Risk Management Strategies of Vulnerable Rural Households in Southeast Asia： A Case Study from

１０１条风险管理准则原文及译文一般准则【准则条文】１．英文：「An organization risk management program must be tailored to its overall objectives and should change when those objectives change.」译文：「一个组织的风险规划方案必需配合企业之整体目标，且应随着目标之改变而改变」２．英文：「If you are in a “safe”business (relatively immune from depression, bankruptcy or shifts in products market), you risk management program can be more “risky”and less costly.」译文：「假如您要安稳地经营（亦即免除相当程度的经济萧条，破产或产品市场转换之冲撃）您的风险管理方案最好能够更具冒险性及成本最低性．」３．英文：「Don’t risk more than you can afford to lose.」译文：「不要冒自己所不能够承担之风险」４．英文：「Don’t risk a lot for a little」译文：「切勿冒因小利而受大害之风险」５．英文：「 Consider the odds of an occurrence」译文：「多加考虑损失发生之可能性」６．英文：「Have clearly defined objectives which are consistent with corporate objectives」译文：「必需要有明确之风险管理目标且此目标需与企业目标一致」７．英文：「The risk management department, as a user of services, should award business on the basis of ability to perform.」译文：「风险管理部门是属服务部门，因此该部门对企业利润之回馈应以其执行能力之高低为认定之基础．」８．英文：「For any significant loss exposure, neither loss control nor loss financing alone is enough; control and financing must be combined in the rightproportion.」译文：「对任何重大之风险仅以控制对策或理财对策处理是不够的,必需将此两类对策做适当比例正确之搭配始可」风险辨认衡量准则【准则条文】９．英文：「Review financial statements to help identify and measure risks.」译文：「评估财务报表有助于辨认和衡量风险」１０．英文：「Use flow charts to identify sole source suppliers or other contingent business interruption exposures.」译文：「使用流程图分析有助于辨认一个供货商所引发之风险或其它连带营业中断风险.」１１．英文：「To more fully identify and assess risks, you must visit the plants and relate to operations people.」译文：「如果要能更完整地辨认和评估风险，风险管理人员应亲身访问工厂和有关之操作人员」１２．英文：「A reliable data base is essential to estimate probability and severity.」译文：「可靠之数据储存库对估计机率和幅度是相当重要的」１３．英文：「Accurate and timely risk information reduces risk, in any of itself.」译文：「正确和及时之风险信息有助于降低风险.」１４．英文：「The risk manager should be involved in the purchase or design of any new operation to assure that there are no built-in risk managementproblems.」译文：「风险管理人员应涉及任何新计划之设计规划或任何新购置方案之工作，俾便事先能确保不产生风险管理上之问题.」１５．英文：「Be certain environmental risks are evaluated in mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures.」译文：「企业在合并、购买和短期合营事业上应确定已完成环境风险之评估工作.」１６．英文：「Select hazardous waste contractors on their risk control measures and their financial stability or insurance protection 」译文：「选择处理具有危险性之废弃物之厂商时应以该厂商在处理废弃物时所采取之风险控制手段是否良好，他们本身之财务结构是否稳定，或从事此危险工作所引发之责任或损失是否良好之保险保障为主要之考虑依据」１７．英文：「Look for incidental involvement in critical risk areas, （ie. , aircraft and nuclear products, medical malpractice, engineering design, ect.）」译文：「在重要的风险区域范围内，积极寻求可能涉及的非所愿事件．（重要的风险区域范围指的是航空和核子科技产品，医疗作业失误、工程设计等工作而言．）」风险控制准则【准则条文】１８．英文：「Risk control works, it is cost effective and helps control local operating costs.」译文：「风险控制是项积极改善风险单位本身性质之工作．它可使成本做最有效之运用同时亦有助单位或部门营运成本之控制．」１９．英文：「The first ( and incontrovertible ) reason for risk control is the preservation of life.」译文：「风险控制首要的（和无可置疑的）理由乃是对人们生命的保护．」２０．英文：「A property conservation program should be designed to protect corporate assets-not the underwriter.」译文：「财产保全维护计划是为了保护公司的资产而设计的──并非为了保全人而设计的．」２１．英文：「Be mindful that key plants and sole source suppliers may need protection above and beyond normal HPR (highly protectedrisks)requirements.」译文：「对重要工厂和单一供货商应予留意也许它们需要超过HPR正常要求标准的防护措施．」２２．英文：「Use the risk control services of your broker and insurer as an extension of your corporate program. Don’t let them go off on a tangent.」译文：「要把保险经纪人和保险人所提供之风险控制服务视为自己公司的风险控制规划方案延伸的一部份．不能让他们突然地改变既有之服务内容．」２３．英文：「Quality control should not be substitute for a full product liability program. Quality control only assures the product is made according tospecifications, whether good or bad.」译文：「质量控制不应视为全部产品责任损失控制方案之替代品．所谓质量控制仅是能确保产品是依据既定之规格制造，不管此一规格是好是坏．」２４．英文：「Most of the safety-related “standards”of governmental agencies should be considered as minimum requirements.」译文：「政府机关所订有关的安全法规或标准应视为风险控制之最低要求．」２５．英文：「Duplicate and separately store valuable papers and back-up data processing media.」译文：「复制并分开储存有价值之数据文件且储备许多计算机处理数据上需要的软硬件零件．」２６．英文：「Avoid travel by multiple executives in a single aircraft.」译文：「避免安排许多重要主管同乘一架航空器从事旅游或考察」风险理则准则【准则条文】２７．英文：「Risk manager. ent should focus on two separate zones of risk relative to the maximum dollar loss the company can survive form a single occurrence:. Below this level-optimize the use of insurance relative to current cost.. Above this level-transfer risk (usually insurance) to maximum extentpossible-cost effectiveness is not a criterion in this zone; survival is.译文：「风险管理应着重一次损失之发生，企业能承受之最大损失能力之水平或范围下所分开的两个不同之风险范围．．低于此一范围水平之风险－求取保险与非保险对策之适切成本组合．．高于此一范围水平之风险－尽最大可能转移风险（通常利用保险）此时成本之有效性非决策标准而以存活之机会为决策标准．」２８．英文：「An entity with an unlimited budget can benefit from adopting all risk management measures which have benefits to the entity with an expectedpresent value greater than the expected present value of costs of thosemeasures to that entity.」译文：「较少预算限制之经济个体只要对所有之风险管理方案采取预期收益现值大于预期成本现值之方案即可获益．」２９．英文：「When, for budgetary or practical reasons, an entity must choose between mutually exclusive risk management measures, the entity shouldchoose the measure that offers it the greatest excess of benefits over costs.When both benefits and costs are expressed as expected present values.」译文：「当为了有限之限算或实际之理由时，经济个体在选取互相冲突之风险管理方案时，经济个体应选择预期收益现值与预期成本现值差额最大的风险管理方案．」３０．英文：「Competitive bidding which causes market disruption should be avoided.」译文：「公开竞标易引起市场崩溃应予避免」３１．英文：「Never depend solely on someone else’s insurance .」译文：「不要单单依赖某一保险人提供之保险」３２．英文：「Retrospective rating plans of more than one year hamper flexibility.」译文：「超过一年以上之追溯费率计划反而妨碍弹性程度．」３３．英文：「A tax advantage should be considered a “plus”-not a principal reason for a risk financing decision.」译文：「税负减轻之优点仅能视为有利因子－它不是风险理财决策之主要理由」３４．英文：「Risk taking presents an opportunity for economic gain.」译文：「冒风险意愿着在经济上获益之机会」索赔管理准则【准则条文】３５．英文：「The risk manager should be notified immediately (with-in 24 hours)of any major loss or potential loss.」译文：「对任何重大或潜在之损失，风险经理应立即（24小时内）获得通知．」３６．英文：「Major liability claims should be reviewed for adequacy of investigation and accuracy of reserve.」译文：「对于重大责任损失查勘之适当性和损失准备之正确性应特别注意评估．」３７．英文：「Be careful of local plant involvement in property and liability claims.Local personnel may be too defensive to properly review a major claim.」译文：「特别留意涉及各地工厂部门之财产和责任索赔案件．因为各地工厂部门之人员容易为了减低其损失发失之责任而隐瞒实情以致重大之索赔关键无法正确评估．」３８．英文：「Request early advance payments on large property and business interruption losses.」译文：「对于重大的财产和营业中断损失及早要求保险人预付部份赔款．」－３９．英文：「Secure several estimates or an appraisal of self-insured vehicle physical damage losses.」译文：「对于自行承担之车辆实体毁损应尽可能获取数种之估价数据」４０．英文：「Aggressive claims subrogation ( insured and self-insured) reduces costs.」译文：「主动积极运用代位求偿（不管是被保损失之索赔或未保损失之理贴）可降低理赔成本．」４１．英文：「A claim and disability management program, directed toward getting the employee back to work as soon as possible can save money even though the employee cannot do all phases of the job. 」译文：「索赔和伤残管理规划中应尽可能使员工回复原有之工作，即使员工无法胜任原有所有之工作但可使企业组织节省金钱之花费．」４２．英文：「Periodically audit claims reserves of insurers and self-insurance administrators.」译文：「定期审查保险人和自我保险人所设立的损失理赔准备」４３．英文：「The best claim is a closed claim」译文：「最好的索赔就是结束索赔」员工福利准则【准则条文】４４．英文：「The provisions and costs of employee benefit programs should be clearly and frequently communicated to employees」译文：「员工福利方案的成本和条款应该时常清楚地与员工沟通」４５．英文：「When installing a new benefit plan, it is harder to reduce benefits than to improve them later on.」译文：「当设计一项新的福利项目时，要了解清楚的是将福利给付或项目缩减比事后改善福利项目和内容还难．」４６．英文：「A poor employee benefit program can generate more employee relations problems than no plan at all .」译文：「一个差劲的员工福利计划会比不设立员工福利计划产生更多的人事关系纠纷之问题」４７．英文：「Employee contributions, even small ones, can help you assess the real popularity of a benefit plan.」译文：「员工醵出额即使很小也能有助于评估员工福利方案真正被接受支持之普遍程度．」４８．英文：「Know the benefit plans of the companies with whom you compete for labor.」译文：「应深切了解在人力市场上与自己公司互相竞争的同业公司之员工福利计划．」４９．英文：「Benefit consultants and brokers are not efficiency replacements for in-house stall functions.」译文：「福利顾问和经纪人无法有效取代内部专业职员之功能」５０．英文：「Collective bargaining of employee benefits should involve corporate benefit professionals.」译文：「员工福利在集体议商制定时，公司的福利专业人员应积极涉入参与．」５１．英文：「Legislation and regulation are intensifying in the employee benefit field.Make your company’s opinions known to the government before legislation is enacted.」译文：「政府之立法和管理规定对员工福利具有重大实质之影响．故立法通过和执行前，自己企业公司之意见应让政府单位知道」退休年准则【准则条文】５２．英文：「The ultimate cost of any pension plan is equal to the benefits paid, plus the cost of administration, less any investment earning of the fund.」译文：「任何退休计划终极本等于给付支出额加上行政处理费用扣除资金之投资收益．」５３．英文：「For the most part different actuarial methods and/ or assumptions may alter the incidence of cost, but seldom alter the ultimate level of cost.」译文：「对于大部份不同的精算成本方法和（或）精算假设也许改变了每年退休成本的偶然不同性，但很少改变终极成本之水平．」５４．英文：「Clearly identify your corporate objectives with respect to your retirement program.」译文：「明确确认公司目标与退休计划方案之关系」５５．英文：「Recognize that retirement plans are long-term obligations which will span many political, economic and social environments.」译文：「确认退休计划是属长期之责任义务，这种计划涵盖了许多政治的、经济的和社会的层面环境」５６．英文：「Identify the nature and extent of pension liability prior to any acquisition or divestiture.」译文：「做任何有关退休债务之取或舍之决定前，应认清该退休债务之性质和程度范围」５７．英文：「Establish formal investment objectives with respect to your pension funds which define risk , diversification and absolute performanceparameters.」译文：「应正式以书面建立与退休基金有关之投资目标，此目标应包括投资所可能产生风险之范围，投资项目之多元化之内容和肯定会影响投资绩效之因素有那些．」５８．英文：「Monitor the performance of your pension fund in the context of your investment objectives」译文：「应以投资书面目标评估退休基金之投资绩效」５９．英文：「Identify and monitor your corporate exposure as a result of participation in any industry wide multiemployer pension plans.」译文：「辨认和评估因参加任何同业之合同退休计划所可能产生之不利影响」国际性风险管理准则【准则条文】６０．英文：「Multinational organizations should step up to their international risk management responsibilities.」译文：「多国籍企业应逐步提升国际性风险管理之责任」６１．英文：「Establish a worldwide risk and insurance management program; don’t rely totally on a difference-in-conditions approach.」译文：「多国籍企业应设立全球性风险和保险管理规划方案；不可完全抑赖条款差异保险」６２．英文：「A combination of admitted and non-admitted insurance usually provides the best world wide insurance program.」译文：「被认可保险与不被认可保险之组合通常提供了最佳的全球性保险计划．」６３．英文：「Avoid the use of long-term policies overseas.」译文：「避免使用海外之长期保单」６４．英文：「Be sensitive to and don’t underestimate nationalism when implementing a worldwide risk management program.」译文：「在执行全球性风险管理方案时，尤需保持警觉，并且不能低估国家主义所致之严重问题．」６５．英文：「Don’t ignore local objections to worldwide programs.」译文：「不要忽视海外当地对全球性计划方案之反对」风险管理行政准则【准则条文】６６．英文：「Establish a level of authority via management policy statement.」译文：「透过一份管理策略说明书建立起不同的权责标准」６７．英文：「Prepare and universally distribute a corporate risk management manual.」译文：「编制并普通分发公司的风险管理手册」６８．英文：「Set up realistic annual objectives with your brokers, underwriters and vendors and measure their accomplishments and results.」译文：「与您的经纪人，保险人和厂商设立实际具体可完成之年度目标俾便评估其成效和结果」６９．英文：「Verify the accuracy of all relevant information you receive.」译文：「应证实您所获取所有有关信息之精确性」７０．英文：「 Read every insurance policy carefully」译文：「仔细阅读每一张保险单」７１．英文：「Keep program design simple」译文：「应尽量保持风险管理方案设计之简明化」７２．英文：「Consolidate-where it makes sense to do so」译文：「如果行政工作程序合并简化具积极意义时就该合并」７３．英文：「Develop record retention procedures」译文：「应发展一套纪录保存之程序」７４．英文：「Keep intercom any premium allocation confidential. 」译文：「公司单位部门间之保费分摊应使人信服」７５．英文：「Establish administrative procedures in writing」译文：「应以书面建立行政处理程序」风险管理技巧准则【准则条文】７６．英文：「Insurance policy provisions should be uniform as to named insured, notice and cancellation clauses, territory, etc.」译文：「保单条款中有关记名被保人、通知和注销条款、投保区域之规定等应求取一致．」７７．英文：「The “notice ”provision in all insurance policies should be modified to mean notice to a specific individual」译文：「所有保单中之“通知”条款应被修订成通知特定单位或个人之通知条款」７８．英文：「Primary policies with annual aggregates should have policy periods which coincide with excess policies」译文：「年度累积式基本保单之期间应与超额保单期间一致」７９．英文：「Joint loss agreements should be obtained from fire and boiler and machinery insurers.」译文：「应取得火灾和锅炉机械保险之联合共同损失协议条款」８０．英文：「Add “drive other car”protection to your corporate automobile insuracne」译文：「公司的汽车保险方案中应加入“驾驶他车”之保障条款」８１．英文：「Eliminate coinsurance clauses.」译文：「应消除共保条款」８２．英文：「Know the implications of and difference between “claims made”and “pay on behalf of”liability contracts.」译文：「应该认识清楚“请求索赔”责任保单和“代被保人赔偿”责任保单之涵义和其间之区别」８３．英文：「Risks accepted under contracts are not necessarily covered under contractual liability coverage」译文：「透过契约而承受的风险不一定需由契约责任保险来承保」８４．英文：「Add employees as insured’s to liability contracts. Use discretionary language to avoid defending hostile persons.」译文：「应将员工纳入责任保险之被保人中．并采用较为广义弹性之用语以避免并防范怀有恶意之他人．」风险管理沟通准则【准则条文】８５．英文：「All communication providing or requesting information should be expressed in clear, objective language, leaving no room for individualinterpretation.」译文：「沟通上所要提供之信息或所需之信息均应以明确且客观之用语显示，千万勿令人有两可解释之余地．」８６．英文：「All communications and relationships should be conducted with due consideration to proprietary information.」译文：「所有之沟通及工作关系应充份尊重考虑最高负责人意思后才予实施」８７．英文：「Communicate effectively up and down and avoid management surprises」译文：「沟通应有效地做到上闻下达之地步并避免令管理人员闻讯后感到讶异．」８８．英文：「Don’t tell senior management anything-ask them, counsel them, inform them.」译文：「对最高管理阶层人员千万勿用「告诉」字眼－而是用「请问」、「建议」、「通知」他们之字眼．」８９．英文：「Communicate in business language, avoid insurance jargon.」译文：「应以一般商业用语沟通，避免用艰深之保险术语．」９０．英文：「Obtain letters of intent or interpretations regardingagreements(coverage or administration) which are outside of and/or inaddition to actual insurance or service contracts. Never rely on verbalagreements.」译文：「对于保险契约或服务契约本身外的协议或额外的协议（保障或行政事项），应确实获得有关解释说明之书面文件．絶对不可依赖口头上之协议来行事．」９１．英文：「The immediate supervisor to the risk management function should be educated in principles of risk management.」译文：「对于直接执行风险管理职能之主管应受过风险管理专业教育训练始可．」９２．英文：「Communicate every insurance exclusion and no insurance implication to your management . 」译文：「风险管理人员应就每一保险契约中之免责事项及其所显示之保险以外之涵义与管理阶层人员沟通」９３．英文：「In competitive bidding situations, advise each competitor that the first bid is the only bid and stick to it.」译文：「在竞标中，应向每一位投标人建议每人的第一次标价就是唯一的标价并坚持此一原则．」９４．英文：「Risk managers should meet with underwriters rather than relying totally on others for market communications」译文：「风险管理人员应经常主动拜访保险人，以便取得市场信息而不应完全依赖其它的人和事来取得市场信息．」风险管理哲学准则【准则条文】９５．英文：「The risk manager ( and his corporation ) should avoid developing the reputation of a “shopper”or “market burner” . This reputation can be detrimental to the corporations best interests and the risk managerscredibility」译文：「风险管理人员（或其公司）应避免建立起「购买者」或「市场交易带头者」之名声．此种名声能够阻碍公司最佳利益之获取和损及风险管理人员之信赖度．」９６．英文：「Determine your personal level of risk aversion and temper intuitive judgments up or down accordingly.」译文：「确定自己的风险偏好之程度并据此调适主观直觉之判断」９７．英文：「Program design will always be a function of current practicalities tempered by management’s level of risk aversion.」译文：「风险管理方案之规划常是管理决策者实际风险偏好程度之显示」９８．英文：「Everyone is in business to make a fair profit」译文：「企业中每一个人均要有为公司赢得顾客满意，赚取合理利润之心志」９９．英文：「Long term, good faith relationships are not obsolete.」译文：「长期且诚信的关系是絶不会过时的」１００．英文：「Integrity is not out of style」译文：「诚笃正直的心絶不会落伍」１０１．英文：「Common sense is the most important ingredient in risk management.」_ 译文：「普通常识是风险管理中最重之要素．」。

