中级宏观经济学试题-chapter 4

宏观经济学习题集第一章正名本章重点：1)经济学的规范性和实证性定义的内涵与外延。

2)凯恩斯主义（及新凯恩斯主义）与古典（及新古典）经济学的区别与联系。

本章难点：1)微观经济学均衡与宏观经济学均衡的区别及简单的动态经济学基础。

2)经济体制和经济人行为的相互关系。

一、判断题1.“经济学研究如何有效配置稀缺资源”这种定义将经济学纳入规范科学领域。

2.“宏观经济学是研究宏观经济变量是如何决定的。

”这种定义是将宏观经济学作为一门实证科学。

3.在新古典学派看来资本主义市场经济是不完全竞争型市场经济。

4.由于凯恩斯的宏观经济政策在面对20世纪30年代西方资本主义社会经济危机时表现出的无能，使得人们开始对传统的凯恩斯理论重新进行审视。

5.在宏观经济学研究中，当经济处于均衡时，供给等于需求。

6.因为企业所有制（产权制度）制约企业制度的设计，所以一种企业所有制，只能对应一种企业制度。

7.在任何经济环境下，宏观经济变量的决定必然是经济人行为的综合结果。

8.在动态系统中，如果存在不动点，那么其只能收敛于一点，即只有一个不动点。

二、选择题1.经济学中的规范含义是什么A. 是指经济学的研究要符合规范要求、不能随心所意B. 是指经济学研究的目的在于解释经济现象，回答为什么等客观性问题C. 是指经济学的研究目的在于回答“好与不好”等价值判断的问题D. 是指经济学研究能够对各种经济现象给出规范性的解释2.经济学中的实证含义是什么？A. 实证顾名思义就是指经济学的理论要能够指导实践B. 实际上实证的前提是要符合规范的要求C. 经济学研究的目的在于能够回答“应不应该”或“好还是坏”等问题，并能得到来自实践的支持，就是实证D. 通俗地讲，就是回答经济现象是什么？为什么？3.经济学的规范和实证的关系正确理解是A. 规范和实证是彼此对立的，因而经济学要么是规范的，要么就是实证的B. 因为经济学是社会学科，因而本质上经济学始终是规范的C. 规范以实证为基础，实证以规范为目的，因为经济学的目的是造福于人类D. 两者就是一回事，不过是一枚硬币的两面4.以下那个判断属于实证经济学？A. 通货膨胀率下降了B. 失业率太高了C. 经理人的工资不应该太高D. 降低失业率比抑制通货膨胀率更重要5.下列哪种表述属于实证表述A. 政府应该降低税收刺激经济以防经济恶化B. 减少货币供给将降低通货膨胀率C. 央行应该降低货币供给D. 社会应该要求福利领取者去找工作6.以下各项中不属于宏观经济学中探讨的经济变量是：A、就业率B、国民生产总值C、通货膨胀率D、企业产量7.下列题目那些是宏观经济学研究的内容A. 家庭把多少收入用于娱乐消费的决策B. 政府管制对汽车废气的影响C. 高国民储蓄对经济增长的影响D. 企业关于雇佣多少工人的决策8.下列对市场经济的描述中不属于凯恩斯学派观点的是：A、信息传递不对称B、未来不能合理预期C、完全竞争市场D、价格调整具有粘性9.在新古典经济学看来，资本主义市场经济是：A. 不完全竞争的B. 信息是不完全的，具有非对称性C. 预期具有不确定性D. 具有充分弹性，能够有效地进行自我调整，因而政府的干预是不必要的10.经济学中的理性人是指什么？A. 是指经济主体都是自私自利之徒B. 是指经济主体在做经济决策时，都充满理性、计算得失以求自身利益最大化C. 一个利他主义者，绝对不会是一个理性人D. 理性人是经济学中最不现实的假设，它将经济学研究带入了歧途，老早就应该抛弃11.一个国家的经济体制可以靠什么来区分A. 社会的福利水平B. 是不是拥有私人财产C. 社会经济资源的分配和调节机制，基本的企业制度D. 看什么样的政党在执政9.有什么样的经济运行机制，就会有什么样的企业制度你认为正确否A. 客观讲，经济运行机制和企业制度之间并不是一个严格的一一对应关系，同时它们之间又确实存在着相互适应的问题B. 不正确，因为经济运行机制与企业制度之间并不存在彼此决定的关系C. 应该是企业制度决定经济运行机制D. 这个问题太复杂，根本就说不清10.尽管经济体制制约着经济人（个人、企业、政府等）的行为，经济人仍有某些共性比如：A. 企业按照市场价格决定产量B. 政府追求低失业率低通货膨胀C. 追求自身利益最大化D. 企业追求市场份额和稳定增长11.下面关于经济体制的描述中哪个是错误的：A. 经济体制是影响经济环境最重要的因素之一B. 经济体制包括经济运行机制和企业制度C. 经济体制是经济资源的调节和分配机制D. 构成经济体制的两大基本要素必须相互适应12.下列描述中哪个是错误的：A. 新古典学派和凯恩斯学派在经济学研究的某一阶段被当时在学术界占统治地位的经济学家们结合起来，组成新古典综合派中微观经济学和宏观经济学两大体系。

