英语专业英国文学史Sir Gawain and the GreenKnight

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英国文学史复习资料(三年级专业生期末考试必备)

英国文学史复习资料(三年级专业生期末考试必备)英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksI. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic:long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer?s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in asentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。

约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。

代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。

)The father of English poetry.It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Matin LutherC. William LanglandD. John Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.① 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use …heroic couplet?(双韵体) by middle English②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ 声誉之宫Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传说故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstreamof the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1.new discoveries in geography and astrology2.the religious reformation and economic expansion3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。

英语专业英国文学史Sir Gawain and the GreenKnight课件

20
Bertilak’s Home
On his quest to meet the Green Knight, Gawain stays here for a short pel
The supposed home of the Green Knight. Gawain is sent here to keep his end of the bargain which he made with the Green Knight at Arthur’s holiday celebration a year prior.
• related words: cavalier (Fr., L.), cavalry (from L. caval), caballero (Sp.)
29
• Faith in God/Piety • Loyalty to the King • Bravery • Respect for women • Chastity (see “piety” and “respect for women”)
17
Minor Characters
• Bertilak’s wife- During the competition between Gawain and her husband, she tests Gawain’s integrity and honesty
18
Settings
19
Camelot
6
Romance
• Definition: A tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights, reflecting the spirit of chivalry, i.e, the quality and ideal of knight conduct.

英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲

英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲Part 1 The Anglo―Saxon Period（449-1066）秧格鲁-撒克逊时期1.H istorical BackgroundCelts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C. Anglo―Saxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D. Roman empire从albion撤军，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（条顿人or日耳曼人）陆续登陆此地2. Literature 1,pagan异教徒文学2 christian基督徒文学alliterative verse头韵诗Epic: Beowulf贝奥武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot 鹿兀grendel:a monster half-human）1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan写，插入由christian写2) a mixture of history and legend.，england’s national epic 民国史诗Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁-诺曼时期11.H istorical BackgroundRoman conquest,接着是english conquest，最后是normanconquest。

The Norman Conquest in 1066Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷战役）Kings―Barons男爵―Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy统治集团was formed2.T he languageUpper classes: French, Latin The mon people: Old EnglishThree languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the mon English people.3.The literatureRomance was a type of literature that was very popular2in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.It reflected the spirit of chivalry骑士制度. The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures.Subject matter:Geoffrey’s His tory杰弗里《史记》，riming chronicles押韵编年史，metricalverse格律诗体，doggerel verse打油诗体1)t he Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的骑士2)M atter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亚历山大大帝3)M atter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthurand his knights of the Round Table3.m ain literatureSir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman3妖精摩根, the green girdle绿腰带）Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (1340―1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1.H istorical BackgroundHe was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain. In 1350 AD, 100 Years' War between England and France.The English won, they controlled large French territory领土. The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD2.W hat's middle ages like?1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度social system.2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology 思想体系3.L ife and work of ChaucerChaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely41. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry2. Italian 1372-13863.English The Canterbury tales4.The Canterbury talesHe got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the stories in his own way.5The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to e someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. --Pretentiousness, pretending伪装too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shootThe significance of his writing1)it gives a prehensive广泛的picture of Chaucer’s time2)the dramatic structure3)Chaucer’s humor4)Chaucer’s contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer6used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.5.Popular ballads大众民谣A ballad is a narrative叙述poem that tells a story. It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲剧的incidents. They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相连并押韵的两行诗）―two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗__ ababcdcd Characteristics:1)The beginning is often abrupt突然地. No introductionof the characters and the background of the tale2)There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals witha single episode插曲3)the story is often told through dialogue and action4)the theme is often tragic悲剧的5)The ballad meter is used. It contains four-line stanza7节，段在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他将民谣收录到《英诗辑古》Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。

英国文学1

Part One: The Anglo-Saxon Period (449---1066)
Map 0f England
Earliest Settlement

We know very little of the first several hundred years of the Anglo-Saxon, or "English", era, primarily because the invaders were an illiterate people. Our earliest records of them are little more than highly inventive lists of rulers. We know that they established separate kingdoms, the Saxons settling in the south and west, the Angles in the east and north, and the Jutes on the Isle of Wight and the mainland opposite. They probably thought of themselves as separate peoples, but they shared a common language and similar customs.
Old and Medieval Eng. Literature The Anglo-Norman Period
6. William Langland (ca. 1332-ca.1386)

Piers the Plowman : The poem sets forth a series of wonderful dreams, through which we can see a picture of feudal England.

Popular Ballads

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (6)
The host disappears. The Green Knight comes out with the axe. Gawain offers his neck for the blow. The axe does not hurt him for the first two time. But it hurts him slightly for the third time. The Green Knight turns out to be no other than the host. He hurts Gawain because Gawain has concealed the green girdle.
Best known ballad publications
Reliques of Ancient English Poetry by
Bishop Thomas Percy
English And Scottish Popular Ballads by
Professor Child.
Ballad cycles
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (7)
Gawain feels ashamed, he gives the girdle back to the Green Knight. The Green Knight laughs and gives the girdle to Gawaiwain and the Green Knight (3)
Gawain stays in a castle for three days. The host and hostess are very hospitable to him. The host goes out hunting every day. Gawain stays at home to entertain the beautiful hostess. They make a compact that every evening they should change what each has got during the day.

英国文学简史笔记(完整版)

Chapter 1伊丽莎白统治之前的时代分为三个阶段：古英语（安格鲁撒克逊）时期，中世纪英语（安格鲁诺曼）时期，伊丽莎白统治前时期。

大不列颠岛相继被卡尔特人、罗马人和安格鲁撒克逊人占据。

【 The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period 】✧sign: the Stonehenge（巨石阵）prehistoric monumental pile of stones Celts（凯尔特人）were probably the first inhabitants of the British Isles in recorded history.One of their tribes, the Britons（不列颠人）， came over in the 5th century BC. 亚瑟王传奇 Arthurian legends 500 yearsRoman Conquest, Julius Caesar（尤里乌斯凯撒） 55BC500 yearsAnglo-Saxon Conquest, 5th centuryIn 597 AD the Anglo-Saxons began to be converted to Christianity.pagan elements/regular elementsreligion elementsIn the second half of the 7th century, the first English poet, Caedmon byname， began to sing.Another century passed, Beowulf.In the 9th century, King Alfred decided that literature should be writtenin the vernacular（方言） of Old English.✧With the arrival of St. Augustine in 597 AD and the subsequent spread of Christianinfluence and classical learning, heathen poetry was maneuvered out of the scene.a time of intermingling（过渡时期） of the pagan with the Christian components in poetry.1. Thenational epic of English people, a pagan poem2. An epic of well over 3000 lines.3. The greatest epic ever left by the ancient Germanic tribes.4. The most ancient ever since the demise of the Greek andRoman literatures.5. The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxonperiod.6. The story takes place in Scandinavia, no mention ofEngland.7. Anglo Saxon’s early life in Englandth century hero, Beowulf. It is basicallya two-part narrative——Beowulf’s fight with the sea-monstersGrendel and his mother in the first part, and his killing a fierydragon and his death in the second.1.human desire for some super power to conquer nature.2.great tradition of realism（现实主义传统）Versification:1.Pagan story has an Christian overlay（覆盖物，表面）.（作诗法）The mixture of pagan and Christian elements2. using of kenning(一种描写手法)e.g.: sea is often ‚swan’s way‛ or ‚whale-path.3. conspicious occurrence of alliteration(头韵).4. narrator of the poem, the ‚I‛ is aminstrel/scop/gleeman（吟游诗人）5. story’s digressive manner of narration.6. elevated tone（提高的音调）.7. the use of metaphors and understatements✧Then the pagan was superseded（超过） by the religious spirit, and minstrels（吟游诗人） gave way to learned men.✧Caedmon（凯德蒙）: the first known poet in English literary history.✧The Ecclesiastical History of England（英格兰教会史）by the venerable Bede（比得）.欧洲最早的编年史：Anglo-Saxon Chronicle（编年史）founded by King Alfred the Great （阿尔弗雷德大帝）.【 Medieval（中世纪）Literature: a brief introduction 】✧☑In 1066, ____, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England.A. William the ConquerorB. Julius CaesarC. Alfred the GreatD. Claudius☑After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. The Normans spoke _____.A. FrenchB. EnglishC. LatinD. SwedishThe changes and replacement of dynasty and government:The Norman line of kings90 years1154 Angevin kingsKing Henry Ⅱ and his descendants 245 years1399 The House of Lancaster✧William the Conqueror grabbed Anglo-Saxon land by force and gave it tohis nobles and followers.A historical record of Anglo-Saxon institutions, customs, and way oflife（十字军东征）A serious of wars between Christians and the Muslims (1096-1270)The first communication between east and west（大宪章）King John was forced to recognize the rights of the powerful barons.（男爵）（Duke公 Marquis侯 Count伯 Viscount子 Baron爵）Norman and Anglo-Saxon elements began to coalesce into one nation, andthe English language started to revive.The emergence of nation（民族兴起）✧传奇：The Growth of the Arthurian Legends（亚瑟王传奇）Not put down on paper until 1147 Geoffrey of Monmouth came out with hisLatin Historia Reugm Britanniae.Be enriched by a good number of later writers.1205 Layamon wrote his cast verse work of 32,000 lines Brut in English.The beginning of the revival of English as a literary medium骑士文学：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight:(《高文爵士和绿骑士》)or prose.☑The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is ____.A. novelB. dramaC. romanceD. essay☑The story of ___ is the culmination of the Arthurian romances.A. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightB. BeowulfC. Piers the PlowmanD. The Canterbury Tales☑The theme of ____ to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.A. loyaltyB. revoltC. obedienceD. mockeryA famous roman about King Arthur’s storyA 4-part work of 2,530 lines in 101 sections.knightly virtues: loyalty, valor（勇猛）,rectitude（正直）,and integrity.One Christmas（故事发生的时间）1.某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。

Sir-Gawain-And-The-Green-Knight

King Arthur and the Knights of the Round
Table
第3页，共11页。
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle English alliterative romance outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain who is a knight of King Arthur’s Round Table. And Gawain was Arthur’s nephew. The poem is one of the better-known Arthurian stories. The story of Gawain's struggle to meet the appointment and his adventures along the way demonstrate the spirit of chivalry and loyalty.
第6页，共11页。
On the New Year’s Day, Gawain was brought to the Green Knight. The Green Knight raised his axe and brought it down.Gawain had moved a little because of fear. The Green Knight lifted his axe to cut again, but he held it in the air. He praised Gawain for not moving this time. The third time the Green Knight made a slight cut in Gawain’s neck. Then he explained that he was the lord of the castle in a different form, and that the cut in the neck had been made because Gawain was full of shame and threw the girdle away. But the Green Knight forgives him and gave him the girdle as a gift.

