练习题答案
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1 《管理经济学》练习题 与 答案一、填空题1.边际产量曲线与平均产量曲线相交于 平均产量 曲线的最高点。
2产量增加的百分比率大于生产规模扩大的百分比率称为 规模收益递增 ;产量增加的百分比率等于生产规模扩大的百分比率,称为 规模收益不变 ;产量增加的百分比率小于生产规模扩大的百分比率,称为 规模收益递减 。
3.在完全竞争市场上,企业面临的需求曲线是一条在完全竞争市场上,企业面临的需求曲线是一条水平 线;在各种不完全竞争市场上,企业面临的需求曲线是一条上,企业面临的需求曲线是一条 向右下方倾斜 线。
线。
线。
4.在图形上,供给量的变动表现为在图形上,供给量的变动表现为 同一条供给曲线上点子同一条供给曲线上点子 的移动,供给的变动表现为的移动,供给的变动表现为 整条供给曲线整条供给曲线 的移动。
的移动。
5.总产量曲线、平均产量曲线、边际产量曲线都是先上升而后再下降,这种变化特征反映了 边际产量递减 规律。
6如果把等产量曲线与等成本线合在一个图上,那么等成本线必定与许多条等产量曲线中的一条相切于一点,在这个切点上就实现了 生产要素最优组合 (生产者均衡) 。
7.边际成本曲线与平均成本曲线相交于 平均成本曲线 曲线的最低点。
8.在图形上,需求的变动表现为在图形上,需求的变动表现为 整条需求曲线整条需求曲线 的移动,需求量的变动表现为的移动,需求量的变动表现为 同一条同一条需求曲线上点子需求曲线上点子 的移动。
的移动。
的移动。
9、不同的等成本线与不同的等产量线相切,形成不同的生产要素最适(优、佳)组合点,将这些点连接在一起就可得出这些点连接在一起就可得出 生产扩展线(或生产扩张线)生产扩展线(或生产扩张线)生产扩展线(或生产扩张线) 线。
线。
10、两种互补商品之间价格与需求呈 反 方向变动,两种替代商品之间价格与需求呈 同 方向变动。
方向变动。
11、当某商品的价格上升5%,而需求量减少8%时,该商品属于需求%时,该商品属于需求 富 有 弹性。
练习四一、填空题(每空1分)1、氨在血液中的主要运输形式是(谷氨酰胺)和(丙氨酸)。
2、可以编码相同氨基酸的密码子称为(同义)密码子。
3、参与DNA切除修复的酶有(DNA聚合酶Ⅰ)、(DNA聚合酶Ⅱ)、(DNA连接酶)。
4、遗传密码的特点有连续性、(方向性)、(简并性)、(变偶性)、(通用性)以及有起始密码和终止密码。
5、酪氨酸tRNA反密码子是5'-GUA-3',它能辨认mRNA上的相应密码子是(5'-UAC -3' )。
6、假尿嘧啶核苷的糖苷键是(C-C )连接。
7、mRNA分子5'末端的帽子结构是(m7Gp5'ppN )。
8、终止密码子一共有三个,它们分别是(UAA )、(UGA )、(UAG )。
9、在尿素循环中,能穿出线粒体进入细胞质继续反应的代谢物是(瓜氨酸)。
10、肽链延伸包括进位、(转肽)、(移位)三个步骤重复进行。
11、蛋白质生物合成的新生肽链是从(N )端开始,在mRNA上阅读时,密码子是从(5' )端到(3' )端。
12、RNA聚合酶复合物中σ因子的作用是(识别启动基因)。
13、可被转录的DNA链,它的顺序同转录合成的RNA链是(反向互补的)。
14、一段线性双螺旋DNA,在经过连续五次增殖后,最初的DNA占总DNA的比例为(1/32 )。
15、E.coli中某蛋白质是由250个氨基酸残基构成的单链蛋白,该蛋白质的基因长度是(255 )nm,合成该蛋白质总共需要(1000 )分子ATP。
16、DNA聚合酶Ⅰ是多功能酶,若用蛋白酶将其有限水解得到两个片段,其中小片段具有(5'→3' 核酸外切酶)活性。
17、一种氨基酸与专一的tRNA结合是由(氨酰-tRNA合成酶)决定的。
18、以RNA 为模板合成DNA 的酶叫做(逆转录酶)。
19、嘌呤核苷酸分解代谢的最终产物是(尿酸),若生成过多则出现(痛风)症。
化简求值专项练习题1.先化简,再求值:2(3a2﹣ab)﹣3(2a2﹣ab),其中a=﹣2,b=3.2.先化简,再求值:6a2b﹣(﹣3a2b+5ab2)﹣2(5a2b﹣3ab2),其中a=﹣2,b=.3.先化简,再求值:3x2y2﹣[5xy2﹣(4xy2﹣3)+2x2y2],其中x=﹣3,y=2.4.先化简,再求值:5ab2+3a2b﹣3(a2b﹣ab2),其中a=2,b=﹣1.5.先化简,再求值:2x2﹣y2+(2y2﹣x2)﹣3(x2+2y2),其中x=3,y=﹣2.6.先化简,再求值:5x2﹣[x2+(5x2﹣2x)﹣2(x2﹣3x)],其中x=.7.先化简,再求值:(6a2﹣6ab﹣12b2)﹣3(2a2﹣4b2),其中a=﹣,b=﹣8.8.先化简,再求值:x2y﹣(2xy﹣x2y)+xy,其中x=﹣1,y=﹣2.9.先化简,再求值:5(xy+3x2﹣2y)﹣3(xy+5x2﹣2y),其中x=,y=﹣1.10.当|a|=3,b=a﹣2时,化简代数式1﹣{a﹣b﹣[a﹣(b﹣a)+b]}后,再求这个代数式的值.11.先化简,再求值:a2﹣(2a2+2ab﹣b2)+(a2﹣ab﹣b2),其中a=3,b=﹣2.12.先化简,再求值:3a2﹣(2ab+b2)+(﹣a2+ab+2b2),其中a=﹣1,b=2.13.先化简再求值,已知a=﹣2,b=﹣1,c=3,求代数式5abc﹣2a2b﹣[(4ab2﹣a2b)﹣3abc]的值.14.先化简,再求值:﹣2(ab﹣3a2)﹣[a2﹣5(ab﹣a2)+6ab],其中a=2,b=﹣3.15.先化简,再求值:3a3﹣[a3﹣3b+(6a2﹣7a)]﹣2(a3﹣3a2﹣4a+b)其中a=2,b=﹣1,16.先化简,再求值:(5a2b+4b3﹣2ab2+3a3)﹣(2a3﹣5ab2+3b3+2a2b),其中a=﹣2,b=3.17.先化简,再求值:(a2﹣3ab﹣2b2)﹣(a2﹣2b2),其中,b=﹣8.18.先化简,再求值:8mn﹣[4m2n﹣(6mn2+mn)]﹣29mn2,其中m=﹣1,n=.19.化简求值:3(x3﹣2y2﹣xy)﹣2(x3﹣3y2+xy),其中x=3,y=1.20.先化简再求值:3x2y﹣[2xy2﹣2(xy﹣x2y)+xy]+3xy2,其中x=,y=﹣5.整式化简求值90题参考答案:1.原式=6a2﹣2ab﹣6a2+3ab=ab,当a=﹣2,b=3时,原式=ab=﹣2×3=﹣6.2.原式=6a2b+3a2b﹣5ab2﹣10a2b+6ab2=﹣a2b+ab2 ,把a=﹣2,b=代入上式得:原式=﹣(﹣2)2×+(﹣2)×2=﹣2﹣=﹣2.3.原式=3x2y2﹣5xy2+4xy2﹣3﹣2x2y2=x2y2﹣xy2﹣3当x=﹣3,y=2时,原式=454.原式=5ab2+3a2b﹣3a2b+2ab2=7ab2.当a=2,b=﹣1时,原式=7×2×(﹣1)2=14.5.原式=2x2﹣y2+2y2﹣x2﹣3x2﹣6y2=﹣2x2﹣5y2.当x=3,y=﹣2时,原式=﹣18﹣20=﹣38.6.原式=5x2﹣(x2+5x2﹣2x﹣2x2+6x)=x2﹣4x当x=时,原式=7.原式=6a2﹣6ab﹣12b2﹣6a2+12b2=﹣6ab,当a=﹣,b=﹣8时,原式=﹣6×(﹣)×(﹣8)=﹣24.8.原式=x2y﹣2xy+x2y+xy=2x2y﹣xy,当x=﹣1,y=﹣2时,原式=2×(﹣1)2×(﹣2)﹣(﹣1)×(﹣2)=﹣6.9.原式=5xy+15x2﹣10y﹣3xy﹣15x2+6y=2xy﹣4y,当x=,y=﹣1时,原式=2××(﹣1)﹣4×(﹣1)=3.10.原式=1+a+b;当a=3时,b=1,代数式的值为5;当a=﹣3时,b=﹣5,代数式的值为﹣7.a2﹣(2a2+2ab﹣b2)+(a2﹣ab﹣b2)11.原式==a2﹣2a2﹣2ab+b2+a2﹣ab﹣b2=﹣a2﹣3ab.当a=3,b=﹣2时,原式=﹣×32﹣3×3×(﹣2)=﹣3+18=1512.原式=2a2﹣ab+b2当a=﹣1,b=2.原式=2a2﹣ab+b2=2×(﹣1)2﹣(﹣1)×2+22= 813.原式=5abc﹣2a2b﹣4ab2+a2b+3abc=8abc﹣a2b﹣4ab2;a=﹣2,b=﹣1,c=3时,原式=8×2×1×3﹣4×(﹣1)﹣4×(﹣2)×1=60.14.原式=﹣2ab+6a2﹣(a2﹣5ab+5a2+6ab)=﹣2ab+6a2﹣a2+5ab﹣5a2﹣6ab=﹣3ab;当a=2,b=﹣3时,原式=﹣3×2×(﹣3)=1815.原式=3a3﹣[a3﹣3b+6a2﹣7a]﹣2a3+6a2+8a﹣2b=3a3﹣a3+3b﹣6a2+7a﹣2a3+6a2+8a﹣2b=15a+b当a=2,b=﹣1时,原式=15×2﹣1=29.16.原式=5a2b+4b3﹣2ab2+3a3﹣2a3+5ab2﹣3b3﹣2a2b=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3,当a=﹣2,b=3时,原式=(﹣2)3+3×(﹣2)2×3+3×(﹣2)×32+33=﹣8+36﹣54+27=1.17.原式=a2﹣3ab﹣2b2﹣a2+2b2=﹣3ab,当,b=﹣8时,原式=﹣3×()×(﹣8)=﹣12.18.原式=8mn﹣[4m2n﹣6mn2﹣mn]﹣29mn2=8mn﹣4m2n+6mn2+mn﹣29mn2=9mn﹣4m2n﹣23mn2当m=﹣1,n=时,原式=9×(﹣1)×﹣4×12×﹣23×(﹣1)×=﹣﹣2+=﹣.19.原式=3x3﹣6y2﹣3xy﹣3x3+6y2﹣2xy=﹣5xy,当x=3,y=1时,原式=﹣5×3×1=﹣15.20.原式=3x2y﹣[2xy2﹣(2xy﹣3x2y)+xy]+3xy2=3x2y﹣(2xy2﹣2xy+3x2y+xy)+3xy2=3x2y﹣2xy2+2xy﹣3x2y﹣xy+3xy2=xy+xy2,当x=,y=﹣5时,原式=×(﹣5)+×25=.。
