Rabi oscillations, Ramsey fringes and spin echoes in an electrical circuit

布宜诺斯艾利斯的特色食物英文作文Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina, is known for its vibrant culture, rich history, and delicious cuisine. The city is a melting pot of flavors, influenced by its diverse immigrant population and local traditions. When it comes to food, Buenos Aires offers a wide range of options, from traditional Argentinean dishes to fusion cuisine with a modern twist. In this essay, we will explore some of the unique and delicious foods that make Buenos Aires a food lover's paradise.One of the most iconic dishes in Buenos Aires is the Argentine steak, or "asado." Asado is a traditional barbecue that typically features several cuts of meat, such as beef ribs, chorizo, and blood sausages, cooked over an open flame. The meat is seasoned with chimichurri sauce, a tangy herb sauce made from parsley, garlic, vinegar, and olive oil. Asado is more than just a meal in Buenos Aires – it is a social event that brings friends and family together to enjoy good food and conversation.Empanadas are another popular food in Buenos Aires, and they can be found in nearly every corner of the city. Empanadas are pastries filled with a variety of ingredients, such as beef, chicken, cheese, or vegetables, and then baked or fried until golden brown. These savory treats are perfect for a quick snackor a light meal on the go. Empanadas can be enjoyed at local cafes, food trucks, or even at traditional empanada shops known as "empanaderias."If you have a sweet tooth, Buenos Aires has plenty of options to satisfy your cravings. Dulce de leche is a popular sweet spread made from caramelized milk and sugar, and it is used in a variety of desserts, such as alfajores, a type of sandwich cookie filled with dulce de leche and coated in chocolate or powdered sugar. Another popular dessert in Buenos Aires is helado, or Argentine ice cream, which is known for its creamy texture and bold flavors. From traditional flavors like dulce de leche and chocolate to more unique options like mate or malbec wine, helado is a must-try treat in Buenos Aires.In addition to traditional Argentinean dishes, Buenos Aires also offers a variety of international cuisines influenced by its immigrant communities. For example, Italian immigrants brought their culinary traditions to Buenos Aires, leading to the popularity of dishes like pizza and pasta in the city. Japanese and Peruvian immigrants have also made their mark on Buenos Aires food scene, contributing to the rise of sushi and ceviche restaurants in the city. These fusion cuisines showcase thediversity of flavors and ingredients that can be found in Buenos Aires.Overall, Buenos Aires is a food lover's paradise, with a rich culinary heritage that combines traditional Argentinean dishes with international flavors. Whether you are craving a juicy steak, a savory empanada, or a sweet dulce de leche treat, Buenos Aires has something for every palate. So, if you find yourself in the "Paris of South America," be sure to indulge in the city's delicious and diverse cuisine – you won't be disappointed.。

北极冻土层英文阅读理解The Arctic tundra, a vast expanse of frozen soil, holds secrets that have been frozen in time for centuries. With layers of permafrost extending deep beneath the surface,it's a natural freezer for ancient remains and organisms.Exploring the tundra feels like stepping into a world untouched by modern civilization. The cold air bites at your nose, and the quiet is so absolute, you can almost hear the earth breathe. Beneath the snow and ice, there's a story that's slowly being revealed to us.The frozen soil acts as a time capsule, preserving things that have been lost to the rest of the world. From ancient mammals to mysterious microbes, the tundra is a treasure trove for scientists. But as the climate warms, these fragile ecosystems are under threat.Walking across the tundra, you can see evidence of how the environment is changing. Pools of meltwater form whereonce there was solid ice. Plants are beginning to grow in areas that were once barren. It's a reminder of thefragility of our planet and the need to protect these unique habitats.And yet, there's beauty in this desolate landscape. The stark contrast between the white snow and the blue sky is breathtaking. The silence is deafening, yet it's a silence that feels cleansing and pure. In the Arctic tundra, nature is at its most raw and unforgiving, yet it's also its most captivating.。

More informationPhase Noise and Frequency Stability in OscillatorsPresenting a comprehensive account of oscillator phase noise and frequency stability,this practical text is both mathematically rigorous and accessible.An in-depth treatmentof the noise mechanism is given,describing the oscillator as a physical system,andshowing that simple general laws govern the stability of a large variety of oscillatorsdiffering in technology and frequency range.Inevitably,special attention is given to am-plifiers,resonators,delay lines,feedback,andflicker(1/f)noise.The reverse engineeringof oscillators based on phase-noise spectra is also covered,and end-of-chapter exercisesare given.Uniquely,numerous practical examples are presented,including case studiestaken from laboratory prototypes and commercial oscillators,which allow the oscillatorinternal design to be understood by analyzing its phase-noise spectrum.Based on tuto-rials given by the author at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,international IEEE meetings,and in industry,this is a useful reference for academic researchers,industry practitioners,and graduate students in RF engineering and communications engineering.Additional materials are available via /rubiola.Enrico Rubiola is a Senior Scientist at the CNRS FEMTO-ST Institute and a Professorat the Universit´e de Franche Comt´e.With previous positions as a Professor at theUniversit´e Henri Poincar´e,Nancy,and in Italy at the University Parma and thePolitecnico di Torino,he has also consulted at the NASA/Caltech Jet PropulsionLaboratory.His research interests include low-noise oscillators,phase/frequency-noisemetrology,frequency synthesis,atomic frequency standards,radio-navigation systems,precision electronics from dc to microwaves,optics and gravitation.More informationThe Cambridge RF and Microwave Engineering SeriesSeries EditorSteve C.CrippsPeter Aaen,Jaime Pl´a and John Wood,Modeling and Characterization of RF andMicrowave Power FETsEnrico Rubiola,Phase Noise and Frequency Stability in OscillatorsDominique Schreurs,M´a irt´ın O’Droma,Anthony A.Goacher and Michael Gadringer,RF Amplifier Behavioral ModelingFan Y ang and Y ahya Rahmat-Samii,Electromagnetic Band Gap Structures in AntennaEngineeringForthcoming:Sorin V oinigescu and Timothy Dickson,High-Frequency Integrated CircuitsDebabani Choudhury,Millimeter W aves for Commercial ApplicationsJ.Stephenson Kenney,RF Power Amplifier Design and LinearizationDavid B.Leeson,Microwave Systems and EngineeringStepan Lucyszyn,Advanced RF MEMSEarl McCune,Practical Digital Wireless Communications SignalsAllen Podell and Sudipto Chakraborty,Practical Radio Design TechniquesPatrick Roblin,Nonlinear RF Circuits and the Large-Signal Network AnalyzerDominique Schreurs,Microwave Techniques for MicroelectronicsJohn L.B.Walker,Handbook of RF and Microwave Solid-State Power AmplifiersPhase Noise and Frequency Stability in OscillatorsENRICO RUBIOLAProfessor of Electronics FEMTO-ST Institute CNRS and Universit´e de Franche Comt´e Besanc ¸on,FranceMore informationMore informationCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSCambridge,New Y ork,Melbourne,Madrid,Cape Town,Singapore,S˜a o Paulo,DelhiCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building,Cambridge CB28RU,UKPublished in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press,New Y orkInformation on this title:/9780521886772C Cambridge University Press2009This publication is in copyright.Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.First published2009Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press,CambridgeA catalog record for this publication is available from the British LibraryISBN978-0-521-88677-2hardbackCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred toin this publication,and does not guarantee that any content on suchwebsites is,or will remain,accurate or appropriate.More informationContentsForeword by Lute Maleki page ixForeword by David Leeson xiiPreface xv How to use this book xviSupplementary material xviii Notation xix 1Phase noise and frequency stability11.1Narrow-band signals11.2Physical quantities of interest51.3Elements of statistics91.4The measurement of power spectra131.5Linear and time-invariant(LTI)systems191.6Close-in noise spectrum221.7Time-domain variances251.8Relationship between spectra and variances291.9Experimental techniques30Exercises33 2Phase noise in semiconductors and amplifiers352.1Fundamental noise phenomena352.2Noise temperature and noisefigure372.3Phase noise and amplitude noise422.4Phase noise in cascaded amplifiers492.5 Low-flicker amplifiers522.6 Detection of microwave-modulated light62Exercises65 3Heuristic approach to the Leeson effect673.1Oscillator fundamentals673.2The Leeson formula72More informationvi Contents3.3The phase-noise spectrum of real oscillators753.4Other types of oscillator824Phase noise and feedback theory884.1Resonator differential equation884.2Resonator Laplace transform924.3The oscillator964.4Resonator in phase space1014.5Proof of the Leeson formula1114.6Frequency-fluctuation spectrum and Allan variance1164.7 A different,more general,derivation of the resonatorphase response1174.8 Frequency transformations1215Noise in delay-line oscillators and lasers1255.1Basic delay-line oscillator1255.2Optical resonators1285.3Mode selection1305.4The use of a resonator as a selectionfilter1335.5Phase-noise response1385.6Phase noise in lasers1435.7Close-in noise spectra and Allan variance1455.8Examples1466Oscillator hacking1506.1General guidelines1506.2About the examples of phase-noise spectra1546.3Understanding the quartz oscillator1546.4Quartz oscillators156Oscilloquartz OCXO8600(5MHz AT-cut BV A)156Oscilloquartz OCXO8607(5MHz SC-cut BV A)159RAKON PHARAO5MHz quartz oscillator162FEMTO-ST LD-cut quartz oscillator(10MHz)164Agilent10811quartz(10MHz)166Agilent noise-degeneration oscillator(10MHz)167Wenzel501-04623(100MHz SC-cut quartz)1716.5The origin of instability in quartz oscillators1726.6Microwave oscillators175Miteq DRO mod.D-210B175Poseidon DRO-10.4-FR(10.4GHz)177Poseidon Shoebox(10GHz