高中英语_Sir Gawain and the Green Knight教学课件设计

Next morning the hunter left the lodge early. Sir Gawain was still in bed when the hunter’s lovely young wife came into his room and sat on his bed where she made advances to Sir Gawain. He refused these advances so she kissed him on the cheek. That evening the hunter came home and gave to Sir Gawain the animals that he had caught. Sir Gawain gave him a kiss on the cheek. They laughed, and everybody went to bed.
the lord of
him
the castle
Para 9:
1. Why did Sir Gawain feel sad? Because he hadn’t been honest.
2. What was his decision then? He decided to wear the belt around his neck for the rest of his life. To remember that he was not perfect.
the test the bravery of… with a game
Green
Knight
without hesitation… cut off…
Sir Gawain
picked up…got on… left… (a man with super natural power)

英国文学史2ch

The Anglo-Norman Period (1066~1485)
I The Norman Conquest II. Romance
III. Sir Gawain & the Green Knight IV. Geoffrey Chaucer V. The Canterbury quest Historical background：

For three centuries after the Norman conquest, two languages were used side by side in England.
courts
Latin French
upper classes
churches
schools
English live animals calf, swine, sheep their meat veal, pork, mutton French names Angles Saxons English names
Norman Conquest
The Consequence of the Norman Conquest

Politically a feudalist system was established Religiously Rome-backed Catholic Church Languages three languages coexisted (Old English ; French; Latin)
literature
3. Matter of Britain tales
Arthur
The knights of Round Table
English Romance: Arthurian Legends (Arthur: A legendary British hero, said to have been king of the Britons in the sixth century) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Gawain: In Arthurian legend, a nephew of King Arthur and a Knight of the Round Table) --P 18-38

英语专业考必背之英国文学纲要

英语专业考必背之英国文学纲要I. Early and Medieval English Literature (5th century-15th century)1. Bewolf 《贝尔武甫》2. The Legend of King Arthur and his Round Table Knights;《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》3. William Langland (1330-1400) Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》4. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里•乔叟The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》The Romanunt of the Rose 《玫瑰罗曼史》Troilus and Criseyde《特罗勒斯和克丽西德》The House of Fame《声誉之堂》II. English Literature of the Renaissance (16th century) —the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) 1. Thomas More (1478-1535)Utopia (1516) 《乌托邦》2. Edmund Spenser (1552-99)The Faerie Queen (1596) 《仙后》The Shepherd’s Calendar (1597 《牧人日历》3. Christopher Marlowe (1564-93)Tamburlaine the Great (1587)《帖木儿》Dr. Faustus (1589)《浮士德博士的悲剧》The Jew of Malta (1590) 《马耳他的犹太人》The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 《多情牧童致爱人》4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)The First Period (1590-1594)1590 Henry VI, Part II《亨利六世中篇》Henry VI, Part III《亨利六世下篇》1591 Henry VI, Part I 《亨利六世上篇》1592 Richard III《理查三世》The Comedy of Errors 《错误的喜剧》1593 Titus Andronicus《泰特斯•安德洛尼克斯》The Taming of the Shrew《训悍记》1594 The Two Gentlemen of Verona《维洛那二绅士》Love’s Labour’s L ost《爱的徒劳》Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Two narrative poems:Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece《露克丽丝受辱记》The Second Period (1595-1600)The second period of Shakespeare’s work is his mature period, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature hi storical plays.1595 Richard II 《理查二世》A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》1596 King John《约翰王》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》1597 Henry IV, Part I《亨利四世上篇》Henry IV, Part II《亨利四世下篇》1598 Much Ado about Nothing《无事生非》Henry V《亨利五世》The Merry Wives of Windsor《温莎的风流娘儿们》1599 Julius Caesar《裘力斯•凯撒》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》1600 Twelfth Night《第十二夜》The Third Period (1601-1607)The third period of Shakespeare’s dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”.1601 Hamlet《哈姆莱特》1602 Troilus and Cressida《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》1603 All’s Well That Ends Well《终成眷属》1604 Measure for Measure《一报还一报》Othello《奥瑟罗》1605 King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》1606 Antony and Cleopatra《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》1607 Coriolanus 《科利奥兰纳斯》Timon of Athens 《雅典的泰门》The Fourth Period (1608-1602)The fourth period of Shakespeare’s work is the period of romantic drama.1608 Pericles《泰尔亲王配瑞克里斯》1609 Cymbeline《辛白林》1610 The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》1601 The Tempest《暴风雨》1612 Henry VIII《亨利八世》5. Ben Jonson (1573-1637)Every Man in His Humor (1598)Volpone, or the Fox (1606)The Alchemist (1610) 《炼金术士》Bartholomew Fair (1614)6. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Advancement of Learning, 1605 《学术的进展》Novum Organum, 1620《新工具》New Atlantics, 1627《新大西岛》Essays, 1597,1612,1625 《论说文集》III. English Literature during the English Bourgeois Revolution and the Restoration (17th century)1. John Milton (1608-1674)“Morning of Christ’s Nativity”(1629)“圣诞晨歌”“L’ Allegro” (1632) “欢乐的人”“Il Penseroso” (1632) “沉思的人”Areopagitica (1644)《论出版自由》Deference of the English People (1651)《为英国人民辨》Second Deference of the English People (1654)《再为英国人民辨》Paradise Lost (1667)《失乐园》Paradise Regained (1671)《复乐园》Samson Agonistes (1671)《力士参孙》2. John Donne (1572-1631)3. Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)“To His Coy Mistress”《给他羞怯的情人》4. Robert Herrick (1591-1674)“Gather ye Rosebuds while ye May”《花开堪折直须折》5. John Bunyan (1628-1688)The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678)《天路历程》The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680)Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners《罪人受恩记》6. John Dryden (1631-1700)“All for Love”《一切为了爱》“Absalom and Achitophel”“A Song for St. Ceilia’s Day, 1687”“Alexander’s Feast”“An Essay of Dramatic Poesy”IV. English Literature of the 18th Century (18th century)1. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)An Essay on Criticism (1711) 《论批评》The Rape of the Lock (1714)《夺发记》The Dunciad (1728-1742)《愚人志》Essay on Man (1732-1734)《人论》2. Richard Steele (1672-1729) and “The Tatler”《闲话》报 (1709-1711)3. Joseph Addison (1672-1719) and “The Spectator”《旁观者》报 (1711-1712)4. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)The True Born Englishman (1701)《真正的英国人》The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702)《消灭不同教派的捷径》Robinson Crusoe (1719)《鲁滨逊漂流记》Moll Flanders (1722)《摩尔•弗兰德》A Journal of the Plague Year (1722)《大疫年日记》5. Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded (1742)《帕美拉,或德行有报》Clarissa: or The History of a Young Lady (1747)《克莱丽莎》The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1754)《查尔斯•格兰迪森爵士的历史》6. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)The Battle of Books (1697)《书籍之战》A Tale of a Tub (1698)《一个木桶的故事》Drapier’s Letters (1724)《布商的来信》Gulliver’s Travels (1726)《格列佛游记》7. Henry Fielding (1707-1754)The Coffee-house Politician (1730)《咖啡屋政客》Don Quixote in England (1734)《堂吉诃德在英国》The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews (1742)《约瑟夫•安德鲁》The History of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great (1743)《大伟人江奈生•魏尔德伟》The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling (1749)《汤姆•琼斯》8. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)The Rivals (1775)《情敌》St. Patrick’s Day (1775)《圣帕特里克日》The School for Scandal (1777)《造谣学校》A Trip to Scarborough (1777)《思卡波罗之行》9. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)《英语大辞典》Lives of the Poets (1779-1781)《诗人传》The Vanity of Human Wishes《人类欲望之虚幻》10. James Boswell (1740-1795)Life of Johnson《约翰逊传》11. Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 《罗马帝国衰亡史》12. Laurence Stern (1713-1768)The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy (1760-67)《项狄传》A Sentimental Journey (1768)《伤感之旅》13. Oliver Goldsmith (1730-1774)The Bee (1759)《蜜蜂》The Citizen of the World (1760—1761)《世界公民》The Vicar of Wakefield: A Tale (1766)《威克菲尔牧师传》The Deserted Village (1770)《荒村》She Stoops to Conquer (1773) 《屈身俯就》14. Thomas Gray (1716-1765)Ode on the Spring (1742)春天颂Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College (1747)《伊顿颂歌》Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1750)《墓园挽歌》The Progress of Poetry (1757) 《诗歌的进程》15. Robert Burns (1759-1796)Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786)《苏格兰方言诗集》“To a Mouse”“致老鼠”“To a Louse” “致虱子”“Scots Wha Hae” “苏格兰人”“My Heart’s in the Highlands”“我的心呀在高原”“Auld Lang Syne”“过去的好时光”“A Red, Red Rose”《一朵红红的玫瑰》16. William Blake (1757-1827)Poetical Sketches (1783)《素描诗集》Songs of Innocence (1789)《天真之歌》The French Revolution (1791)《法国革命》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1793)《天堂与地狱的婚姻》Songs of Experience (1794)《经验之歌》V. Romanticism in England — the Romantic Period (early 19th century)1. William Wordsworth (1770-1850)Lyrical Ballads (1789)《抒怀歌谣集》Lucy Poems (1799)《露西组诗》“The Solitary Reaper”(1807)“孤独的刈麦女”“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (1807)“我似孤独流云”The Prelude (1850)《序曲》“My Hearts Leaps Up” “我的心跳了起来”Tintern Abbey 《丁登寺旁》2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)“The Fall of the Bastille” (1789)“巴士底狱的倒塌”Lyrical Ballads (1789)《抒情歌谣集》“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”(1798)“老水手谣”“Kulbla Khan”(1816)“忽必烈汗”Biographa Literaria (1817)《文学传记》3. Robert Southey (1774-1843)Joan of Arc《圣女贞德》Walt Tyler《瓦特•泰勒》The Fall of Robespierre《罗伯斯庇尔之死》The Life of Nelson 《纳尔逊传》4. George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)Hours of Idleness (1807)《懒散时刻》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Canto I and II 1812; Canto III 1816; Canto IV, 1818)《恰尔德哈罗德游记》Oriental Tales (1813-1816)《东方叙事诗》Don Juan (1818-1823)《唐璜》The Age of Bronze (1822)《青铜时代》5. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)“Queen Mab”(1813)“麦布女王”“The Masque of Anarchy”(1819)“专制魔王的化妆舞会”“Ode to West Wind” (1819)“西风颂”“Song to the Men of England”(1819)“致英国人民”“England in 1819”(1819)“一八一九年的英国”“Prometheus Unbound” (1819)“解放了的普罗米修斯”“To a Skylark” (1820)“致云雀”“A Defense of Poetry”(1821)“诗辩”6. John Keats (1795-1821)“Endymion”(1818)“恩底弥翁”“Isabella; or the Pot of Basil” (1820)“伊莎贝拉”“Ode to a Nightingale” (1819)“夜莺颂”“Ode on a Grecian Urn” (1819)“希腊古瓮颂”“Ode on Melancholy” (1819) “忧郁颂”“Ode to Autumn” (1819) “秋颂”“La Belle Dame Sams Merci”(1820)“无情的美女”“Sonnet on Peace” “和平十四行诗”7. Charles Lamb (1775-1843)Essays of Elia (1823;1833)《伊利亚随笔》Tales from Shakespeare (1807) 《莎士比亚戏剧故事集》Specimens from English Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespeare 《莎士比亚时期英国戏剧诗人选》8. Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859)The Confession of an English Opium-Eater《一个英国吸食鸦片者的自白》9. Mary ShellyFrankenstein《弗兰肯斯坦》10. Walter Scott (1771-1832)The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border(1802-1803)《英格兰边区歌谣集》The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805) 《末代歌者之歌》The Lady of the Lake (1810)《湖上夫人》Waverly (1814)《威弗利》Guy Mannering (1815)《盖•曼纳令》Rob Roy (1817)《罗布•罗伊》Ivanhoe (1819)《艾凡赫》11. Jane Austen (1775-1817)Sense and Sensibility (1811)《理智与情感》Pride and Prejudice (1813)《傲慢与偏见》Mansfield Park (1814)《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Emma (1816)《爱玛》Northanger Abbey (1818)《诺桑觉寺》Persuasion (1818)《劝导》VI. English Critical Realism (second half of the 19th century) —the Victorian Age (1837-1901)1. Charles Dickens (1812-1870)1836 Sketches by Box《博兹特写集》1836-1837 The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》1837-1838 Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》1838-1839 Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯•尼克贝尔》1840-1841 The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》1841 Barnaby Rudge1842 American Notes 《游美札记》1843-1845 Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁•朱速尔唯特》1843 A Christmsa Carol《圣诞欢歌》1844 The Chimes《钟乐》1845 The Cricket on the Hearth《炉边蟋蟀》1846-1848 Dombey and Son《董贝父子》1849-1850 David Copperfield 《大卫•科波菲尔》1852-1853 Bleak House《荒凉山庄》1854 Hard Times《艰难时世》1855-1857 Little Dorrit《小杜丽》1859 A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》1860-1861 Great Expectations《远大前程》1864-1865 Our Mutual Friend 《我们的共同朋友》2. William M. Thackeray (1811-63)The Book of Snobs (1847)《势利人脸谱》Vanity Fair (1847-1848)《名利场》Pendennis (1848-1850)《潘丹尼斯》The History of Pendennis (1850) 《潘丹尼斯的历史》The History of Henry Esmond (1852)《亨利•埃斯蒙德》The Newcomers (1853-1855)《纽克姆一家》The Virginians (1857-1859)《弗吉尼亚人》Lovel the Widower (1860)《鳏夫洛弗尔》Adventures of Philip (1861-1862) 《菲利普历险记》3. Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)Jane Eyre (1847)《简•爱》Shirley (1849)《谢利》Vilette (1853)《维莱特》The Professor (1857) 《教授》4. Emily Bronte (1818-1848)Wuthering Heights (1847)《呼啸山庄》5. Anne Bronte (1820-1849 )Agnes Grey 《艾格尼丝•格雷》6. William Morris (1834-1896)News from Nowhere 《来自乌有乡之消息》A Dream of John Ball《梦遇约翰•保尔》The Earthly Paradise 《人间乐园》Chants for Socialism《社会主义歌集》7. Robert Stevenson (1850-1894)Treasure Island《金银岛》New Arabian Nights《新天方夜谭》Kidnapped《诱拐》A Child’s Garden of Verses《儿童诗园》8. Oscar Wilde (1856-1900)An Ideal Husband《理想丈夫》The Picture of Dorain Gray《道林•格雷画像》A Woman of No Importance《一个无足轻重的女人》The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》Lady Windermere’s Fan《温德米尔夫人的扇子》The Ballad of Reading Gaol《累丁狱之歌》The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子集》9.George Eliot (1819-1880)Adam Bede (1859)《亚当•比德》The Mill on the Floss (1860)《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner (1861)《织工马南》Romola (1863)《罗莫拉》Middlemarch (1871-1872)《米德尔马奇》10. Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)11. Robert Browning (1812-1889)VII. 20th Century English Literature (20th century) — the Modernist Period (between the two world wars)1. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)Far from the Madding Crowd《远离㵙尘嚣》The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》The Return of the Native《还乡》Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》Tess of the D’ Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》Wessex Pooems《威塞克斯诗集》2. Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)The Jungle Book (1894)《林莽丛书》The Second Jungle Book (1895)《林莽丛书之二》3. Arnold Bennett (1867-1931)The Old Wives’ Tale (1908)《老妇谭》4. E. M. Forster (1879—1970)Where Angles Fear to Tread (1905)《天使们望而却步的地方》The Longest Journey (1907)《最漫长的旅行》A Room with a View (1908)《可以远眺的房间》A Passage to India (1924)《印度之行》5. John Galsworthy (1867-1933)The Forsyte Saga (1906)《福尔赛世家》In Chancery (1920)《骑虎》The Man of Property 《有产业的人》To Let (1921)《出租》Modern Comedy 《现代喜剧》The White Monkey (1924)《白猿》The Silver Spoon (1926)《银匙》Swan Song (1928)《天鹅曲》From the Four Winds (1897)《天涯海角》The Silver Box (1906)《银匣》6. Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)The Nigger of the Narcissus (1897)《白水仙号上的黑家伙》Lord Jim (1900)《吉姆老爷》Heart of Darkness (1902)《黑暗心脏》The Secret Agent (1907)《间谍》Under the Western Eye (1911)《在西方的注视下》7. Henry James (1843-1916)8. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)Widow’s Houses (1892)《鳏夫的房产》Mrs. Warren’s Profession (1894)《华伦夫人的职业》Arms and Man (1894)《武器与人》Man and Superman (1903)《人与超人》Major Barbara (1905)《巴巴拉上校》Pygmalion (1913)《皮格马利翁》Heartbreak House (1917)《伤心之家》9. W. B. Yeats (1865-1939)10. T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)11. D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)The White Peacock (1911)《白孔雀》Sons and Lovers (1913)《儿子与情人》The Rainbow (1915)《虹》Women in Love (1916)《恋爱中的女人》Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928)《恰泰莱夫人的情人》12. James Joyce (1882-1941)Dubliner (1914)《都柏林人》A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)《年轻艺术家画像》Ulysses (1922)《尤利西斯》Finnegan’s Wake (1939)《芬尼根的觉醒》13. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)Mrs. Dalloway (1925)《黛洛维夫人》To the Lighthouse (1927)《到灯塔去》The Waves (1931)《浪》The Voyage Out (1915)《航行》Orlando (1928)《奥兰多》本文来源：环球时代学校内部讲义。