Microeconomics, 4e (Perloff)Chapter 4 Consumer Choice4.1 Preferences1) An indifference curve represents bundles of goods that a consumerA) views as equally desirable.B) ranks from most preferred to least preferred.C) refers to any other bundle of goods.D) All of the above.Answer: ATopic: Preferences2) The assumption of completeness means thatA) the consumer can rank all possible consumption bundles.B) more of a good is always better.C) the consumers can rank all affordable consumption bundles.D) all preferences conditions are met.Answer: ATopic: Preferences3) If a consumer prefers Apples to Bananas and prefers Bananas to Citrus Fruit, in order to satisfy assumptions about preferences she has to preferA) Bananas to Apples.B) Citrus Fruit to Bananas.C) Apples to Citrus Fruit.D) Citrus Fruit to Apples.Answer: CTopic: Preferences4) The principle that "More is better" results in indifference curvesA) sloping down.B) not intersecting.C) reflecting greater preferences the further they are from the origin.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Preferences5) There is an indifference curve through every bundle because of the assumption ofA) transitivity.B) completeness.C) rationality.D) nonsatiation.Answer: BTopic: Preferences6) Indifference curves are downward sloping because of the assumption ofA) completeness.B) transitivity.C) more is better.D) All of the above.Answer: CTopic: Preferences7) If two indifference curves were to intersect at a point, this would violate the assumption ofA) transitivity.B) completeness.C) Both A and B above.D) None of the above.Answer: ATopic: Preferences8) Indifference curves that are thick violateA) the assumption of transitivity.B) the assumption that more is better.C) the assumption of completeness.D) none of the assumptions.Answer: BTopic: Preferences9) A consumer's willingness to trade one good for another can be expressed by the consumer'sA) indifference curve.B) marginal rate of substitution.C) Both A and B above.D) None of the above.Answer: CTopic: Preferences10) Convexity of indifference curves implies that consumers are willing toA) give up more "y" to get an extra "x" the more "x" they have.B) give up more "y" to get an extra "x" the less "x" they have.C) settle for less of both "x" and "y".D) acquire more "x" only if they do not have to give up any "y".Answer: BTopic: Preferences11) Measuring "y" on the vertical axis and "x" on the horizontal axis, convexity of indifference curves implies that the MRS of "y" for "x"A) is decreasing as "x" increases.B) is increasing as "x" increases.C) is constant as "x" increases.D) cannot be calculated for large levels of "x".Answer: ATopic: Preferences12) Diminishing marginal rate of substitution can be seen when indifference curvesA) cross.B) are convex.C) are downward sloping.D) become flatter as we move down and to the right.Answer: DTopic: Preferences13) For which of the following pairs of goods would most people likely have convex indifference curves?A) nickels and dimesB) left shoes and right shoesC) movie tickets and concert ticketsD) None of the above.Answer: CTopic: Preferences14) If two goods are perfect substitutes, then the indifference curves for those two goods would beA) upward sloping and concave to the origin.B) downward sloping and convex to the origin.C) downward sloping and straight.D) L-shaped.Answer: CTopic: Preferences15) The indifference curves for left shoes and right shoes would most likely beA) upward sloping and concave to the origin.B) downward sloping and convex to the origin.C) downward sloping and straight lines.D) L-shaped.Answer: DTopic: PreferencesFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.16) Indifference curves cannot intersect.Answer:True. As seen in the above figure, points a and c are on the same indifference curve and are therefore equally preferred. Points b and c are also on the same indifference curve and are therefore equally preferred. Transitivity implies that the consumer would be indifferent between a and b; however, since more is preferred to less, a is preferred to b. Thus, as a result of the assumption of transitivity and the assumption that more is preferred to less, indifference curves cannot intersect.Topic: Preferences17) Indifference curves cannot ever be concave for two goods.Answer: False. While indifference curves are typically convex, they can be concave. This means, however, that the MRS of y for x increases as x increases. That is, the consumer places greater value on the next x the more x she has. The interpretation is that a consumer with concave indifference curves prefers to specialize in either x or y but not have a mix of both.Topic: Preferences18) Indifference curves for