sapphire resonator)179UWA liquid-N whispering-gallery9GHz oscillator182More informationContents vii6.7Optoelectronic oscillators185NIST10GHz opto-electronic oscillator(OEO)185OEwaves Tidalwave(10GHz OEO)188 Exercises190Appendix A Laplace transforms192References196Index202More informationForeword by Lute MalekiGiven the ubiquity of periodic phenomena in nature,it is not surprising that oscillatorsplay such a fundamental role in sciences and technology.In physics,oscillators are thebasis for the understanding of a wide range of concepts spanningfield theory and linearand nonlinear dynamics.In technology,oscillators are the source of operation in everycommunications system,in sensors and in radar,to name a few.As man’s study ofnature’s laws and human-made phenomena expands,oscillators have found applicationsin new realms.Oscillators and their interaction with each other,usually as phase locking,and withthe environment,as manifested by a change in their operational parameters,form thebasis of our understanding of a myriad phenomena in biology,chemistry,and evensociology and climatology.It is very difficult to account for every application in whichthe oscillator plays a role,either as an element that supports understanding or insight oran entity that allows a given application.In all thesefields,what is important is to understand how the physical parametersof the oscillator,i.e.its phase,frequency,and amplitude,are affected,either by theproperties of its internal components or by interaction with the environment in whichthe oscillator resides.The study of oscillator noise is fundamental to understanding allphenomena in which the oscillator model is used in optimization of the performance ofsystems requiring an oscillator.Simply stated,noise is the unwanted part of the oscillator signal and is unavoidablein practical systems.Beyond the influence of the environment,and the non-ideality ofthe physical elements that comprise the oscillator,the fundamental quantum nature ofelectrons and photons sets the limit to what may be achieved in the spectral purity of thegenerated signal.This sets the fundamental limit to the best performance that a practicaloscillator can produce,and it is remarkable that advanced oscillators can reach it.The practitioners who strive to advance thefield of oscillators in time-and-frequencyapplications cannot be content with knowledge of physics alone or engineering alone.The reason is that oscillators and clocks,whether of the common variety or the advancedtype,are complex“systems”that interact with their environment,sometimes in waysthat are not readily obvious or that are highly nonlinear.Thus the physicist is needed toidentify the underlying phenomenon and the parameters affecting performance,and theengineer is needed to devise the most effective and practical approach to deal with them.The present monograph by Professor Enrico Rubiola is unique in the extent to which itsatisfies both the physicist and the engineer.It also serves the need to understand bothMore informationx Forewordsthe fundamentals and the practice of phase-noise metrology,a required tool in dealingwith noise in oscillators.Rubiola’s approach to the treatment of noise in this book is based on the input–output transfer functions.While other approaches lead to some of the same results,this treatment allows the introduction of a mathematical rigor that is easily tractable byanyone with an introductory knowledge of Fourier and Laplace transforms.In particular,Rubiola uses this approach to obtain a derivation,fromfirst principles,of the Leesonformula.This formula has been used in the engineering literature for the noise analysisof the RF oscillator since its introduction by Leeson in1966.Leeson evidently arrivedat it without realizing that it was known earlier in the physics literature in a differentform as the Schawlow–Townes linewidth for the laser oscillator.While a number ofother approaches based on linear and nonlinear models exist for analyzing noise inan oscillator,the Leeson formula remains particularly useful for modeling the noisein high-performance oscillators.Given its relation to the Schawlow–Townes formula,it is not surprising that the Leeson model is so useful for analyzing the noise in theoptoelectronic oscillator,a newcomer to the realm of high-performance microwave andmillimeter-wave oscillators,which are also treated in this book.Starting in the Spring of2004,Professor Rubiola began a series of limited-timetenures in the Quantum Sciences and Technologies group at the Jet Propulsion Labo-ratory.Evidently,this can be regarded as the time when the initial seed for this bookwas conceived.During these visits,Rubiola was to help architect a system for themeasurement of the noise of a high-performance microwave oscillator,with the sameexperimental care that he had previously applied and published for the RF oscillators.Characteristically,Rubiola had to know all the details about the oscillator,its principleof operation,and the sources of noise in its every component.It was only then that hecould implement the improvement needed on the existing measurement system,whichwas based on the use of a longfiber delay in a homodyne setup.Since Rubiola is an avid admirer of the Leeson model,he was interested in applyingit to the optoelectronic oscillator,as well.In doing so,he developed both an approachfor analyzing the performance of a delay-line oscillator and a scheme based on Laplacetransforms to derive the Leeson formula,advancing the original,heuristic,approach.These two treatments,together with the range of other topics covered,should makethis unique book extremely useful and attractive to both the novice and experiencedpractitioners of thefield.It is delightful to see that in writing the monograph,Enrico Rubiola has so openlybared his professional persona.He pursues the subject with a blatant passion,andhe is characteristically not satisfied with“dumbing down,”a concept at odds withmathematical rigor.Instead,he provides visuals,charts,and tables to make his treatmentaccessible.He also shows his commensurate tendencies as an engineer by providingnumerical examples and details of the principles behind instruments used for noisemetrology.He balances this with the physicist in him that looks behind the obvious forthe fundamental causation.All this is enhanced with his mathematical skill,of which healways insists,with characteristic modesty,he wished to have more.Other ingredients,missing in the book,that define Enrico Rubiola are his knowledge of ancient languagesMore informationForewords xi and history.But these could not inform further such a comprehensive and extremelyuseful book on the subject of oscillator noise.Lute MalekiNASA/Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratoryand OEwaves,Inc.,February2008More informationForeword by David LeesonPermit me to place Enrico Rubiola’s excellent book Phase Noise and Frequency Stabilityin Oscillators in context with the history of the subject over the pastfive decades,goingback to the beginnings of my own professional interest in oscillator frequency stability.Oscillator instabilities are a fundamental concern for systems tasked with keeping anddistributing precision time or frequency.Also,oscillator phase noise limits the demod-ulated signal-to-noise ratio in communication systems that rely on phase modulation,such as microwave relay systems,including satellite and deep-space parablyimportant are the dynamic range limits in multisignal systems resulting from the mask-ing of small signals of interest by oscillator phase noise on adjacent large signals.Forexample,Doppler radar targets are masked by ground clutter noise.These infrastructure systems have been well served by what might now be termedthe classical theory and measurement of oscillator noise,of which this volume is acomprehensive and up-to-date tutorial.Rubiola also exposes a number of significantconcepts that have escaped prior widespread notice.My early interest in oscillator noise came as solid-state signal sources began to beapplied to the radars that had been under development since the days of the MIT RadiationLaboratory.I was initiated into the phase-noise requirements of airborne Doppler radarand the underlying arts of crystal oscillators,power amplifiers,and nonlinear-reactancefrequency multipliers.In1964an IEEE committee was formed to prepare a standard on frequency stability.Thanks to a supportive mentor,W.K.Saunders,I became a member of that group,whichincluded leaders such as J.A.Barnes and L.S.Cutler.It was noted that the independentuse of frequency-domain and time-domain definitions stood in the way of the develop-ment of a common standard.To promote focused interchange the group sponsored theNovember1964NASA/IEEE Conference on Short Term Frequency Stability and editedthe February1966Special Issue on Frequency Stability of the Proceedings of the IEEE.The context of that time included the appreciation that self-limiting oscillators andmany systems(FM receivers with limiters,for example)are nonlinear in that theylimit amplitude variations(AM noise);hence the focus on phase noise.The modestfrequency limits of semiconductor devices of that period dictated the common usage ofnonlinear-reactance frequency multipliers,which multiply phase noise to the point whereit dominates the output noise spectrum.These typical circuit conditions were secondnature then to the“short-term stability community”but might not come so readily tomind today.More informationForewords xiii Thefirst step of the program to craft a standard that would define frequency stabilitywas to understand and meld the frequency-and time-domain descriptions of phaseinstability to a degree that was predictive and permitted analysis and optimization.Bythe time the subcommittee edited the Proc.IEEE special issue,the wide exchange ofviewpoints and concepts made it possible to synthesize concise summaries of the workin both domains,of which my own model was one.The committee published its“Characterization of frequency stability”in IEEE Trans.Instrum.Meas.,May1971.This led to the IEEE1139Standards that have served thecommunity well,with advances and revisions continuing since their initial publication.Rubiola’s book,based on his extensive seminar notes,is a capstone tutorial on thetheoretical basis and experimental measurements of oscillators for which phase noiseand frequency stability are primary issues.In hisfirst chapter Rubiola introduces the reader to the fundamental statistical de-scriptions of oscillator instabilities and discusses