英国文学简史期末考试复习要点刘炳善版（英语专业大三必备）

英国文学史资料British Writers and Works 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf） ) •《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) ―英国诗歌之父ǁ。

（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene) •弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe •《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine））•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus •《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare 喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of V enice）悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）本·琼生Ben Johnson •《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）•《狐狸》（V olpone）•《练金术士》（The Alchemist）三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）•威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）《如此世道》（The Way of the World）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。

集美大学外国语学院英国文学简史课本I(老师画的主要内容)

集美大学外国语学院英国文学简史课本（老师画的主要内容）I. 第一部分中古英语时期一、The Old English PeriodThe British civilization is one of the oldest in the world. One of its extant signs, the Stonehenge, dates back to 1400-1800BC.This prehistoric monumental pile of stones indicates a fairly advanced level of engineering and astronomy.Ancient people of the land must have had a prehistoric literature of their own.The Celts were probably the first inhabitants of the British Isles in recorded history. One of their tribes, the Britons. “Britain”means “the land of the Britons.”The Celts left behind a rich oral tradition of myths and legends, of which the Arthurian legends are and important part.The Anglo-Saxons were a branch of the Germanic tribes.Anglo-Saxon became Old English, and the place became England, or the Angle-land, “the land of the Angles.”7th century, the first English poet, Caedmon by name, began to sing.8th, Beowulf, (epic史诗) the first English poem still intact as a whole piece today.The wife’s lament 妻子的哀怨ruin废墟The Ecclesiastical History of England------Bede 英格兰宗教史盎格鲁撒克逊编年史Lengthy narrative poem 长篇叙事诗The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxon period is Beowulf, an epic of well over 3000 lines.The story takes place in Scandinavia. The hero comes from Sweden, and performs his deeds in Denmark.It was handed down by word of mouth from generation to generation.Beowulf’s fight with the sea-monsters Grendel and his mother in the first part, and his killing a fiery dragon and his death in the second.But the story is unique as a hybrid(混合的) of fact with legend.写作修辞手法1、use of “kenning”比喻的复合辞A kenning is a kind of metaphor chiefly designed to appeal to people thinking in images and pictures and facilitate a process of attaining knowledge by guesswork. Kennings embellish the whole of Beowulf.2、There is the conspicuous显而易见的occurrence of alliteration.头韵Alliteration is by definition a succession of similar consonant辅音sounds repeated at the beginning of successive words. It is good for rhythmic chanting effects, emphasis, and helping to memorize things.3、Equally noticeable is the use of assonance.协韵Another popular sound pattern of repeating vowel sounds in successive words either initially句首or internally句中.二、Middle English: Medieval literature中世纪文学Romance浪漫主义1、The legends of King Arthur and his knightsHe claimed that the book was a translation of a Welsh history of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士One of these was Wace of Jersey whose Roman de Brut布鲁特传奇made the story a romance of chivalry.2、Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士It virtues of loyalty忠诚, valor勇敢, rectitude公正, and integrity正直.It is a 4-part work of 2530 lines in 101 sections.骑士精神对照：To the intensity of the lady’s offensive, the hunting serves as an apt foil——deer(timidity)怯懦, the boar(the wild and aggressive)攻击性, and the fox(the cunning).狡猾3、Robin Hood罗宾汉Robin Hood, the hero of the poor, and the enemy of the rich and the powerful.4、William Langland wrote Vision of Piers the Plowman. 威廉·朗格兰（英国文学之父，著有《耕者皮尔斯》）1、Geoffrey Chaucer1)Father of English poetry2)Master of English language3)First realistic writer4)Forerunner of humanismHe was the first preeminent English poet in history and ranks with Shakespeare as the most popular and most widely read of all poets today.The Book of DuchessCanterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集诗体小说Heroic couplet英雄双韵; rhymed stanza雅韵诗节；end rhyme尾韵By far the most famous of all his works is The Canterbury Tales, a collection of 20-odd stories. Boccaccio’s Decameron 薄伽丘的《十日谈》（模仿、借鉴坎特伯雷）works in a similar way in that ten narrators each tell a story a day for ten days.On the pilgrimage朝拜to CanterburyThe painting begins in the General Prologue, which is Chaucer’s purely English work. It offers such a panorama of social life that the readers can instantly imagine themselves back into the time tunnel and relive the 14th-century as one of the travelers in the Tales. The variety of lifestyles, customs and traditions, the ways people walk in their peculiar gaits and talk in their peculiar language, the juxtaposition of the serious and the dignified alongside the jocular and the vulgar, the candid folk with the treacherous, the high with the low, and female with male——all these reveal Chaucer’s thorough knowledge of his country and his rare gift for adequate expression. “The Wife of Bath’s Tale”A young knight in King Arthur’s time violates the knightly code and rapes a young woman.违反骑士美德，骚扰女性Woman wants to be the mistress of her own house most.The implication is that hers may not be a physical beauty, but one that resides in the soul and thata man should love a woman for her worth rather than her face.“The Pardoner’s Tale”“The Miller’s Tale”三、The Pre-Elizabethan PeriodThe 150 years between the death of Chaucer and the ascension of Queen Elizabeth I was a very important period I history.Free from spiritual restraint, loyalty of God and authority of clergy were declining. ReformationThe growing corrupt practices of the Catholic ChurchFirst stared in German by Martin LutherThe Protestants, such as the Lutherians and the CalvinistsThe rebirth or revival of classical learning, which first began in 14th-century ItalyHumanism as a movement came into existence.2、Thomas MoreUtopia consists of two books with emphasis on Book II in which the Utopian weal republic is described in detail.Book I is written in the form of a dialogue between More and a traveler by the name of Rapael Hythloday.To explore the potential of human lifeUtopia, a kind of “Nowhere land”Utopia offers the best ideal social system possible that could be offered at the time.The limitation of Utopian Society:The Utopian society is clearly male-dominated: there is no mention of gender equality, no equal opportunity for administrative and religious jobs, no clear recognition of the female sex and their rights, but a very clear indication that the women folk have to submit to their men folk as, for instance, they have to kneel before their men and confess on days of religious observance.Renaissance文艺复兴时期四、The Elizabethan Age1、The Elizabethan period began with the ascension of Queen Elizabeth I in 1588.The War of the Roses (1455-1483)Francis Drake defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, England became the first sea power in the world.The Elizabethan age was one in which Renaissance transformed Chaucer’s Medieval England into Shakespeare’s modern one.Spirit of adventure permeated all the fieldsThe age furnished a fertile soil, as it were, on which a plethora a fresh flowers and plants grew to survive.三个时期I、The first of these stretches over two decades, beginning with the printing of Tottel’s Miscellany and concluding with the publication of Edmund Spenser’s The Shepheardes Calendar.The main contributors to Tottel’s Miscellany were Thomas Wyatt, who introduced the sonnet into the country, and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who brought the blank verse(素体诗、无韵诗)into English poetry (blank verse being rhyme-less iambic pentameter（不押韵，五步抑扬格）or a line of ten syllables in five iambs（五个抑扬格，十个音节）, a rhythmic unit of two syllable with the unstressed followed by the stressed syllable)II、The second phase covers some two decades from 1580 through 1599, the year of Spenser’s death. This was a period of intense literary activity in which the greatest Elizabethan writers made their presence felt.Spenser——The Faerie Queene《仙后》Philip Sidney——Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》John Lyly’s——Eupheus Its quaint style with its extravagant, conceited, and florid language 最初文章很奢华Euphemism委婉语John Lyly contributed to the English languageUniversity Wits大学才子派each and every one of whom was a man of genius, out with their brilliant creations, and would have all taken up a lot more space in literary history had there not towered above them the all-time Shakespeare. These “Wits”include Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, George Peele, Thomas Lodge, Thomas Nash, and Thomas Kyd. All were graduates either from Oxford or Cambridge or both, had a short but brilliant literary career that placed them among the ancestors of modern English writers, and most left the scene as soon as they came mainly as result of their reckless and dissolute Bohemian lifestyle for which the Elizabethan age was famous or notorious.大学才子派的常用手法“戏中戏”The mechanism of the play within the playLodge’s Rosalynde（洛奇的罗莎琳达）gave the storyline for Shakespeare’s As You Like It(皆大欢喜). The work of the University Wits paved the way for the rise of Shakespeare.III、The third phase spans over some three decades. This was the period in which Shakespeare finished all his later plays, and Ben Jonson did almost the whole of his work.The Authorized Version of the Bible——授权版本的圣经King James’ Bible——国王詹姆斯圣经The Elizabethan age is famous in every possible sense of the word, in volume数量, quality, variety, originality, and permanence持久性.2、Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞The Faerie Queen 《仙后》先给伊丽莎白女王的诗，came out in 1590 and made him the best of poets of his time.He was buried near Chaucer in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey角落的威斯敏斯特教堂. Spenser’s major works include The Shepheardes Calendar(牧羊人日历), The Faerie Queene, Colin Clouts Come Home Againe, two odes to Marriage——Epithalamium祝婚诗and Prothalamium婚前曲, and Amoretti祝婚曲, a collection of sonnets.The Faerie Queene is a grand epic poem.Spenserian stanza斯宾塞诗体Spenserian stanza, which has continued to be a popular stanzaic form for dreamy and meditative works.The rhyme scheme is abab bcbc c3、Shakespeare’s plays reveal traces of acquaintance with Spenser’s poems. Milton calls him his“poetical father.”Dryden and Pope were both indebted to him.And so were James Thomson, Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, Keats, Tennyson, and hundreds more.4、Philip SidneyApologie for Poetrie为诗一辩Sidney’s Apologie for Poetrie defends the noble nature of poetry and its moral value against Puritan criticism and elevates poetry as the supreme form of art that helps enrich and make nature.5、English Drama: A Sketchy AccountThe drama had gone through a number of phases over the centuries including those of the mysteries, the miracles, the morality道德剧, the interlude戏中戏，插剧, and the true drama经典剧.6、Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛（英国戏剧家）The Passionate Shepherd to this loveThe most preeminent figure among the University Wits was Christopher Marlowe, who was the greatest playwright before the rise of Shakespeare.