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教你设计PCI总线的高速数据采集卡（基于PCI9054）2007-03-13 21:02眼下有不少场合需要用到PCI总线的数据采集卡，下面我就来谈一下设计PCI数采卡的原理及要点。
首先我要以我的实际经验，纠正存在于很多人心里的几个误区：1．设计PCI采集卡要通读PCI协议。
相信有很多初学者都在这个地方被吓住了，几百页的英文要通读并理解谈何容易！其实PCI协议处理的这部分功能已经被PCI接口芯片完成了，如PLX公司的9054、9056和9052等等，它封装了PCI协议的细节，我们只需要控制这颗接口芯片local端的几个控制线就可以完成PCI总线的数据传输。
PCI协议也有它的用处，我们只需要在某些需要注意的地方查阅一下相关章节即可，比如PRSNT1#和PRSNT2#引脚至少要有一个下拉，才能识别到卡，这就是PCI协议中的规定。
2． PCI卡布线很复杂，一不小心就可能不成功。
其实对于32位33MHz的PCI总线来说，布线相对比较简单，只要稍加注意就不会出问题。
比如：PCI总线的时钟线要做成2500（+/-100）mil，这个是要注意的一点，一般PCI卡上的蛇行弯曲走线就是这条线，因为走直线距离一般都达不到此长度。
其他要求，比如地址和数据线要在1500mil以内，其实你超过一些也没什么问题，不要超太多就好了。
3． PCI卡的驱动程序编写很难。
其实无论是软件还是硬件设计，都有一些相对成熟的资料可以参考。
对驱动程序来说也是这样，对实际项目的开发没有几个是从头到尾自己在编代码，都可以在网上找到一些成熟的代码，然后自己修改一下即可，况且PCI卡的驱动程序又相对比较成熟，可参考的资料也较多。
所以你要从网上找代码，向PCI接口芯片的供应商要代码，等收集到足够多的代码，再配以适当的教材（比如对于windows2000/XP系统下的WDM驱动程序，可以参考武安河老师的教材就足够），就可以进行你自己的驱动设计了。
下面我再针对具体应用谈谈PCI采集卡的设计：一般数采卡的情况是将A/D转换后的数据通过PCI总线上传到PCI机，然后利用上层的软件进行分析处理。
测试SSD芯片，需要很多很多不一样的设备仪器：Emulator在SSD主控芯片设计阶段，除了RTL Simulation以外，通常还会进行Verification的工作，而Verification中就会使用到Emulator或者FPGA。
先说一下Simulation和Emulation的区别：Simulator是做仿真，基于软件，重点是实现芯片的功能并输出结果；Emulator是做模拟，用硬件实现，通过模拟实现芯片的内部设计，从而实现功能并输出结果；业界比较知名的Emulator提供商Cadence，旗下的Emulator产品Palladium系列，如图所示。
图1-1 Emulator按照官方的说法，这货可以做Simulation，Simulation Acceleration和Emulation。
在设计SSD主控芯片时，Emulator和FPGA都可以用于ASIC Verification，那这两者区别有哪些? 个人理解，主要有这么几点：1. 价格：Emulator大概百万刀级别，FPGA大概是数千到万刀级别；2. 能力：Emulator的逻辑可以到23亿门（这是老款Palladium XP，最新款据Palladium Z1达到了90亿门），FPGA大概是百万门级别。
对应到SSD主控里，一块FPGA可能只能模拟前段（PCIe+NVMe)，后端（闪存Controller）可能需要另外一块FPGA，而Emulator，只要你想塞，整个ASIC的RTL塞进入也是妥妥的；3. Debug：Emulator可以比较方便的导出ASIC攻城狮所需要的信号并抓取硬件逻辑波形，而FPGA在连接协议分析仪，逻辑分析仪方面比较方便；4. 速度：Emulator虽然好，但是速度比FPGA要慢的多–来个传说中的例子：如果FPGA 上boot一个OS要几个小时，那Emulator上boot一个OS可能要几天5. 逼格：FPGA是个公司就能有，Emulator则绝对是实力的彰显—有领导，VIP来参观的。
竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除pcie协议分析仪篇一：网络协议分析仪使用淮海工学院计算机工程学院实验报告书课程名：《tcp/ip与网络互联》题目：实验三网络协议分析仪使用班级：网络122学号：姓名：一、实验目的通过本次实验，熟悉Flukenetworks公司协议分析仪的使用，掌握opV软件的使用，掌握网上数据采集方法，并利用专家系统对其进行分析。
二、实验内容1、把Fluke协议分析仪正确接入网中。
2、在主机上执行opV软件。
3、设置捕获条件进行捕包。
4、利用专家系统对其进行分析。
三、实验步骤与源程序1.把Fluke协议分析仪正确接入网络中并启动；2.打开optiViewbrowser软件；3.进行捕包操作，并利用专家系统对icmp及tcp、udp 数据包进行分析；四、测试数据与实验结果1.首先在两台计算机上进行路由器配置，使用ping命令测试连通性2.、启动opV软件，其界面如图3-1所示。
3、设置过滤器，利用opV捕获Rip数据包，利用专家系统分析Rip数据包。
Rip数据包如图3-2所示。
02表示命令字段，表示响应报文；01表示版本号为1；00000002表示tcp/ip协议；c0a80100表示信宿网络的ip地址192.168.1.0；4.设置过滤器，捕获ip数据包，并启动捕获。
利用opV 捕获ip数据包，利用专家系统分析ip数据包。
46表示版本为0x46;00表示服务类型为0x00；0028表示数据包总长度为40byte;0011表示标识为17；0000表示片偏移为0x0000;0102分别表示生存时间与协议标识为1,2；08bc表示校验和为0x08bbc;3ac0012d表示原地址：58.92.1.45e0000016表示目的地址：224.0.0.22;5.设置过滤器，捕获aRp数据包，并启动捕获。
利用opV捕获aRp数据包，利用专家系统分析aRp数据包。
0010表示硬件类型为1；0800表示协议类型ipv4；0604表示硬件地址，协议地址长度分别为6,4；0001表示操作类型为1，表示aRp请求；c81F660ed462表示发送方硬件地址；c0a8030a表示发送方ip地址192.168.3.10；000000000000表示目的硬件地址；c0a80301表示目的ip地址192.168.3.16.设置过滤器，捕获icmp数据包，并启动捕获。