奥尔马全球风险管理英文Orma Global Risk ManagementIntroductionOrma Global Risk Management is a leading risk management firm that provides comprehensive services to organizations around the world. With a strong focus on identifying and managing potential risks, we help businesses protect their assets and achieve their goals in a secure and controlled environment. In this article, we will explore the services offered by Orma Global Risk Management and discuss the importance of risk management in today's unpredictable business landscape.Services OfferedOrma Global Risk Management offers a wide range of services that can be tailored to meet the specific needs of different organizations. Some of our key services include:1. Risk Assessment and Analysis: Our team of experts conducts thorough assessments to identify potential risks and vulnerabilities in various aspects of a business. This helps in developing strategies to mitigate risks and minimize their impact on the organization.2. Crisis Management: We assist organizations in developing robust crisis management plans to effectively respond to emergencies and mitigate potential damages. Our experts guide businesses through crisis scenarios, providing support and guidance to ensure a quick and efficient recovery.3. Business Continuity Planning: We help organizations develop and implement business continuity plans to minimize disruptions during critical events. Our experts work closely with stakeholders to identify key processes, prioritize resources, and create backup plans to ensure the smooth functioning of the business.4. Compliance and Regulatory Support: Staying compliant with ever-changing regulations is crucial for the success of any organization. Orma Global Risk Management offers support in understanding and implementing regulatory requirements, ensuring businesses operate within legal frameworks and minimize potential penalties.5. Cybersecurity: As cyber threats continue to evolve, securing sensitive information has become a top priority for organizations. Orma Global Risk Management provides comprehensive cybersecurity solutions, including vulnerability assessments, threat intelligence, and incident response services, to protect businesses from cyberattacks and data breaches.Importance of Risk ManagementIn today's volatile business environment, effective risk management is essential for organizations to survive and thrive. Here are some reasons why risk management should be a priority: 1. Protecting Assets: Risk management helps protect a company's assets, including physical properties, intellectual property, and financial resources. By identifying vulnerabilities andimplementing appropriate safeguards, organizations can reduce the likelihood and impact of potential risks.2. Minimizing Financial Losses: Unexpected events can lead to significant financial losses for businesses. By managing risks, companies can minimize the financial impact of disruptions and ensure sustainable growth.3. Enhancing Reputation: Effective risk management demonstratesa company's commitment to corporate governance and responsible business practices. This can enhance the organization's reputation and build trust with stakeholders, including customers, investors, and regulators.4. Anticipating Future Challenges: Risk management enables organizations to proactively identify potential threats and opportunities, allowing them to plan and strategize for the future. By staying ahead of emerging risks, companies can adapt to changing environments and maintain a competitive edge.5. Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with regulations is critical for businesses to avoid legal and financial penalties. Effective risk management ensures organizations stay updated with legal requirements and implement necessary measures to meet compliance standards.ConclusionOrma Global Risk Management provides comprehensive services to help organizations identify, assess, and manage risks effectively.In today's dynamic business environment, risk management is crucial for protecting assets, minimizing financial losses, enhancing reputation, anticipating challenges, and ensuring regulatory compliance. With a team of experienced professionals, Orma Global Risk Management is committed to providing tailored solutions to organizations worldwide, enabling them to navigate uncertainties and achieve their objectives.Risk Management StrategiesIn addition to the services offered, Orma Global Risk Management also assists organizations in developing and implementing effective risk management strategies. These strategies help businesses build resilience, adapt to changing environments, and ensure long-term success. Here are some key risk management strategies that organizations should consider:1. Risk Identification: The first step in effective risk management is identifying and understanding the various risks that may affect the organization. This involves conducting a thorough assessment of potential internal and external risks, such as operational, financial, strategic, legal, reputational, and compliance risks. Orma Global Risk Management employs various techniques, such as risk workshops, interviews, and data analysis, to identify and prioritize risks based on their likelihood and potential impact.2. Risk Assessment and Analysis: Once risks are identified, they need to be assessed and analyzed to understand their potential impact on the organization. Orma Global Risk Management uses quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques, such as risk matrices, scenario analysis, and cost-benefit analysis, to evaluaterisks and determine their severity. This enables organizations to prioritize risks and allocate appropriate resources to mitigate them effectively.3. Risk Mitigation: After identifying and analyzing risks, organizations need to develop strategies to mitigate or reduce their impact. Orma Global Risk Management works closely with organizations to develop customized risk mitigation plans, which may include implementing control measures, updating policies and procedures, enhancing cybersecurity defenses, diversifying suppliers, and implementing redundancy measures. These mitigation strategies aim to reduce the likelihood and impact of risks, ensuring business continuity and protecting assets.4. Risk Monitoring and Control: Risk management is an ongoing process that requires continuous monitoring and control. Orma Global Risk Management helps organizations establish risk monitoring mechanisms, including regular risk assessments, key performance indicators, and early warning indicators. These mechanisms enable organizations to proactively identify emerging risks, monitor the effectiveness of mitigation measures, and make timely adjustments to the risk management strategy as needed.5. Stakeholder Engagement: Effective risk management requires active engagement and collaboration with stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, regulators, and investors. Orma Global Risk Management assists organizations in establishing robust communication channels with stakeholders, ensuring transparency and trust. This enables organizations to gather valuable insights and perspectives, align risk managementstrategies with stakeholder expectations, and build strong relationships that support risk mitigation efforts.6. Training and Education: Risk management is a multidisciplinary field that requires expertise and knowledge in various areas. Orma Global Risk Management offers training and educational programs to help organizations build internal capabilities and enhance risk management skills among employees. These programs cover various aspects of risk management, including risk assessment techniques, crisis management, cybersecurity best practices, and regulatory compliance. By equipping employees with the necessary knowledge and skills, organizations can foster a risk-aware culture and empower individuals at all levels to contribute to the risk management process.7. Business Continuity Planning: In today's interconnected and rapidly changing world, unexpected events, such as natural disasters, cyberattacks, and health crises, can disrupt business operations. Orma Global Risk Management assists organizations in developing comprehensive business continuity plans that outline procedures and protocols to ensure the continued delivery of critical products and services during emergencies. These plans include identifying essential processes, establishing alternative communication channels, securing backup systems and data, and training employees on their roles and responsibilities during a crisis.8. Constant Review and Improvement: Risk management is a dynamic process that requires regular review and continuous improvement. Orma Global Risk Management helps organizationsestablish mechanisms for reviewing the effectiveness of risk management strategies and making necessary adjustments. Regular risk assessments, performance monitoring, and feedback systems enable organizations to learn from their experiences, identify areas for improvement, and enhance their risk management capabilities over time.ConclusionEffective risk management is vital for organizations to navigate uncertainties, protect assets, and achieve their objectives. Orma Global Risk Management offers a comprehensive range of services and strategies to help organizations identify, analyze, and mitigate risks in today's volatile business landscape. By partnering with Orma Global Risk Management, organizations can benefit from the expertise and experience of dedicated risk management professionals, enabling them to build resilience, enhance compliance, and ensure sustainable growth in today's challenging environment. Risk management is not a one-time activity but a continuous process that requires ongoing commitment and attention. With Orma Global Risk Management as a trusted partner, organizations can effectively manage risks and seize opportunities for success.。