练习题及参考答案一、选择题1、假设欧元利率为5%,美元利率为3%,根据利率平价理论,欧元对美元的远期汇率应A、升水B、贴水C、上浮D、下浮2、按外汇管制程度不同,可将汇率划分为A、金融汇率和贸易汇率B、官方汇率与市场汇率C、名义汇率和实际汇率D、基本汇率和套算汇率3、以两国货币的铸币平价为汇率确定基础的是A、金币本位制B、金块本位制C、金汇兑本位制D、纸币流通制4、一国货币升值对其进出口贸易的影响是A、出口增加,进口减少B、出口减少,进口增加C、出口增加,进口增加D、出口减少,进口减少5、在直接标价法下,如果需要比原来更少的本币来兑换一定数量的外国货币则表明A、本币币值上升,外币币值下降,通常称为外汇汇率上升B、本币币值下降,外币币值上升,通常称为外汇汇率上升C、本币币值上升,外币币值下降,通常称为外汇汇率下降D、本币币值下降,外币币值上升,通常称为外汇汇率下降6、国际金本位制的特点是黄金可以A、自由买卖、自由铸造、自由兑换B、自由铸造、自由兑换、自由输出入C、自由买卖、自由铸造、自由输出入D、自由流通、自由兑换、自由输出入7、为使国际收支平衡表的借方总额和贷方总额相等而人为设置的项目是A、经常项目B、资本与金融项目C、错误与遗漏D、官方储备8、国际收支平衡表中记录一国的商品出口与进口的项目是A、货物B、服务C、收益D、经常转移9、以下国际收支调节政策中,能使国际收支迅速得到改善的是A、财政政策B、准备金比率政策C、贴现政策D、直接管制10、采用间接标价法的国家或地区有A、美国和英国B、美国和香港C、英国和日本D、中国和日本11、若汇率采用的是直接标价法,即A、外币数额固定B、本币数额固定C、买入价在前,卖出价在后D、买入价在后,卖出价在前E、大多数国家采用12、理论上调节国际收支的手段主要包括A、汇率政策B、货币政策C、信贷政策D、直接管制措施E、财政政策13、根据《我国外汇管理条例》的定义,外汇包括以下内容A、外国货币B、外币支付凭证C、外币有价证券D、普通提款权E、其他外汇资产14、在间接标价下标价数字变大说明A、外国货币汇率上涨B、本国货币汇率上涨C、外国货币下跌D、本国货币下跌E、本币升值15、以下哪些因素会导致本币汇率上升A、国内通货膨胀B、贸易顺差C、资本流入增加D、提高进口关税E、本国利率上升二、计算题1、计算分析题(第四版格式)假设,某国某年发生以下对外经济交易(单位:亿美元)商品出口 101.11商品进口-99.36劳务收入 25.14劳务支出-34.53经常转移-l.10直接投资-2.66证券投资 1.75其他长期投资-5.70其他短期投资 5.84错误与遗漏 x外汇储备变化 7.13根据以上资料进行分析,并回答下列问题:(1)求贸易收支差额、经常账户收支差额、资本与金融账户差额和总差额(2)求错误与遗漏的数额。
关于集合的练习题及答案解析1.若集合M={a,b,c}中元素是△ABC的三边长,则△ABC 一定不是A.锐角三角形 B.直角三角形C.钝角三角形 D.等腰三角形2.定义集合运算:A*B={ z|z=xy,x∈A,y∈B}.设A={1,2},B={0,2},则集合A*B 的所有元素之和为 A.0 B. C. D.63.已知集合A={2,3,4},B={2,4,6,8},C={| x∈A,y∈B,且logxy∈N+},则C中元素的个数是A.9B.8C. D.44.满足{-1,0} M?{-1,0,1,2,3}的集合M的个数是A.4个 B.个 C.7个D.8个5.已知集合A={-1,1},B{x|ax+1=0},若B?A,则实数a的所有可能取值的集合为A.{-1} B.{1} C.{-1,1}D.{-1,0,1}6.已知全集U={1,2,3,4,5,6},集合A={1,2,5},?UB ={4,5,6},则集合A∩B=A.{1,2} B.{5} C.{1,2,3} D.{3,4,6}7.设全集U={1,3,5,6,8},A={1,6},B={5,6,8},则∩B=A.{6}B.{5,8}C.{6,8} D.{3,5,6,8}2-x8.若A={x∈Z|2≤1},则A∩的元素个数为A.0 B.1 C.2D.319.设U=R, M={x|x2-x≤0},函数f的定义域为N,则M∩ x-1A.[0,1)B. C.[0,1] D.{1}10.设U=R,集合A={y|y=x-1,x≥1},B={x∈Z|x2-4≤0},则下列结论正确的是A.A∩B={-2,-1} B.∪B=C.A∪B=[0,+∞)D.∩B={-2,-1}11.非空集合G关于运算?满足:①对于任意a、b∈G,都有a?b∈G;②存在e∈G,使得对一切a∈G,都有a?e=e?a=a,则称G关于运算?为融洽集,现有下列集合运算: G={非负整数},?为整数的加法;G={偶数},?为整数的乘法;G={平面向量},?为平面向量的加法;G={二次三项式},?为多项式的加法;其中G关于运算?的融洽集有________.12.设集合A={1,2,a},B={1,a2-a},若A?B,则实数a的值为________.13.设集合A={-1,1,3},B={a+2,a2+4},A∩B={3},则实数a=________.214.已知集合A={ x|x-5x+6=0},B={ x|mx+1=0},且A∪B=A,求实数m的值组成的集合.x-a15.记关于x的不等式若a=3,求P;若Q?P,求正数a的取值范围.116.已知由实数组成的集合A满足:若x∈AA. 1-x 设A中含有3个元素,且2∈A,求A;A能否是仅含一个元素的单元素集,试说明理由.1.解析:根据集合中元素的互异性知a≠b≠c,故选D.2.解析:依题意得A*B={ z|z=xy,x∈A,y∈B}={0,2,4},因此集合A*B 的所有元素之和为6,故选D. 3.解析:C={| x∈A,y∈B,且logxy∈N+}={,,,},故选D.4.解析:依题意知集合M除含有元素-1,0之外,必须还含有1,2,3中的一个,或多个.因3而问题转化为求含有3个元素的集合所含的非空子集的个数问题,故有2-1=7个.故选C.5.D.A7.解析:由于U={1,3,5,6,8},A={1,6} ∴?UA={3,5,8},∴∩B={5,8}.答案:B12-x8.解析:A={x∈Z|2≤1}={x|x>2或0 ∴ A∩={0,1},其中的元素个数为2,选C.9.C10.D11.12.解析:∵A?B,∴a2-a=2或a2-a=a.若a2-a=2,得a=2或a=-1,根据集合A中元素的互异性,知:a≠2,∴a=-1.若a2-a=a,得a=0或a=2,经检验知,只有a=0符合要求.综上所述,a=-1或a=0.答案:-1或013.解析:∵3∈B,∴a+2=3,∴a=1.答案:1214.解析:∵A={ x|x-5x+6=0}={2,3},A∪B =A,∴B?A.①m=0时,B=?,B?A;1②m≠0时,由mx+1=0,得x. m111∵B?A,∴-A,∴-2=3, mmm11?11?得m=-或-.所以符合题意的m的集合为?0,-23.3??x-315.解析:由Q={x||x-1|≤1 }={x|0≤x≤}.由a>0,得P={x|-12,即a的取值范围是.116.解析:∵2∈A,∴A,即-1∈A, 1-2 1?11?∴∈AA,∴A=?2,-1,2.??1-?-1?1假设A中仅含一个元素,不妨设为a, 则a∈A,有A,又A中只有一个元素, 1-a1∴a,即a2-a+1=0,但此方程Δ ∴不存在这样的实数a.故A不可能是单元素集合.集合练习题一.选择题1.满足条件{1,2,3}??M??{1,2,3,4,5,6}的集合M的个数是A、8B、C、6D、52.若集合A??x|x2,则下列结论中正确的是 A、A=0B、0?A C、A?? D、??A 3.下列五个写法中①?00,1,2?,②0,③?0,1,21,2,0?,④0??,⑤0??,错误的写法个数是A、1个B、2个C、3个D、4个4.方程组?xy11的解集是?x?y?A ?x?0,y?1? B?0,1?C ?? D?|x?0或y?1?.设A、B是全集U的两个子集,且A?B,则下列式子成立的是 A)CUA?CUB CUA?CUB=U A?CUB=?CUA?B=?6.已知全集Ma|6?5?a?N且a?Z?,则M= A、{2,3} B、{1,2,3,4}C、{1,2,3,6} D、{-1,2,3,4}7.集合M?{xx22xa0,xR},且M ,则实数a的范围是 A、a??1B、a?1C、a??1D、a?18. 设集合P、S满足P?S=P,则必有; P?S;;S=P。
1第一章1-1. 晶体与非晶体的本质区别是什么?单晶体为何有各向异性而实际金属表现为各向同性?(1)晶体中的质点在空间作有规则的排列,而非晶体内部的质点排列不规则 (2)因为不同的晶面及晶向上,原子的排列情况不同,所以晶体表现为各向异性,而实际金属是由很多方向各异的单晶体杂乱排列而成,所以整体表现为各向同性。