是德科技U4611A/B USB 2.0/3.0协议分析仪采用MegaZoom 技术的3.7.x 版本技术资料唯有是德科技能够提供深入、快速分析当前高性能超高速（SuperSpeed）USB 设计所必需的测试工具。
高性能分析–实时端点分析–实时链路分析–实时LTSSM–详细的性能记录–可定制的触发、计数、过滤即时访问捕获到的数据–分段存储器可更高效地保存多次事件捕获的结果–可捕获多达18 GB 的数据–直观的图形用户界面只需点击一下即可查看数据–面向规范的清晰数据解码概述Keysight U4611A/B USB 协议分析仪提供业界领先的实时性能分析、LTSSM 状态跟踪、最全面的触发系统以及高达18 GB 的可定制数据分析特性，从而将协议分析仪的易用性提升到更高水平。
是德科技提供的协议分析仪是在复杂超高速USB 系统中查找间歇性问题的最佳工具。
对于当今的USB 开发商和集成商来讲，要想确保他们设计的产品与日益增长的无数USB 设备完全兼容是几乎不可能的任务。
通常，捕获大批量流量会遇到很多困难，例如迹线缓冲区空间有限、查看数据时等待时间过长、搜索和保存速度太慢等。
随着USB 3.0 设计不再局限于基本功能，USB 设计人员正力求使新的和现有的USB 器件发挥最佳性能。
MegaZoom™ 技术可实时分析USB 操作，并提供详细的操作性能显示。
Keysight U4611A/B USB 协议分析仪能够即时显示捕获到的数据，甚至拥有高达18 GB 的数据轨迹捕获深度，从而克服了这些限制。
通过硬件加速千兆位以太网（高达70 MB/s）或PCI Express（高达550 MB/s）将轨迹数据传输到主机，无需等待即可分析完全深度数据。
例如，只需15 秒便可获得完整18 GB 轨迹的直方图。
数据可以显示为变址前（Pre-indexed）和压缩轨迹数据形式，可通过多个分析处理器进行分析。
图 1. U4611A/B 分析仪以直通模式连接，并记录主机与被测器件之间交换的流量。
pcie协议分析仪PCIe协议分析仪。
PCIe（Peripheral Component Interconnect Express）是一种用于连接外部设备的高速串行计算机扩展总线标准。
它是PCI总线的最新版本，旨在取代PCI和AGP标准。
PCIe协议分析仪是用于分析PCIe协议的工具，它可以帮助工程师深入了解和分析PCIe总线上的数据传输和通信过程。
PCIe协议分析仪的原理是通过捕获和分析PCIe总线上的数据流，从而实现对数据传输的监控和分析。
它可以帮助工程师识别和解决PCIe总线上的通信问题，提高系统的稳定性和可靠性。
PCIe协议分析仪通常包括硬件和软件两部分。
硬件部分包括捕获数据的PCIe探头和数据存储设备，软件部分包括用于分析和显示数据的分析软件。
通过硬件和软件的配合，PCIe协议分析仪可以实现对PCIe总线上数据的全面监控和分析。
PCIe协议分析仪的功能包括但不限于：1. 数据捕获，能够捕获PCIe总线上的数据流，包括命令、地址和数据等信息。
2. 数据分析，能够对捕获的数据进行解析和分析，识别数据传输过程中的问题和异常。
3. 时序分析，能够分析数据传输的时序特性，包括时钟、数据有效性和延迟等参数。
4. 事件触发，能够根据预设条件触发数据捕获，以便对特定事件进行分析和跟踪。
5. 协议验证，能够验证PCIe协议的遵从性，确保系统的兼容性和稳定性。
使用PCIe协议分析仪的好处包括但不限于：1. 故障排除，能够帮助工程师快速定位PCIe总线上的通信问题，缩短故障排除时间。
2. 性能优化，能够帮助工程师分析PCIe总线上的数据传输性能，优化系统的性能和效率。
3. 协议验证，能够验证系统对PCIe协议的遵从性，确保系统的兼容性和稳定性。
在实际应用中，工程师可以根据具体的需求选择合适的PCIe协议分析仪。
一般来说，选择PCIe协议分析仪时需要考虑以下几个方面：1. 数据捕获能力，包括数据传输速率、数据存储容量和数据捕获的灵活性。
逻辑分析仪和协议分析仪的区别――BJLK逻辑分析仪是通用的测试仪器，主要用于数字信号的时序和逻辑关系测量。
由于其可以提供很多测量通道，因此常用于并行总线测量。
一些高端的逻辑分析仪采用插卡式结构，单机箱最多可以配置6个测量模块，每个模块可以有68~102个测量通道，其模块最大状态采样率到2G/s，广泛应用于CPU/Memory/DSP/FPGA 等并行总线和数据的调试。
更进一步的，逻辑分析仪也可以通过扩展相应的软件对所抓取的数据进行更高级的分析，即从逻辑时序中解出其代表的数据包的具体含义。
如Agilent的逻辑分析仪可以选配B4621A的DDR2/3解码软件实现DDR2/3总线的解码和总线统计分析。
对于一些常用的高速串行总线，如PCIe/SATA等，由于其数据速率高达5Gbps，而且是内嵌时钟，逻辑分析仪的采样率和时钟模式都不太适合对这种总线直接采样，因此需要配合相应的分析探头（一台外置的测量模块）把高速的串行总线先解成较低速的并行总线，再连接逻辑分析仪进行采集和总线解码，从而实现相应的协议分析功能。
如Agilent的逻辑分析仪可以配合N4219B模块实现SATA/SAS的协议分析。
用逻辑分析仪做高速串行总线分析最大的一个障碍是基于数据包的触发功能比较有限，因为一个简单的数据包格式触发设置就可能耗掉逻辑分析仪的所有触发资源，因此很多和逻辑分析仪配合的分析探头如前面提到的做SATA分析的N4219B都内置了基于包的硬件触发功能。
而协议分析仪属于专用的测试仪器，主要用于特定总线的协议分析。
其内部一般内置相应的硬件解码模块，因此针对特定总线应用来说，其解码速度快、触发和分析功能强大，对于熟悉特定总线协议的工程师来说使用起来相对比较方便。
同时有些协议分析仪除了可以分析总线以外，还有训练器模块，即可以主动编辑产生符合相关协议的数据包与被测系统交互，更好地验证数据的交互过程。
如Agilent 的E2960B PCIE协议分析仪，可以提供X1~X16的PCIE GEN1/GEN2的协议分析，其可以设置30多种错误触发模式，同时提供PCIE的PTC模块（即进行一致性测试的训练器）和通用的训练器，可以帮助用户快速验证和发现协议的错误。