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临床试验中风险管理计划英文回答：Risk management is a crucial aspect of clinical trials as it helps to identify, assess, and mitigate potential risks that could impact the safety and efficacy of the trial. A well-developed risk management plan is essential to ensure that the trial is conducted smoothly and that the rights and well-being of the participants are protected.One of the key components of a risk management plan is the identification of potential risks. This involves a comprehensive analysis of all aspects of the trial, including the study design, investigational product, and study population. By identifying potential risks, such as adverse events or protocol deviations, appropriate measures can be put in place to minimize their occurrence.Once the risks have been identified, they need to be assessed in terms of their likelihood and potential impact.This can be done through a risk assessment matrix, which assigns a score to each risk based on its severity and probability. Risks that are deemed to be high in severity and probability require immediate attention and mitigation strategies.Mitigation strategies are actions taken to reduce the likelihood or impact of a risk. These strategies can include additional training for study staff, implementing stricter monitoring procedures, or modifying the study protocol. For example, if there is a risk of protocol deviations due to lack of understanding among study staff, additional training sessions can be organized to ensurethat all staff members are well-informed about the protocol requirements.Monitoring and communication are also important aspects of risk management. Regular monitoring of the trial allows for early detection of any potential risks or deviations from the protocol. This can be done through site visits, data review, or participant interviews. Effective communication between all stakeholders, including the studysponsor, investigators, and ethics committee, is crucial to ensure that any identified risks are addressed promptly and appropriately.In addition to proactive risk management, it is also important to have a plan in place for managing risks that do occur. This includes procedures for reporting and documenting adverse events, as well as strategies for managing any potential harm to participants. For example, if a participant experiences a serious adverse event, there should be clear guidelines on how to provide appropriate medical care and support.Overall, a well-developed risk management plan is essential for the successful conduct of clinical trials. It helps to ensure the safety and well-being of the participants, as well as the integrity and validity of the trial results.中文回答：风险管理是临床试验中至关重要的一环，它有助于识别、评估和减轻可能影响试验安全性和疗效的潜在风险。

一、前言现代金融中介理论认为(Allen and Santomero ，1998)，金融中介是风险转移和处理日益复杂的金融工具及市场难题的推进器(Facilitators)，金融中介在本质上是一个能够通过吸收风险，承担风险转移来获取收益的机构。

[1]作为金融中介的投资银行正是这样的机构。

陈云贤(1998)提出投资银行管理的轴心正是“风险收益对应论”。

[2]在理论创新的同时，20世纪90年代以来计算机技术的突破、衍生金融工具引发的一系列灾难性事件、投资银行自身激励机制带来的道德风险以及对有效分散风险的迫切需求，使得美国投资银行业对风险管理高度重视，风险管理理论与实践取得突飞猛进地发展。

目前风险管理在美国投资银行经营管理中得到综合运用，风险管理人员分布于公司各个部门，风险管理技术运用于日常经营，风险管理职业成为高素质要求的职业之一。

我国证券市场起步于20世纪90年代，由于在发展初期承担了为国企改革服务的重担，风险管理这一本应成为投资银行重要经营部分的要素被忽略。

进入21世纪以后，随着市场的日趋成熟与规范，我国券商十几年来积累的风险开始爆发，大鹏证券、南方证券这些曾在我国证券市场风光无限的券商倒下。

与此同时，监管部门也认识到风险管理对证券公司的重要性，中国证监会开始大力进行证券公司综合治理，对高风险券商进行相应的处置，颁布了《证券公司风险控制指标管理办法》等一系列监管政策文件。