their role in the standards.Then in thesecond chapter he provides an exposition of the sources of noise in devices and circuits.In an instructive analysis of cascaded stages,he shows that,for modulative or parametricflicker noise,the effect of cascaded stages is cumulative without regard to stage gain.This is in contrast with the well-known treatment of additive noise using the Friisformula to calculate an equivalent input noise power representing noise that may originateanywhere in a cascade of real amplifiers.This example highlights the concept that“themodel is not the actual thing.”He also describes concepts for the reduction offlickernoise in amplifier stages.In his third chapter Rubiola then combines the elements of thefirst two chapters toderive models and techniques useful in characterizing phase noise arising in resonatorfeedback oscillators,adding mathematical formalism to these in the fourth chapter.Inthefifth chapter he extends the reader’s view to the case of delay-line oscillators suchas lasers.In his sixth chapter,Rubiola offers guidance for the instructive“hacking”ofexisting oscillators,using their external phase spectra and other measurables to estimatetheir internal configuration.He details cases in which resonatorfluctuations mask circuitnoise,showing that separately quantifying resonator noise can be fruitful and that devicenoisefigure and resonator Q are not merely arbitraryfitting factors.It’s interesting to consider what lies ahead in thisfield.The successes of today’sconsumer wireless products,cellular telephony,WiFi,satellite TV,and GPS,arise directlyfrom the economies of scale of highly integrated circuits.But at the same time thisintroduces compromises for active-device noise and resonator quality.A measure ofthe market penetration of multi-signal consumer systems such as cellular telephonyand WiFi is that they attract enough users to become interference-limited,often fromsubscribers much nearer than a distant base station.Hence low phase noise remainsessential to preclude an unacceptable decrease of dynamic range,but it must now beachieved within narrower bounds on the available circuit elements.A search for new understanding and techniques has been spurred by this requirementfor low phase noise in oscillators and synthesizers whose primary character is integrationand its accompanying minimal cost.This body of knowledge is advancing througha speculative and developmental phase.Today,numerical nonlinear circuit analysisMore informationxiv Forewordssupports additional design variables,such as the timing of the current pulse in nonlinearoscillators,that have become feasible because of the improved capabilities of bothsemiconductor devices and computers.Thefield is alive and well,with emerging players eager tofind a role on the stage fortheir own scenarios.Professionals and students,whether senior or new to thefield so ablydescribed by Rubiola,will benefit from his theoretical rigor,experimental viewpoint,and presentation.David B.LeesonStanford UniversityFebruary2008More informationPrefaceThe importance of oscillators in science and technology can be outlined by two mile-stones.The pendulum,discovered by Galileo Galilei in the sixteenth century,persistedas“the”time-measurement instrument(in conjunction with the Earth’s rotation period)until the piezoelectric quartz resonator.Then,it was not by chance that thefirst inte-grated circuit,built in September1958by Jack Kilby at the Bell Laboratories,was aradio-frequency oscillator.Time,and equivalently frequency,is the most precisely measured physical quantity.The wrist watch,for example,is probably the only cheap artifact whose accuracy ex-ceeds10−5,while in primary laboratories frequency attains the incredible accuracy ofa few parts in10−15.It is therefore inevitable that virtually all domains of engineeringand physics rely on time-and-frequency metrology and thus need reference oscillators.Oscillators are of major importance in a number of applications such as wireless com-munications,high-speed digital electronics,radars,and space research.An oscillator’srandomfluctuations,referred to as noise,can be decomposed into amplitude noise andphase noise.The latter,far more important,is related to the precision and accuracy oftime-and-frequency measurements,and is of course a limiting factor in applications.The main fact underlying this book is that an oscillator turns the phase noise of itsinternal parts into frequency noise.This is a necessary consequence of the Barkhausencondition for stationary oscillation,which states that the loop gain of a feedback oscillatormust be unity,with zero phase.It follows that the phase noise,which is the integral ofthe frequency noise,diverges in the long run.This phenomenon is often referred to asthe“Leeson model”after a short article published in1966by David B.Leeson[63].Onmy part,I prefer the term Leeson effect in order to emphasize that the phenomenon isfar more general than a simple model.In2001,in Seattle,Leeson received the W.G.Cady award of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium“for clear physicalinsight and[a]model of the effects of noise on oscillators.”In spring2004I had the opportunity to give some informal seminars on noise in oscil-lators at the NASA/Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory.Since then I have given lecturesand seminars on noise in industrial contexts,at IEEE symposia,and in universities andgovernment laboratories.The purpose of most of these seminars was to provide a tuto-rial,as opposed to a report on advanced science,addressed to a large-variance audiencethat included technicians,engineers,Ph.D.students,and senior scientists.Of course,capturing the attention of such a varied audience was a challenging task.The stimu-lating discussions that followed the seminars convinced me I should write a workingMore informationxvi Prefacedocument1as a preliminary step and then this book.In writing,I have made a seriouseffort to address the same broad audience.This work could not have been written without the help of many people.The gratitudeI owe to my colleagues and friends who contributed to the rise of the ideas containedin this book is disproportionate to its small size:R´e mi Brendel,Giorgio Brida,G.JohnDick,Michele Elia,Patrice F´e ron,Serge Galliou,Vincent Giordano,Charles A.(Chuck)Greenhall,Jacques Groslambert,John L.Hall,Vladimir S.(Vlad)Ilchenko,LaurentLarger,Lutfallah(Lute)Maleki,Andrey B.Matsko,Mark Oxborrow,Stefania R¨o misch,Anatoliy B.Savchenkov,Franc¸ois Vernotte,Nan Yu.Among them,I owe special thanks to the following:Lute Maleki for giving me theopportunity of spending four long periods at the NASA/Caltech Jet Propulsion Labora-tory,where I worked on noise in photonic oscillators,and for numerous discussions andsuggestions;G.John Dick,for giving invaluable ideas and suggestions during numerousand stimulating discussions;R´e mi Brendel,Mark Oxborrow,and Stefania R¨o misch fortheir personal efforts in reviewing large parts of the manuscript in meticulous detail andfor a wealth of suggestions and criticism;Vincent Giordano for supporting my effortsfor more than10years and for frequent and stimulating discussions.I wish to thank some manufacturers and their local representatives for kindness andprompt help:Jean-Pierre Aubry from Oscilloquartz;Vincent Candelier from RAKON(formerly CMAC);Art Faverio and Charif Nasrallah from Miteq;Jesse H.Searles fromPoseidon Scientific Instruments;and Mark Henderson from Oewaves.Thanks to my friend Roberto Bergonzo,for the superb picture on the front cover,entitled“The amethyst stairway.”For more information about this artist,visit the website.Finally,I wish to thank Julie Lancashire and Sabine Koch,of the Cambridge editorialstaff,for their kindness and patience during the long process of writing this book.How to use this bookLet usfirst abstract this book in one paragraph.Chapter1introduces the language ofphase noise and frequency stability.Chapter2analyzes phase noise in amplifiers,includ-ingflicker and other non-white phenomena.Chapter3explains heuristically the physicalmechanism of an oscillator and of its noise.Chapter4focuses on the mathematics thatdescribe an oscillator and its phase noise.For phase noise,the oscillator turns out to bea linear system.These concepts are extended in Chapter5to the delay-line oscillatorand to the laser,which is a special case of the latter.Finally,Chapter6analyzes indepth a number of oscillators,both laboratory prototypes and commercial products.Theanalysis of an oscillator’s phase noise discloses relevant details about the oscillator.There are other books about oscillators,though not numerous.They can be divided intothree categories:books on radio-frequency and microwave oscillators,which generallyfocus on the electronics;books about lasers,which privilege atomic physics and classical1E.Rubiola,The Leeson Effect–Phase Noise in Quasilinear Oscillators,February2005,arXiv:physics/0502143,now superseded by the present text.PrefacexviideeperreadingbasictheoreticaladvancedtheoreticallegendexperimentalistlecturerdeeperreadingFigure1Asymptotic reading paths:on the left,for someone planning lectures on oscillatornoise;on the right,for someone currently involved in practical work on oscillators.optics;books focusing on the relevant mathematical physics.The present text is uniquein that we look at the oscillator as a system consisting of more or less complex interactingblocks.Most topics are innovative,and the overlap with other books about oscillatorsor time-and-frequency metrology is surprisingly small.This may require an additionaleffort on the part of readers already familiar with the subject area.The core of this book rises from my experimentalist soul,which later became con-vinced of the importance of the mathematics.The material was originally thought anddrafted in the following(dis)order(see Fig.1):3Heuristic approach,6Oscillator hack-ing,4Feedback theory,5Delay-line oscillators.Thefinal order of subjects aims at amore understandable presentation.In seminars,I have often presented the material in the3–6–4–5order.Y et,the best reading path depends on the reader.T wo paths are suggestedin Fig.1for two“asymptotic”reader types,i.e.a lecturer and experimentalist.Whenplanning to use this book as a supplementary text for a university course,the lecturer More information。