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.浮士德博士的悲剧Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝, the play which pushed the young playwright instantly to prominence凸显, is a dream vision in blank verse素体诗（rhyme-less iambic pentameter）The play for which Marlowe is chiefly remembered today, The tragical History of Doctor Faustus. Faust浮士德was a real person, a 16th-century German magician. Marlowe wrote the 13-scene tragedy in collaboration with others….and also to the interest of Goethe歌德two centuries later, whose drama, Faust, came out in two parts in 1808 and 1832 respectively. Marlowe’s tragedy places emphasis on the cosmic宇宙的nature of Faustus’s quest for knowledge and power.The first part of the play tells of Faustus’s dissatisfaction with earthly knowledge and of his pact with the devil.The second part tells of Faustus’ satisfaction with his newly acquired knowledge and power.The third section concludes with Faustus’soul being dragged down to Hell as the pact公约requires. When the last hour comes, Faustus tries to repent懊悔and pray to God to save him from eternal damnation. In despair he asks the devil to let him have Helen of Troy as his lover. He has his last desire and is hauled down to Hell.The image of Faustus is historically significant as a “photo” record of the new man, the modern man, the Renaissance humanist, who steps into modern light with all the glitter of Reformation and Renaissance.Insatiability is his name.Thus Faustus represents the archetypal Renaissance humanist of the 16th century, and a supreme specimen of Everyman for all time.Formally, the play uses some dramatic devices like the choruses合唱and the accompanying quarrels between the good angles and the evil ones.They help externalize the continual inner struggle that goes on in Faustus’s mind, or his incessant interior dialogue内心独白. Faustus debates within himself all the while whether it is worthwhile doing what he is doing.As a popular material in the classic form and gave the drama a new“mighty line”(as Ben Jonson says of his poetry) has been well known through the ages.7、William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare is the most popular and most widely respected writer in all English literature.Shakespeare has been known as a “physical” poet, and his poetry is alive with its sounds, colors, odors气味, and fine textures肌质（the poetic content）. The art of Shakespeare envelopes these poems with a halo光环of permanent fascination.Shakespeare’s sonnets, 154 in total.Identity of the people to whom the poems are addressed: a young man, a dark-skinned woman. The sonnets fall essentially into three groupings: over 100 of these seem to be addressed to a young man, some 20 seem to be concerned with a young woman, and of these two read like free translations of a Greek poem of about the fifth century AD.For their grace in form（形式优美）, depth in thought（深度）, and vivacity in tone（朝气）. They are peerless（无与伦比）in freshness, poetical beauty, and human interest.They are in essence the Renaissance paean of man（文艺复兴人的赞歌）Sonnets 18 and 65 both assert the power of literature to combat斗争the ravages of time and declare the greatness of man伟大and his immortality不朽.[1、get married early 2、write a poem]His dramatic work is amazing in its variety: 1.the histories and comedies of his early period, 2.the tragedies of the middle or “tragic”period, and 3. the late period of romances or the period of serenity平静.All these dramas end happily：A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人The Merry Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘们As You Like It皆大欢喜Though Romeo and Juliet is essentially a tragedy and The Merchant of Venice is tragic for Shylock.All tragedies：Julius Caesar尤利乌斯•凯撒Hamlet哈姆雷特Othello奥赛罗King Lear李尔王Macbeth麦克白Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克里奥佩特拉Timon of Athens雅典的泰门The last period of his life was one of emotional tranquility when he must have won through pain and possibly a nervous breakdown to acceptance of the inevitability of life.戏剧手法：One dramatic device装置that Shakespeare uses in all his works involves the juxtaposition并置of the comic element喜剧元素alongside the serious.庄谐并置All the best features of the age find adequate充足的expression in his works.As to Macbeth, Shakespeare took his story from Holinshed’s Chronicles of Scotland苏格兰编年史and made it into a lucid statement about man and his problems. Shakespeare’s Macbeth is acomplex multi-dimensional多维person.Macbeth represents the effect of sin and guilt upon the moral fiber of man: he ends with the tragic vision of human existence (Life is a tale/ Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,/ Signifying nothing ). The implication is that evil and sin and greed, all part of human nature, conspire to bring about man’s inevitable helplessness and downfall. It is good to note here that William Faulkner derive from the quotation above the title for his famous novel, The sound and the Fury声音与愤怒.She turns insane疯狂的, always walking with a candle, always washing an imaginable stain污点on her hands.HamletPsychoanalytical criticism seems to suggest that the young prince suffers from the Oedipus complex.俄狄浦斯情结·恋母情结Gloomy princeThe Merchant of Venice is another of Shakespeare’s popular plays. As the story goes, oung Bassanio, who needs money to win the hand of the rich young heiress——Portia, comes to Antonia, a merchant of V enice, for help. Antonio, as he has no ready cash, goes to Shylock, the Jewish usurer, who has been at odds with Antonio because of the competition and racial discrimination he has suffered at his hands.The characterization of Shylock presents an intriguing ambiguity矛盾混合体.奸商+种族歧视The play is thus a kind of tragicomedy悲喜剧, tragic if we take Shylock’s losses into consideration.8、Francis BaconBacon’s Essay is the most cogent有说服力的testimony证明，证据to his wisdom and his unique style. The essay form was traceable to the work of the French essayist, Montaigne蒙田, but Bacon’s Essay was the first of its kind to appear in English literature. Bacon drew chiefly on the various phenomena现象of nature and his careful observations and analyses.It deals with subjects such as truth, love, envy, high position, good nature, riches, ambition, beauty, vainglory虚荣，自负, learning, and politics and economy.9、Ben Jonsonfirst literary dictator in English history.One of these was to bring the classic form of the three unities——unity of action, unity of timeFirst, a brief sketch of the evolution of the Bible is in order. The Bible consists of two parts——the Old Testament旧约and the New Testament新约.The whole Bible took final shape around the beginning of the 3rd century.The Old Testament tells of the history and religious beliefs of the Jews while the New Testament relates the life of Jesus Christ and the birth and the growth of the Christian faith. The word “testament” means “contract”契约, referring here to the one between God and the Jews.Jesus came on the scene around the first century to challenge the Jewish faith.The writing of the Bible went through different stages:1. The oldest Testament was written in Hebrew,2. while the New Testament was done in Greek. In 270AD 72 Jewish scholars spent 72 daystranslating the Old Testament.3. Toward the end of the 4th century, St. Jerome translated the Septuagint version of the Bible into Latin.4. John Wycliffe was the first Englishman to render the whole Bible into English.Thus the most enduring King James’or the Authorized Bible came into being in 1611. It is accurate in sense and beautiful and dignified in language. It has influenced generations of writers in their literary endeavors over the centuries.五、The 17th Century1、Then to deal with the disorder混乱that ensued, Oliver Cromwell奥利弗·克伦威尔and his Ironsides moved in, and England became a Protectorate受保护国with Cromwell as its protector With the death of Cromwell in 1658, the country fell once more into anarchy.Charles I’s son was welcomed back as Charles II. Charles II was an exceptionally evil king. James II saw his day was lost and fled to France. The new king and his wife Mary (James II’s daughter) became the joint ruler of the country. This was known as “the Glorious Revolution,”光荣革命glorious because bloodless. The Bill of Rights权利法案which the new king signed with Parliament议会endowed赠与Parliament as the de facto实际上的ruler of the nation and the king became a titular head虚位元首.The period under discussion was one of transition.过渡时期The old value system was on its way out, new values were taking shape, and the conflict generated an acute sense of loss. These incidentally constituted the basic features of the literature of the period. The prevalent mood that enveloped literary works was one of gloom, pessimism, decadence, and frivolity. Representing the immoral lifestyle of Charles II’s court in a naked realistic manner with its sex and violence and diverse forms of depravity.堕落2、John Donne (1571-1631)His famous works include such poems as “The Flea”跳蚤与爱情, “A Valediction: Forbidden Morning”一个告别演说，Meditation冥想“All mankind is of one author and is one volume,”and “Any man’s death diminishes me because I am involved in mankind, and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls.”His poetry possessed a highly idiosyncratic quality特别气质that reveals a peculiar, brilliant imagination at work.His type of poetry has been known as Metaphysical Poetry and the group of poets, sharing some of his poetic features, has been called “Metaphysical Poets”玄学派诗人The “Metaphysical Poets”as a group included George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, Richardcommenting on Donne, feels that Donne loves to play with metaphysics玄学both in his satirical 讽刺的and love poetry.The basic features of Metaphysical poetry are its “wit”机巧or “conceit”奇喻. “Wit” here means being clever at “yoking”哈哈大笑the most heterogeneous不同的，多样的ideas together by violence so as to impress people (to paraphrase Samuel Johnson’s statement on the subject), and “conceit” denotes a fantastic fancy or way of thinking in the form of peculiar特殊的, ingenious有独创性的, knotty棘手的, many-sided多面的metaphors隐喻.These people tried to conquer by sheer unconventionality纯粹的异常rather than follow the normal channel of communication.Donne’s love poems are good examples of Metaphysical poetry.“The Flea”跳蚤, is disconcertingly fantastic in equating “the flea” with “love”.Desist from killing it because she would have committed murder谋杀罪, self-murder自杀, and sacrilege亵渎罪: “three sins in killing three”【诡辩】Stanza诗的一节The flea is the most sordid肮脏的，卑鄙的, disgusting令人厌恶的, and hateful parasite寄生虫in the world, while love is the sweetest, noblest, and purest human emotion in life. No one else would have ever thought of the flea as the “marriage bed” and “marriage temple”.【反差超越】Donne’s uniqueness lies独特的谎言in this sudden jump from the conventional符合传统的to the unconventional非传统的and metaphysical, and making it appear rational合理的and acceptable.Another illustrating example is easily found in his “Valediction: Forbidden Mourning”离别辞——节哀The novelty新奇的事consists in the comparison of two separate lovers to the legs of a compass 圆规. The choice is strangely apt if the readers take into account the fact that the compass is a symbol of both firmness (its legs) and perfection (the circle it draws).两个情人比喻成圆规，必须一个人不懂。

