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Unit 2England before the industrial Revolution工业革命前的英国状况The country was a place（乡村）where men worked f rom dawn to dark, and the labourer lived not in the sun, but in poverty and darkness.在乡村，人们从早到晚都在不停的干活，这些在田野间劳作的人们，并非沐浴在阳光之下，而是生活在贫困和黑暗之中。
The country a place : 是表语，表达主语的性质，功能，特点Work : avoid ambiguity from dawn to dark :aliiteration 从早到晚the labourer : 在田间劳作的人们lived in the sun : 沐浴在阳光下but in poverty and darkness. 穷困潦倒，暗无天日What aids there were to lighten labour were immemorial, like the mill, whichThere were what aids to lighten labour 整个句子主语（系表结构）was already ancient in Chaucer’s time.能够减轻人体力劳动力的机器早就有了。
例如：磨坊，早在乔叟的年代就不是什么新鲜的事了(乔叟13世纪中后期)。
Definition 下定义法What aids: n. 什么帮助lighten labour ---lessen 减轻劳动immemorial ：不知道从哪个年代都有了The mill：磨坊was already ancient in + 时间time ：在某个时代早就不是什么新鲜事了The industrial revolution began with such machines; the millrights were the engineers of t he coming age.这些机器都标志着工业革命的开始；这些最早搭建磨坊的工匠们，就成为工业革命时代的缔造者。
Chapter4Chapter4英汉对比与翻译（二）Chapter 4 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese (Part II) Teaching aims: to learn about the linguistic differences of Chinese and English so as to translate them accurately.Main Language points:Comparative studies of syntactic structure in Chinese and EnglishDifficult teaching points: hypotactic & paratactic; subject-prominent & topic prominent; static & dynamic.Teaching references:1. 方梦之. 翻译新论与实践[M]. 青岛出版社，20022. 孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程[M]. 上外教出版社；彭长江. 英汉－汉英翻译教程[M]. 湖南师大出版社；3. 陈宏薇，新编汉英翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社，2004Teaching methods: Analysis and Practice1. Hypotactic vs. Paratactic (形合与意合)As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, …so fa r as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses arranged with connectives;Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them;Examples:1. That is our policy and that is our declaration.—— W. Churchill这就是我们的国策。
Unit 2 Macro-contrastive study of English and Chinese授课时间：Week 4授课类型：理论课、练习课授课题目：Unit 2 Macro-contrastive study of English and Chinese本授课单元教学目标：Students will be able to:1. become aware of the differences between English and Chinese from a lexical perspective.2. become aware of the differences between English and Chinese from a s yntactic perspective.3. become aware of the differences between English and Chinese from a c ultural perspective本授课单元教学重点和难点：Syntactic Differences between English and Chinese本授课单元教学过程设计：Warm-up Activities (15 m’)Group Discussion: What differences do you find between the Chinese version and the English version respectively? (10 minutes)Ss read quotations from classical Chinese literature and their corresponding version of English translation. T is to elicit from the students their understanding of the differences between English and Chinese.1.凤姐还欲问时，只听二门上传来云板，连叩四下，将凤姐惊醒。
新人教版英语必修第二册课文翻译与英汉学习差异Unit 1 Cultural heritageReading and ThinkingFROM PROBLEMS TO SOLUTIONS从问题重重到迎刃而解Economic development is necessary if we want to improve society. There comes a time when the old must give way to the new, and it is not possible to preserve everything from our past as we move towards the future. Finding and keeping the right balance between progress and the protection of cultural sites can be a big challenge.社会进步需要经济发展。
新旧更替的时代已经带来，在走向未来的过程中，我们不可能将过去的一切都保存下来。
在发展与文化遗址保护之间寻找恰当的平衡点，并加以保持，这可能是一项巨大的挑战。
Big challenges, however, can sometimes lead to great solutions. In the 1950s, the Egyptian government wanted to build a new dam across the Nile in order to control floods, produce electricity, and supply water to more farmers in the area. But the proposal led to protests. Water from the dam would likely damage a number of temples and destroy cultural relics that were an important part of Egypt’s cultural heritage. After listening to the scientists who had studied the problem, and citizens who lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help in1959.然而，巨大的挑战有时会带来伟大的解决方案。
III What is the translation process?1、理解理解（comprehension）背景了解（Background）How’s this for a coincidence? Charles Darwin and Abraham Lincoln were born in the same year, on the same day: Feb. 12, 1809. As historical facts go, it amounts to little more than a footnote. Still, while it’s just a coincidence, it’s a coincidence that’s guaranteed to make you do a double take the first time you run across it. Everybody knows Darwin and Lincoln were near-mythic figures in the 19th century. The scientist and the politician each touched off a revolution that changed the world.Both men were private and guarded. Most of Darwin’s friendships were conducted through the mail, and after his five-year voyage on HMS Beagle as a young man, he rarely left his home in the English countryside.Lincoln, though a much more public man, carefully cultivated a bumpkin persona that encouraged both friends and enemies to underestimate his considerable, almost Machiavellian skill as a politician.语法分析、语义分析、语体分析和语篇分析（grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and text analysis）How’s this for a coincidence? Charles Darwin and Abraham Lincoln were born in the same year, on the same day: Feb. 12, 1809. As historical facts go, it amounts to little more than a footnote. Still, while it’s just a coincidence, it’s a coincidence that’sguaranteed to make you do a double take the first time you run across it. Everybody knows Darwin and Lincoln were near-mythic figures in the 19th century. The scientist and the politician each touched off a revolution that changed the world.Both men were private and guarded. Most of Darwin’s friendships were conducted through the mail, and after his five-year voyage on HMS Beagle as a young man, he rarely left his home in the English countryside. Lincoln, though a much more public man, carefully cultivated a bumpkin persona that encouraged both friends and enemies to underestimate his considerable, almost Machiavellian skill as a politician.权谋政治家Three years later, Qassem spent six months in a Jericho prison due to depicting Arafat in a book as a Machiavellian ruler who maintains control by pitting his underlings against oneanother.３年后，卡西姆在杰里科的一所监狱被关押了６个月，因为他在一本书中称阿拉法特是个玩弄权术的统治者，通过让手下的人互相争斗来维持自己的统治。
人教版PEP英语四班级上册课文原文及翻译英汉对比版Unit 1 Unit1 ALet's talk英语课文翻译Hey, Zhang Peng. We have a new classroom.嘿，张鹏。
我们有间新教室。
Really? What’s in the classroom?真的吗？教室里面有什么？Let’s go and see!我们去看看吧！It’s so big!它是如此大！Look! My picture!看！我的图画！Where is it?它在哪儿？It’s near the window.就在窗户旁边。
Unit1 BLet's talk英语课文翻译Let’s clean the classroom!我们清扫教室吧！OK.好的。
Let me clean the teacher’s desk.我来擦讲台。
Let me clean the windows.我来擦窗户。
Let me help you.我来关心你。
Thank you.感谢你。
Unit1 BLet's checkListen and tick (√)or cross (×) .英语课文翻译Listen and tick (√) or cross(×)．1. Girl: Let’s clean the classroom, Mike.1. 女孩：我们清扫教室吧，迈克。
Boy: OK. Let me clean the blackboard!男孩：好的。
我来擦黑板！Girl: Let me clean the desks!女孩：我来擦书桌！2．Girl: This is my classroom. The walls are green, the floor is white, and the desks are brown.2．女孩：这是我的教室。
墙壁是绿色的，地板是白色的，书桌是棕色的。