Our products are backed by over 125 years of experience in test and measurement equipment, and encompass the latest international standards for quality and safety.OscilloscopeOX 9000 SERIES4-in-1 InstrumentOscilloscope Multimeter AnalyzerLogger Safety•All channels isolated from one another and from the earth, 600V CAT IIIErgonomic•Modern, high tech design which is simple, compact and practicalOptimization•of all tools; communication, storage and operationisolated channelswith the recorded files directly viewable on screen2 Technical Assistance (800) 343-1391ERGONOMICSOriginalIn a housing tailor-made to be as compact as possible, the mechanical design makes it possible to integrate the hardware components in a small size with the keypad benefits from new technology developed inthe automotive industry.Scope in carrying case with shoulder strap, set of two 5 ft color-coded leads, alligator clips and test probes, 10 ft USB cable, µSD memory card, 1-PROBIX Banana Plug Adapter, 1 stylipen, LI-ION 5.8 Ah battery pack, PA40W-2 power adapter with 110V power cord. 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Two horizontal and vertical cursors can be used to view the section of the signal where the first automatic measurement was performed.A specific measurement area can then be selected by framing it with manual cursors for more accurate, reliable results.Direct comparison of two traces can be performed by checking the “reference memory deviation” box, so that these 20 signal parameters are displayed in terms of deviations.• wider bandwidth up to 300 MHz• new triggering and recording options • increased storage capacity, and more!• 12 bit resolution • 2.5 GS/secOSCILLOSCOPE:VIEW ALL 4 CHANNELS SIMULTANEOUSLY waveform + FFTwaveform + XY waveform + zoomThe Math FunctionsIn oscilloscope mode, the MATH functions (1, 2, 3 and 4) allow you to define a mathematical function for each of the traces, along with vertical scaling and labeling of the actual physical unit.The mathematical editor is capable of displaying 4 calculated traces on which all the automatic or cursor measurements remain available. This means it ispossible to examine the waveforms, such as the power (V x I), and perform all the associated measurements.A large number of operators are available, including +, -, x and / , as well as more complex operators such as sine, cosine, exponential, logarithm, square root, etc.opening the way for specific applications.Real-time Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for frequency decomposition of your signals on 4 channelsThe FFT is used to calculate, from 2500 pointsupwards, the discrete representation of a signal in the frequency domain from its representation in the time domain. It is often particularly useful for arriving at an effective diagnosis during qualitative analysis of the signals:• measurement of the individual harmonics or distortion of a signal• analysis of a pulse response• search for the source of noise in the logic circuits Several weighting windows are available, as well as 2 representation modes: linear or logarithmic (scale in dB). The 2 cursors can then be used for precise measurements of the frequency lines, the