GENUS XIII.SHEWANELLA491M NaCl.Growth occurs at4–30ЊC.Optimum growth tem-perature is25ЊC.Grows between pH6–8.Optimum pH for growth is7.0.Chemoheterotrophic facultative anaerobe.Can grow an-aerobically using nitrate,fumarate,iron,manganese, TMAO,thiosulfate,and elemental sulfur as alternative elec-tron acceptors with lactate acting as the carbon source.Cat-alase,oxidase,and lipase positive.Amylase and gelatinase negative.Glucose,galactose,lactate,acetate,pyruvate,cit-rate,succinate,glutamate,Casamino acids,yeast extract, and peptone are used aerobically as energy sources.Fruc-tose,glycerol,sorbitol,arabinose,formate,and ethanol are not utilized.Isolated from the accessory nidamental glands of female adults of the squid species Loligo pealei.The mol%GםC of the DNA is:45.0(HPLC).Type strain:ANG-SQ1,ATCC700345.GenBank accession number(16S rRNA):AF011335.12.Shewanella violacea Nogi,Kato and Horikoshi1999,341VP(Effective publication:Nogi,Kato and Horikoshi1998b, 337.)Јce.a.L.gen.n.violacea of violet.Cells are straight or slightly curved rods,0.8–1.0ן2–4l m.Colonies on marine agar are circular,smooth,convex with entire edges,and butyrous in consistency.After2–3d, colonies are nonpigmented;after more than7d,colonies appear violet.NaCl is required for growth;optimal levels for growth are2–3%.No growth with6%NaCl.Psychrophilic.Grows optimally between4–10ЊC.Baro-philic.Optimal pressure for growth is30MPa.Other characteristics are as given in the genus descrip-tion and in Table BXII.c.148.Acid is produced from cel-lobiose and d-galactose,but not from dl-arabinose,d-fruc-tose,glycerol,inositol,lactose,maltose,d-mannitol,d-man-nose,d-raffinose,l-rhamnose,d-sorbitol,sucrose,d-treha-lose,or d-xylose.Isolated from the Ryukyu Trench,northwest Pacific Ocean,at a depth of5110m.The mol%GםC of the DNA is:47(T m).Type strain:DSS12,JCM10179.GenBank accession number(16S rRNA):D21225.13.Shewanella woodyi Makemson,Fulayfil,Landry,Van Ert,Wimpee,Widder and Case1997,1039VPwoodЈy.i.M.L.gen.n.woodyi of Woody,in honor of the American biologist J.Woodland Hastings.Cells are rod-shaped,0.4–1.0ן1.4–2.0l m.Colonies on marine agar are pink-orange due to the accumulation of cytochromes.NaCl is required for growth.Growth factors are not required.Psychrophilic.Growth occurs between4and25ЊC;op-timum temperature,20–25ЊC;no growth at30ЊC.Other characteristics are as given in the genus descrip-tion and in Tables BXII.c.148and BXII.c.151.Isolated from squid ink,seawater and marine snow(col-lected from the Alboran Sea).The mol%GםC of the DNA is:39(by measurement of the relative binding of DNA-binding-fluorescent dyes bis-benzimide and chromomycin A3).Type strain:MS32,ATCC51908,DSM12036.GenBank accession number(16S rRNA):AF003549.Order XI.“Vibrionales”Vib.ri.o.naЈles.M.L.masc.n.Vibrio type genus of the order;-ales ending to denote order;M.L.fem.pl.n.Vibrionales the order of bacteria whose circumscription is based on thegenus Vibrio.Description is the same as for the family Vibrionaceae.Type genus:Vibrio Pacini1854,411.Family I.Vibrionaceae Ve´ron1965,5245ALJ.J.F ARMER III AND J.M ICHAEL J ANDAVib.ri.o.naЈce.ae.M.L.masc.n.Vibrio type genus of the family;-aceae ending to denote family;M.L.fem.pl.n.Vibrionaceae the family of bacteria whose circumscription is based on the genusVibrio.Gram-negative straight or curved rods.Motile by means of polar flagella.Additional lateralflagella may be produced when grown on solid media;these differ in wavelength and antigenicity from the polarflagellum and may number from a few to over100flagella/cell.Do not form endospores or microcysts.Chemoor-ganotrophs.Facultative anaerobes,having both a respiratory and a fermentative metabolism.Oxygen is a universal electron ac-ceptor.Do not denitrify.Most strains:are oxidase positive,reduce nitrate to nitrite,ferment d-glucose and utilize it as a sole or principal source of carbon and energy,grow in minimal media with d-glucose or other compounds as the sole source of carbon and energy and use NH4םas the sole nitrogen source.A few species require vitamins and amino acids.Ferment and utilize a wide variety of simple and complex carbohydrates and utilize a wide variety of other carbon sources.Most species require Naםor a seawater base for growth and require0.5–3%NaCl for op-timum growth.Several species are bioluminescent;other species include a few bioluminescent strains.Primarily aquatic.Found in fresh,brackish,and sea water,often in association with aquatic animals and plants.Several species are pathogenic for humans.FAMILY I.VIBRIONACEAE 492Other species are pathogenic forfish,eels,and other aquatic animals.The mol%GםC of the DNA is38–51%.The family is classified in the phylum Proteobacteria in the class Gammapro-teobacteria.Type genus:Vibrio Pacini1854,411.Historical overview A history of the family Vibrionaceae as it has appeared in Bergey’s Manual is given in Table BXII.c.152. Related families include Enterobacteriaceae,Aeromonadaceae,and Pasteurellaceae.The family Vibrionaceae has undergone intense study since thefirst edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bac-teriology(Krieg and Holt,1984)was published in1984.In their chapter on the family Vibrionaceae in that edition,Baumann and Schubert(1984)included the genera Vibrio,Photobacterium,Ae-romonas,and Plesiomonas.These are the same four genera in-cluded in the original classification of the family proposed by Ve´ron almost twenty years earlier(Ve´ron,1965).In this Manual Aeromonas and Plesiomonas are classified in other families(Table BXII.c.152).For practical identification schemes,it is still useful to consider Aeromonas and Plesiomonas together with other oxidase positive genera of fermentative bacteria such as Vibrio and Pho-tobacterium(Table BXII.c.153).A detailed history of changes in the classification of Vibrio and related genera that occurred as new methods were introduced has been given by Farmer(1992). These methods include examinations of the structure,function, and regulation of proteins;comparison of mol%GםC content; DNA–DNA hybridization;rRNA–DNA hybridization;5S rRNA cataloging and sequence comparisons;and16S rRNA gene se-quence comparisons(Fig.BXII.c.157).The family Vibrionaceae presently includes three genera:Genus1.Vibrio(the type genus)Genus II.PhotobacteriumGenus III.SalinivibrioThe type strain of the type and only species of the genus Allomonas,Allomonas enterica,is very closely related to Vibrioflu-vialis by DNA–DNA hybridization studies and phenotypic analysis (Kalina et al.,1984).Allomonas and Allomonas enterica are not described separately in this edition of the Manual;the reader is referred to the description of V.fluvialis.The two species of the genus Listonella,Listonella anguillarum(the type species)and Lis-tonella pelagia,are included in the genus Vibrio in this edition of the Manual as Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio pelagius.*F URTHER DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATIONHabitats The ecological niches of members of the family Vibrionaceae have been described by Campbell(1957);Baumann and Baumann(1981a);Sakazaki and Balows(1981);and Simidu and Tsukamoto(1985)).In humans,some vibrios cause diarrhea, wound infections,and occasionally other extraintestinal infec-tions.In aquatic animals,vibrios cause wound and generalized infections.Many vibrios and related organisms are also widely distributed in aquatic environments.Many factors govern the distribution of these organisms,but the most important probably include:particular human,animal or plant hosts;inorganic nu-trients and carbon sources available;temperature;salinity;dis-solved oxygen;and depth below the surface for the species that are found in the ocean(Simidu and Tsukamoto,1985).A few species are adapted to particular hosts.For example,Vibrio chol-erae serogroup O1is adapted to humans and is the cause of cholera,a life-threatening diarrheal disease.Recent studies have shown that the ecology of this organism is more complex than originally thought.Photobacterium leiognathi is usually isolated fromfish in shallow tropical water,and P.phosphoreum is usually found in the luminous organs offish that live at depths of200–1200meters(Hastings and Nealson,1981).Isolation Most members of the Vibrionaceae grow well on ordinary complex media.Samples are spread onto solid medium or diluted in an enrichment broth.NaCl concentrations of0.5–0.85%satisfy the requirements of most species,although a few require greater concentrations of NaCl.Incubation temperatures are also important.A few species grow only at temperatures Ͻ25ЊC;others grow at25ЊC but not at35–37ЊC.General and selective media for Vibrionaceae are described in the chapter on the genus Vibrio.Identification Methods for the isolation and identification of Vibrio spp.from clinical specimens and non-clinical samples are discussed in detail in the chapter describing the genus Vibrio. Assignment of non-clinical isolates to a species can be problem-atic because over50species of Vibrio and Photobacterium must be considered and because comparative data for these organisms are sparse relative to data available for clinically important spe-cies.The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention maintain computer programs and databases for the identification of iso-lates subjected to a battery of45–60phenotypic tests;for details contact the Vibrio Laboratory at the CDC.These alternatives to phenotypic methods are now being used routinely and have proven extremely useful in a research setting. It will be important to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity,and to understand the advantages and disadvantages of these meth-ods.In the United States,the reporting of cultures from human specimens is subject to specific government regulations(the Clin-ical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of1988),which has limited the application of these approaches in clinical and public health laboratories.A CKNOWLEDGMENTSWe dedicate this chapter to M.Ve´ron for giving us the name Vibrionaceae and for all his contributions to our understanding of the family,its or-ganisms,and their close and distant relatives.F URTHER R EADINGBaumann,P.and L.Baumann.1977.Biology of the marine enterobac-teria:genera Beneckea and Photobacterium.Ann.Rev.Microbiol.31:39–61.Baumann,P.and L.Baumann.1981.The marine Gram-negative eubac-teria.In Starr,Stolp,Tru¨per,Balows and Schlegel(Editors),The Pro-karyotes,a Handbook on Habitats,Isolation and Identification of Bacteria,1st Ed.,Springer-Verlag,New York.pp.1352–1394. Baumann,P.,L.Baumann,S.S.Bang and M.J.Woolkalis.1980.Reeval-uation of the taxonomy of Vibrio,Beneckea,and Photobacterium:aboli-tion of the genus Beneckea.Curr.Microbiol.4:127–132. Baumann,P.,L.Baumann and M.Mandel.1971.Taxonomy of marine bacteria:the genus Beneckea.J.Bacteriol.107:268–294. Baumann,P.,A.L.Furniss and J.V.Lee.1984.Genus I.Vibrio.In Krieg and Holt(Editors),Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology,1st Ed.,Vol.1,The Williams&Wilkins Co.,Baltimore.pp.518–538. Baumann,P.and R.H.W.Schubert.1984.Family II.Vibrionaceae.In Krieg and Holt(Editors),Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology,1st Ed.,Vol.1,The Williams&Wilkins Co.,Baltimore.pp.516–517. Brenner,D.J.,G.R.Fanning,F.W.Hickmann-Brenner,J.V.Lee,A.G.Stei-FAMILY VIBRIONACEAE493gerwalt,B.R.Davis and J.J.Farmer.1983a.DNA relatedness among Vibrionaceae,with emphasis on the Vibrio species associated with human infection.INSERM Colloq.114:175–184.Chakraborty,S.,G.B.Nair and S.Shinoda.1997.Pathogenic vibrios in the natural aquatic environment.Rev.Environ.Health.12:63–80. Farmer,J.J.1992.The family Vibrionaceae.In Balows,Tru¨per,Dworkin,Harder and Schleifer(Editors),The Prokaryotes.A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria:Ecophysiology,Isolation,Identification,Ap-plications,2nd Ed.,Vol.3,Springer-Verlag,New York.pp.2938–2951. Farmer,J.J.,M.J.Arduino and F.W.Hickman-Brenner.1992.Aeromonas and Plesiomonas.In Balows,Tru¨per,Dworkin,Harder and Schleifer (Editors),The Prokaryotes.A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria:FAMILY I.VIBRIONACEAE 494GENUS I.VIBRIO495FIGURE BXII.c.157.Relationship of most of the species of Vibrio and relatives based on16S rRNA gene sequences.