英国文学史英文读后感作文

英国文学史英文读后感作文英文：When it comes to the history of English literature, there are so many great works and writers to explore. From the epic poems of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight to the plays of Shakespeare and the novels of Jane Austen and Charles Dickens, English literature has a rich and diverse tradition that spans centuries.One of my favorite periods in English literature is the Romantic era, which saw the rise of poets like William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and John Keats. Their works are full of emotion and imagination, and they often explore themes like nature, love, and the supernatural. For example, Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" is a beautiful poem that celebrates the beauty of nature, while Keats' "Ode to a Nightingale" is a haunting meditation on mortality and the power of art.Another great era in English literature is theVictorian period, which gave us some of the most beloved novels in the English language. Writers like Austen, Dickens, and the Bronte sisters explored the complexitiesof human relationships and social class, and their works continue to be popular today. For example, Austen's Pride and Prejudice is a classic romance that has been adaptedinto countless films and TV shows, while Dickens' Great Expectations is a powerful coming-of-age story thatexplores the dangers of ambition and greed.Overall, English literature is a vast and fascinating subject that offers something for everyone. Whether you're interested in epic poetry, romanticism, or Victorian novels, there's always something new to discover.中文：当谈到英国文学史时，有许多伟大的作品和作家值得探索。

英国文学史第一章知识点

英国文学史第一章知识点一.English literature:poetry诗歌、Novel小说、Drama戏剧and Essay散文。

a)中世纪：the English Medieval Age：the old English Literature 古英语时期the Middle English Literature 中古英语时期Anglo-Saxon ages 央格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》，别认为是英国的民族史诗。

The good specimens标本of pagan异教poetry 诗歌are Beowulf,the greatest of Germanic epics日耳曼史诗. 讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔，与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。

national epic 民族史诗of the English people/of theAnglo-Saxons; Denmark story; alliteration 头韵体, A lot of metaphors 隐喻and understatements保守的陈述are used in the poem.Epic:long narrative poems叙事诗thatrecord the adventures orheroic deeds of a hero enacted制定in vast landscapes风景.The style of epic is grand宏伟的and elevated严肃的.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:The epic presents an all-round picture of the tribal society史诗提出了一种全面的图像部落的社会。

.We can see the social conditions and customs of that period我们可以看到那个时期的社会条件和习俗。

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

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June, 1993 Peter J. Kastor, University of Virginia Library Electronic Text
With all þe wele of þe worlde þay woned þer samen,
Þe most kyd kny3tez vnder Krystes seluen,
And þe louelokkest ladies þat euer lif haden,
e court haldes;
with tonge,
As hit is stad and stoken
In stori stif and stronge,
With lel letteres loken,
In londe so hatz ben longe.
Þis kyng lay at Camylot vpon Krystmasse
And he þat wan watz not wrothe, þat may 3e wel trawe.
Alle þis mirþe þay maden to þe mete tyme;
When þay had waschen worþyly þay wenten to sete,
Þe best burne ay abof, as hit best semed,

