三维运动姿态测量系统。
ACGS-01包含三轴陀螺仪、三轴加速度计(即IMU ),三轴电子罗盘等辅助运动传感器,通过内嵌的低功耗处理器输出校准过的角速度,加速度,磁数据等,通过基于四元数的Motion Sensor Fusion 算法进行数据融合,实时输出以四元数、欧拉角等表示的零漂移三维运动姿态数据。
ACGS-01可广泛应用于航模无人机、机器人、摄像云台、天线云台、地面及水下设备、虚拟现实、人体运动分析等需要低成本、高动态三维姿态测量的产品设备中。
ACGS-01微型AHRS 姿态方位参考系统姿态方位参考系统硬件系统高度集成硬件系统高度集成紧凑的外观设计,方便开发集成到其他的系统和应用中尺寸小,重量轻,功耗低具有高度的可扩展性,提供串口,SPI ,CAN 总线运动姿态捕捉显示系统运动姿态捕捉显示系统CGSTECH Explore 提供图形化的显示界面,使开发者对运动姿态所见即所得,通过使用CGSTECH Explore 内置工具可以迅速完成内置传感器的各种设置校准,包括软铁和硬铁的磁场校准,让开发者工作化繁为简,集中精力于系统设计输出模式输出模式三维全姿态数据(四元数 / 欧拉角 / 旋转矩阵) 三维加速度 / 三维角速度 / 三维地磁场强度可扩展性软件开发 SDKCGSTECH SDK 提供针对不同设备的多层次接口,保证用户不仅在桌面系统还是嵌入式设备都可以进行快速开发,满足系统开发的定制要求,使得用户在使用CGSTECH 系列产品时更加具有自主性特点高精度360 度全方位空间姿态输出。
无需水平静态下启动。
快速动态响应与长时间稳定性(无漂移,无积累误差)相结合。
全固态微型MEMS 惯性器件,三轴加速度、三轴角速度和三轴磁场强度计高度集成9DOF 。
快速更新率,多种可编程的数据输出模式(四元数,欧拉角,旋转矩阵等)。
POSPac 移动测图软件是 Applanix 公司研制的一套先进的、智能化的定位定姿数据处理软件,对集成全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)与惯性导航技术的定位定姿系统(POS AV)所采集的数据进行处理,通过软件解算处理,仍可获取测图传感器的高精度定位定姿数据。
POSPacMMS 软件的功能特点
POSPac 软件采用全球导航卫星系统与惯性导航技术对航空测图传感直接定位,可优化航空测图环境,兼容各种不同类型的传感器。
该软件采用全新的用户界面、先进的数据处理技术——Applanix SmartBa se与 Applanix IN-Fusion,智能化的数据处理方案可快速、高效地得到精确的定位定姿数据。
该软件包括以下的功能:
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导入、管理与评估定位定姿系统(POS AV)与全球导航系统参考站数据。
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通过 POS AV 记录的全球导航卫星系统与惯性导航数据,生成高精度的位置与姿态信息
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能计算 UltraCam, DMC,RMK Top, RC20/30, LMK 2000 与 Ap planix DSS 系统中的
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航空相机所采集的每一幅图像的外方位元素,输出到第三方摄影测量软件中进行处理
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对惯性导航装置(IMU)、相机轴线与坐标系统校准
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对外方位元素、相机校准与坐标转换的数据质量进行详细地评估与控制
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提供详细的与航摄任务有关的文档和报告
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可生成数字传感器系统(DSS)图像
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从DSS 图像可直接快速生成正射影像。
Number:CTSO-C201Approved by:Xu ChaoqunChina Civil Aviation Technical Standard OrderAttitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS)1. Purpose.This China Civil Aviation Technical Standard Order (CTSO) is for manufacturers applying for Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS) CTSO authorization (CTSOA). This CTSO prescribes the minimum performance standards(MPS) that Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS) must first meet for approval and identification with the applicable CTSO marking.2. Applicability.This CTSO affects new application submitted after its effective date. Major design changes to article approved under this CTSO will require a new authorization in accordance with section 21.353 of CCAR-21-R4.3. RequirementsNew models of AHRS identified and manufactured on or after theeffective date of this CTSO must meet the MPS qualification and documentation requirements in sections 2.1, 2.2.1, and 2.2.2 of RTCA Document No. RTCA/DO-334, Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Solid-State Strap-Down Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS), dated March 21, 2012. If AHRS provides heading, turn and slip, degraded mode, uses aiding, includes a display, or provides information generated by the AHRS to a stand-alone display,then the applicant must also meet the requirements as listed in the table below.Optional Functions/Mode/Source FunctionalQualificationHeading 2.2.3Turn and Slip 2.2.5Degraded Mode 2.2.4Aiding 2.2.6Display 2.5a. Functionality. This