1-4. 铜和铁室温下的晶格常数分别为0.286n m 和0.3607n m ,求1c m 3铁和铜中的原子数。
1n m (n a n o m e t e r )=10--99m =10A (a n g s t r o n g ) 铜的晶格常数=0.286 x 10--77c m 铁的晶格常数=0.3607 x 10--77c m1c m 3铜的原子数=3)710286.0(31cm x cm - x 4 = 1.71x 10231c m 3 铁的原子数=3)7103607.0(31cm x cm -x 2 = 4.26x 102221-5. 常见的金属晶体典型结构有哪几种?α-F e , γ-F e , C u , A l , N i , P b , C r , V , M o , M g , Z n , W 各属于何种晶体结构?面心立方结构、体心立方结构、密排六方结构 γ-F e , C u , A l , N i , P b - 面心立方结构 α-F e , C r , V , M o , W - 体心立方结构 M g , Z n - 密排六方结构1 作图表示立方晶系(211)、(112)、(210)、(321)、(223)、(236)晶面与[111]、[111]、[021]、[112]、[211]、[123]晶向。
解:如图所示。
(211)、(112)、(210)、(321)、(223)、(236)晶面:(211) (112) (210)1.2★作图表示立方晶系(211)、(112)、(210)、(321)、(223)、(236)晶面与[111]、[111]、[021]、[112]、[211]、[123]晶向。
多组分练习题一、是非题,下列各题的叙述是否正确,对的画√错的画×1、理想混合气体中任意组分B的化学势表达式为:μB = μB(g , T) +RT ln(p B / p)。
()2、理想混合气体中任意组分B的逸度就等于其分压力Bp。
()3、在多相系统中于一定的T,p下物质有从化学势较高的相自发向化学势较低的相转移的趋势。
()4、理想稀溶液中的溶质遵从亨利定律;溶剂遵从拉乌尔定律。
()5、组成可变的均相系统的热力学基本方程d G=-S d T+V d p+∑=1BBμd n B,既适用于封闭系统也适用于敞开系统。
()6、当系统在一定的T, p下处于相平衡时,任一组分在各相的化学势必定相等。
()7、偏摩尔量与化学势是同一个公式的两种不同表示方式。
( )8、因为溶入了溶质,故溶液的凝固点一定低于纯溶剂的凝固点。
()9、只有广度性质才有偏摩尔量。
( )10、一定温度下,微溶气体在水中的溶解度与其平衡气相分压成正比。
()11、纯物质的化学势就是它的摩尔吉布斯函数。
()12、如同理想气体一样,理想液态混合物中分子间没有相互作用力。
()13、偏摩尔量因为与浓度有关,所以它不是一个强度性质。
( )14、在一个多组分溶液中,只有溶质才有偏摩尔量。
()15、化学势判据就是吉布斯自由能判据。
()二、选择题1、B,C二组分溶液中组分B的偏摩尔吉布斯函数:因此有:( )。
( 1 ) G B与T,p,n C有关,与n B无关;( 2 ) G B与T,p,n C,n B都有关;( 3 ) G B与n B有关,与T,p,n C无关;( 4 ) G B与n B,n C有关,与T,p无关。
2、苯在101 325 Pa下的沸点是353.25 K , 沸点升高系数是2.57 K·kg·mol则苯的气化焓为:( )。
(已知C H的=78.11。
)( 1 ) 31.53 kJ·mol ; ( 2 ) 335 kg·mol ; ( 3 ) 7.42 kJ·mol 。
非谓语动词专项练习100题(含答案)1.The great hall was crowded with many people, __many children __on their parents’ laps.A.including; seated B.including; seating C.included; sat D.included; sitting 2.It’s said that the Olympic Games __ in Beijing in 2008 will cover more events than any other Olympics did. A.holding B.to be held C.held D.to be holding 3.____for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. A.Being no rain B.There was no rain C.To be no rain D.There being no rain 4.A street-beggar bought a lottery ticket purposelessly,__him a millionaire overnight. A.making B.makes C.to make D.made 5.In the face of the big fire in October in California, many people in the fire-stricken areas moved out _____. A.to escape burning B.to escape being burned C.escaping burned D.escaping from burning 6.Taking this medicine, if _____, will of course do good to his health. A.continued B.to continue C.continues D.continuing 7.The little boy still needs the _____20 dollars to do with some things _____. A.remaining; remained to be settled B.remaining; remaining to be settled C.remained; remained to settle D.remained; remaining to settle 8._____ his age, the little boy read quite well. A.Considering B.Considered C.Consider D.Having considered 9.___from the appearance,it is very peaceful;but in fact,a war will break out soon. A.Judged B.Judging C.Having judged D .To judge D.To judge 10. —Tom enjoys ___ basketball on Sunday afternoons, doesn’t he?— Yes, he does. But what his sister enjoys _____. A.to play; dancing B.playing; to dance C.to play; to dance D.playing; is to dance 11.His letter, _____ to the wrong number, reached me late. A.having been addressed B.to have addressed C.to have been addressed D.being addressed 12. The Space Shuttle Columbia broke into pieces over Texas as it returned to the earth on February 1, 2003, _____ all sev astronauts aboard. A.having killed B.killing C.being killed D.killed 13. There are lots of places of interest _____ in our city. A.needs repairing B.needing repaired C.needed repairing D.needing to be repaired 14. — What caused the party to be put off? What caused the party to be put off? —— _____ the invitations. A.Tom delayed sending B.Tom’s delaying sendingC.Tom delaying to send D.Tom delayed to send 15. I was afraid _____ to my customers because I was afraid _____ them. A.of talking back; to lose B.of talking back; of losing C.to talk back; to lose D.to talk back; of losing 16.Standing on the top of the hill, I would not do anything but _____ the flowing of the smog around me. A.enjoy B.enjoying C.enjoyed D.to enjoy 17.17.