英语专业八级人文知识(题集) — 英国文学部分-推荐下载

英语专业八级人文知识（题集） — 英国文学部分一古英语及中世纪文学（8—14 世纪）1. Who is the "father of English poetry"and one of the greatest narrative poets of England?a. William Shakespeareb. Alfred the Greatc. Geoffrey Chaucerd. Christopher Marlow2. When he died, Chaucer was buried in________ the Poet' s Corner.A .Southwarkb. Westminster Abbeyc. Normandyd. Canterbury3. ________is not only a prose writer butalso a king of Wessex.a. Adam Bedeb. Alfred the Greatc. Venerable Beded. King Arthur4. Chaucer composes a long narrativepoem named “________” based on Boccaccio' s poem"Filostrato".a. The Legend of Good Womenb. Sir Gawain and the Green Knightc. Beowulfd. Troilus and Gressie5. In his literary development, Chaucerwas influenced by three literatures, whichone is not true?a. English literatureb. German literaturec. Italian literatured. French literature6. The epic, The Song of Beowulf, represents the spirit of________.a. romanticistsb. monksc. pagand. sentimentalists7. Who is the first important religious poetin English literature?a. Caedmonb. AdamBede c. Cynewulf d.Shakespeare8. Who is the monster half-human whohad mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf?a. Heorotb. Beowulfc. Grendeld. Hrothgar9. King Alfred' s Anglo Saxon Chroniclewas written in________form.a. poeticb. dramaticc. prosed. none of the above10. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight focuses on________.a. the imagination of the future worldb. immediate social issuesc. the real life as well as people' s feelings and desiresd. a remote world belongs to the Celtic Legend of King Arthur and his knights11. Geoffi'ey Chaucer develops hischaracterization to a higher artisticlevel by presenting characters withboth typical qualitiesand________dispositions.a. individualb. collectivec. sociald. natural12. Among the great Middle English poets,Geoffrey Chaucer is known for hisproduction of________.a. Piers Plowmanb. Sir Gawain and the Green knighte. Confession Amantisd. The Canterbury Tales13. The period of________literatureextends from about 450 to 1066, theyear of the Norman conquest ofEngland.a. the Old Englishb. the Middle Englishc. the Modern Englishd. Queen Victoria14. Romance, which uses narrative verseor prose to sing________adventuresor other heroic deeds is a popularliterary form in the medieval period.a. knightlyb. christiane. Greek d. primitive15. Geoffrey Chaucer introduced fromFrance the rhymed stanzas of varioustype to English poetry to replace theold English________verse.a. rhymedb. alliterativec. romanticd. visionary16. The work that presented, for the firsttime in English literature, acomprehensive realistic picture of themedieval English society and createda whole gallery of vivid charactersfrom all walks of life is mostlikely________.a. Geoffrey Chaucer' s The Canterbury Tablesb. William Langland' s Piers Plowmanc. John Gower' s ConfessionAmantisd. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight17. In the early part of the medieval periodin English literature, i. e. from 1006up to the mid-14th century, there wasnot much to say about literature inEnglish, for it was almost a________period in literay creation.a. flourishingb. barrenc. historicald. romantic18. Generally speaking, the Old English poetry that has survived can be dividedinto two groups:the religious group andthe________one.a. secularb. lyricalc. politicald. romantic19. Thematically the poem Beowulfpresents a vivid picture of how theprimitive people wage heroicstruggles against the hostile forces ofthe________world under a wise andmighty_______.a. spiritual / herob. natural / leaderc. spiritual / goldd. natural / monster20. Beowulf, a typical example of OldEnglish poetry, is regarded today asthe national________ of theAnglo-Saxons.a. epic h. novelc. playd. song21. In the stories told in Beowulf, Beowulf(the hero) is shown not only as a glorioushero but alsoas a ________of the people.a. protectorb. sonc. fatherd. servant22. The hero and setting of Beowulf have nothing to do with________, for the storytook place inScandinavia.a. Englandb. Denmarkc. Norwayd. Sweden23. With the Norman conquest starts themedieval period in English literature,which coversabout________centuries.a. fourb. threec. fived. two24. It can be said that though essentiallystill a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucerbore marks ofhumanism and anticipated anew________to come.a. manb. theoryc. doctrined. era二文艺复兴时期（14—17世纪）1. The English Renaissance period was anage of________.a. novel and poetryb. poetry and dramac. drama and noveld. romanceand poetry2. Which of the following is not amongShakespeare' s four great tragedies?a. King Learb. Macbethc. Hamletd. Romeo and Juliet3. What flourished in Elizabethan agemore than any other form of literature?a. Dramab. Novelc. Poetrvd. Essay4. Paradise Lost is written by________.a. William Blakeb. William Shakespearec. Robert Burnsd. John Milton5. During the twenty-two years of his literary work, Shakespeare produced many works, which ofthe following is not true?a. 37 playsb. 2 narrative poemsc. 154 sonnetsd. 1 novel6. In the________Period, William Shakespeare is the ueatest writer of England.a. Elizabethanb. Medievalc. Victoriand. Dark7. " Shall I compare thee to a summer' s day" is one of________' s best known sonnets.a. John Miltonb. John Donnec. Edmund Spenserd. William Shakespeare8. The poem Paradise Lost consists of________books.a. 12b. 14c. 13d. 159. Milton wrote his masterpiece________during his blindness.a. Lycidasb. Paradise Lostc. Samson Agonistesd. Paradise Regained10. Which of the following plays writtenby Shakespeare is history play?a. King Learb. Henry IVc The Merry Wives of Windsord. Juliet Caesar11. Which of the following does not belong to Shakespeare' s great comedies?a. The Tempestb. As You Like Itc. The Merchant of Veniced. Twelfth Night12. The Flea was written by________.a. Philip Sidneyb. William Shakespearec. Thomas Mored. John Donne13. ________is the first important English essayist and the founder of modem sciencein England.a. Francis Baconb. Philip Sidneyc. Edmund Spenserd. William Carxton14. In the 16th century, Thomas More'swork________became immediately popular after itspublication.a. The Faerie Queenb. A Pleasant Satire of the Throe Estatesc. Utopiad. Paradise Lost15. Which is Christopher Marlowe's first famous play?a. EdwardⅡb. The Jew of Maltac. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustusd. Tamburlaine16. The literary form of The Faerie Queenis________.a. narrative poemb. ironic poemc. allegorical poemd. lyric poem17. the first official version of Bible known as the Great Bible, was revisedin________.a. 16th centuryb. 17th centuryc. 18th centuryd. 19th century18. Most of the ballads of the 15th century focused on the legend about________as a heroicfigure.a. Hamletb. Robin Hoodc. Gawaind. Green Nights19. The nine-line verse stanza was originated from________.a. William Shakespeareb. Thomas Morec. Philip Sidneyd. Edmund Spenser20. Which of the following is NOT thework of Sir Philip Sidney?a.Defense of Poetryb. Astrophet and Stellac. Samson Agonistesd. Arcadia21. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as therediscovery of ancient________and________culture, thenew discoveries in geography andastrology, the religious reformationand the economic expansion.a. Chinese / Indianb. Hebrew / Egyptian c Roman / Greek d. Britain / American22. William Shakespeare' s history playsare mainly written underthe________that national unity undera ighty and just sovereign isa________.a. fact / possibilityb. story / probabilityc. principle / necessityd. reality / truth23. ________is the essence of the Renaissance.a. Poetryb. Dramac. Humanismd. Reason 24. Generally the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. Itfirst started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From________ the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.a. Germanyb. Greekc. Britaind. Italy25. Milton' s Paradise Lost took its material from________.a. the Bibleb. Greek mythc. Roman mythd. French romance26. The Renaissance was________in reaching England not only because of England' s separationfrom the Continent but also because ofits domestic unrest.a. quickb. slowc speedy d. deep27. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare' s "Sonnet 18"?a. The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.b. The speaker satirizes human vanity.c. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.d. The speaker meditates on man' s salvation.28. " To be, or not to be-that is the question" is a line taken from________.a. Hamletb. Othelloc.King Lear d. The Merchant of Venice29. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are________, William Shakespeareand Ben Johnson.a. Christopher Marloweb. John Marlowec. John Miltond. Edmund Spenser30. ________'s Essays is the first exampleof that genre in English literature, whichhas beenrecognized as an important landmarkin the development of English prose.a. John Donneb. John Miltonc. Francis Bacond. Edmund Spenser31. According to Edmund Spenser' s ownexplanation, his The Faerie Queen is a“________”,but it is also an allegory.a. imaginary poemb. historicalpoem c. romantic poem d. poeticdrama32. In his The Advancement of Learning,________divided knowledge into two kinds: the oneobtained from Divine Revelation, andthe other from the workings of human mind.a. Chaucerb. Francis Baconc. Edmund Spenserd. John Milton33. ________'s literary achievements canbe divided into three groups, the earlypoetic works, themiddle prose pamphlets and the lastgreat poems.a. William Shakespeareb. Christopher Marlowec. John Donned. John Milton34. The English Renaissance was perhaps England' s ________Age, especially in literature.a. Goldenb. Fruitfulc. Volcanicd. Dark35. In the early stage of the English Renaissance, poetry and________were themost outstandingliterary forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare andBen Johnson.a. fictionb. dramaticfiction c. poetic drama d.novel36. In Canto I, Book I of The FaerieQueen the Redcross knightsymbolizes the church of England,and he is the protector of the VirginUna who stands for________or thetrue religion.a. loveb. friendshipc. truthd. honest37. Paradise Regained shows how mankind, in the person of ________, withstands the tempterand is established once more in the divine favor.a. Godb. Zeusc. Christd. Santa Claus38. Francis Bacon's essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and________.a. complicityb. complexityc. powerfulnessd. mildness39. In Samson Agonistes, Milton againborrows his story from the________.But this time he turns to a more vitaland personal theme.a. historyb. religionc. legendd. Bible40. ________was known as "the poets' s poet".a. William Shakespeareb. Edmund Spenserc. John Donned. John Milton三新古典主义时期（17—18世纪）1. The neoclassical period in English literature refers to the one between thereturn of the Stuarts to the Englishthrone in 1660 and the full assertion of________which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798.a. realismb. humanismc romanticism d. neoclassicism2. As a representative of theEnlightenment, ________was one ofthe first to introduce rationalism toEngland.a. Swiftb. Defoec Milton d. Pope3. Christian, Faithful and Pliable are theliterary figures in________.a. Daniel Defoe' s Moll Flandersb. John Bunyan' s The Pilgrim' s Progressc. Richard Brinsley Sheridan' s The School for Scandald. Jonathan Swift' s Gulliver' s Travels4. Pope' s "An Essay on Criticism" is a didactic poem written in________.a. blank verseb. heroic coupletsc free verse d. dramatic monologue5. Sheridan' s plays, especially The Rivalsand The School for Scandal, are generally regarded asimportant links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and thoseof________, and as trueclassics in English comedy.a. Christopher Marlowb. John Galsoworthc Bernard Shawd. James Joyce6. ________, written by Alexander Pope, satirized the foolish, meaningless life ofthe lords andladies in the aristocratic bourgeois society of the eighteenth century England.a. The Rape of the Lockb. The Rape of Lucrecec The School for Scandald. Every Man in His Humor7. The Pilgrim's Progress by________is often said to be concerned with the searchfor spiritualsalvation.a. John Miltonb. John Bunyanc Daniel d. Thomas Gray8. John Bunyan' s style was modeled after that of the English________.a. historyb. religionc society d. Bible9. Backbite, Sneerwell, and Lady Teazleare characters in the play The School forScandalby________.a. Christopher Marloweb. Ben Johnsonc. Richard Brinsley Sheridand. George Bernard Shaw10. The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned withthe searchfor________.a. material wealthb. spiritual salvationc. universal truthd. self-fulfillment11. Robinson Crusoe, ________story, is universally considered as Daniel Defoe' s masterpiece.a. a historicalb. a fictionalc. an imaginaryd. an adventure12. Alexander Pope strongly advocated________, emphasizing that literary works should bejudged by rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.a. Sentimentalismb. Romanticismc. Idealismd. Neoclassicism13. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of________from a naive and artless youth into ashrewd and hardened man, temperedby numerous trials in his eventful life.a. Robinsonb. Gulliverc. Tom Sawyerd. Huckleberry Finn14. Gulliver' s Travels contains________parts, each part dealingwith one particular voyage duringhis extraordinary adventures on some remote island.a. twob. threec. fourd. five15. Henry Fielding has been regarded ad "Father of the English________, " for hiscontributionto the establishment of the form of the modern novel.a. Novel h. Poetryc. Playd. Essay16. As a lexicographer, Samuel Johnson distinguished himself as the author of thefirst English________by an Englishman.a. novelb. dramae. poetry d. dictionary17. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was theonly important English________of the eighteenth century.a. poetb. novelistc essayist d. dramatist18. "An Essays on Criticism" was writtenby________, which first establishedhis reputation as a________a. Francis Bacon, criticb. Francis Bacon, essayistc. Alexander Pope, playwrightd. Alexander Pope, essayist19. "Yahoos" from the novel________written by Jonathan Swift are described to be very muchsimilar to human beings in outward appearance and their unworthy actions as well.a. Gulliver' s Travelsb. The Adventures of Robison Crusoec. The Wuthering Heightsd. Sons and Lovers20. ________' s masterpiece Tom Jones provides a vivid and truthful panoramic view of the life ofthe English society in the 18th century.a. Daniel Defoeb. Jonathan Swifte. Henry Fielding d. Jane Austin21. The ________was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18thcentury.a. Renaissanceb. Enlightenmentc. Religious Reformationd. Chartist Movement22. The 18th century England is known asthe Age of________in the history.a. Romanticismb. Classicismc. Renaissanced. Enlightenment23. The________movemertt in the eighteenth century Europe was a furtherance of theRenaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.a. Enlightenmentb. Renaissancec. Sentimentald. Transcendental24. The Enlightenment movement broughtabout a revival of interest in the old classical works inthe field of literature. This tendency is known as________.a. humanismb. realismc. symbolismd. neoclassicism25. (The) ________was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the18th century.a. Romanticismb. Humanismc. Enlightenmentd. Sentimentalism26. The School for Scandal has been regarded as the best ________since Shakespeare.a. comedyb. tragedyc. playd. novel27. Of all the 18th century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory andpractice, to write specifically a "________in prose", the first to give the modem novel itsstructure and style.a. tragic epicb. comic epicc. romanced. lyric epic四浪漫主义时期（18世纪中期—19世纪中期）1. The two collections of poems written by William Blake, ________and________, hold thesimilar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.a. Songs of Innocence/ Songs of Experienceb. Poetical Sketches / Songs of Innocencec. Poetical Sketches/ Marriage of Heaven and Helld. Songs of Innocence/ Songs of Experienced2. John Keats' Ode to a Nightingale expresses the contrast between the happy world of________loveliness and human world of agony.a. fairyb. naturalc. pastorald. optimistic3. As a leading Romanticist, George Gordon Byron ' s chief contribution is hiscreation of the"________hero", a proud, mysteriousrebel figure of noble origin.a. Byronicb. Romanticc. Orientedd. Optimistic4. The ________are generally regarded asJohn Keats' most important and mature works.a. epicsb. lyricsc. odesd. poetry5. On the whole, ________' s poetry is oneof experiences. His heroes are more or less surrogatesof himself. Childe Harold' s Pilgrimage is such an example.a. William Blakeb. William Wordsworthc. George Gordon Byrond. Samuel Taylor Coleridge6. ________is Byron's masterpiece, a greatcomic epic of the early 19th century.a. Childe Harold's Pilgrimageb. Cainc. Don Juand. Song for the Luddites7. Romanticism is a period of British literature roughly dated from________.a. 1660 - 1798b. 1798 - 1832c. 1483 - 1546d. 1836 - 19018. A number of poems from Songs of Innocence find a counterpart in Songs of Experience. Infant Joy is matched withInfant Sorrow, and the pure Lamb ispaired with the flaming________.a. The Chimney Sweeperb. Londonc. Sheepd. Tyger9. The unifying principlein________written by George GordonBryon is the basic ironic theme ofappearance and reality.a. Child Harold' s Pilgrimageb. Cainc.Don Juand. Hours of Idleness10. Jane Austen' s main literary concern is about human beings intheir________relationships.Because of this, her novels have a universal significance.a. personalb. naturalc. satisfiedd. hostile11. Returning to England from Germany in1799, William Wordsworth and hissister settled at Dove Cottage inGrasmere, Westmoreland. Thepoet________as well as________lived nearby, and the three became known asthe "lake poets".a. Samuel Taylor Coleridge / George Gordon Byronb. Robert Southey / Samuel Taylor Coleridgec. John Keats / Robert Southeyd. George Gordon Byron / PercyBysshe Shelley12. Percy Bysshe Shelley is one of theleading________poets, an intense andoriginal 1yrical poet in the Englishlanguage.a. realisticb. symbolice. romantic d. imagist13. In his________ , Shelley eulogized the powerful west wind and expressed his eagerness toenjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.a. Promethus Unboundb. Ode to the West Windc.Adonaisd. In Defence of Poetry14. The novel Pride and Prejudice mainly deals with the five Bennet sisters and their search forsuitable husbands, centering on the love story between________and________.a. Jane / Bingleyb. Lydia /Wickham c. Elizabeth d. Jane / Rochester15. Ode on a Grecian Urn shows the contrast between the ________of art andthe________ ofhuman passion.a. glory / uglinessb. permanence / transiencec. transience / sordidnessd. glory / permanence16. The English Romantic period producedtwo major novelists. They are________.a. Lamb and Hazlitt .b. Byron and Shelleyc. Scott and Austend. Keats and Coleridge17. As a novelist Jane Austen writeswithin a very narrow sphere. The subject matter, thecharacter range, the social setting, andplots are all restricted to the provinciallife of the late________a. 18thb. 19the. 17th d. 20th18. Among the________group of Samuel Taylor Coleridge' s Poems, Frost at Midnight is themost important.a. demonicb. conversationalc. pastorald. optimistic19. It is said that the poem________written by S. T. Coleridgewas composed in a dream afterthe poet took the opium. But when hewas writing the lines down, a stranger interrupted himand only 54 lines survived.a. The Rime of the Ancient Marinerb. Frost at Midnightc.Kubla Khand. Don Juan20. ________puts into Don Juan his rich knowledge of the world and the wisdom gained fromexperience. It presents brilliant pictures of life in its various stages of love,joy, suffering,hatred and fear.a. Percy Bysshe Shelleyb. William Wordsworthc. george Gordon Byrond. John Keats21. "Poetry is Spontaneous" was put forward by________.a. Percy Bysshe Shelleyb. William Blakec. William Wordsworthd. Charles Lamb22. In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called________came to Europeand then toEngland.a. romanticismb. classicismc. realismd. restoration23. The famous poem "'A Red Red Rose"was written by________.a. William Wordsworthb. George Gordon Byronc. Robert Burnsd. John Keats24. Whose infomal essays observed lifewith humor, and often in a gloomy tone?a. Joseph Addisonb. Charles Lambc. Lord Chesterfieldd. Thomas Hardy25. The English poets________, William Wordsworth, and Robert Southey, wereknown as"Lake Poets'" because they lived in theLake District Northwestern England atthe beginning of the 19th century.a. George Gordon Byronb. John Keatse. Percy Bysshe Shelley d. Samuel Taylor Coleridge五维多利亚时期（19世纪中期—20世纪早期）1. The novel Jane Eyre mainly tells a story about the love affair Jane Eyre and Mr.________。