perfect substitutes must be parallel lines with a slope of negative one. Answer: False. Indifference curves for perfect substitutes are parallel lines, but the slope is not necessarily negative one.Topic: Preferences19) Indifference curves on the same indifference map can have different shapes.Answer: True. Indifference curves can meet all the necessary requirements and still have different shapes. Topic: Preferences20) Lisa views pizzas and burritos as goods. If she prefers a bundle of 4 burritos and 4 pizzas to a bundle of 4 burritos and 5 pizzas, which property of consumer preference is violated? What change in the assumptions could lead a rational consumer to prefer the first bundle?Answer: The property of more-is-better is violated. However, if pizza is a bad, then a rational consumer would prefer the first bundle.Topic: Preferences21) Explain why most indifference curves are convex.Answer: Diminishing marginal rates of substitution make most indifference curves convex. When people have a lot of one good, they are willing to give up a relatively larger amount of it to get a good of which they have relatively little.Topic: Preferences22) Draw the indifference curves for rock concerts and food for each of the following:(a) a typical 17-year-old(b) a typical 75-year-oldAnswer:See the above figure. These graphs assume that a typical 17-year-old would enjoy both food and rock concerts. The 75-year-old might find the rock concerts neutral or even bad.Topic: Preferences23) Draw the indifference curves for nickels and dimes. Would they ever have a non-constant slope? Explain.Answer:See the above figure. Two nickels are worth 1 dime. Yet, for extremely large amounts of money, people might prefer dimes to nickels for carrying purposes. That is why people often pay with exact change or don't like to break a twenty.Topic: Preferences4.3 Budget Constraint1) Joe's income is $500, the price of food (F) is $2 per unit, and the price of shelter (S) is $100. Which of the following represents his budget constraint?A) 500 = 2F + 100SB) F = 250 - 50SC) S = 5 - .02FD) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Budget Constraint2) Joe's income is $500, the price of food (F) is $2 per unit, and the price of shelter (S) is $100. Which of the following represents his marginal rate of transformation of food for shelter?A) -5B) -50C) -.02D) None of the above.Answer: BTopic: Budget Constraint3) Joe's income is $500, the price of food (F) is $2 per unit, and the price of shelter (S) is $100. Which of the following represents his budget constraint?A) 500 = 100F + 2SB) 500 = 2F + 100SC) S = 500 - 2FD) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Budget Constraint4) Joe's budget constraint equals 500 = 2F + 100S, where $500 is Joe's income, $2 is the price of food (F) and $100 is the price of shelter (S). How much food can Joe buy if he buys one unit of shelter?A) 2 unitsB) 200 unitsC) 250 unitsD) 400 unitsAnswer: BTopic: Budget Constraint5) Joe's income is $500, the price of food (F) is $2, and the price of shelter (S) is $100. Which of the following bundles is in Joe's opportunity set?A) 50 units of food, 5 units of shelterB) 200 units of food, 2 units of shelterC) 100 units of food, 1 unit of shelterD) 150 units of food, 3 units of shelterAnswer: CTopic: Budget Constraint6) The marginal rate of transformation of y for x representsA) the slope of the budget constraint.B) the rate at which the consumer must give up y to get one more x.C) - ⌧/⍓.D) All of the above.Answer: D Topic: Budget Constraint7) The marginal rate of transformation of y for x representsA) the slope of the budget constraint.B) the rate at which the consumer must give up x to get one more y.C) -P y/ P x.D) All of the above.Answer: ATopic: Budget Constraint8) The rate at which a consumer must give up y to get one more x is equal toA) – P x / P y.B) - P y / P x.C) – MU x / MU y.D) MU y / MU x.Answer: ATopic: Budget Constraint9) Betty consumes good x and good y. If the price of x = $3 and the price of y = $4, thenA) an extra unit of x costs 4/3 units of y.B) an extra unit of y costs 4/3 units of x.C) an extra unit of x costs 3/4 units of y.D) Both B and C.Answer: DTopic: Budget Constraint10) If the price of one good increases while the price of the other good and the consumer's income remain unchanged, what will happen to the budget line?A) The budget line rotates inward from the intercept on the axis of the good that did not change in price.B) The budget line rotates outward from the intercept on the axis of the good that did not change in price.C) The budget line shifts inward without a change in slope.D) The budget line shifts outward without a change in slope.Answer: ATopic: Budget