—— Is Tom a good talker? — No, he never speaks to me other than _____ something? A.ask for B.to ask for C.asked for D.asking for 18.I can’t get my car __ on cold mornings, so I have to try __ the radiator with some hot water.A.run; to fill B.running; filling C.running; to fill D.ran; filling 19.The drunken husband knocked against the table and sent the bowls _____ in all directions before he was sent _____ by h wife. A. flying; to sleep B. flying; sleeping C. to fly; to sleeping D. to fly; to sleep 20. When we got back from the cinema,we found the lamp ___but the door ___. A. being on; shut A. being on; shut B. burning; shutting B. burning; shutting B. burning; shutting C. burning; shut C. burning; shut D. on; shutting 21.We found the students seated at tables and had their eyes ____on the scene of the launch of Shenzhou V spaceship. A. fixed B. fix C. fixing D. to fix 22.A doctor can expect _____ at any hour of the day or night. A. calling B. to call C. being called D. to be called 23.The boy often gives a satisfactory answer to the teacher’s question, ____ just a minute. So he’s usually the teacher’s pet. A. thought B. having thought C. and to think D. thinking 24.The policeman came up to the lonely house with the door ____, ___there for a while and then entered it. A. open; to stand B. opening; stood C. open; stood D. opened; standing 25._____ along the quiet road at forty miles an hour, and then an old man suddenly started to cross the road in front of me. A. Driving B. I was driving C. Having driven D. When I was driving 26.Mr. Smith was much surprised to find the watch he had had ___was nowhere to be seen. A. repairing B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired 27.What did the librarian _____ out of the library? A. permit to take B. forbid to be taken C. allow to take D. insist being taken 28. — Mum, why do you give me so much popcorn? — _____ the boring time. A. Kill B. Killing C. To kill D. Having killed 29.What Yang wanted to do when he got out of the spaceship was __the joy with all the Chinese. A. share B. shared C. having shared D. about to share 30.When she was alone at home, Mary needed a friend _____. A.playing with B.having played with C.with whom to play with D.with whom to play 31._____ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ out of life. A.Seeing; frightened B.Seeing; frightening C.Seen; frightened D.To see; frightening D.To see; frightening 32.The competitor never dreamed of __ for him to win the first prize in the 100-meter race. A.there was a chance B.there being a chance C.it being a chance D.it was a chance 33._____ everything to go wrong in advance, and you won’t feel quite so bad when it doe s. A. Having expected B. Expect C. To expect D. Expecting 34.34.—— You _____ part in the party on time. — Sorry, I was delayed by the accident. A.are to take B.have supposed to take C.were to have taken D.supposed to take 35._____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesn’t seem high at all.A. When compared B.To compare C. While comparing D. It compared 36._____ in her best suit, the girl tried to make herself _____ at the party. A.Dressed; noticed B.Dressing; noticing C.Dressed; noticing D .Dressing; noticed D.Dressing; noticed 37.The matter _____ your study surely requires _____ carefully. A. relating to; dealing with B. related to; dealt with C. related to; being dealt with D. relating to; having dealt with 38._____ made her parents worried a lot. A. Her not to come back B. Not her to come back C. Her not coming back D. Not her coming back 39.Everything ___into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions. A.to take B.taken C.to be taken D.taking 40.He moved away from his parents and missed them ____enjoy the exciting life in New York. A. much so as to B. very much to C. too much to D. enough to 41.41.