英国文学史

英国文学史多选1. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the popular literary form in ___C _. A. Romanticism B. RenaissanceC. medieval periodD. Anglo-Saxon period2. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his producti on of___DA. Piers PlowmanB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. Confessio AmantisD. The Canterbury Tales3. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th cent uries, its essence is____D___.A. scienceB. philosophyC. artsD. humanism5. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare…s Sonn et 18? CA. The speaker eulogizes (praise) the power ofB. The speaker satirizes human vanityC. The speaker praises the power of artistic creationD. The speaker meditates on man …s salvation6. ―The Fairy Queen‖ is the masterpiece written by__C__. A. John Milton B. Geoffr ey Chaucer C. Edmund Spenser D.Alexander Pope7. Which of the following work did Bacon NOT write? DA. Advancement of LearningB. Novum OrganumC. De AugmentisD. Areopagitica8. The most distinguished literary figure of the 17th century was（B） who was a critic, poet, and playwright.A. Oliver GoldsmithB. John DrydenC. John MiltonD. S.T. Coleridge9. Which of the following has / have associations with John Donne…s poetry? BA. reason and sentimentB. conceits and witsC. the euphuismD. writing in the rhymed couplet10. Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as ―___B___‖, for his contribution to theestablishment of the form of the modern novel. A. Best writer of the English novel B. The father of English novelC. The most gifted writer of the English novelD. conventional writer of English nove l11. John Milton…s masterpiece—Paradise Lost was written in the poetic style of __ B _.A. rhymed stanzasB. blank verseC. alliterationD. sonnets12. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver…s Travels are ____A_.A. horses that are endowed with reasonB. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC. giants that are superior in wis domD. hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only inappearance but also in some other ways 13. Gothic novels are mostly stories of___C_ ____, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles. A. love an d marriage B. sea adventuresC. mystery and horrorD. saints and martyrs14. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following EXCEPT __D_A. the use of everyday language spoken by the common peopleB. the expression of t he spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingsC. the use of humble and rustic life as s ubject matterD. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech15. Charles Dic kens… works are characterized by a mingling of ___A____ and pathos.A. humorB. satireC. passionD. metaphor16. In __B____ …s hands, ―dramatic monologue‖ reaches its maturity and perfection.A. Alfred TennysonB. Robert BrowningC. William ShakespeareD. George Eliot18. The bard of imperialism was（B）, who glorified the colonial expansion of Great Britain in hisworks.A. R. L. StevensonB. Rudyard KiplingC. H. G. WellsD. Daniel Defoe19. ―art for art…s sake‖ was put forth by ___A___.A. aestheticismB. naturalismC. realismD. neo-romanticism20. Which of the following is taken from John Keats…―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖? DA. ―I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!‖B. ―They are both gone up to the church to pray.‖C. ―Earth has not anything to sho w more fair.‖D. ―Beauty is truth, truth beauty.‖43. Gothic novels are mostly stories of__C___, which take place in some haunted or d ilapidatedMiddle Age castles. A. love and marriage B. sea adventuresC. mystery and horrorD. saints and martyrs44. ―The father of English novel‖ is ___A_______.A. Henry FieldingB. Daniel DefoeC. Jonathan SwiftD. John Donne45. The greatest Scottish poet in the pre-romanticism is ____D____.A. William WordswothB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Thomas GrayD. Robert Burns46. ___A___ is written by William Blake, a great poet in the pre-romanticism.A. The Songs of InnocenceB. Reliques of Ancient English poetryC. Songs and SonnetsD. Kubla Khan47. The Rights of Man, a pamphlet, was written by __D____, in which he advocated t hat politicswas the business of the whole mass of common people and not only of a government oligarchy.A. John MiltonB. Jonathan SwiftC. Robert BurnsD. Thomas Paine48. William Wordsworth，a romantic poet，advocated all the following EXCEPT (D).A. the use of everyday language spoken by the common peopleB. the expression of t he spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingsC. the use of humble and rustic life as subject matterD. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech49. Which of the following is taken from John Keats…―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖? DA. ―I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!‖B. ―They are both gone up to the church to pray.‖C. ―Earth has not anything to sho w more fair.‖D. ―Beauty is truth，truth beauty.‖ 50. ―If Winter comes，can Spring be far behind.‖ is an epigrammatic line by DA. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. P. B. Shelley51. ―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖ shows the contrast between the___B___ of art and the__ __ ofhuman passion.A. Glory, uglinessB. permanence, transienceC. transience, sordidnessD. glory, perm anence52. One of the great essay writers of the early 19th century is BA. Jane AustenB. Charles LambC. Walter ScottD. George Eliot53. Tales form Shakespeare was written by ___D__.A. Charles LambB. William HazlittC. Charles Lamb and Mary LambD. Wordsworth and Coleridge54. Charles Dickens… works are characterized by a mingling of ____A___ and pathos.A. humorB. satireC. passionD. metaphor55. In Chapter III of Oliver Twist, Oliver is punished for that ―impious and profane o ffence ofasking for more‖. What did Oliver ask for more? A. More time to play B. More food t o eat C. More books to read D. More money to spend56. In ___B___ …s hands, ―dramatic monologue‖ reaches its maturity and perfection.A. Alfred TennysonB. Robert BrowningC. William ShakespeareD. George Eliot57. The success of Jane Eyre is not only because of its sharp criticism of the existing s ociety, butalso due to its introduction to the English novel the first __D____ heroine. A. explorer B. peasant C. workerD. governess 家庭女教师58. The three trilogies of __A___ …s Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realis m in the early20th century.A. John GalswortryB. Arnold BennettC. James JoyceD. H. G. Wells59. The Victorian Age was largely an age of___C___ eminentlyrepresented by Dicke ns andThackeray.A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. prose61. The work __B___ written by Alfred Tennyson was about the question of higher ed ucation of women.A. Crossing the BarB. The PrincessC. Break, Break, BreakD. Ulysses65. A typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of___A____,who never pays any attention to human feelings. A. propertyB. justiceC. moralityD. humor66. ____D__is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare，and hisrepresentative works are plays inspired by social criticism. A. Richard Sheridan B. Oli ver Goldsmith C. Oscar WildeD. George Bernard Shaw67. ―art for art…s sake‖ was put forth by _A_____.A. aestheticismB. naturalismC. realismD. neo-romanticism68. James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT___B_____.A. DublinersB. Jude the ObscureC. A portrait of the Artist as a Young ManD. Ulysses1. In 1066, ____, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England.A. William the ConquerorB. Julius CaesarC. Alfred the GreatD. Claudius2. In the 14th century, the most important writer (poet) is ____ .A. LanglandB. WycliffeC. GowerD. Chaucer 3. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is ____.A. novelB. dramaC. romanceD. essay 4. The story of ___ is theculmination of the Arthurian romances.A. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightB. BeowulfC. Piers the PlowmanD. The Canterbury Tales 5. William Langland?s ____ is written in the form of a dream vision.A. Kubla KhanB. Piers the PlowmanC. The Dream of John BullD. Morte d?Arthur6. After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. The N ormans spoke _____.A. FrenchB. EnglishC. LatinD. Swedish7. ______ was the greatest of English religious reformers and the first translator of the Bible.A. LanglandB. GowerC. WycliffeD. Chaucer8. Piers the Plowman describes a series of wonderful dreams the author dreamed, thro ugh which, we can see a picture of the life in the ____ England. A. primitive B. feud al C. bourgeois D. modern9. The theme of ____ to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.A. loyaltyB. revoltC. obedienceD. mockery10. The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called _____.A. Morte d?ArthurB. Robin HoodC. The Canterbury TalesD. Piers th e Plowman11. ______, the “father of English poetry” and one of thegreatest narrative poets of E ngland, was born in London in about 1340.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Sir GawainC. Francis BaconD. John Dryden 12. Chauce r died on October 25th, 1400, and was buried in ____.A. FlandersB. FranceC. ItalyD. Westminster Abbey 13. Chaucer?s earlies t work of any length is his _____, a translation of the French Roman de la Rose by Ga illaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung, which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries not only in France but throughout Europe.A. The Romaunt of the RoseB. “A Red, Red Rose”C. The Legend of Good W omenD. The Book of the Duchess14. In his lifetime Chaucer served in a great variety of occupations that had impact on the wide range of his writings. Which one is not his career? ____. A. engineer B. c ourtier C. office holder D. soldier E. ambassador F. legislator (议员)15. Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named _____ based on Boccaccio?s poe m “Filostrato”.A. The Legend of Good WomenB. Troilus and CriseydeC. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightD. BeowulfKey to the multiple choices： 1-5 ADCAB 6-10 ACBAB 11-15ADAAB简答题1.Metaphysical poetry: Metaphysical poetry is a kind of realistic, often ironic and wi tty, verse combining intellectual ingenuity and psychological insight written partly in r eaction to the conventions of Elizabethan love poetry by such seventeenth-century po ets as John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Thomas Traherne, and Andrew Marvell. One of its hallmarks is the metaphysical conceit, a particularly arresting and ingenious type of metaphor.2. In your opinion, why does Satan in Paradise Lost choose the Garden of Eden for his battlefield? (7 points)Answer: 1) Paradise Lost was written by John Milton. (1points)2) The Garden of Eden is the most perfect of spot ever created by God (2 points)3) There live in innocent bliss God…s masterpiece, the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, who are allowed by God to enjoy /revel in the supreme beauties of Paradise, provided they do not eat the fruit that grows on the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; (3 point) 4) Satan desires to tear them away from the influence of God and to m ake them instrumental in his struggle against God…s authority. (1 point)4.Write a summery of Pride and Prejudice and make a short comment on the theme.the main plot（7分；主要情节表述不全或不连贯者酌情扣分）and result (1分)； (Unfortunately for the Bennets, if Mr. Bennet dies their house will be inherited by a distant cousin whom they have never met, so the family's future happiness and se curity is dependant on the daughters making good marriages. Life is uneventful until the arrival in the neighborhood of the rich gentleman Mr. Bingley, who rents a large ho use so he can spend the summer in the country. Mr. Bingley brings with him his sister and the dashing (and richer) but proud Mr. Darcy. Love is soon in the air for one of th e Bennet sisters, while another may have jumped to a hasty prejudgment. For the Ben net sisters many trials and tribulations stand between them and their happiness, includ ing class, gossip and scandal.)Theme: exploration of the marriage, property and intrig ue between the main and minor characters; delicate probing of the values of gentry/ m arriage, class, money) 5) grammar and structure (3分).5. What are the characteristics of metaphysical玄学派poetry? (定义见1)答：①（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,② (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet…s beloved, with god, or with hims elf.③（主题：love, religious, thought）④Artistic features: conceits o r imagery奇思妙喻 and syllogism三段论6. What the theme of "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"?答：Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is n ature that give him ―streng th and knowledge fullof peace‖ 2.It is bliss to recolled the beau ty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.7. What does ―West Wind mean in Shelley…s Ode to the West Wind?The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Co mpare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the t rees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the sprin g. This is a poem about renewal, about the windblowing life back into dead things, i mplying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only start s again when something dies.术语Terms1. Popular ballads: a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed. Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission .2. Enlightenment: Enlightenment is an intellectual movement in Europe in 18th cent ury.It was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighte ners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other feudal survivals. It was so called because it considered the chief means for the betterment of the society was the ―enlightenment‖ or ―education‖ of the people.3. Sentimentalism: it came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. (The representatives ofsentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at thesame time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. ) The philosophy of the enlighteners, through rati onal and materialistic in its essence, did not exclude sences, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cult of nature and , a cult of a "natural man" whose feelings display themselves in a most human and natural manner, contrary to t he artful and hypocritical aristocrats.4. Neo-classicism（古典主义）:It was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continuedby Johnson. Neo-classic ists modeled themselves on classical, ancient Greek and Latin authors. They wanted t o achieve perfect form in literature. They general tended to look at social and political life critically. They emphasize on intellect rather than imagination. They observed fix ed laws and rules in literary creation. Poets preferred heroic couplet. In drama, they ad hered to three unities, time, place and action. They emphasized on the didactic functio n of literature.5. Realism: Realism is a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or ref lecting‖ faithfully an actual way of life. The term refers, sometimes confusingly, both t o a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description (i. e. verisimilitude) and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qu alities of romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life.6. Gothic novel: (哥特式小说)Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth centu ry, was one phase of the Romantic movement. It is futile to struggle against one's fate. The mysterious element plays an enormous role in the Gothic novel;it is so replete wit h bloodcurdling scenes and unatural feelings that it is justly called "a novel of horror". Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.7. Lake poets:（湖畔诗人）refer to the first generation of romanticism including Wordsworth Coleridge and Sout hey. They once lived around the lake districts and traversed the similar attitude toward literature, politics and society, beginning as radicals and ending in conservatives.8. Romanticism is a movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music and art in Western culture during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt agains t classicism. There have been many varieties of Romanticism in many different times and places. Many of the ideas of English romanticism were first expressed by the poet s William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.9. Dramatic monologue is a type of poem writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby uni ntentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.10. Aestheticism: 唯美主义The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement is ―art for art…s sake‖. Aestheticism plac es art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According t o the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Ar t should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art…s sake, can it b e immortal. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality…s sake, or art for money…s sake. The representatives are Oscar Wilde a nd Walter Pater.11. Stream of consciousness: a kind of style with a carefully modulated poetic flow a nd brought into prose fiction something of the rhythms and the imagery of lyric poetry.易考话题1.圣经创世神话与世俗创世神话的区别：1，《圣经》创世神话中，创造宇宙和人类的神是男性，而且完全像个家长。