* Only the type strain of each species was included.The distances in the tree were calculated using1101positions (the least-squares method,Jukes-Cantor model).(Courtesy T.Lilburn of the Ribosomal Database Project.)*Editorial Note:Photobacterium damselae subsp.damselae is a junior objective synonym of Vibrio damsela.Vibrio pelagius and Vibrio anguillarum are synonyms of Listonella pelagia and Listonella anguillarum,respectively.and volume(15–67%)and a conversion of rods into coccal forms called spherical ultramicrocells(Holmquist and Kjelleberg,1993; Kondo et al.,1994;Nelson et al.,1997).As the length of nutrient starvation increases,cytoplasmic inclusions and granules disap-pear,cell cultivability decreases,and the nuclear region becomes compressed(Hood et al.,1986).There are also noticeable dif-ferences in the integrity of the outer membrane and cell wall. Some changes may be linked to specific nutrient starvation(for example,nitrogen starvation produces longfilaments and phos-phorus starvation produces swollen large rods),whereas others occur regardless of the type of nutritional stress(Holmquist and Kjelleberg,1993).“Non-culturable”V.cholerae O1strains pro-duced in response to nutrient deprivation display a number of ultrastructural changes,which include an undulating outer mem-brane,a surface layer offinefibers,and a thicker peptidoglycan layer(Kondo et al.,1994).FAMILY I.VIBRIONACEAE 496Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate granules(PHB)can be found in a number of Vibrio species,including V.cholerae O1and O139and V.harveyi(Hood et al.,1986;Sun et al.,1994;Finkelstein et al., 1997).In V.cholerae,accumulation of PHB appears to be related to colonial opacity and growth on glycerol-containing media(Fin-kelstein et al.,1997).In V.harveyi,PHB accumulation is de-pendent on cell density and is controlled by the autoinducer,N-(3-hydroxybutanoyl)homoserine lactone(Sun et al.,1994). Other kinds of granules can be found in vibrios,including elec-tron dense lipoid particles and electron translucent inclusions of unknown composition(Sun et al.,1994;Finkelstein et al., 1997).Cell wall composition Vibrios contain the same three lipo-polysaccharide(LPS)elements found in other Gram-negative bacteria:lipid A,core polysaccharide,and an O polysaccharide side chain that determines serological specificity.The most ex-tensive work on biochemical characterization of Vibrio LPS has been done on V.cholerae.The lipid A portion consists of a b(1Ј-6)-linked glucosamine disaccharide backbone with two phos-phoryl groups(Janda,1998).Pyrophosphorylethanolamine is linked to one of these phosphoryl groups at the C-1position of the reducing sugar,and a phosphate group ester is bound to the nonreducing glucosamine residue(Manning et al.,1994).Three fatty acids are ester linked at hydroxyl positions to this disaccha-ride backbone:tetradecanoic acid(C14:0),hexadecanoic acid (C16:0),and3-hydroxydodecanoic acid(C12:03OH).A fourth,3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid(C14:03OH),is connected to the back-bone by an amide bond.The core oligosaccharide region of V.cholerae contains KDO (keto-3-deoxy-d-mannose-octulosonic acid),d-glucose,heptose (l-glycero-d-manno-heptose),d-fructose,and ethanolamine phosphate(Manning et al.,1994).KDO,a normal constituent of the core oligosaccharide of enteric LPS,was originally thought to be absent in Vibrio species.However,when conventional per-iodate-thiobarbituric acid tests were replaced by strong acid hy-drolysates,KDO was detected in Vibrio(Janda,1998).The KDO molecule of V.cholerae differs in several aspects from those of enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli and the genus Salmonella: only a single KDO molecule has been detected in the core oli-gosaccharide of V.cholerae,and the KDO moiety is phosphory-lated at the C4position(Kondo et al.,1990;Manning et al., 1994).The C5position binds to a distal portion of the core region (heptose)similar to the KDO-C5binding of l-glycero-d-manno-heptose(Janda,1998).The other sugars form the remaining portion of the core oligosaccharide region and often contain additional sugar substitutions at various positions.The O-polysaccharide side chain of V.cholerae O1is a homo-polymer of d-perosamine(4,6-dideoxy-d-mannose)approxi-mately17–18units in length(Manning et al.,1994;Knirel et al., 1997).The amino groups of perosamine units are commonly acetylated with3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronic acid.Another com-pound,quinovosamine,is thought to be a“capping sugar”on either the distal or the proximal end of the O antigen(Manning et al.,1994).An unusual sugar,4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2-O-methyl-mannose is present only in the LPS of serogroup Ogawa and may have a role in serological specificity(Itoh et al.,1994).The LPS composition of V.cholerae O139—a second serotype capable of causing pandemic cholera—is remarkably similar to that of O1(Hisatsune et al.,1993;Isshiki et al.,1996).The lipid A moieties of O1and O139,including fatty acid substitutions, appear to be identical(Hisatsune et al.,1993).The core oligo-saccharide region contains two subtle differences:the presence of2-aminoethyl phosphate,which is the O-acetyl group,and the presence of a second fructose molecule(Knirel et al.,1997).The most profound differences between O-groups1and139occur in the O-polysaccharide side chain.Unlike serogroup O1,which has long O-polysaccharide side chains,V.cholerae O139has a short chain LPS similar to“SR strains”(Knirel et al.,1997).These truncated side chains migrate with the core oligosaccharide-lipid A fraction in LPS SDS-PAGE gels(Waldor et al.,1994).Classic “ladder-like”profiles of silver stained LPS side chains in SDS-PAGE gels are absent in O139strains(Hisatsune et al.,1993; Nandy et al.,1995).Perosamine,the main component of the O1 side chain,is also absent in O139strains(Hisatsune et al.,1993); instead,the unique sugar colitose(3,6-dideoxy-l-galactose)—which is not found in any other Vibrio species—is the main side chain subunit in O139strains(Hisatsune et al.,1993).The ab-breviated O-polysaccharide side chain of V.cholerae O139appears to be a hexasaccharide containing colitose residues and a cyclic phosphate group(Knirel et al.,1997).The LPS of other Vibrio species is similar in many aspects to that of O139.KDO-phosphate has been detected in V.parahaemolyticus by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis(Janda,1998).The O-polysaccharide side chains of Vibrio species produce only a single fast-migrating band on silver-stained SDS-PAGE gels(Amaro et al.,1992;Iguchi et al.,1995).This result suggests that the side chains are short;a chain length ofՅ10monosaccharides has been proposed for V.parahaemolyticus(Iguchi et al.,1995).Some species however (e.g.,V.vulnificus)may exhibit ladder-like patterns by immu-noblotting with whole cell antisera;this result suggests that the LPS O-polysaccharide side chains are mbert et al.(1983) studied the cellular fatty acids of most of the Vibrionaceae and postulated that differences among the Vibrio species might prove useful for identification.Flagella Two types offlagella are synthesized by vibrios in different environments.In liquid culture,swimmer cells predom-inate due to production of a single sheathed polarflagellum in most species(Figs.BXII.c.158and BXII.c.159).The sheath is an extension of the outer membrane(Fig.BXII.c.160).The polar flagella are24–30nm in diameter with a central core14–16nm in thickness with a wavelength of1.4–1.8l m(Baumann et al., 1984b;Janda,1998).Some Vibrio species(e.g.,V.harveyi,V.fischeri, V.logei,and V.salmonicida)produce tufts(3–12)of polarflagella (Fig.BXII.c.161)with a wavelength of approximately3.6l m (Baumann et al.,1984b;Ishimaru et al.,1996).Polarflagella provide chemotactic motility in liquid media and derive their energy from the sodium membrane potential(McCarter,1995). In some marine vibrios(e.g.,V.anguillarum),the polarflagellum appears critical for disease production in estuarinefish(Milton et al.,1996;O’Toole et al.,1996).When vibrios come into contact with solid surfaces,a series of morphogenetic changes are ini-tiated that result in the conversion of swimmer cells into swarmer cells in some marine species such as V.parahaemolyticus,V.algi-nolyticus,V.diabolicus,and V.pectenicida(Rague´ne`s et al.,1997a; Lambert et al.,1998).During this process,cell septation ceases, the cells elongate from1to30l m,and numerous lateralflagella are formed(Fig.BXII.c.162)(McCarter and Silverman,1990). These lateralflagella,14–15nm in diameter with a wavelength of0.9l m,are distinct from polarflagella.They are unsheathed, have a different protein subunit composition,and are internally driven by the protonmotive force(Baumann et al.,1984b; McCarter,1995).Formation of lateralflagella permits swarmerGENUS I.VIBRIO497FIGURE BXII.c.158.Leifsonflagella stain of Vibrio cholerae.(Source:CDC archive,courtesy of EdEwing.)FIGURE BXII.c.159.Electron micrograph of Vibrio alginolyticus grown in liquid medium.Note the sheathed polarflagellum and absence of pe-ritrichousflagella.Shadowed preparation.