—— What do you think of the plan? — It’s easier said than _____. than _____. A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out 42.Many businessmen attended the Boao Forum because they knew what __ from the forum. A. to get B. to be got C. got D. getting 43.There was a famous person at the party whom everyone would like _____to themselves. A. to introduce B. to be introduced C. introducing D. being introduced 44.44.—— Were you at home last Sunday? — Yeah! I devoted the whole day to _____ the English grammar. A. review B. reviewing C. be reviewed D. being reviewed 45.Once _____ at the shop, you will be dismissed immediately. A. caught stealing B. caught to steal C. catching stealing D. to catch to steal 46. Prices of daily goods____through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying 47._____, John returned to school from his hometown. A. The summer vacation being over B. The summer vacation is over C. Because the summer vacation over D. After the summer vacation being over 48._____ she can’t come, who will do the work?A. Supposed B. Supposing C. Having supposed D. Being supposed 49.49.—— Is there anything you want from town? — No, thank you. But I would like to get ___. A.those letters mailed B.mailed letters B.mailed letters C.to mail those letters D.those letters mail 50.After the guests left, she spent as much time as she could _____ the rooms. A. tidy up B. to clear away C. clear away D. tidying up 51._____ it or not, his discovery has shocked everyone in scientific circles. A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed 52.To tell you the truth, I’d rather read than watch television; the programs seem __all the time.A.to get worse B.to be getting worse C.to have got worse D.getting worse 53.After the Arab states won independence, great em phasis was laid on education, with girls as well as boys _____ to go to school. A. to be encouraged B. encouraging C. encouraged D. be encouraged 54.Everyone had an application form in his hand, but no one knew which office _____. A. to send it to B. to send it C. to be sent to D. to have it sent 55.___that it was going to snow, the climbers decided to put off their attempt on the highest mountain. A. Having told B. Having been told C. Tell D. Telling 56.As is known to us all, traveling is __, but we often feel __ when we are back from travels. A.interesting; tired B.interested; tiring C.interesting; tiring D.interested; tired 57.The foreign tourists have visited many scenic spots in Shanghai,____as interpreter. A. the guide acts B. the guide acting C. acting D. acted 58.Linda is thought to___ in Africa, but I really don’t know what country she’s working in.A. have worked B. work C. be working D. be worked 59._____ 59._____ time time time and and and labor, labor, labor, cartoonists cartoonists cartoonists generally generally generally draw draw draw the the the hands hands hands of of of their characters their characters with with only only only 3 3 3 fingers fingers fingers and and and a a a thumb. thumb. A.To save B.Saved C.Saving D.Having saved 60.I am busy ____ for the entrance examination, so I can’t help ____housework at home.A.preparing; doing B.preparing; to do C.to prepare; doing D.to prepare; to do 61.In order to protect our planet, _____. A.all kinds of pollution should be reduced B.we should reduce all kinds of pollution C.the environment should be protected first D.it’s important to protect our environment62.Hoping he would not be seen, Bob stole in, ___his schoolbag and rushed out. A. picking up B. picked up C. to pick up D. having picked up 63.____money 63.____money if if if you you you can can can and and and many many many poor poor poor children children children in in in the the the poor poor poor mountainous mountainous mountainous areas areas areas will will will be be be able able able to to to go go go back back back to to to school. school. A.Having given B.Given C.To give D.Give 64.Whatever trouble Mr. White had ___with the case, he would stick to his own opinion. A.deal B.to deal C.dealt D.dealing 65.While listening to pop music, _____. A.she felt asleep B.the light went out C.someone knocked at the door D.and she couldn’t help laughing66.