CTSO’s standards apply to solid statestrap-down AHRS intended to output pitch and roll attitude that does notuse gimbaled sensors. It also addresses the optional functions of heading,turn, slip and the display of information provided by an AHRS.b. Failure Condition Classifications.There is no standard minimumfailure condition classification for this TSO. The failure condition classification appropriate for the equipment will depend on the intendeduse of the equipment in a specific aircraft. Document the loss of functionand malfunction failure condition classification for which the equipmentis designed.c. Functional Qualification. Demonstrate the required functional performance under the test conditions specified in RTCA/DO-334, Section 2.4. If the AHRS includes a display, demonstrate the required functional performance of the display under the test conditions specified in RTCA/DO-334, Section 2.6.d. Environmental Qualification. Demonstrate the required performance under the test conditions specified in RTCA/DO-334, Section 2.3, using standard environmental conditions and test procedures appropriate for airborne equipment. RTCA/DO-334 requires the use of RTCA/DO-160G; however, the applicant may use a different standard environmental condition and test procedure than RTCA/DO-160G, provided the standard is appropriate for AHRS.Note: The use of RTCA/DO-160D (with Changes 1 and 2 only, incorporated) or earlier versions is generally not considered appropriate and will require substantiation via the deviation process as discussed in paragraph 3.g of this CTSO.e. Software Qualification. If the article includes software, develop the software according to RTCA, Inc. document RTCA/DO-178B, Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification, dated December 1, 1992 to at least the software level consistent with the failure condition classification defined in paragraph 3.b of this CTSO.Note: The certification liaison process objectives will be considered satisfied after CAAC review of the applicable life cycle data.f. Electronic Hardware Qualification. If the article includes complex custom airborne electronic hardware, develop the component according to RTCA/DO-254, dated April 19, 2000, Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware, to at least the design assurance level consistent with the failure condition classification defined in paragraph 3.b of this CTSO. For custom airborne electronic hardware determined to be simple, RTCA/DO-254, paragraph 1.6 applies.Note: The certification liaison process objectives will be considered satisfied after CAAC review of the applicable life cycle data.g. Deviations. For using alternative or equivalent means of compliance to the criteria in this CTSO, the applicant must show that the equipment maintains an equivalent level of safety. Apply for a deviation under the provision of 21.368(a) in CCAR-21-R4.4. Marking.a. Mark at least one major component permanently and legibly with all the information in 21.423(b) of CCAR-21-R4. The marking must include the serial number.b. Also, mark the following permanently and legibly, with at least the manufacturer’s name, subassembly part number, and the CTSOnumber:(1) Each component that is easily removable (without hand tools); and,(2) Each subassembly of the article that manufacturer determined may be interchangeable.c. If the article includes software and/or airborne electronic hardware, then