ן13,000.(Reproduced with permission from C.Golten and W.A.Scheffers,Netherlands Journal of Sea Research9:351–364,1975,᭧Netherlands Institute for SeaResearch.)FIGURE BXII.c.160.Electron micrograph of a polarflagellum of Vibrio alginolyticus.Note that the sheath has partially disintegrated exposing the inner core.Negatively stained preparation.ן30,000.(Courtesy of R.D. Allen.)migration across solid surfaces and results in progressive spread-ing of the bacterial colony(McCarter and Silverman,1990),a phenomenon called swarming.Swarming in many vibrio species is dependent upon a number of factors including agar concen-tration,media composition,iron availability,temperature,and relative viscosity(Baumann et al.,1984b;McCarter and Silver-man,1990).The microscopic morphology of vibrio cells removed from different concentric zones of swarming has been studied in some Vibrio strains(Sar and Rosenberg,1989).Innermost zones consist of irregular cells including bent rods that pro-gressively evolve into short rods and then into large rods with bundles of detachedflagella(Fig.BXII.c.163),whereas cells inFAMILY I.VIBRIONACEAE498FIGURE BXII.c.161.Electron micrograph of Vibriofischeri.Note the tufts of sheathed polarflagella.Negatively stained preparation.ן23,000. (Reproduced with permission from:J.L.Reichelt and P.Baumann,Ar-chives of Mikrobiology94:283–330,1973,᭧Springer-Verlag,Berlin.)FIGURE BXII.c.162.Electron micrograph of Vibrio alginolyticus grown on solid medium.Note the thick,sheathedflagellum and numerous un-sheathed lateralflagella.Shadowed preparation.ן18,000.(Reproduced with permission from W.E.de Boer et al.,Netherlands Journal of Sea Research9:197–213,1975,᭧Netherlands Institute for Sea Research.)the outermost circles of swarming colonies consist of longfila-mentous forms.Fimbriae Fimbriae are produced by a number of pathogenic vibrios such as V.cholerae O1and non-O1,V.parahaemolyticus, and V.vulnificus(Hall et al.,1988;Honda et al.,1988;Gander and LaRocco,1989;Nakasone and Iwanaga,1990).Several dif-ferent morphologic types offimbriae have been described in V. cholerae O1.These include both wavy pili3nm in diameter and rigidfilaments5–6nm wide and180–800nm in length(Hall et al.,1988).The most important of these pili is composed of the protein TcpA;these pili are5–6nm wide and form bundles of parallel undulatingfilaments up to15l m long(Hall et al.,1988). TcpA formation is coregulated with cholera toxin expression and is a key determinant of in vivo colonization.The gene encoding TcpA appears to reside on a pathogenicity island.Capsules Capsules have been detected surrounding cells of strains of V.cholerae O139and V.vulnificus strains with a variety of staining techniques such as uranyl acetate,polycationic fer-ritin,and ruthenium red(Janda,1998).The V.vulnificus poly-saccharide capsule is60nm thick and has a low electron density (Amako et al.,1984;Hayat et al.,1993).The carbohydrate com-position of the capsule of V.vulnificus varies from strain to strain. Sugars detected in different isolates include␣-N-acetyl quino-vosamine,␣-N-acetyl galactosamine uronic acid,rhamnosamine, and fucosamine(Hayat et al.,1993).Colonial morphology Most vibrios grow well on a variety of media,including protein-based agars and marine and seawater media,if sufficient Naםis present(Baumann et al.,1984b; Farmer and Hickman-Brenner,1992).On most selective media, vibrios appear as smooth,buff-to-cream-colored colonies2–5mm in diameter,with an entire margin after overnight incubation (Baumann et al.,1984b;Janda,1998).Some species tend to pro-duce grayish colonies,particularly on blood agar.Considerable variation in colonial morphology has been reported for some species,and this is best demonstrated by observing colonies with a dissecting microscope at10–25magnification with oblique lighting.V.cholerae strains can have several different colonial mor-phologies(smooth,rough,and rugose forms)in response to different growth conditions.Rugose colonies are often chlorine-resistant.They are usually found in older cultures and are com-posed of an amorphous intercellular matrix of aggregated bac-teria and exopolysaccharide material(Morris et al.,1996).For-mation of rugose colonies can be enhanced by growth in en-richment broths such as alkaline peptone water(APW)or by picking the growth that has migrated up the sides of a culture tube.They can largely be avoided by picking a smooth colony and freezing it.In addition to these colony types,several path-GENUS I.VIBRIO499FIGURE rge bundle offlagella in a culture of Vibrio harveyi. These bundles are frequently observed in cultures grown on solid me-dium.Negatively stained preparation.ן13,000.(Courtesy of R.D.Allen.) ogenic vibrios,including V.cholerae and V.vulnificus,produce opaque and translucent varieties of smooth colonies on common media such as heart infusion and meat extract agars(Simpson et al.,1987;Finkelstein et al.,1992,1997).Cells from colonies of these different morphologies differ from each other in a num-ber of characteristics,including encapsulation,cell surface com-position,cellular metabolism,and ability to survive under adverse conditions.Pigmentation Several Vibrio species produce pigmented col-onies.V.nigripulchritudo produces an insoluble blue-black pig-ment that accumulates in a crystalline form within the colonies (Baumann et al.,1984b).Other Vibrio species also produce blue-black crystals under various growth conditions,but typically do not produce the characteristic blue-black colonies of V.nigripul-chritudo.Similar blue-black colonies are produced by a few strains of Kluyvera(Farmer et al.,1981a).Other pigmented species in-clude V.gazogenes(red)and V.fischeri and V.logei(yellow-orange).A few strains of V.cholerae produce a brown diffusible melanin-like pigment(Ivins and Holmes,1980).Life cycles The marine environment is the natural habitat of vibrios,and the life cycle of these organisms is probably quite complex.A model for the life of V.cholerae in Gulf Coast estuaries has been proposed(Hood et al.,1984).Depending on nutrient scarcity and the density/availability of particulate matter,V.chol-erae can exist in several states.An epibiotic form attached to plankton predominates during periods of relatively high nu-trient/particulate matter concentrations;this form changes to a microvibrio form(small rounded cells)during times of nutrient and particulate deprivation(Hood et al.,1984;Janda,1998).This latter form may be analogous to the“viable but nonculturable state”(Colwell,1984)that has been described for many Vibrio species including V.cholerae,V.parahaemolyticus,V.vulnificus,V. anguillarum,V.campbellii,V.harveyi,and V.fischeri during colder seasons of the year(Oliver,1995).The microvibrio and“non-culturable”stages may be dormant phases for vibrios in winter from which subsequent blooms are triggered in response to in-creasing temperatures in spring and summer.However,it is still unclear whether any dormant state actually exists and whether blooms are due to the growth of a small number of cultivable cells(present at all times)or the actual resuscitation of dormant cells(Ravel et al.,1995;Bogosian et al.,1998).Nutrition and growth conditions Vibrio species vary in their nutrition and growth requirements.The most important feature is that Naםis required for or stimulates growth.Minimum con-centrations of Naםrequired for optimal growth(Fig.BXII.c.164) range from5–15mM(0.029–0.087%)for V.cholerae and V.metsch-nikovii to600–700mM(3.5–4.1%)for Salinivibrio costicola(Bau-mann et al.,1984b).Most species grow well in solid or liquid media containing0.5–2%NaCl.Some species(Photobacterium ili-opiscarium)form bacterial aggregates in broth culture containing 2%NaCl(Onarheim et al.,1994).The“salt requirement”of a strain will often depend on the test conditions.The main variables are temperature,the growth medium used prior to testing,the suspending medium,and the testing medium.All Vibrio species except V.cholerae and V.mimicus have an absolute requirement for Naם(Fig.BXII.c.164).In some instances,this requirement may be partially offset by concentra-tions of Mg2םor Ca2םsimilar to those normally present in sea-water(Baumann et al.,1984b).However,most species exhibit a specific requirement for Naם(Pujalte and Garay,1986;Borrego et al.,1996).The range and optimum concentrations of NaCl supporting growth of some of the more recently described Vibrio species are listed in Table BXII.c.154.No single medium or NaCl concentration is optimal for the recovery or growth of all Vibrio species.Many vibrios will grow in mildly alkaline conditions.Al-though most species prefer a pH range of7–8(Rague´ne`s et al., 1997a),some species,including V.cholerae and V.metschnikovii, will even grow at a pH of10(Baumann et al.,1984b).Vibrios also vary in their temperature requirements for growth.Almost all Vibrio species grow well at18–22ЊC.Some will grow at0–4ЊC,whereas others can grow at temperatures up to 45ЊC.The temperature at which vibrios can grow is also de-pendent upon other factors including the composition of the medium and the NaCl concentration(Onarheim et al.,1994).Most Vibrio species do not require specific organic growth factors such as vitamins or amino acids,although amino acid supplementation may be required to revive some strains stored for prolonged periods(Baumann et al.,1984b).Complex nu-trients are required to induce growth of some species(Baumann et al.,1984b;Rague´ne`s et al.,1997a).Such required supplements include yeast extract(for V.anguillarum,Moritella marina,and V. logei)and a seawater base(for V.diabolicus).Vibrios use a variety of compounds as carbon and energy。