___ the distance was too long and the time was short, we decided not to drive to Florida. A. Discovering B. To discover C. To have discovered D. Discovered 67._____, J.K. Rowling is considered to be the best fiction writer A.Having sold millions of copies of her books B.Because millions of copies of her books are sold C.Sold millions of copies of her books D.Selling millions of copies of her books 68.What surprised me most was that there appeared a ____ look on her face on hearing the unexpected news. A.worrying B.worried C.worry D.worries 69._____ one of the most important inventions of the time, the computer helps people living in different countries to do a lot 69._____ one of the most important inventions of the time, the computer helps people living in different countries to do a lot things. A.Knowing to be B.It was known C.Known as D.Which was known to be 70.70.—— Did you enjoy yourself last night? — It’s very nice of you. I appreciated _____ to the party.A. to be invited B.to have invited C.being invited D.having been invited 71.If you go to the West Lake in Hangzhou, you will find it more attractive than commonly__. A. supposing B. to suppose C. supposed D. being supposed 72.72.—— Haven’t you seen the sign,_____ “NO PHOTOS”? — I’m really sorry I didn’tA. reads B. to read C. read D. reading 73.73.—— Do you feel like _____ out? — No. I’d rather we _____ a taxi.A. to drive; take B. to drive; took C. driving; take D. driving; took 74.74.—— Kate shouldn’t have done that sort of thing.— Whatever she did was reasonable, ____to what you had done. Besides, it’s none of your business. Get down to _____ you work. A. comparing; doing B. comparing; do C. compared; doing D. compared; do 75._____ nice and delicious, the fried chicken was soon sold out. A. Tasted B. Being tasted C. Tasting D. To taste 76.76.—The plan is heard ____ so well that we don’t have to make any changes. —The plan is heard ____ so well that we don’t have to make any changes. — It is indeed. A. to design B. designing C. designed D. design 77.W 77.While we’re developing agriculture and industry, we must prevent the earth___.hile we’re developing agriculture and industry, we must prevent the earth___. A. from polluting B. polluted C. polluting D. being polluted 78.The woman found it no good _____ her daughter too much money. A. giving B. being given C. given D. gave 79.He felt it a great honor _____ to visit me when I was in his city. A. to have been taken B. to have taken C. having taken D. being taken 80.Will you please tell me why you had no pen _____ in class, Kate? A.to have written B.to be written with C.to have been written D.to write with 81.Her dress has become loose. She appears _____ weight. A. to lose B. being lost C. losing D. to have lost 82.The building ____ will be completed in a month. It will be our lab building. A. to paint B. being painted C. to have painted D. painting 83.I find these problems are easy _____. A.to be worked out B.to work them out C.to work out D. to be worked them out 84.84.——What do you think of last night’s lecture? — _____ speaking, I thought it was rather boring. A. Real B. General C. Fair D. Honestly 85.Nancy let me repeat her instruction _____ sure that I understood what was _____ after she was away on business. A.to make; to be done B.making; doing C.to make; to do D.making; to do 86.The purpose of new drugs used on patients is to make them less painful, __ them more terrible. A.not make B.not to make C.not making D.do not make 87.As the stone was too heavy to move, I left it _____on the ground. A. laying B. lay C. lying D. lain 88.88.—— I would like to buy an expensive camera. — Well. We have several models __. A. to choose from B. of choice C. to be chosen D. for choosing st night I saw Yang Weiwei lying in bed, _____in deep thought. A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. being lost 90.Tigers _____ meat-eating animals _____ meat. A. belonged to; fed on B. belonging to; feed on C. were belonged to; feed on D. belonging to; feeding on 91.91.