2006年以来，我国证券市场正面临着一个重大转折时机，面对着一次历史性的机遇，这种转折与机遇的特点在于制度变革和产品创新。

证券市场的此种特点决定了证券公司可以开展更多的新业务、创造出更多的新产品。

然而，进行创新获取高收益的同时必然蕴含着更高的风险，而我国券商的风险管理刚刚起步，经验尚浅。

历史的教训、现实的机遇、经验的不足，突显了进行风险管理研究为我国券商提供风险管理指导的重要性。

进行有效风险管理的基础是一个有效的风险管理架构，本文尝试对美国投资银行风险管理架构进行深入剖析，以期对我国券商进行有效风险管理起到良好的借鉴意义。

１０１条风险管理准则原文及译文一般准则１．英文：「An organization risk management program must be tailored to its overall objectives and should change when those objectives change.」译文：「一个组织的风险规划方案必需配合企业的整体目标，且应随着目标的改变而改变」２．英文：「If you are in a “safe”business (relatively immune from depression, bankruptcy or shifts in products market), your risk management program can be more “risky”and less costly.」译文：「假如要稳健经营（即避免相当程度的经济萧条，破产或产品市场转型的冲击）则风险管理方案最好能够更具冒险性及成本最低性．」３．英文：「Don’t risk more than you can afford to lose.」译文：「不要冒自己所不能够承担的风险」英文：「Don’t risk a lot for a little」译文：「切勿贪小利而受大害」４．英文：「C onsider the odds of an occurrence」译文：「多加考虑损失发生的可能性」５．英文：「Have clearly defined objectives which are consistent with corporate objectives」译文：「必需要有明确的风险管理目标且此目标需与企业目标一致」６．英文：「The risk management department, as a user of services, should award business on the basis of ability to perform.」译文：「风险管理部门是属服务部门，因此该部门对企业利润的回馈应以其执行能力的高低为认定的基础．」７．英文：「For any significant loss exposure, neither loss control nor loss financing alone is enough; control and financing must be combined in the right proportion.」译文：「对任何重大的风险仅以控制对策或理财对策处理是不够的,必需将此两类对策做适当比例正确的搭配始可」风险辨认衡量准则８．英文：「Review financial statements to help identify and measure risks.」译文：「评估财务报表有助于辨认和衡量风险」９．英文：「Use flow charts to identify sole source suppliers or other contingent business interruption exposures.」译文：「使用流程图分析有助于辨认一个供货商所引发的风险或其它连带营业中断风险.」１０．英文：「To more fully identify and assess risks, you must visit the plants and relate to operations people.」译文：「如果要能更完整地辨认和评估风险，风险管理人员应亲身访问工厂和有关的操作人员」１１．英文：「A reliable data base is essential to estimate probability and severity.」译文：「可靠的数据储存库对估计机率和幅度是相当重要的」１２．英文：「Accurate and timely risk information reduces risk, in any of itself.」译文：「正确和及时的风险信息有助于降低风险.」１３．英文：「The risk manager should be involved in the purchase or design of any new operation to assure that there are no built-in risk management problems.」译文：「风险管理人员应涉及任何新计划的设计规划或任何新购置方案的工作，俾便事先能确保不产生风险管理上的问题.」１４．英文：「Be certain environmental risks are evaluated in mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures.」译文：「企业在合并、购买和短期合营事业上应确定已完成环境风险的评估工作.」１５．英文：「Select hazardous waste contractors on their risk control measures and their financial stability or insurance protection 」译文：「选择处理具有危险性的废弃物的厂商时应以该厂商在处理废弃物时所采取的风险控制手段是否良好，他们本身的财务结构是否稳定，或从事此危险工作所引发的责任或损失是否良好的保险保障为主要的考虑依据」１６．英文：「Look for incidental involvement in critical risk areas, （ie. , aircraft and nuclear products, medical malpractice, engineering design, ect.）」译文：「在重要的风险区域范围内，积极寻求可能涉及的非所愿事件．（重要的风险区域范围指的是航空和核子科技产品，医疗作业失误、工程设计等工作而言．）」风险控制准则１７．英文：「Risk control works, it is cost effective and helps control local operating costs.」译文：「风险控制是项积极改善风险单位本身性质的工作．它可使成本做最有效的运用同时亦有助单位或部门营运成本的控制．」１８．英文：「The first ( and incontrovertible ) reason for risk control is the preservation of life.」译文：「风险控制首要的（和无可置疑的）理由乃是对人们生命的保护．」１９．英文：「A property conservation program should be designed to protect corporate assets-not the underwriter.」译文：「财产保全维护计划是为了保护公司的资产而设计的──并非为了保全人而设计的．」２０．英文：「Be mindful that key plants and sole source suppliers may need protection above and beyond normal HPR (highly protected risks)requirements.」译文：「对重要工厂和单一供货商应予留意也许它们需要超过HPR正常要求标准的防护措施．」２１．英文：「Use the risk control services of your broker and insurer as an extension of your corporate program. Don’t let them go off on a tangent.」译文：「要把保险经纪人和保险人所提供的风险控制服务视为自己公司的风险控制规划方案延伸的一部份．不能让他们突然地改变既有的服务内容．」２２．英文：「Quality control should not be substitute for a full product liability program. Quality control only assures the product is made according to specifications, whether good or bad.」译文：「质量控制不应视为全部产品责任损失控制方案的替代品．所谓质量控制仅是能确保产品是依据既定的规格制造，不管此一规格是好是坏．」２３．英文：「Most of the safety-related “standards”of governmental agencies should be considered as minimum requirements.」译文：「政府机关所订有关的安全法规或标准应视为风险控制的最低要求．」２４．英文：「Duplicate and separately store valuable papers and back-up data processing media.」译文：「复制并分开储存有价值的数据文件且储备许多计算机处理数据上需要的软硬件零件．」２５．英文：「Avoid travel by multiple executives in a single aircraft.」译文：「避免安排许多重要主管同乘一架航空器从事旅游或考察」风险财务准则２６．英文：「Risk management should focus on two separate zones of risk relative to the maximum dollar loss the company can survive form a single occurrence:. Below this level-optimize the use of insurance relative to current cost.. Above this level-transfer risk (usually insurance) to maximum extent possible-cost effectiveness is not a criterion in this zone; survival is.译文：「风险管理应着重一次损失的发生，企业能承受的最大损失能力的水平或范围下所分开的两个不同的风险范围．．低于此一范围水平的风险－求取保险与非保险对策的适切成本组合．．高于此一范围水平的风险－尽最大可能转移风险（通常利用保险）此时成本的有效性非决策标准而以存活的机会为决策标准．」２７．英文：「An entity with an unlimited budget can benefit from adopting all risk management measures which have benefits to the entity with an expected presentvalue greater than the expected present value of costs of those measures to thatentity.」译文：「较少预算限制的经济个体只要对所有的风险管理方案采取预期收益现值大于预期成本现值的方案即可获益．」２８．英文：「When, for budgetary or practical reasons, an entity must choose between mutually exclusive risk management measures, the entity should choose the measure that offers it the greatest excess of benefits over costs. When both benefits and costs are expressed as expected present values.」译文：「当为了有限的限算或实际的理由时，经济个体在选取互相冲突的风险管理方案时，经济个体应选择预期收益现值与预期成本现值差额最大的风险管理方案．」２９．英文：「Competitive bidding which causes market disruption should be avoided.」译文：「公开竞标易引起市场崩溃应予避免」３０．英文：「Never depend solely on someone else’s insurance .」译文：「不要单单依赖某一保险人提供的保险」３１．英文：「Retrospective rating plans of more than one year hamper flexibility.」译文：「超过一年以上的追溯费率计划反而妨碍弹性程度．」３２．英文：「A tax advantage should be considered a “plus”-not a principal reason for a risk financing decision.」译文：「税负减轻的优点仅能视为有利因子－它不是风险理财决策的主要理由」３３．英文：「Risk taking presents an opportunity for economic gain.」译文：「冒风险意愿着在经济上获益的机会」索赔管理准则３４．英文：「The risk manager should be notified immediately (with-in 24 hours)of any major loss or potential loss.」译文：「对任何重大或潜在的损失，风险经理应立即（24小时内）获得通知．」３５．英文：「Major liability claims should be reviewed for adequacy of investigation and accuracy of reserve.」译文：「对于重大责任损失查勘的适当性和损失准备的正确性应特别注意评估．」３６．英文：「Be careful of local plant involvement in property and liability claims.Local personnel may be too defensive to properly review a major claim.」译文：「特别留意涉及各地工厂部门的财产和责任索赔案件．因为各地工厂部门的人员容易为了减低其损失发失的责任而隐瞒实情以致重大的索赔关键无法正确评估．」３７．英文：「Request early advance payments on large property and business interruption losses.」译文：「对于重大的财产和营业中断损失及早要求保险人预付部份赔款．」－３８．英文：「Secure several estimates or an appraisal of self-insured vehicle physical damage losses.」译文：「对于自行承担的车辆实体毁损应尽可能获取数种的估价数据」４０．英文：「Aggressive claims subrogation ( insured and self-insured) reduces costs.」译文：「主动积极运用代位求偿（不管是被保损失的索赔或未保损失的理贴）可降低理赔成本．」４１．英文：「A claim and disability management program, directed toward getting the employee back to work as soon as possible can save money even though theemployee cannot do all phases of the job. 」译文：「索赔和伤残管理规划中应尽可能使员工回复原有的工作，即使员工无法胜任原有所有的工作但可使企业组织节省金钱的花费．」４２．英文：「Periodically audit claims reserves of insurers and self-insurance administrators.」译文：「定期审查保险人和自我保险人所设立的损失理赔准备」４３．英文：「The best claim is a closed claim」译文：「最好的索赔就是结束索赔」员工福利准则４４．英文：「The provisions and costs of employee benefit programs should be clearly and frequently communicated to employees」译文：「员工福利方案的成本和条款应该时常清楚地与员工沟通」４５．英文：「When installing a new benefit plan, it is harder to reduce benefits than to improve them later on.」译文：「当设计一项新的福利项目时，要了解清楚的是将福利给付或项目缩减比事后改善福利项目和内容还难．」４６．