the article part numbering scheme must identify the software and airborne electronic hardware configuration. The part numbering scheme can use separate, unique part numbers for software, hardware, and airborne electronic hardware.d. The applicant may use electronic part marking to identify software or airborne electronic hardware components by embedding the identification within the hardware component itself (using software) rather than marking it on the equipment nameplate. If electronic marking is used, it must be readily accessible without the use of special tools or equipment.5. Application Data Requirements.The applicant must furnish the responsible certification personnel with the related data to support design and production approval. The application data include a statement of conformance as specified in section 21.353(a)(1) in CCAR-21-R4 and one copy each of the followingtechnical data:a. A Manual(s) containing the following:(1) Operating instructions and equipment limitations sufficient to describe the equipment’s operational capability.(2) Describe in detail any deviations.(3) Installation procedures and limitations sufficient to ensure that the AHRS, when installed according to the installation or operational procedures, still meets this CTSO’s requirements. Limitations must identify any unique aspects of the installation. The limitations must include a note with the following statement:“This article meets the minimum performance and quality control standards required by a China civil aviation technical standard order (CTSO). Installation of this article requires separate approval.”(4) For each unique configuration of software and airborne electronic hardware, reference the following:(a) Software part number including revision and design assurance level;(b) Airborne electronic hardware part number including revision and design assurance level; and(c) Functional description.(5) A summary of the test conditions used for environmental qualifications for each component of the article. For example, a form asdescribed in RTCA/DO-160G, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment, Appendix A.(6) Schematic drawings, wiring diagrams, and any other documentation necessary for installation of the AHRS.(7) List of replaceable components, by part number, that makes up the AHRS. Include vendor part number cross-references, when applicable.b. Instructions covering periodic maintenance, calibration, and repair, for the continued airworthiness of AHRS. Include recommended inspection intervals and service life, as appropriate.c. If the article includes software: a plan for software aspects of certification (PSAC), software configuration index, and software accomplishment summary.d. If the article includes simple or complex custom airborne electronic hardware, a plan for hardware aspects of certification (PHAC), hardware verification plan, top-level drawing, and hardware accomplishment summary (or similar document, as applicable).e. A drawing depicting how the article will be marked with the information required by paragraph 4 of this CTSO.f. Identify functionality or performance contained in the article not evaluated under paragraph 3 of this CTSO (that is, non-CTSO functions). Non-CTSO functions are accepted in parallel with the CTSOauthorization. For those non-CTSO functions to be accepted, the applicant must declare these functions and include the following information with CTSO application:(1) Description of the non-CTSO function(s), such as performance specifications, failure condition classifications, software, hardware, and environmental qualification levels. Include a statement confirming that the non-CTSO function(s) don’t interfere with the article’s compliance with the requirements of paragraph 3.