—— Is it _____ the bad smell that is difficult ? — Of course. A. how getting rid of B. got rid of C. to get rid of D. being got rid of 92.92.—— Have you made up your mind _____ the chance to go to France? — No. I’m practicing _____ the French language.A.to give up; to learn B.to give up; learning C.giving up; to learn D.giving up; learning 93.Never _____ off your coat; it’s rather cold outside.A. take B. taking C. to take D. taken 94.A big factory has been set up in this area ___ such goods for people all over the country. A. to produce B. producing C. produced D. being produced 95.The _____ look in her face suggested that she _____ it before. A. surprising; wouldn’t know B. surprised; hadn’t knownC. surprising; hadn’t known D. surprised; shouldn’t know96.You have no business _____ to me the way you did yesterday. A. about talking B. talking C. talked D. on talking 97.___ what he can do. He might get a job tomorrow. He might stay out of work for weeks. A.We didn’t know B .He doesn’t knowB.He doesn’t know C.There is no knowing D.It was known that 98.John’s bad habit is _____ without thorough understandingA.read B.being read C.to be read D.reading 99.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _____on a big rock by the side of the path A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest 100.We must treasure every minute because _____ time is _____ forever. A.lost; losing B.lost; lost C.losing; losing D.losing; lost 非谓语动词专项练习答案及部分解析:非谓语动词专项练习答案及部分解析:1.A 。
《空气有质量吗》练习一、填空题1、空气很轻,但是,空气还是质量的。
(选填:有、没有)2、书包、书本、桌子、椅子、人等周围所有看得见的物质,都质量。
(选填:有、没有)3、多充气20下的皮球和多充气10下的皮球质量是,因为多充气20下,皮球里的空气就要比多充气10下皮球里的空气,因此要大一些,由此我们可以得出结论:充气越多,皮球和空气的总质量 ,说明空气是。
4、放气后的皮球,与之平衡的绿豆数目。
二、判断题1、书本有质量。
()2、空气没有质量。
( )3、和相同体积的水、石头相比,空气的质量最小。
()4、物质的质量是一成不变的。
( )5、在实验过程中,可以大声喧哗,来回跑动。
()6、在使用天平过程中,需要先检查天平是否平衡。
()三、选择题1、有一种物质,它能占据空间、能流动,没有固定的形状,易压缩,重量较轻,它会是( )A.水B.空气C.石头2、在两个同样大小的塑料袋里分别装满水和空气,称量比较准确的结果是( )。
A.装满水的塑料袋重B.装满空气的塑料袋重C.两个塑料袋-样重3、下列不能证明空气有质量的是()。
A.皮球充气前后在电子天平上的示数不一样B.在平衡尺一端挂上空气球,另一端挂上相同的充气气球,平衡尺不平衡C.将气球充满气后,放在水面上,气球能浮在水面上。
4、空气总是在( )运动的。
A.向上B.向下C.循环四、解答题1、请你结合课堂所学知识,说说哪些物质具有质量?_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2、请你结合课堂所学知识,说说物质的质量在生活中,有哪些应用?_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________五、实验分析题1、设计一个探究“空气是否有质量”的实验:【1】实验名称:探究“空气是否有质量”【2】我的假设:空气_________质量。
100道练习题,带答案大全1.23.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16. 将下面左图进行折叠后,得到的图形是17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.字形练习纠纠武夫A 1.下列词语中,没有错别字的一组是A.涣散机 B.涉密瘴 C.陨命石 D.遴选端倪斑驳陆离肄业得鱼忘筌僭越振聋发聩纽扣摄像白内绊脚金刚钻B白内瘴--白内障;C陨命--殒命;D 纠纠武夫-- 赳赳武夫筌:捕鱼用的竹器。
捕到了鱼,忘掉了筌。
比喻事情成功以后就忘了本来依靠的东西。
2.下列各组词语中字形都正确的一组是倦”“鞍马劳神”。
指长途跋涉A.屹立妥贴亲和力或战斗中备尝困乏。
瓦釜雷鸣涵咏优游B.嬉戏坐镇迫击炮趾高气扬浅尝辄止C.肤浅蜇居座右铭攻艰挫锐置之不理D.遐想犄角嘉奖令两全齐美鞍马劳顿:骑马赶路过久,劳累疲困。
形容旅途或战斗的劳累。
同“鞍马劳B试题分析:A.妥帖涵泳优游指从容求索,深入体会。
C.蛰居攻坚挫锐D.两全其美。
3.下列词语中,没有错别字的一组是 A.煤炭姆指笑咪咪大快朵颐B.埋单搭档泊来品有错别字的一组是锄强扶弱A.演绎恻隐编纂C.赋予委屈 ?摊血见微知著D.付梓经典雷震雨惩前毙后CA项,拇指,笑眯眯;B项,舶来品;D项,雷阵雨,惩前毖后。
选C。
4.下列词语中,没再接再厉 B.敲榨暗淡集思广益 C.曼妙蛊惑闲情逸志 D.险衅狼藉斑驳陆离A试题分析:B项,敲诈 C缭绕衍生篇副项,闲情逸致D项,篇幅。
错别字的一组是要准确辨识汉字,就应从形、音、A.讳疾忌医微言大义义三者关系入手,应做到字不离词,以义正字,以义辨形;这种方法特别适用于同音字。
例如”筹”和”愁”音同而形异,”筹”有”计策、办法”的意思,”愁”是”忧愁”之义,”一筹莫展”“愁肠百结”自然就分清了。
5.下列词语中,没有万事具备,只欠东风 B.磐竹难书两全其美一言既出,驷马难追 C.掷地有声曲意逢迎桃李不言,下自成蹊 D.至高无上原型必露失之东隅,收之桑榆 C试题分析:“万事俱备” “俱”是“全”“都”的意思,而“具锐不可当B.蜇居副作用指备”是“有”的意思,A项排除;手画脚屈指可数 C.凑合哈密瓜眼花缭乱“竹难书” “罄”,是“罄尽,完”意思,而“磬“是古代石制的一种打击乐器,B项排除;“原形毕露”.下列词语中,没有错别字的是A.妥帖亲和力披沙拣金膏梁子弟D.犄角嘉奖令两全齐美仗义执言A试题分析:可根据常见的容易混淆的词语知识的积累,结合着词语意思判断。
第一章绪论答案(一)1.A2.E3.D(二)1.AB2.ABCD问答题答案:(要点)(1)阐明中药药效产生的机理和物质基础(2)要与中药临床研究密切结合(3)促进中医药理论的进步(4)参与中药新药的开发(5)促进中西医结合第二章中药药性理论的现代研究答案选择题答案:一、(一)1.C2.A3.B4.A5.A6.B7.E8.E9.C10.E11.C12.D13.E14.C15.D16.D17.B18.E19.D20.D(二)1.B2.E3.D4.B5.D6.A(三)1.ABC2.ACDE3.ACDE4.ACD二、1.药理作用;药动学2.肝3.肝、肾、胃肠问答题答案:(要点)1.从对中枢神经系统功能、植物神经系统功能、内分泌系统功能、基础能量代谢、抗感染及抗肿瘤等作用的研究论述。