英文：「A poor employee benefit program can generate more employee relations problems than no plan at all .」译文：「一个差劲的员工福利计划会比不设立员工福利计划产生更多的人事关系纠纷的问题」４７．英文：「Employee contributions, even small ones, can help you assess the real popularity of a benefit plan.」译文：「员工醵出额即使很小也能有助于评估员工福利方案真正被接受支持的普遍程度．」４８．英文：「Know the benefit plans of the companies with whom you compete for labor.」译文：「应深切了解在人力市场上与自己公司互相竞争的同业公司的员工福利计划．」４９．英文：「Benefit consultants and brokers are not efficiency replacements for in-house stall functions.」译文：「福利顾问和经纪人无法有效取代内部专业职员的功能」５０．英文：「Collective bargaining of employee benefits should involve corporate benefit professionals.」译文：「员工福利在集体议商制定时，公司的福利专业人员应积极涉入参与．」５１．英文：「Legislation and regulation are intensifying in the employee benefit field.Make your company’s opinions known to the government before legislation isenacted.」译文：「政府的立法和管理规定对员工福利具有重大实质的影响．故立法通过和执行前，自己企业公司的意见应让政府单位知道」退休计划准则５２．英文：「The ultimate cost of any pension plan is equal to the benefits paid, plus the cost of administration, less any investment earning of the fund.」译文：「任何退休计划终极本等于给付支出额加上行政处理费用扣除资金的投资收益．」５３．英文：「For the most part different actuarial methods and/ or assumptions may alter the incidence of cost, but seldom alter the ultimate level of cost.」译文：「对于大部份不同的精算成本方法和（或）精算假设也许改变了每年退休成本的偶然不同性，但很少改变终极成本的水平．」５４．英文：「Clearly identify your corporate objectives with respect to your retirement program.」译文：「明确确认公司目标与退休计划方案的关系」５５．英文：「Recognize that retirement plans are long-term obligations which will spanmany political, economic and social environments.」译文：「确认退休计划是属长期的责任义务，这种计划涵盖了许多政治的、经济的和社会的层面环境」５６．英文：「Identify the nature and extent of pension liability prior to any acquisition or divestiture.」译文：「做任何有关退休债务的取或舍的决定前，应认清该退休债务的性质和程度范围」５７．英文：「Establish formal investment objectives with respect to your pension funds which define risk , diversification and absolute performance parameters.」译文：「应正式以书面建立与退休基金有关的投资目标，此目标应包括投资所可能产生风险的范围，投资项目的多元化的内容和肯定会影响投资绩效的因素有那些．」５８．英文：「Monitor the performance of your pension fund in the context of your investment objectives」译文：「应以投资书面目标评估退休基金的投资绩效」５９．英文：「Identify and monitor your corporate exposure as a result of participation in any industry wide multiemployer pension plans.」译文：「辨认和评估因参加任何同业的合同退休计划所可能产生的不利影响」国际性风险管理准则６０．英文：「Multinational organizations should step up to their international risk management responsibilities.」译文：「多国籍企业应逐步提升国际性风险管理的责任」６１．英文：「Establish a worldwide risk and insurance management program; don’t rely totally on a difference-in-conditions approach.」译文：「多国籍企业应设立全球性风险和保险管理规划方案；不可完全抑赖条款差异保险」６２．英文：「A combination of admitted and non-admitted insurance usually provides the best world wide insurance program.」译文：「被认可保险与不被认可保险的组合通常提供了最佳的全球性保险计划．」６３．英文：「Avoid the use of long-term policies overseas.」译文：「避免使用海外的长期保单」６４．英文：「Be sensitive to and don’t underestimate nationalism when implementing a worldwide risk management program.」译文：「在执行全球性风险管理方案时，尤需保持警觉，并且不能低估国家主义所致的严重问题．」６５．英文：「Don’t ignore local objections to worldwide programs.」译文：「不要忽视海外当地对全球性计划方案的反对」风险管理行政准则６６．英文：「Establish a level of authority via management policy statement.」译文：「透过一份管理策略说明书建立起不同的权责标准」６７．英文：「Prepare and universally distribute a corporate risk management manual.」译文：「编制并普通分发公司的风险管理手册」６８．英文：「Set up realistic annual objectives with your brokers, underwriters and vendors and measure their accomplishments and results.」译文：「与您的经纪人，保险人和厂商设立实际具体可完成的年度目标俾便评估其成效和结果」６９．英文：「Verify the accuracy of all relevant information you receive.」译文：「应证实您所获取所有有关信息的精确性」７０．英文：「R ead every insurance policy carefully」译文：「仔细阅读每一张保险单」７１．英文：「Keep program design simple」译文：「应尽量保持风险管理方案设计的简明化」７２．英文：「Consolidate-where it makes sense to do so」译文：「如果行政工作程序合并简化具积极意义时就该合并」７３．英文：「Develop record retention procedures」译文：「应发展一套纪录保存的程序」７４．英文：「Keep intercom any premium allocation confidential. 」译文：「公司单位部门间的保费分摊应使人信服」７５．英文：「Establish administrative procedures in writing」译文：「应以书面建立行政处理程序」风险管理技巧准则７６．英文：「Insurance policy provisions should be uniform as to named insured, notice and cancellation clauses, territory, etc.」译文：「保单条款中有关记名被保人、通知和注销条款、投保区域的规定等应求取一致．」７７．英文：「The “notice ”provision in all insurance policies should be modified to mean notice to a specific individual」译文：「所有保单中的“通知”条款应被修订成通知特定单位或个人的通知条款」７８．英文：「Primary policies with annual aggregates should have policy periods which coincide with excess policies」译文：「年度累积式基本保单的期间应与超额保单期间一致」７９．英文：「Joint loss agreements should be obtained from fire and boiler and machinery insurers.」译文：「应取得火灾和锅炉机械保险的联合共同损失协议条款」８０．英文：「Add “drive other car”protection to your corporate automobile insuracne」译文：「公司的汽车保险方案中应加入“驾驶他车”的保障条款」８１．英文：「Eliminate coinsurance clauses.」译文：「应消除共保条款」８２．英文：「Know the implications of and difference between “claims made”and “pay on behalf of”liability contracts.」译文：「应该认识清楚“请求索赔”责任保单和“代被保人赔偿”责任保单的涵义和其间的区别」８３．英文：「Risks accepted under contracts are not necessarily covered under contractual liability coverage」译文：「透过契约而承受的风险不一定需由契约责任保险来承保」８４．英文：「Add employees as insured’s to liability contracts. Use discretionary language to avoid defending hostile persons.」译文：「应将员工纳入责任保险的被保人中．并采用较为广义弹性的用语以避免并防范怀有恶意的他人．」风险管理沟通准则８５．英文：「All communication providing or requesting information should be expressed in clear, objective language, leaving no room for individual interpretation.」译文：「沟通上所要提供的信息或所需的信息均应以明确且客观的用语显示，千万勿令人有两可解释的余地．」８６．英文：「All communications and relationships should be conducted with due consideration to proprietary information.」译文：「所有的沟通及工作关系应充份尊重考虑最高负责人意思后才予实施」８７．英文：「Communicate effectively up and down and avoid management surprises」译文：「沟通应有效地做到上闻下达的地步并避免令管理人员闻讯后感到讶异．」８８．英文：「Don’t tell senior management anything-ask them, counsel them, inform them.」译文：「对最高管理阶层人员千万勿用「告诉」字眼－而是用「请问」、「建议」、「通知」他们的字眼．」８９．英文：「Communicate in business language, avoid insurance jargon.」译文：「应以一般商业用语沟通，避免用艰深的保险术语．」９０．英文：「Obtain letters of intent or interpretations regarding agreements(coverage or administration) which are outside of and/or in addition to actual insurance orservice contracts. Never rely on verbal agreements.」译文：「对于保险契约或服务契约本身外的协议或额外的协议（保障或行政事项），应确实获得有关解释说明的书面文件．絶对不可依赖口头上的协议来行事．」９１．英文：「The immediate supervisor to the risk management function should be educated in principles of risk management.」译文：「对于直接执行风险管理职能的主管应受过风险管理专业教育训练始可．」９２．英文：「Communicate every insurance exclusion and no insurance implication to your management . 」译文：「风险管理人员应就每一保险契约中的免责事项及其所显示的保险以外的涵义与管理阶层人员沟通」９３．英文：「In competitive bidding situations, advise each competitor that the first bid isthe only bid and stick to it.」译文：「在竞标中，应向每一位投标人建议每人的第一次标价就是唯一的标价并坚持此一原则．」９４．英文：「Risk managers should meet with underwriters rather than relying totally on others for market communications」译文：「风险管理人员应经常主动拜访保险人，以便取得市场信息而不应完全依赖其它的人和事来取得市场信息．」风险管理哲学准则９５．英文：「The risk manager ( and his corporation ) should avoid developing the reputation of a “shopper”or “market burner”. This reputation can bedetrimental to the corporations best interests and the risk managers credibility」译文：「风险管理人员（或其公司）应避免建立起「购买者」或「市场交易带头者」的名声．此种名声能够阻碍公司最佳利益的获取和损及风险管理人员的信赖度．」９６．英文：「Determine your personal level of risk aversion and temper intuitive judgments up or down accordingly.」译文：「确定自己的风险偏好的程度并据此调适主观直觉的判断」９７．英文：「Program design will always be a function of current practicalities tempered by management’s level of risk aversion.」译文：「风险管理方案的规划常是管理决策者实际风险偏好程度的显示」９８．英文：「Everyone is in business to make a fair profit」译文：「企业中每一个人均要有为公司赢得顾客满意，赚取合理利润的心志」９９．英文：「Long term, good faith relationships are not obsolete.」译文：「长期且诚信的关系是絶不会过时的」１００．英文：「Integrity is not out of style」译文：「诚笃正直的心絶不会落伍」１０１．英文：「Common sense is the most important ingredient in risk management.」译文：「普通常识是风险管理中最重的要素．」。