《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》中的解形母题

An Interpretation of the Parent Theme of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 作者：刘乃银
作者机构：华东师范大学英语系,上海200062
出版物刊名：华东师范大学学报：哲学社会科学版
页码： 56-62页
主题词：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》;解形母题;英语诗歌;凯尔特文化;世俗化;基督教;中国;古典文学
摘要：14世纪英语诗歌<高文爵士和绿衣骑士>的解形母题源自凯尔特文化传统,但不是凯尔特文化独有的现象.诗歌中,世俗的和宗教的因素,异教的和基督教的因素巧妙结合.和中国古典文学中解形母题相比,<高文>更关注现实的世界,关注人自身的本质特点、精神世界和求生本能.。

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Climax
• Gawain meets the Green Knight at the Green Chapel. After faking his first two swings, the Green Knight nicks Gawain on his third swing, only slightly cutting his neck.
The matter of Britain: Arthurian legends, Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the quest for the Holy Grail, the death of King Arthur.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
The Green Knight
Sir Gawain’s main opposition in the story. He is a richly decorated knight, who has green skin and hair.
King Arthur
The king of Camelot. Uncle of Sir Gawain. It is at his celebration feast that the Green Knight challenges the court to a game.
Historical Background
• Churches: political power & religious authority
• Conflicts: serfs and the peasants against feudal lords
• Languages: Latin, French and English
Tasks for students
• Tell the story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in your own words.
• Hints…
• author is anonymous
• written c. 1400 in Middle English
Minor Characters
• Bertilak’s wife- During the competition between Gawain and her husband, she tests Gawain’s integrity and honesty
Settings
Camelot
The Holiday celebrations take place at King Arthur’s castle in Camelot. It is here that the Green Knight challenges Gawain to exchange blows with him.
Religious Literature
• Emphasis: the moral and spiritual responsibilities
of the individual
• Themes: homiletic paraphrases of the Gospels; re-
iteration of the Christian doctrine of the terrors of the Last Judgement; lyrics for the Christ or the Virgin Mary.
verse, it is rigidly metered and rhymed.
• Categories:
The matter of France: Charlemagne the Great
and Roland, Chanson de Roland.
The matter of Rome: Alexander the Great and the siege of Troy.
Characteristics of Courtly Behavior--chivalry
• “Chivalry” comes from the French cheval, or horse (n.b. Norman influence in language).
• Only the wealthiest people in medieval society could keep horses and afford to use them in combat. “Chivalry” became associated, therefore, with the qualities of “horsemen”, or knights.
Romance
• Definition: A tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights, reflecting the spirit of chivalry, i.e, the quality and ideal of knight conduct.
Falling Action
• The Green Knight explains the mysteries of the story, which we will learn after reading.
Themes
• Temptation and testing • Hunting and seduction • Nature and chivalry • Games: beheading game • Times and seasons
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight as epic poetry
Review: Characteristics of the Epic Hero
1. He is a model of faith, loyalty, or bravery… 2. who makes a long, difficult journey… 3. to do battle on behalf of another… 4. perhaps using his own supernatural talents… 5. against an enemy who may himself have or be guarded by supernatural powers.
–Arthurian romance poetry/courtly love poetry
–medieval alliterative poetry
–epic poetry
Major Characters
Sir Gawain
The story’s
protagonist. A loyal knight to King Arthur, as well as his nephew. Gawain goes on his quest to meet the Green Knight in order to uphold his knightly values.
Bertilak’s Home
On his quest to meet the Green Knight, Gawain stays here for a short period of time.
The Green Chapel
The supposed home of the Green Knight. Gawain is sent here to keep his end of the bargain which he made with the Green Knight at Arthur’s holiday celebration a year prior.
Bertilak de Hautdesert
The Lord of the castle at which Gawain spends his time before meeting the Green Knight. We learn his true identity at the end of the story.
Major Conflict
• Gawain’s struggle to decide between his duties as a knight and the worth of his own life.Leabharlann Rising Action
• Gawain accepts the Green Knight’s challenge and cuts off his head. The Green Knight survives the blow and Gawain is then required to maintain his half of the challenge.
The Norman Period (1066-1350) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
• What are the features of Chinese culture at that time?
Historical Background
• 1066: King Harold ---Duke William of Normandy.
Journey = Quest
• In medieval poetry, the epic hero’s journey to battle (like Achilles’ voyage to Troy or Beowulf’s to Daneland) becomes a quest.
• A quest is “an adventurous expedition in search of something spiritually fulfilling or self-enhancing.”