2.(1)归经与药理作用的关系研究(举例说明)(2)归经与药动学的关系(举例说明)第三章影响中药药理作用的因素答案选择题答案:(一)、1.C2.D3.D4.D5.A(二)1.B2.D3.C4.E(三)1.ABCDE2.ABCD3.AB二、1.补益2.液体制剂3.LD504.镇痛5.ED506.适量减少7.双酯型乌头碱8.丁香苷三、1.×2.√3.×4.√5.√6.×问答题答案:(要点)1.从品种、产地、采收、贮藏、炮制、制剂、煎煮方法、配伍与禁忌等方面论述,应举例说明2.不是绝对禁忌;在特定条件下正确;研究尚不够全面,需深入。
应举例说明(3)归经与微量元素、环核苷酸、受体学说的关系第四章中药药理作用的特点及研究思路答案选择题答案:(一)、1.B2.E3.B4.A5.D6.D(二)1.AD2.ABCDE3.ACD4.ABCD5.ABDE问答题答案:(要点)1.从中药作用的两重性、差异性、量效关系、时效关系、双向性以及与中药供销关系等六个要点进行叙述2.从必须与证的研究结合、中药分类对比研究、与中药功效相关系统药理作用研究、中药药理作用的重新评价性研究、中药毒性研究、中药作用机理及物质基础研究等六个要点进行叙述第五章解表药答案选择题答案:1.E2.D3.E4.D5.A6.A7.D8.A9.C10.E11.C12.B13.E14.C15.C16.B17.A18.E19.E20.E21.C22.D23.B24.C25.A26.A27.B28.E29.B30.E(二)1.B2.B3.C4.E5.D6.E7.E8.A(三)1.ACDE2.ABDE3.AB4.ABC5.ABD6.CDE7.ABC8.BD二、1.挥发油2.柴胡多糖3.柴胡皂苷4.黄樟醚5.挥发油6.挥发油7.葛根素8.伪麻黄碱三、1.√2.×3.×4.√5.√6.√7.×8.×问答题答案:(要点)1.从发汗、解热、抗病原微生物(抗菌、抗病毒)、镇静、镇痛、抗炎、调节免疫作用等作用进行论述,应举例说明2.特点为起效较慢、作用温和、持久。
机理:促进交感神经神经递质释放,间接发挥拟肾上腺素的作用;直接兴奋支气管平滑肌β受体;直接兴奋支气管黏膜血管平滑肌α受体;阻止过敏介质释放等。
3.抗心肌缺血、抗心律失常、扩张血管、降低血压、改善血液流变性和抗血栓形成、改善脑循环促进记忆4.主要有效成分:挥发油、柴胡皂甙、皂甙元A;机理:抑制下丘脑cAMP的产生和释放,抑制体温调定点的上移,使体温下降。
5.主要有效成分:黄酮类物质(葛根素);机理:阻断中枢部位β受体而使cAMP生成减少,产生解热效应;使皮肤血管扩张,促进血液循环增加散热。
第六章清热药答案选择题答案:(一)、1.A2.C3.E4.D5.E6.A7.B8.E9.A10.C11.B12.D13.B14.C15.A16.B17.D18.E19.C20.A21.C22.A23.B24.C25.B26.D27.D28.E29.D30.C31.B32.A33.B34.B35.C36.A37.C38.A39.B40.A41.A42.D43.E44.A45.D46.C47.D48.A49.B50.B51.A52.E53.C54.E55.A(二)1.C2.C3.E4.D5.E6.B7.A8.B9.E10.A11.E12.C13.C14.B15.D16.E(三)1.ABD2.AB3.ACDE4.ABC5.ABCDE6.ADE7.ABDE8.ABC9.ABCE10.ABD11.BCDE12.ACDE13.ACD14.ABCD15.ABD16.ABC17.ABCD18.ABCD二、1.小檗碱2.苦参生物碱3.小檗碱4.牛黄5.Na+,K+-ATP酶6.复发率高三、1.×2.√3.×4.×5.√6.×7.√8.×9.×10.√问答题答案:(要点)1.清热药的主要药理作用有:抗病原体(抗菌谱、有效成分、机理)、抗毒素、解热、增强机体免疫功能、抗肿瘤等作用,并举例说明。
2.黄连对多种细菌、真菌及病毒有抑制作用,低浓度抑菌,高浓度杀菌。
其抗菌机理为:(1)破坏细菌结构;(2)抑制细菌糖代谢;(3)抑制细菌核酸及蛋白质合成。
3.黄芩对多种动物实验性炎症有不同程度的抑制作用(应举例说明);抗炎机理:主要通过抑制炎症介质的生成和释放而抗炎(应举例说明);抗炎作用有效成分为黄芩黄酮类(如黄芩苷)。
4.黄芩的免疫抑制作用环节为:(1)稳定肥大细胞,减少炎性介质(SRS-A、组胺等)释放;(2)影响花生四烯酸代谢,抑制炎性介质(PGE2)的生成。
5.作用:(1)正性肌力作用;(2)负性频率作用;(3)对心肌电生理的影响:降低自律性、减慢传导、延长不硬气、消除折返冲动等;(4)抗心律失常;(5)降压;(6)抗心肌缺血。
临床应用:感染性疾病、房性早搏和室性早搏、动脉硬化性脑梗塞、糖尿病、烧伤、消化性溃疡及萎缩性胃炎等。
6.苦参生物碱对小鼠多种移植性肿瘤(如S180、U14等)有抑制作用。
其作用环节:(1)诱导癌细胞凋亡;(2)促进癌细胞分化;(3)抑制癌细胞DNA合成;(4)直接细胞毒作用。
7.牡丹皮对中枢神经系统有抑制作用,主要表现为:(1)镇静、催眠、抗惊厥;(2)镇痛;(3)解热与降温。
8.具有广谱抗菌作用;抗病毒;抗内毒素;抗炎;解热;增强机体免疫功能等。
9.解热作用特点:缓慢而持久。
解热机理:抑制与产热有关的细胞膜上Na+, K+—ATP酶活性,使产热减少。
10.青蒿抗疟原虫作用特点:高效、速效、低毒,缺点是停药后复发率高;其机理是直接杀灭红细胞内期疟原虫,主要是影响疟原虫的膜结构,抑制疟原虫表膜、线粒体膜、核膜、内质网膜功能,阻断以宿主红细胞浆为营养的供给。
第七章泻下药答案选择题答案:1.B2.D3.E4.C5.D6.C7.D8.A9.E10.B11.A12.D13.C14.B15.B16.A17.D(二)1.D2.A3.A4.B5.A6.A7.B8.A(三)1.AB2.ABCD3.CE4.BCD5.AC6.ABD7.ABDE8.ABCD9.ABE二、1.抑制胰酶活性2.大黄酸;大黄素;芦荟大黄素3.没食子酸;d-儿茶素4.饮水量三、1.√2.×3.√问答题答案:(要点)1.(1)大黄、番泻叶、芦荟:泻下成分是结合性蒽苷,为刺激性泻药。
(2)芒硝:泻下成分是硫酸钠,为容积性泻药。
(3)火麻仁、郁李仁:泻下成分为牵牛子苷,为肠黏膜强刺激性泻药。
2.大黄泻下作用部位主要在大肠,口服6-8小时产生泻下作用,主要成分为结合性蒽苷。
作用机理:(1)使肠平滑肌M受体兴奋;(2)刺激肠壁神经丛;(3)抑制肠平滑肌Na+, K+—ATP酶。
3.(1)止血:机理是促进血小板黏附和聚集,增强纤维蛋白原含量和血小板数,降低抗凝血酶Ⅲ,收缩损伤的局部血管。
(2)改善血液流变性:降低血液黏度,使血液稀释,改善微循环障碍。
4.从泻下作用、利尿作用、抗病原体作用、抗炎作用、抗肿瘤作用叙述。
应举例说明不同的泻下作用方式(刺激性、容积性、润滑性)。
第八章祛风湿药答案选择题答案:(一)、1.A2.A3.B4.D5.C6.C7.C8.A9.C10.B11.D12.E13.B(二)1.2.3.4.(三)1.2.3.4.5.6.二、1.男性不育;女性月经紊乱或闭经2.促进DNA合成;性激素样作用;抗应激作用3.上升;下降三、1.×2.√3.√问答题答案:(要点)1.(1)抗炎作用表现为抑制急性炎症模型和慢性增生性炎症模型。
(2)作用环节:①兴奋垂体-肾上腺皮质系统(秦艽、五加皮、雷公藤);②兴奋下丘脑、垂体,使ACTH分泌增多,产生ACTH样作用(秦艽);③直接抑制炎性物质释放(雷公藤甲素、粉防己碱)。
2.大多数祛风湿药(如雷公藤、五加皮、独活、豨莶草、青风藤等)抑制机体免疫功能,少数对机体免疫功能有促进作用(如细柱五加皮总皂甙和多糖)。
3.给药后30分钟血糖显著升高,同时肝糖原下降作用维持3小时。
秦艽碱甲兴奋肾上腺髓质,促进肾上腺素的释放而产生升血糖作用。
第九章芳香化湿药答案选择题答案:(一)1.B2.A3.B4.A5.A6.E7.B8.C(二)1.A2.C3.D4.E(三)1.ACD2.BCD二、1.调整胃肠运动功能;促进消化液分泌;抗溃疡;抗病原微生物2.厚朴酚;和厚朴酚问答题答案:(要点)1.小剂量兴奋,大剂量抑制(举例)。
2.调整胃肠运动功能,促进消化液分泌,抗溃疡,保肝,抗病原微生物,抗炎,镇痛等作用。
3.(1)调整胃肠运动功能;(2)促进消化液分泌;(3)抗溃疡(增强胃黏膜保护作用、抑制胃酸分泌过多);(4)抗病原微生物。
第十章利水渗湿药答案选择题答案:(一)、1.D2.C3.A4.B5.A6.D7.A8.E9.B10.B11.A12.A13.E14.E15.B16.B17.D18.E(二)1.A2.D3.D4.E5.B6.B(三)1.CD2.ABCD3.BD4.ABCE5.BCE6.ADE7.AB8.AE9.ABCDE10.ABCD二、1.肝炎;银屑病;肿瘤2.茵陈炔酮;对羟基苯乙酮;挥发油三、1.×2.×3.√问答题答案:(要点)1. (1)利尿作用特点:均有不同程度利尿作用,其中猪苓、泽泻作用较强。
(2)利尿作用机理:猪苓、泽泻抑制肾小管对钠离子重吸收;茯苓素抗醛固酮作用;泽泻增加心钠素的含量。
2.泽泻多种制剂可降低实验性高血脂动物血清胆固醇、甘油三脂、低密度脂蛋白含量;降低实验性脂肪肝的肝内脂肪含量,抑制脂肪在肝内蓄积,发挥抗脂肪肝作用。
作用机理为抑制小肠对胆固醇的吸收和小肠胆固醇脂化。
3.(1)茵陈对多种肝损伤模型又保护作用:降低转氨酶;减轻肝细胞病理损伤(如减轻肝细胞肿胀、气球样变、脂肪变和坏死程度)。