(2) Installation procedures and limitations sufficient to ensure that the non-CTSO function(s) meets the declared functions and performance specification(s) described in paragraph 5.f.(1).(3) Instructions for continued performance applicable to the non-CTSO function(s) described in paragraph 5.f.(1).(4) Interface requirements and applicable installation test procedures to ensure compliance with the performance data defined in paragraph 5.f.(1).(5) Test plans, analysis and results, as appropriate, to verify that performance of the hosting CTSO article is not affected by the non-CTSO function(s).(6) Test plans, analysis and results, as appropriate, to verify the function and performance of the non-CTSO function(s) as described in paragraph 5.f.(1).g. The quality system description required by section 21.358 of CCAR-21-R4, including functional test specifications. The quality system should ensure that it will detect any change to the approved design that could adversely affect compliance with the CTSO MPS, and reject the article accordingly.h. Material and process specifications list.i. List of all drawings and processes (including revision level) that define the article’s design.j. Manufacturer’s CTSO qualification report showing results of testing accomplished according to paragraph 3.c of this CTSO.k. Provide the AHRS modes of operation and attitude, heading, and turn and slip categories for equipment per RTCA/DO-334, section 1.7.1 in installation manual.6. Manufacturer Data Requirements.Besides the data given directly to the authorities, have the following technical data available for review by the authorities:a. Functional qualification specifications for qualifying each production article to ensure compliance with this CTSO.b. Article calibration procedures.c. Schematic drawings.d. Wiring diagrams.e. Material and process specifications.f. The results of the environmental qualification tests conducted according to paragraph 3.d of this CTSO.g. If the article includes software, the appropriate documentation defined in the version of RTCA/DO-178B specified by paragraph 3.e of this CTSO, including all data supporting the applicable objectives in Annex A, Process Objectives and Outputs by Software Level.h. If the article includes complex custom airborne electronic hardware, the appropriate hardware life cycle data in combination with design assurance level, as defined in RTCA/DO-254, Appendix A, Table A-l. For simple custom airborne electronic hardware, the following data: test cases or procedures, test results, test coverage analysis, tool assessment and qualification data, and configuration management records, including problem reports.i. If the article contains non-CTSO function(s), the applicant must also make available items 6.a through 6.h as they pertain to the non-CTSO function(s).7. Furnished Data Requirements.a. If furnishing one or more articles manufactured under this CTSO to one entity (such as an operator or repair station), provide one copy or technical data and information specified in paragraphs 5.a and 5.b of thisEnglish Translation Version for Reference Only CAAC CTSO-C201 CTSO. Add any data needed for the proper installation, certification, use, or for continued compliance with the CTSO, of the AHRS.b. If the article contains declared non-CTSO function(s), include one copy of the data in paragraphs 5.f.