Mirror stageLacan's first official contribution to psychoanalysis was the mirror stage, which he described as "formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience." By the early 1950s, he came to regard the mirror stage as more than a moment in the life of the infant; instead, it formed part of the permanent structure of subjectivity. In "the Imaginary order," their own image permanently catches and captivates the subject. Lacan explains that "the mirror stage is a phenomenon to which I assign a twofold value. In the first place, it has historical value as it marks a decisive turning-point in the mental development of the child. In the second place, it typifies an essential libidinal relationship with the body-image".[35]As this concept developed further, the stress fell less on its historical value and more on its structural value.[36] In his fourth Seminar, "La relation d'objet," Lacan states that "the mirror stage is far from a mere phenomenon which occurs in the development of the child. It illustrates the conflictual nature of the dual relationship."The mirror stage describes the formation of the Ego via the process of objectification, the Ego being the result of a conflict between one's perceived visual appearance and one's emotional experience. This identification is what Lacan called alienation. At six months, the baby still lacks physical co-ordination. The child is able to recognize themselves in a mirror prior to the attainment of control over their bodily movements. The child sees their image as a whole and the synthesis of this image produces a sense of contrast with the lack of co-ordination of the body, which is perceived as a fragmented body. The child experiences this contrast initially as a rivalry with their image, because the wholeness of the image threatens the child with fragmentation—thus the mirror stage gives rise to an aggressive tension between the subject and the image. To resolve this aggressive tension, the child identifies with the image: this primary identification with the counterpart forms the Ego.[36] Lacan understands this moment of identification as a moment of jubilation, since it leads to an imaginary sense of mastery; yet when the child compares their own precarious sense of mastery with the omnipotence of the mother, a depressive reaction may accompany the jubilation.[37]Lacan calls the specular image "orthopaedic," since it leads the child to anticipate the overcoming of its "real specific prematurity of birth." The vision of the body as integrated and contained, in opposition to the child's actual experience of motor incapacity and the sense of his or her body as fragmented, induces a movement from "insufficiency to anticipation."[38] In other words, the mirror image initiates and then aids, like a crutch, the process of the formation of an integrated sense of self.In the mirror stage a "misunderstanding" (méconnaissance) constitutes the Ego—the "me" (moi) becomes alienated from itself through the introduction of an imaginary dimension to the subject. The mirror stage also has a significant symbolic dimension, due to the presence of the figure of the adult who carries the infant. Having jubilantly assumed the image as their own, the child turns their head towards this adult, who represents the big Other, as if to call on the adult to ratify this image.[39]35. Lacan, J., "Some Reflections on the Ego" in Écrits36.Dylan Evans, An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysiscan, J., "La relation d'objet" in Écrits.can, J., "The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I", in Écrits: a selection, London, Routledge Classics, 2001; p. 5can, Tenth Seminar, "L'angoisse," 1962–1963。

《冰与火之歌》专有名词中英文对照表A song of ice and fire 冰与火之歌一、人名Eddard艾德Catelyn 凯特琳Rob 罗柏Arya艾莉亚Brandon(Bran) 布兰登（布兰）Rickon 瑞肯Sansa 珊莎Maester Luwin 鲁温学士Jon Snow 琼恩?雪诺Samwell Tarly 山姆威尔塔利Jeor Mormont 杰奥莫尔蒙Qhorin Halfhand 科林断掌Benjen Stark 班扬史塔克Maester Aemon伊蒙学士Robert 劳勃Melisandre梅莉珊卓Davos Seaworth 戴佛斯席渥斯V arys 瓦里斯Brienne of Tarth 塔斯的布蕾妮Sandor Clegane 桑铎克里冈Lysa Arryn 莱莎艾林Loras Tyrell 洛拉斯提利尔Margaery Tyrell 玛格利提利尔Olenna Tyrell 奥莲娜提利尔Mace Tyrell梅斯提利尔Tyrion Lannister(Imp)提利昂．兰尼斯特(小恶魔)Ser Bronn波隆爵士Podrick Payne(Pod)波德瑞克．派恩(波德)Lord Tywin Lannister泰温．兰尼斯特公爵Ser Addam Marbrand亚当．马尔布兰爵士Ser Meryn Trant马林．特兰爵士Ser Osmund Kettleblack奥斯慕．凯特布雷克爵士Queen Cersei瑟曦太后Ser Mandon Moore曼登．穆尔爵士Hound猎狗Ser Jacelyn Bywater(Ironhand)杰斯林．拜瓦特爵士(铁手) King Joffery乔佛里国王Osney奥斯尼Osfryd奥斯弗德Jaime詹姆Shagga夏嘎Timett提魅Chella齐拉Alayaya(Y aya)爱拉雅雅(雅雅)Shae雪伊Tommen托曼Stannis史坦尼斯Renly蓝礼Robb Stark(Y oung Wolf)罗柏．史塔克(少狼主)Lord Tarly塔利伯爵Ser Kevan凯冯爵士Margaery Tyrell玛格丽．提利尔Maester Frenken法仁肯学士Lord Rowan罗宛大人Lord Redwyne雷德温大人Lord Baelish(Littlefinger)贝里席大人(小指头)Tyrek提瑞克Tygerr提盖特Lady Ermesande艾弥珊德伯爵小姐Hayford海佛德Maester Ballabar巴拉巴尔学士Helman Tallhard赫曼．陶哈Robbet Clover罗贝特．葛洛佛Ser Gregor Clegane格雷果．克里冈爵士Roose Bolton卢斯．波顿Aerys伊里斯Baratheon拜拉席恩Myrcella弥赛拉Ser Arys Oakheart亚历斯．奥克赫特爵士Princess Arianne爱瑞安公主Prince Trystane崔斯丹亲王Martell马泰尔Prince Doran道朗亲王Tysha泰莎二、地名THE FROZEN SHORE 冰封海岸BAY OF ICE 寒冰湾BEAR’S ISLAND 熊岛SEA DRAGON POINT 海龙角DEEPWOOD MOTTE 深林堡WOLFSWOOD 狼林THE HAUNTED FORSET 鬼影森林THE WALL 绝境长城SHADOW TOWER 影子塔CASTLE BLACK 黑城堡EASTWA TCH-BY-THE-SEA 东海望LAST HEARTH 最后壁炉城SKAGOS 斯卡格斯岛QUEEN’S CROWN 后冠镇KARHOLD 卡霍城THE DREADFORT 恐怖堡THE LAST RIVER 末江THE KING’S ROAD 国王大道LONG LAKE 长湖WINTERFELL 临冬城TORRHEN’S SQUARE 托伦方城BARROWLANDS 先民荒冢THE RILLS 溪流地STONY SHORE 磐石海岸BLAZEWA TER BAY 明焰湾SAL TSPEAR 盐矛滩CAPE KRAKEN 海怪角SEAGUARD 海疆城THE TWINS 孪河城GRA YWA TER WA TCH 灰水望IRONMAN’S BA Y 铁民湾IRON ISLANDS 铁群岛blacktyde 黑潮岛orkmont 奥克蒙岛harlaw 哈尔洛岛old wyk 老威克岛great wyk 大威克岛salt cliffe 盐崖岛pyke 派克岛GREEN FORK 绿叉河BLUE FORK 蓝叉河RED FORK 红叉河tumblestone 腾石河riverrun 奔流城V ALE OF ARRYN 艾林谷THE EYRIE 鹰巢城BLOODY GA TE 血门THE FINGERS 五指半岛THE BITE 咬人湾THREE SISTER 三姐妹群岛pebble 卵石岛THE PAPS 乳头岛THE NECK 颈泽MOA T CALIN 卡林湾WHITE HARBOUR 白港WHTIE KNIFE 白刃河BAY OF SEALS 海豹湾WIDOW’S WA TCH 寡妇望THE FLINT CLIFFS 菲林特悬崖FLINT'S FINGER 菲林特之指THREE SISTERS 三姐妹群岛THE FINGERS 五指半岛pebble 卵石岛THE PAPS 乳头岛longbow hall 长弓厅heart's home 心宿城ironoaks 铁橡城old anchor 老锚地runestone 符石城Gulltown 海鸥镇THE TWINS 孪河城CAPE OF EAGLES 雄鹰角seagard 海疆城GREENFORK 绿叉河KINGSROAD 国王大道THE TRDIENT 三叉戟河BLUE FORK 蓝叉河Oldstones 荒石城FAIRMARKET 美人市集RED FORK 红叉河saltpans 盐场镇tumblestone 腾石河INN OF THE KNEELING MAN 屈膝之栈IRON ISLANDS 铁群岛blacktyde 黑潮岛orkmont 奥克蒙岛harlaw 哈尔洛岛old wyk 老威克岛great wyk 大威克岛salt cliffe 盐崖岛pyke 派克岛IRONMAN'S BAY 铁民湾riverrun 奔流城high heart 高尚之心acorn hall 橡果厅pinkmaiden 红粉城GOLDEN TOOTH 金牙城THE CRAG 峭岩城ASHMARK 烙印城FAIR ISLE 仙女群岛faircastle 仙女城CASTERL Y ROCK 凯岩城feastfires 宴火城RIVER ROAD 河间大道GOLD ROAD 黄金大道kayce 凯切镇stony sept 石堂镇lannisport 兰尼斯港lord harroway's town 哈罗威伯爵的小镇GOD’EYE 神眼湖ISLE OF FACES 千面屿HARRENDAL 赫伦堡MAIDENPOOL 女泉城BAY OF CRABS 螃蟹湾CRACKCLA W POINT 蟹爪半岛dragonstone 龙石岛driftmark 潮头岛rosby 罗斯比城duskendale 暮谷城KING’S LANDING 君临ROSE ROAD 玫瑰大道MANDER 曼德河blackwater RUSH 黑水河BLACKEWARER BAY 黑水湾the gullet 喉道sharp point 尖角SIL VERHILL 银山城CRAKEHALL 秧鸡厅OLD OAK 古橡城THE REACH 河湾地OCEAN ROAD 滨海大道BITTERBRIDGE 苦桥goldengrove 金树城blue byrn 蓝布恩河grassy vale 绿谷城longtable 长桌堡ashford 白杨滩cider hall 果酒厅cockleswent 舟徙河highgarden 高庭shield islands 盾牌列岛brightwater keep 亮水城hornhill 角陵nightsong 夜歌城honeyholt 蜂巢城honeywine 蜂酒河old town 旧镇three towers 三塔堡blackcrown 黑冠城whispering sound 低语湾KING’S WOOD 御林WENDWA TER 文德河MASSEY'S HOOK 马赛岬bronzegate 铜门城TARTH 塔斯岛evenfall 暮临厅storm's end 风息堡summerhall 盛夏厅blackhaven 黑港boneway 骨路CAPE WARTH 风怒角rainwood 雨林estermont 伊斯蒙岛mistwood 雾林城greenstone 绿石堡wyl 维尔城blackmont 布莱蒙城kingsgrave 王冢城yronwood 伊伦伍德城prince's pass 亲王隘口starfall 星坠城sandstone 沙石城brimstone 硫磺河hellholt 狱门堡the scourge 祸江the vaith 万斯河V AITH 万斯城salt shore 盐海岸greenblood 绿血河lemonwood 柠檬林sunspear 阳戟城THE TOR 托尔城ghosthill 魂丘THE BROKEN ARM 断臂角THE ARBOR 青亭岛三、其它High Septon大主教Kingsguard(White Swords)御林铁卫(白剑士) City Watch都城守备队Stone Crows石鸦部Burned Men灼人部Black Ears黑耳部Lyseni里斯人seven hells七层地狱Hand首相pyromancer火术士wildfire 野火clansmen高山部族。

医学英语术语解密_福建医科大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.The combining form indicating a collection of capillaries in the kidneyis_______.答案:glomerul/o2.At the end stage of renal failure, there would be little or no production ofurine. This condition is termed _________.答案:anuria3.The outer part of the kidney is called_______________.答案:cortex4. A ____________ is a surgical incision into the kidney to remove stones.答案:nephrolithotomy5.The temporary reservoir for urine in the body is___________.答案:bladder6.Surgical repair of the rectum is called__________.答案:rectoplasty7. A dangerous twisting of the colon is called__________.答案:volvulus8.The condition known as stomatitis occurs in the __________.答案:mouth9.Paralytic obstruction is also known as_____________ obstruction.答案:Adynamic10._________ thermometer can be used in taking temperature for achild.答案:Rectal11.What is the test used to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx todiagnose structural abnormalities?答案:Nasopharyngoscopy.12.The air sacs through which gases are exchanged in the lungs are the___________.答案:alveoli13.The membrane surrounding the lungs is ___________.答案:pleura14.The term for the measurement of the movement of air in and out of the lungsduring various breathing maneuvers is ___________, which is the mostimportant pulmonary function test.答案:spirometry15.The __________ is the inner lining of the heart.答案:endocardium16.The two upper receiving chambers of the heart are called the right and left_________.答案:atria17.The mitral valve has __________ cusps or leaflets that open and close.答案:two18.__________ refers to the contraction phase of the ventricles in the heartbeatcycle.答案:Systole19.__________ is any irregularity of heart rhythm, such as an altered heart rate,extra beats, or a change in the pattern of the beat.答案:Arrhythmia20.The word "osteorrhaphy" should be pronounced as ________.答案:/ˌɔsti'ɔrəfi/21.Which of the following the correct pronunciation of "stomatoplasty"?答案:/ˈstəʊmətəˌplæstɪ/22.Which suffix indicates stopping, controlling?答案:-stasis23.Which suffix indicates discharge?答案:-rrhea24.Which prefix indicates between, among?答案:inter-25. A ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.答案:morpheme26.How to pronounce the word peritonitis?答案:/ˌperɪtəˈnaɪtɪs/27.An orthodontist a dentist specializing in the prevention or correction ofirregularities of the teeth.答案:正确28.Etymology refers to the study of the origins of words.答案:正确29. The rod of Asclepius, a snake-entwined staff, remains a symbol of medicinetoday.答案:正确30.The plural form of "metastasis" is "metastases".答案:正确31.The terminology for the surgical removal of a kidney and a ureter isnephroureterectomy.答案:正确32.Jennie complained of painful urination. The medical term for this ishematuria.答案:错误33.Urethritis is the inflammation of urethra due to injury or infection.答案:正确34.Any minute globular particle is called corpus.答案:错误35. A dilatation of a calix of the kidney, usually due to obstruction or infection isnamed caliectasis.答案:正确36. A cell that engulfs and digests debris and invading microorganisms is knownas phagocyte.答案:正确37.Appendectomy is the surgical removal of appendix.答案:正确38.The combining form for “arteriole” is “arteri/o”.答案:错误39.“Thrombectomy” means excision of a clot from a blood vessel.答案:正确40.The word meaning pertaining to the pericardium is “pericardiac”.答案:错误41.The synonym for spir/o is hal/o.答案:正确。