hedgeHedge: A Guide to Understanding and Implementing Effective Risk Management StrategiesIntroductionIn today's fast-paced and volatile business environment, organizations face numerous risks that can potentially impact their operations, financial stability, and strategic objectives. To protect against these risks, companies often use various risk management strategies, one of which is hedging. In this document, we will explore the concept of hedge, its importance, types of hedges, and the steps involved in implementing effective risk management strategies.What is a Hedge?A hedge is a risk management strategy that aims to minimize or offset potential losses by taking an opposite position in a related financial instrument or investment. Hedging involves placing a trade or investment to reduce the risks associated with unfavorable price movements in an asset. It is commonlyused to protect against volatile markets, currency fluctuations, interest rate changes, and commodity price risks.Importance of HedgeThe primary objective of hedge is to protect an organization from potential losses that could arise from adverse market movements. By implementing effective hedging strategies, companies can limit their exposure to market risks, maintain financial stability, and safeguard their profitability. Hedging is especially crucial for organizations that operate in industries with high levels of volatility or have significant exposure to foreign markets.Types of HedgesThere are several types of hedges that companies can employ to manage their risks effectively. Some of the most commonly used hedges include:1. Futures Contracts: A futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price, on a specified future date. By entering into futures contracts, companies canlock in the purchase or sale price of an asset, effectively hedging against price fluctuations.2. Options: Options give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price within a specified period. Companies can utilize options to protect against unfavorable price movements while still benefiting from favorable price changes.3. Currency Hedging: Currency hedging is used to protect against adverse movements in exchange rates. Companies that conduct business in multiple currencies can use various strategies, including forward contracts and currency options, to mitigate the risks associated with currency fluctuations.4. Commodity Hedging: Commodity hedging involves using derivatives to reduce exposure to price volatility in commodities such as oil, gas, gold, and agricultural products. Companies can use futures, options, or swap contracts to hedge against fluctuations in commodity prices.Implementing Effective Risk Management StrategiesImplementing effective risk management strategies requires careful planning and consideration. Here are some key steps involved in implementing hedge strategies:1. Identify Risks: The first step in implementing effective risk management strategies is to identify and assess the potential risks faced by the organization. This includes analyzing market conditions, business operations, financial statements, and other relevant factors to identify areas of vulnerability.2. Set Risk Management Objectives: Once the risks are identified, organizations need to set clear risk management objectives. These objectives should be aligned with the overall strategic goals of the company and should define the desired level of risk exposure and the acceptable range of outcomes.3. Design Hedge Strategies: Based on the identified risks and risk management objectives, companies can design appropriate hedge strategies. This may involve selecting the appropriate hedge instruments, determining the optimal timing for entering into hedges, and establishing the desired hedge ratios.4. Implement Hedges: After designing the hedge strategies, companies need to execute the hedges by entering into the chosen financial instruments or investments. This involves placing trades, negotiating contracts, and ensuring compliance with relevant regulations.5. Monitor and Adjust: Once the hedges are in place, organizations must continuously monitor their effectiveness and make necessary adjustments as market conditions change. This may involve reviewing and rebalancing the hedge positions, reassessing risk exposures, and evaluating the performance of the hedges against the set objectives.ConclusionHedge is an essential risk management strategy that helps organizations protect against potential losses arising from adverse market movements. By implementing effective hedge strategies, companies can mitigate risks, maintain financial stability, and safeguard their profitability. Understanding the concept of hedge, different types of hedges, and the steps involved in implementing effective risk management strategies is crucial for organizations to navigate through uncertain and volatile market conditions successfully.。