levels and the attenuations, taking advantage of the 80 dB dynamic range allowed by the 12-bit / 2.5 GS/s conversion.The autoset button makes it easier to obtain anoptimum spectral representation to which a graphical zoom can be applied to analyze all the details of the spectrum.Technical Assistance (800) 343-1391 74 MODES: Oscilloscope, Multimeter, Analyzer, RecorderHarmonics4 Simultaneous ChannelsHarmonic AnalysisHarmonic analysis is performed on all 4 channels up to the 63rd order to comply with the requirements of the EN 50160 standard (THD on harmonics up to the 50th), with a fundamental frequency between 40 and 450 Hz.It is possible to preselect the frequency of the fundamental for the standards (50 Hz, 60 Hz and 400 Hz).This function helps to improve analytical performance and, above all, measurement when the level of a harmonic order is greater than the fundamental.It is possible to view the harmonic analyses of two or four channels simultaneously: RMS level, harmonic distortion, harmonic frequency, phase of the harmonic in relation to the fundamental.MultimeterBy simply selecting the dedicated icons, you can gain access to the multimeter mode without changing the measurement input channels. The OX9000 models offer an 8,000-count TRMS digital multimeter with two or four channels which can perform the following measurements:• amplitude (DC or AC voltage and current, power, temperature, etc.)• resistance, continuity, capacitance • component diode testsTemperature is measured using the Pt 100 and Pt 1000 sensors or K thermocouples via the dedicated PROBIXsensors. The power measurements are proposed as follows with choice of the configuration:• single-phase power• three-phase power on balanced network without neutral Measurement between H and V cursors:T1, T2, Dt, 1/Dt, V1, V2, dV, Ph• three-phase power on balanced network with neutral • 3-wire three-phase power (2-wattmeters method)Recorder/loggerThis is the mode for recording the trends in Multimeter mode. A genuine fast digital logger is provided inside the instrument to monitor the variations of physical or mechanical phenomena over time. It offers acquisition intervals as short as 40µs between 2 measurements and recording can cover any period from 2 seconds to one month.The four modes are directly accessed at the press of a button or touchscreen icon providing instant access the mode you needChauvin Arnoux ®, Inc. d.b.a AEMC ® Instruments • 15 Faraday Dr. • Dover, NH 03820 USA • (800) 343-1391 • (508) 698-2115 • Fax (508) 698-2118E-mail:**************| Export Department: +1 (603) 749-6434 x520 • Fax +1 (603) 740-7550 •E-mail:***************950.BR-OX9000Series_1021 • Printed in the USA© 2021 Chauvin Arnoux ®, Inc. d.b.a. AEMC® Instruments Call the AEMC ® Instruments Technical Assistance Hotline for immediate consultation with an applications engineer: (800) 343-1391 (Ext. 351)。