21-centimeter line, 21厘米线AAbsorption, 吸收Addition of angular momenta, 角动量叠加Adiabatic approximation, 绝热近似Adiabatic process, 绝热过程Adjoint, 自伴的Agnostic position, 不可知论立场Aharonov-Bohm effect, 阿哈罗诺夫-玻姆效应Airy equation, 艾里方程；Airy function, 艾里函数Allowed energy, 允许能量Allowed transition, 允许跃迁Alpha decay, 衰变；Alpha particle, 粒子Angular equation, 角向方程Angular momentum, 角动量Anomalous magnetic moment, 反常磁矩Antibonding, 反键Anti-hermitian operator, 反厄米算符Associated Laguerre polynomial, 连带拉盖尔多项式Associated Legendre function, 连带勒让德多项式Atoms, 原子Average value, 平均值Azimuthal angle, 方位角Azimuthal quantum number, 角量子数BBalmer series, 巴尔末线系Band structure, 能带结构Baryon, 重子Berry's phase, 贝利相位Bessel functions, 贝塞尔函数Binding energy, 束缚能Binomial coefficient, 二项式系数Biot-Savart law, 毕奥-沙法尔定律Blackbody spectrum, 黑体谱Bloch's theorem, 布洛赫定理Bohr energies, 玻尔能量；Bohr magneton, 玻尔磁子；Bohr radius, 玻尔半径Boltzmann constant, 玻尔兹曼常数Bond, 化学键Born approximation, 玻恩近似Born's statistical interpretation, 玻恩统计诠释Bose condensation, 玻色凝聚Bose-Einstein distribution, 玻色-爱因斯坦分布Boson, 玻色子Bound state, 束缚态Boundary conditions, 边界条件Bra, 左矢Bulk modulus, 体积模量CCanonical commutation relations, 正则对易关系Canonical momentum, 正则动量Cauchy's integral formula, 柯西积分公式Centrifugal term, 离心项Chandrasekhar limit, 钱德拉赛卡极限Chemical potential, 化学势Classical electron radius, 经典电子半径Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, 克-高系数Coherent States, 相干态Collapse of wave function, 波函数塌缩Commutator, 对易子Compatible observables, 对易的可观测量Complete inner product space, 完备内积空间Completeness, 完备性Conductor, 导体Configuration, 位形Connection formulas, 连接公式Conservation, 守恒Conservative systems, 保守系Continuity equation, 连续性方程Continuous spectrum, 连续谱Continuous variables, 连续变量Contour integral, 围道积分Copenhagen interpretation, 哥本哈根诠释Coulomb barrier, 库仑势垒Coulomb potential, 库仑势Covalent bond, 共价键Critical temperature, 临界温度Cross-section, 截面Crystal, 晶体Cubic symmetry, 立方对称性Cyclotron motion, 螺旋运动DDarwin term, 达尔文项de Broglie formula, 德布罗意公式de Broglie wavelength, 德布罗意波长Decay mode, 衰变模式Degeneracy, 简并度Degeneracy pressure, 简并压Degenerate perturbation theory, 简并微扰论Degenerate states, 简并态Degrees of freedom, 自由度Delta-function barrier, 势垒Delta-function well, 势阱Derivative operator, 求导算符Determinant, 行列式Determinate state, 确定的态Deuterium, 氘Deuteron, 氘核Diagonal matrix, 对角矩阵Diagonalizable matrix, 对角化Differential cross-section, 微分截面Dipole moment, 偶极矩Dirac delta function, 狄拉克函数Dirac equation, 狄拉克方程Dirac notation, 狄拉克记号Dirac orthonormality, 狄拉克正交归一性Direct integral, 直接积分Discrete spectrum, 分立谱Discrete variable, 离散变量Dispersion relation, 色散关系Displacement operator, 位移算符Distinguishable particles, 可分辨粒子Distribution, 分布Doping, 掺杂Double well, 双势阱Dual space, 对偶空间Dynamic phase, 动力学相位EEffective nuclear charge, 有效核电荷Effective potential, 有效势Ehrenfest's theorem, 厄伦费斯特定理Eigenfunction, 本征函数Eigenvalue, 本征值Eigenvector, 本征矢Einstein's A and B coefficients, 爱因斯坦A,B系数；Einstein's mass-energy formula, 爱因斯坦质能公式Electric dipole, 电偶极Electric dipole moment, 电偶极矩Electric dipole radiation, 电偶极辐射Electric dipole transition, 电偶极跃迁Electric quadrupole transition, 电四极跃迁Electric field, 电场Electromagnetic wave, 电磁波Electron, 电子Emission, 发射Energy, 能量Energy-time uncertainty principle, 能量-时间不确定性关系Ensemble, 系综Equilibrium, 平衡Equipartition theorem, 配分函数Euler's formula, 欧拉公式Even function, 偶函数Exchange force, 交换力Exchange integral, 交换积分Exchange operator, 交换算符Excited state, 激发态Exclusion principle, 不相容原理Expectation value, 期待值FFermi-Dirac distribution, 费米-狄拉克分布Fermi energy, 费米能Fermi surface, 费米面Fermi temperature, 费米温度Fermi's golden rule, 费米黄金规则Fermion, 费米子Feynman diagram, 费曼图Feynman-Hellman theorem, 费曼-海尔曼定理Fine structure, 精细结构Fine structure constant, 精细结构常数Finite square well, 有限深方势阱First-order correction, 一级修正Flux quantization, 磁通量子化Forbidden transition, 禁戒跃迁Foucault pendulum, 傅科摆Fourier series, 傅里叶级数Fourier transform, 傅里叶变换Free electron, 自由电子Free electron density, 自由电子密度Free electron gas, 自由电子气Free particle, 自由粒子Function space, 函数空间Fusion, 聚变Gg-factor, g-因子Gamma function, 函数Gap, 能隙Gauge invariance, 规范不变性Gauge transformation, 规范变换Gaussian wave packet, 高斯波包Generalized function, 广义函数Generating function, 生成函数Generator, 生成元Geometric phase, 几何相位Geometric series, 几何级数Golden rule, 黄金规则"Good" quantum number, "好"量子数"Good" states, "好"的态Gradient, 梯度Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization, 格莱姆-施密特正交化法Graphical solution, 图解法Green's function, 格林函数Ground state, 基态Group theory, 群论Group velocity, 群速Gyromagnetic railo, 回转磁比值HHalf-integer angular momentum, 半整数角动量Half-life, 半衰期Hamiltonian, 哈密顿量Hankel functions, 汉克尔函数Hannay's angle, 哈内角Hard-sphere scattering, 硬球散射Harmonic oscillator, 谐振子Heisenberg picture, 海森堡绘景Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 海森堡不确定性关系Helium, 氦Helmholtz equation, 亥姆霍兹方程Hermite polynomials, 厄米多项式Hermitian conjugate, 厄米共轭Hermitian matrix, 厄米矩阵Hidden variables, 隐变量Hilbert space, 希尔伯特空间Hole, 空穴Hooke's law, 胡克定律Hund's rules, 洪特规则Hydrogen atom, 氢原子Hydrogen ion, 氢离子Hydrogen molecule, 氢分子Hydrogen molecule ion, 氢分子离子Hydrogenic atom, 类氢原子Hyperfine splitting, 超精细分裂IIdea gas, 理想气体Idempotent operaror, 幂等算符Identical particles, 全同粒子Identity operator, 恒等算符Impact parameter, 碰撞参数Impulse approximation, 脉冲近似Incident wave, 入射波Incoherent perturbation, 非相干微扰Incompatible observables, 不对易的可观测量Incompleteness, 不完备性Indeterminacy, 非确定性Indistinguishable particles, 不可分辨粒子Infinite spherical well, 无限深球势阱Infinite square well, 无限深方势阱Inner product, 内积Insulator, 绝缘体Integration by parts, 分部积分Intrinsic angular momentum, 内禀角动量Inverse beta decay, 逆衰变Inverse Fourier transform, 傅里叶逆变换KKet, 右矢Kinetic energy, 动能Kramers' relation, 克莱默斯关系Kronecker delta, 克劳尼克LLCAO technique, 原子轨道线性组合法Ladder operators, 阶梯算符Lagrange multiplier, 拉格朗日乘子Laguerre polynomial, 拉盖尔多项式Lamb shift, 兰姆移动Lande g-factor, 朗德g-因子Laplacian, 拉普拉斯的Larmor formula, 拉摩公式Larmor frequency, 拉摩频率Larmor precession, 拉摩进动Laser, 激光Legendre polynomial, 勒让德多项式Levi-Civita symbol, 列维-西维塔符号Lifetime, 寿命Linear algebra, 线性代数Linear combination, 线性组合Linear combination of atomic orbitals, 原子轨道的线性组合Linear operator, 线性算符Linear transformation, 线性变换Lorentz force law, 洛伦兹力定律Lowering operator, 下降算符Luminoscity, 照度Lyman series, 赖曼线系MMagnetic dipole, 磁偶极Magnetic dipole moment, 磁偶极矩Magnetic dipole transition, 磁偶极跃迁Magnetic field, 磁场Magnetic flux, 磁通量Magnetic quantum number, 磁量子数Magnetic resonance, 磁共振Many worlds interpretation, 多世界诠释Matrix, 矩阵；Matrix element, 矩阵元Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, 麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼分布Maxwell's equations, 麦克斯韦方程Mean value, 平均值Measurement, 测量Median value, 中位值Meson, 介子Metastable state, 亚稳态Minimum-uncertainty wave packet, 最小不确定度波包Molecule, 分子Momentum, 动量Momentum operator, 动量算符Momentum space wave function, 动量空间波函数Momentum transfer, 动量转移Most probable value, 最可几值Muon, 子Muon-catalysed fusion, 子催化的聚变Muonic hydrogen, 原子Muonium, 子素NNeumann function, 纽曼函数Neutrino oscillations, 中微子振荡Neutron star, 中子星Node, 节点Nomenclature, 术语Nondegenerate perturbationtheory, 非简并微扰论Non-normalizable function, 不可归一化的函数Normalization, 归一化Nuclear lifetime, 核寿命Nuclear magnetic resonance, 核磁共振Null vector, 零矢量OObservable, 可观测量Observer, 观测者Occupation number, 占有数Odd function, 奇函数Operator, 算符Optical theorem, 光学定理Orbital, 轨道的Orbital angular momentum, 轨道角动量Orthodox position, 正统立场Orthogonality, 正交性Orthogonalization, 正交化Orthohelium, 正氦Orthonormality, 正交归一性Orthorhombic symmetry, 斜方对称Overlap integral, 交叠积分PParahelium, 仲氦Partial wave amplitude, 分波幅Partial wave analysis, 分波法Paschen series, 帕邢线系Pauli exclusion principle, 泡利不相容原理Pauli spin matrices, 泡利自旋矩阵Periodic table, 周期表Perturbation theory, 微扰论Phase, 相位Phase shift, 相移Phase velocity, 相速Photon, 光子Planck's blackbody formula, 普朗克黑体辐射公式Planck's constant, 普朗克常数Polar angle, 极角Polarization, 极化Population inversion, 粒子数反转Position, 位置；Position operator, 位置算符Position-momentum uncertainty principles, 位置-动量不确定性关系Position space wave function, 坐标空间波函数Positronium, 电子偶素Potential energy, 势能Potential well, 势阱Power law potential, 幂律势Power series expansion, 幂级数展开Principal quantum number, 主量子数Probability, 几率Probability current, 几率流Probability density, 几率密度Projection operator, 投影算符Propagator, 传播子Proton, 质子QQuantum dynamics, 量子动力学Quantum electrodynamics, 量子电动力学Quantum number, 量子数Quantum statics, 量子统计Quantum statistical mechanics, 量子统计力学Quark, 夸克RRabi flopping frequency, 拉比翻转频率Radial equation, 径向方程Radial wave function, 径向波函数Radiation, 辐射Radius, 半径Raising operator, 上升算符Rayleigh's formula, 瑞利公式Realist position, 实在论立场Recursion formula, 递推公式Reduced mass, 约化质量Reflected wave, 反射波Reflection coefficient, 反射系数Relativistic correction, 相对论修正Rigid rotor, 刚性转子Rodrigues formula, 罗德里格斯公式Rotating wave approximation, 旋转波近似Rutherford scattering, 卢瑟福散射Rydberg constant, 里德堡常数Rydberg formula, 里德堡公式SScalar potential, 标势Scattering, 散射Scattering amplitude, 散射幅Scattering angle, 散射角Scattering matrix, 散射矩阵Scattering state, 散射态Schrodinger equation, 薛定谔方程Schrodinger picture, 薛定谔绘景Schwarz inequality, 施瓦兹不等式Screening, 屏蔽Second-order correction, 二级修正Selection rules, 选择定则Semiconductor, 半导体Separable solutions, 分离变量解Separation of variables, 变量分离Shell, 壳Simple harmonic oscillator, 简谐振子Simultaneous diagonalization, 同时对角化Singlet state, 单态Slater determinant, 斯拉特行列式Soft-sphere scattering, 软球散射Solenoid, 螺线管Solids, 固体Spectral decomposition, 谱分解Spectrum, 谱Spherical Bessel functions, 球贝塞尔函数Spherical coordinates, 球坐标Spherical Hankel functions, 球汉克尔函数Spherical harmonics, 球谐函数Spherical Neumann functions, 球纽曼函数Spin, 自旋Spin matrices, 自旋矩阵Spin-orbit coupling, 自旋-轨道耦合Spin-orbit interaction, 自旋-轨道相互作用Spinor, 旋量Spin-spin coupling, 自旋-自旋耦合Spontaneous emission, 自发辐射Square-integrable function, 平方可积函数Square well, 方势阱Standard deviation, 标准偏差Stark effect, 斯塔克效应Stationary state, 定态Statistical interpretation, 统计诠释Statistical mechanics, 统计力学Stefan-Boltzmann law, 斯特番-玻尔兹曼定律Step function, 阶跃函数Stem-Gerlach experiment, 斯特恩-盖拉赫实验Stimulated emission, 受激辐射Stirling's approximation, 斯特林近似Superconductor, 超导体Symmetrization, 对称化Symmetry, 对称TTaylor series, 泰勒级数Temperature, 温度Tetragonal symmetry, 正方对称Thermal equilibrium, 热平衡Thomas precession, 托马斯进动Time-dependent perturbation theory, 含时微扰论Time-dependent Schrodinger equation, 含时薛定谔方程Time-independent perturbation theory, 定态微扰论Time-independent Schrodinger equation, 定态薛定谔方程Total cross-section, 总截面Transfer matrix, 转移矩阵Transformation, 变换Transition, 跃迁；Transition probability, 跃迁几率Transition rate, 跃迁速率Translation,平移Transmission coefficient, 透射系数Transmitted wave, 透射波Trial wave function, 试探波函数Triplet state, 三重态Tunneling, 隧穿Turning points, 回转点Two-fold degeneracy , 二重简并Two-level systems, 二能级体系UUncertainty principle, 不确定性关系Unstable particles, 不稳定粒子VValence electron, 价电子Van der Waals interaction, 范德瓦尔斯相互作用Variables, 变量Variance, 方差Variational principle, 变分原理Vector, 矢量Vector potential, 矢势Velocity, 速度Vertex factor, 顶角因子Virial theorem, 维里定理WWave function, 波函数Wavelength, 波长Wave number, 波数Wave packet, 波包Wave vector, 波矢White dwarf, 白矮星Wien's displacement law, 维恩位移定律YYukawa potential, 汤川势ZZeeman effect, 塞曼效应。