Bitsight brochuresA Global Leader in Cyber Risk ManagementThird-Party Risk ManagementThird-Party Vulnerability Detection & Response Security Performance ManagementCase Study - Automating an integrated VRM program Case Study - Mitigating Supply Chain VulnerabilitiesA Global Leader inCyber Risk ManagementBitsight is a global cyber risk management company, transforming how risk leaders navigate growing cyber risk uncertainty. Companies around the world trust our integrated solutions to drive critical workflows across exposure, performance, and risk. We’re stabilizing cyber risk uncertainty and enabling control, ownership, and confidence for business leaders, risk leaders, and boards.Unparalleled Industry LeadershipThe world’s largest community of cyber risk leaders turn to our heritage of innovation and category leadership in cybersecurity.It’s time to be the growth enabler and bold strategist your company needs. The world’s leading risk leaders rely on Bitsight to reduce the likelihood of financial loss, prioritize security investments, and build trust across the ecosystem.3000+customers30+countries20%of Fortune500 companiesPartnerships that PerformOur long-time partnerships have bolstered our cybersecurity riskmanagement solution for evaluating investment risk and improving investors’ visibility into cyber risk.Moody’s Corporation: Bitsight data analytics embedded into Moody’s credit rating process Glass Lewis: Bitsight ratings incorporated in 14,000 proxy reports Marsh McLennan: Independent study finding Bitsight to have the strongest correlation in the industry to thelikelihood of a cyber incident120 governmentinstitutions50,000+users 62industries 4 of the big 4accounting firms 7 of the top 10 global cyber insurers4 of the top 5investment banks50% of globalcyber insurance premiums are written by Bitsight customersBOST ON HQRALEIGHLISBONSINGAPOREBUENOS AIRESNEW YORKBitsight is a cyber risk management leader transforming how companies manage exposure, performance, and risk for themselves and their third parties. Companies rely on Bitsight to prioritize their cybersecurity investments, build greater trust within their ecosystem, and reduce their chances of financial loss. Built on over a decade of technological innovation, its integrated solutions deliver value across enterprise security performance, digital supply chains, cyber insurance, and data analysis.A Market-leading Cyber Risk Management SolutionWith Bitsight’s robust o ering, CISOs can grow their ecosystems without worrying about expanded risk. Accelerate transformation without risking financial turbulence. Add vendors without their vulnerabilities. And get everyone talking a universal language across the board.Powering our solution is the Bitsight Cyber Risk Analytics Engine that delivers market-leading data, insights, and workflows for enterprise security, digital supply chain and cyber insurance.Security Performance Management for Enterprise SecurityA cybersecurity governance and exposure management solution that provides unique analytic insights in cyber risk governance and external attack surface management. It enables CISOs to confidently communicate and prove program performance and to stakeholders.Third-Party Risk Management for Digital Supply ChainAn end-to-end solution that continuously monitors third and fourth parties eliminating blindspots across the supply chain. Third-Party Risk Management enables CISOs to respond to major security events, e ciently onboard vendors, hone in on pressing issues, and scale programs.Cyber InsuranceProvides transparency into the cyber risks throughout the lifecycle of an organization’s cyber coverage process. Insurers harness our data because it has proven correlation to breach, which drives underwriting decisions, mitigates losses, and influences operating e ciencies.Bitsight TPRM is an end-to-end solution that allows CISOs and risk leaders to excel in their third-party risk programs. Risk leaders turn to Bitsight to e ciently assess and onboard vendors who match their risk tolerance, mitigate risk throughout the vendor lifecycle, accelerateoutreach to third parties during majority security events, and scale the team’s capacity with managed services. Bitsight TPRM serves the entire vendor relationship.E ectively respond to major security eventsScale team capacity to match business needs34“Bitsight opens conversations with our vendors’ security teams. By informing them about risks they may not know about, we set ourselves up for successful business relationships from the get-go.”RiskOnboard & assessthird-party vendors to empower business growth PerformanceGain visibility into yourvendor network to improveecosystem security postureExposurePrioritize, initiate, and trackvendor outreach during majorsecurity eventsVendor Risk ManagementAccelerate onboarding and assessment processes to enable company growth. With Bitsight Vendor Risk Management (VRM), cyber risk leaders expedite assessments more e ciently with automated workflows, verifiable data, and a growing vendor network. Reduce vendor risk with more confidence. Continuous MonitoringAddress ongoing risk in the digital ecosystem through the life of third-party relationships. Bitsight Continuous Monitoring empowers organizations to manage and surface ongoing risk through continuous visibility into vendor security controls, comprehensive alerting for quicker mitigation e orts, and automatic discovery of fourth-party concentrated risk. Take action as risk arises.Exposure ManagementRespond to zero-day events with speed and precision. Bitsight Vulnerability Detection & Response enables risk leaders to prioritize, initiate, and track vendor exposure. Leverage scalable templated questionnaires, tailored exposure evidence, and traceable reporting to reduce risk during critical moments. Managed ServicesResource-constrained? Need help getting a TPRM program up and running, or improving it? Bitsight Advisory Services provides a managed service across third-party programs to manage assessments, conduct vendor outreach, support remediation plans, and improve cyber risk operations without disrupting the business.Remediate risk andexposure more quicklyAdhere to growingregulatory pressureBuild stronger vendorrelationships23Prioritize, scale, and track vendoroutreach more e ciently with built-inquestionnairesAccess critical views of vulnerabilitiesa ecting your vendor portfolio toinform action plansProvide your third-parties withexposure evidence to remediate riskto their business —and yoursCommunicate remediation progress tothe board with an audit trail of vendorresponses updated in real time“Bitsight immediately shone a light on hidden risk in our own vendorportfolio, particularly critical third parties in the technology sector.”BOST ON HQ RALEIGH LISBON SINGAPORE BUENOS AIRESNEW YORKBitsight is a cyber risk management leader transforming how companies manage exposure, performance, and risk for themselves and their third parties. Companies rely on Bitsight to prioritize their cybersecurity investments, build greater trust within their ecosystem, and reduce their chances of financial loss. Built on over a decade of technological innovation, its integrated solutions deliver value across enterprise security performance, digital supply chains, cyber insurance, and data analysis.vulnerable. To harness objective metrics to drive their strategy and improve performance. To e ciently understand financial exposure and take action. And to confidently report results with context. Bitsight Security Performance Management (SPM) empowers security leaders to get there.Manage Risk and Empower the BusinessBitsight SPM is a cybersecurity governance and exposure management solution that gives CISOs unique analytics insights. Prioritize the right activities to reduce exposure, while also setting the right targets and improvement plans to manage cyber risks. Risk leaders use SPM to confidently tackle cyber risk governance and external attack surface management, then confidently communicate and prove program performance. performance across the organizationMake informed cyber risk decisionsAssure stakeholders that cyber risk is under control341 https:///marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/insurers-revisit-cyber-coverage-as-demand-premiums-spike-708800712 https:///global-ransomware-damage-costs-predicted-to-reach-250-billion-usd-by-2031/“You can’t manage what you can’t measure. Bitsight uses externallyobservable data and converts this insight into measurable values that can be transparently shared to get everyone on the same page."External Attack Surface ManagementAttack surfaces may be expanding, but cyber risk doesn’t have to. Bitsight’s external attack surface management (EASM) solution provides full visibility into the attack surface so risk leaders can understand where exposure exists today and monitor for the future. Prioritize and protect the most vulnerable areas. And continuously discover new assets to bring into the fold.Governance and AnalyticsLet the right metrics drive the strategy. Bitsight’s governance solution is built on objective, proven metrics correlated to outcomes. Identify areas to focus. Implement improvement plans that make sense. And track performance over time in a meaningful way and report on progress.Cyber Risk QuantificationGet everyone talking the same language about cyber risk. Bitsight’s solution for cyber risk quantification puts cyber risk in financial terms so leaders can manage risk. Set the right priorities. Calibrate cyber insurance based on unique risk appetites. And prove ROI over time to stakeholders.RiskMake informed & prioritized risk decisionsPerformanceInstill strong governance with trusted metrics & insightsExposureManage the expanding attack surface & monitor for the futureCASE STUDYAutomating an integrated VRM programHealthcare/Wellness & Not-for-profit Alameda, CA 350+ employees Challenge:To mitigate third-party risk and meet regulatory requirements through program automation and reliable cybersecurity data.As a trusted provider of a ordable health care ser-vices for lower-income residents in their region, Al-ameda Alliance for Health (The Alliance) faces pres-sure to manage business risk e ciently in order to provide quality care for their members. Having ex-perienced di culty managing third-party vulnerabil-ities and resulting data breaches in the past, The Al-liance knew they needed technology that would seamlessly integrate with their current programs to e ciently and proactively manage vendor risk.We’ve actually identified areas of risk we weren’t expecting in some of our more reliable vendors. Bitsight helps us work with our vendors and mitigate their own processes so we limit the impact of risks.”Solution:TPRM, VRMLike all healthcare organizations, The Alliance faces regulatory pressure to properly manage member data and proactively manage cybersecurity vulner-abilities internally, and within their large third-party ecosystem.“We needed a system that had both vendor evalua-tion and overall management technology, all in one system,” says Elizabeth Olson Lennon, Director of Vendor Management at The Alliance. They found what they needed in a vendor risk management solu-tion with Bitsight.With Bitsight Vendor Risk Management, The Alliance is able to conduct the entire vendor assessment and management process in one centralized location, improving e ciency across their vendor risk man-agement program.BackgroundBefore The Alliance was a Bitsight customer, they experienced a cyber attack targeting employee data. Their third-party risk team discovered the breach, and after remediating the damage realized they needed a consistent view over their entire footprint. They reached out to Bitsight and other entities of-fering other tools in the marketplace. The Alliance was struggling with blind spots in their large pools of data, making determining exposure points unclear and communicating risk exposure across the busi-ness di cult. The Alliance selected Bitsight because of the clear methodology, ease of use, and easy in-tegration with other services.With Bitsight’s third-party risk and performance mon-itoring technology, The Alliance is able to confidently manage the unknowns with better access to third-party vendor data. Instead of focusing on pre-vious assumptions about where bad actors would target, their third-party risk team has visibility into their entire network of connected vendors and con-centrated risk. With better insight into their entire footprint, The Alliance’s third-party risk team discov-ered concentrated risk in some of their bigger, more established vendors they presumed to have more secure programs.Utilize Bitsight data and analytics to preventfurther vendor attacksWith all the healthcare regulations, we were focused on our member’s data, but not employee data. We needed to be able to demonstrate to our members, and the regulators, that we know what our risks areThe Alliance has strengthened their vendor partner-ships using Bitsight’s collaborative tools and tech-nology for proactive remediation. “We’ve been able to alert our vendors of problems before they happen, so they’re aware of the issue before it costs them, and us,” says Olsen Lennon.Reaching out to their vendors through Bitsight gives The Alliance the ability to assess vendor risk points using the same view of network data, facilitating col-laboration and quick remediation. “We save hun-dreds of hours annually by using Bitsight.”Healthcare regulatory requirements mean some documents need to be stored and available for up to ten years, which can be di cult without the right or-ganizational tools. Bitsight Vendor Risk Management allows The Alliance to keep historical records of ven-dor assessment for easy, standard performance tracking over time, fostering trust between the or-ganization and regulators. “Bitsight has been integral in keeping us organized during auditing periods, and when working through regulatory evaluations,” said Olsen Lennon.Confidently collaborate with vendorsusing Bitsight Vendor Risk ManagementWe save hundreds of hours annually by using Bitsight. We’ve integrated Bitsight Vendor Risk Management into our onboarding and evaluation process, and it’s helped us identify the actual risk level associated with vendors.”CASE STUDYLike all government agencies, NASA takes cybersecurity very seriously, understanding that any security compro-mise can result in the postponement of multi-million-dollar missions and even loss of life. However, since the agency relies on more than 3,000 vendors to achieve its mission, threat actors have multiple pathways for infiltration.Protecting this extensive supply chain has been a long-time challenge for NASA. To identify potential vulner-abilities, they have traditionally relied on manual risk monitoring procedures, public disclosure statements, and breach notifications—which were usually only re-ported by larger vendors.According to Kanitra Tyler, Information and Communica-tions Technology (ICT) Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) Service Element Lead at NASA and a 30-year veteran of the space administration, the team needed more in-depth, detailed, and real-time security information.We use Interos, one of Bitsight’s valued partners for third-party risk management, which provides great insights into things like geopolitical and financial risk. But we needed to take a much deeper dive into our suppliers’ cybersecurity postures.”Mitigating Supply Chain VulnerabilitiesAerospace/Defense Industry Washington DC 18,000 employees Solution:TPRMChallenge:To gain visibility into the complete attack surface through real-time security data and to identify the most important risk areas to remediate.NASA also struggled with taking proactive and correc-tive action when necessary due to the time it took to monitor its vendor portfolio. With countless vendors and the need to reassess and remediate vendor secu-rity issues, NASA needed a more e cient process.Through Bitsight, NASA was able to improve its pro-cesses dramatically with daily alerts and easy-to-un-derstand metrics on changes to vendors’ security postures – to help them prioritize risk. Per Tyler, “Bit-sight has allowed us to automate our securityImproved e ciency, stronger security“At NASA, we focus on what we call the three P’s—pedigree, providence, and position, Bitsight helps enormously with the first two. We can now easily identify the vulnerabilities associated with a particular vendor and how those vulnerabilities could impact our own security posture—before we begin working with them.”Flying to space is our primary mission and area of expertise, not cybersecurity. For that, we want to partner with someone who understands thatdiscipline and how to manage it well. Bitsight is that partner.monitoring process, resulting in about 50 percent time and e ciency savings. We can sign into Bitsight and get real-time information right from the easy-to-use dashboard.” But for Tyler, Bitsight’s technology and data is only the beginning of what makes NASA’s relationship with Bitsight so valuable. The service and support Bitsight provides is equally important and has helped the agency remain pro-tected from potential threats.“I can think of at least three instances where Bitsight alerted us to major security issues that could a ect NASA so that we would be better prepared,” she said. “In each instance, Bitsight provided us with de-tailed reports and advice that allowed us to make better decisions while protecting our supply chain.”“I can think of at least three instances where Bitsight alerted us to major security issues that could a ectNASA so that we would be better prepared,” she said. “In each instance, Bitsight provided us with de-tailed reports and advice that allowed us to make better decisions while protecting our supply chain.”。