(1) through 5.f.(4).8. Availability of Referenced Documents.Order RTCA documents from:Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics, Inc.1150 18th Street NW, Suite 910, Washington D.C. 20036You may also order them online from the RTCA Internet website at: .- 11 -。
民用飞机惯性基准导航系统校准分析惯性基准导航系统是民用飞机中最重要的机载系统之一,该系统为飞机的显示系统、飞行控制系统等多个系统提供飞机的飞行姿态、航向、加速度等信息,其准确性对飞机的安全稳定飞行具有不可替代的作用。
文章对民用飞机惯性基准导航系统的结构以及系统的校准进行了研究,希望能够给民航机务维护的工作提供一定的参考。
标签:民用飞机;惯性基准系统;校准1 民用飞机惯性基准导航系统组成惯性基准导航系统是近几年发展起来的新型惯性导航系统。
该系统具有体积小、质量轻、可靠性高等特点,能够通过飞机主控中心总线系统向主控中心输出飞机的姿态、航向、加速度等信息。
惯性基准导航系统主要由惯性基准装置(IRU)、飞机个性化模块(APM)以及安装托架三个部分构成[1]。
其中IRU是惯性基准导航系统中最重要的部分,它包含了所有惯性测量元件以及计算功能,而APM则主要用于存储IRU的安装校准数据、飞机的具体型号等方面的数据,这样能够在更换IRU部件之后,直接读取数据,而无需从新对IRU装置进行校准。
每套惯性系统均有两种工作方式,分别为导航方式和姿态方式,其中导航方式是系统的正常工作方式,在此种工作方式下,惯性基准导航系统能够向飞机的控制中心提供全部导航参数;而姿态方式则是在飞机的系统导航功能失效之后所进行的一种降低精度的工作方式,此时,系统只能向飞机控制中心提供包括姿态和航向等的少量数据信息。
2 民用飞机惯性基准导航系统的校准2.1 正常校准飞机在停靠地面通电之后,将惯性导航控制显示组件上的工作方式按钮从OFF状态拨出置为NA V状态,系统会自动在5秒钟的电瓶测试之后进入到正常校准的状态中,此时,控制显示组件上的“ALIGN(校准)”灯会稳定的点亮,飞机中央电子监控显示屏中会显示“IRSIN ALING >7”的信息提示。
此时大气数据基准组件提供的计算空速、垂直速度以及气压高度数据会在正、副驾驶员位的主飞行显示器上进行显示[2]。
SPATIAL 惯性导航航姿参考单元SPATIAL是一个坚固耐用的微型GNSS/ INS惯性导航和AHRS航姿参考系统单元,在最苛刻的条件下提供精确的位置、速度、加速度和方向。
它结合了温度校准的加速度计、陀螺仪、磁场传感器、压力传感器和先进的GNSS接收机。
这些组合一个复杂的混合算法,提供准确,可靠的导航和定位。
在全球导航卫星系统、惯性导航系统、姿态与航向参考系统和其他3D导航技术处于领先地位。
“空间”精密船级铝合金外壳符合防水和防脏的IP67标准,防冲击达2000g,能够在最极端的条件下使用。
先进的通风系统,使“空间”单元能测量空气压力,同时又保持水份排出。
“空间”是市场上最小的全球导航卫星系统/INS,只有28x36x20毫米,亦是最低功耗5伏100mA的电力系统。
“空间”OEM只有25x25x6mm、4克重。
“空间”的下一代全球导航卫星系统接收器,支持所有当前和未来的卫星导航系统,包括GPS、GLONASS、GALILEO 和北斗。
这些额外的卫星导航系统能让“空间”,在只GPS 的单元不能继续工作——如城市峡谷和室内——的环境中提供精确的位置和速度数据。
“空间”是第一个在世界上的GNSS/ INS提供温度校准动态范围的传感器。
有三个不同幅度水平的加速度计、陀螺仪和磁场传感器,“空间”可以设置高准确度、高动态飞行。
“空间”包含一个下一代存储器备份系统,允许它从它的最后的位置在50毫秒内热启动导航,并在约3秒内获得GNSS 定位。
存储器备份系统在产品的生命周期内持续工作,并提供24小时断电备份。
“空间”的内部滤波器运行频率800HZ,数据可以以这样的速度在高速RS232接口输出。
这允许用于控制动态不稳定的平台。
“空间”也非常宽容动态运动和振动。
应用:机器人、运动科学、追踪与保安、赛车、极限运动<span lang="ZH-CN"style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:SimSun;mso-ascii-font-famil y:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:# 333333;text-transform:uppercase;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN">导航水平位置准确度2.5 m垂直位置准确度3.0 m速度准确度0.05m/s横滚、仰俯准确度(静态)0.2 °航向准确度(静态0.5 °横滚、仰俯准确度(动态)0.4 °航向准确度(动态0.8 °幅度不限热启时间50 ms内部滤波率800 Hz数据输出率高达800 Hz。
AHRS编辑本词条缺少名片图,补充相关内容使词条更完整,还能快速升级,赶紧来编辑吧!AHRS称为航姿参考系统包括多个轴向传感器,能够为飞行器提供航向,横滚和侧翻信息,这类系统用来为飞行器提供准确可靠的姿态与航行信息。
中文名AHRS称为航姿参考系统包括多个轴向传感器功能提供航向,横滚和侧翻信息目录1概述2特点3输出模式4应用领域5参考产品▪概览▪LPMSCONTROL▪LPMS C++库▪开放式运动分析工具(OPENMAT)▪LPMS-B规格1概述编辑AHRS 航姿参考系统航姿参考系统包括基于MEMS的三轴陀螺仪,加速度计和磁强计。
航姿参考系统与惯性测量单元IMU的区别在于,航姿参考系统(AHRS)包含了嵌入式的姿态数据解算单元与航向信息,惯性测量单元(IMU)仅仅提供传感器数据,并不具有提供准确可靠的姿态数据的功能。
目前常用的航姿参考系统(AHRS)内部采用的多传感器数据融合进行的航姿解算单元为卡尔曼滤波器。
2特点编辑高精度360 度全方位位置姿态输出,采用欧拉角的会具有万向锁,不能全向转动高效的数据融合算法快速动态响应与长时间稳定性(无漂移,无积累误差)相结合3输出模式编辑三维全姿态数据(四元数 / 欧拉角 / 旋转矩阵/原始数据)三维加速度 / 三维角速度 / 三维地磁场强度4应用领域编辑AHRS 原本起源于飞行器相关技术,但是近几年随着成本的器件成本的不断降低也被广泛的应用于机动车辆与无人机,工业设备,摄像与天线云台,地面及水下设备,虚拟现实,生命运动科学分析,虚拟现实,游戏界面,室内定位等需要三维姿态测量的产品中5参考产品编辑AHRS/IMULPMS-B是新型的高精度超小型姿态动作捕捉传感器,它使用蓝牙技术对数据进行无线通信, 高度满足了在机械系统以及人体动作信息测量应用上的高精度计算,无线传输数据的要求,并为用户提供多方面的软件平台支持。
LP-RESEARCH公司的姿态传感器(LPMS系列产品)使用了先进的数据融合算法,为用户提供高精度高稳定性的姿态动作信息以及3轴加速度/角速度/地磁量/方位角等数据。