文章编号：1674－5205（2016）04-0189-（012）收稿日期：2015－12－11作者简介：李军（1974—），男，山东诸城人，山东建筑大学法政学院副教授，法学博士。

外国投资安全审查中国家安全风险的判断李军（山东建筑大学法政学院，山东济南250101）〔摘要〕在我国外资市场深入开放的背景下，外资国家安全审查势必成为主要的投资监管措施之一，但是我国目前的外资国家安全审查制度并不成熟，特别是缺失外资国家安全风险判断机制等实质内容。

外资国家安全风险的判断更倾向于盖然性分析，科学合理的风险评估方法是采用威胁———脆弱性的互动分析法。

对于外资而言，国家安全脆弱性的关键在场是敏感产业、敏感技术、敏感设施、敏感信息、敏感地域等，这些敏感点易受攻击或者损害而难以防范或补救，从而严重危及国家安全。

外资对国家安全的威胁来源是外资有意图与有能力或有机会损害国家安全。

西奥多·H ·莫兰总结了外资的三类威胁行为，并提出了国家安全风险评估的三威胁分析框架。

该分析框架并不全面，仅考察了威胁行为，而外资的威胁体现为三个方面：意图、控制能力、威胁行为。

国家安全风险是意图、控制能力、威胁行为与脆弱性这四个因素的互动结果，因此，更可行的外资国家安全风险判断路径是四因素变量互动分析。

〔关键词〕外国投资；安全审查；国家安全风险；四因素变量评估方法Abstract ：In the background of the deepened opening －up of our country ’s foreign investment market ，national securi-ty review of foreign investment is bound to become one of the major regulatory measures．But in our country the system of national security review of foreign at present is not mature ，especially lack of the substances such as the judgment mecha-nism of national security risk from foreign investment．The judgment of foreign national security risks tends to the probability analysis．Therefore the scientific and reasonable risk assessment method is to adopt the interactive analysis method of vul-nerability and threat．For foreign investment ，the key places of national security vulnerability area sensitive industries ，sen-sitive technology ，sensitive facilities ，sensitive information ，sensitive region and so on．These sensitive points are suscepti-ble to attack or harm and difficult to prevent or remedy ，which seriously endanger State security．Sources of the threats to national security are the foreign investor ’s intention ，ability or the chance to damage the national security．Theodore H．Moran summarizes three kinds of threats of foreign investment and puts forward three threats assessment framework．But the framework is not comprehensive and doesn ’t analyze the acts of threat．However the threat of foreign investment is embod-ied in three aspects ：intention ，control ability ，threatening behavior．The national security risk is the interactive outcome of intention ，control ability ，threat acts and vulnerability．The more feasible path for the national security risk judgment of for-eign investment is the variable interaction analysis of four factors．Key Words ：foreign investment ；security review ；national security risk ；four factors variable assessment method 中图分类号：DF82文献标识码：A以国家安全为理由对外资进行安全审查是国家的正当权利，因此，自上世纪80年代以来外资国家安全审查逐渐发展为主要的投资壁垒之一。