Constraint11) Lisa eats both pizzas and burritos. If the price of a pizza increases, Lisa's opportunity setA) becomes larger.B) becomes smaller.C) is unchanged.D) cannot be determined without more information.Answer: BTopic: Budget Constraint12) If the consumer's income increases while the prices of both goods remain unchanged, what will happen to the budget line?A) The budget line rotates inward from the intercept on the horizontal axis.B) The budget line rotates outward from the intercept on the vertical axis.C) The budget line shifts inward without a change in slope.D) The budget line shifts outward without a change in slope.Answer: DTopic: Budget Constraint13) If the prices of both goods and income increase by the same percentage, what will happen to the budget line?A) The budget line rotates inward from the intercept on the axis of the good that did not change in price.B) The budget line rotates outward from the intercept on the axis of the good that did not change in price.C) The budget line shifts outward without a change in slope.D) Nothing.Answer: DTopic: Budget Constraint14) A consumer buys food (F) and shelter (S). If the consumer's income rises and there is no change in the prices of F or S, the marginal rate of transformation of F for S willA) increase.B) decrease.C) stay the same.D) change, but there is not enough information to know how.Answer: CTopic: Budget Constraint15) If both prices increases by 50%A) budget constraint will be unchanged.B) slope of the budget constraint stay the same.C) slope of the budget constraint will decrease.D) budget constraint will shift outward in a parallel fashion.Answer: BTopic: Budget Constraint16) If both prices decreases by 50%A) budget constraint will be unchanged.B) slope of the budget constraint will increase.C) slope of the budget constraint will decrease.D) budget constraint will shift outward in a parallel fashion.Answer: DTopic: Budget Constraint17) If a consumer's budget line for food (F) and shelter (S) is represented as F = 250 - 5S, we know thatA) the consumer's income is 250.B) the price of shelter is 5.C) the price of shelter is 5 times the price of food.D) All of the above.Answer: CTopic: Budget ConstraintFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.18) The slope of the budget line represents the rate at which the consumer is willing to trade one good for another at any given bundle.Answer: False. This describes the slope of the indifference curve. The slope of the budget line represents the rate at which the consumer must trade one good for another at any given bundle.Topic: Budget Constraint19) Joe subscribes to an Internet provider that charges $2 per hour. Draw his budget line for Internet access on the horizontal axis and money spent on all other goods on the vertical axis assuming he has $100 per month to spend. Another company offers unlimited Internet access for a flat monthly fee of $20. Draw this budget line.Answer:See the above figure.Topic: Budget Constraint20) Lisa has an income of $100. She spends all of her income on pizza and burritos. A pizza costs $10 and a burrito costs $5. However, the store where Lisa buys her burritos has a special deal. After you've bought 6 burritos, then you can buy each burrito for $2.50. Draw Lisa's opportunity set.Answer:See the above figure.Topic: Budget Constraint21) Explain the difference between the marginal rate of substitution and the marginal rate of transformation. Answer: The marginal rate of substitution is a consumer's willingness to trade one good for another based on utility. The marginal rate of transformation is the consumer's ability to trade one good for another based on prices.Topic: Budget Constraint4.4 Constrained Consumer Choice1) Economists assume consumers select a bundle of goods that maximizes their well-being subject toA) their budget constraint.B) their income.C) relative prices.D) their marginal rate of substitution.Answer: ATopic: Constrained Consumer Choice2) An optimum that occurs as a corner solutionA) includes only one good.B) cannot be an equilibrium.C) cannot exhaust the budget constraint.D) includes the exact same amounts of each good.Answer: ATopic: Constrained Consumer Choice3) The consumer is in equilibrium whenA) MRT = MRS.B) P x / P y = MUx y / MU y.C) the budget line is tangent to the indifference curve at the bundle chosen.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Constrained Consumer Choice4) By selecting a bundle where MRS = MRT, the consumer isA) achieving a corner solution.B) reaching the highest possible indifference curve she can afford.C) not behaving in an optimal way.D) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Constrained Consumer Choice5) By selecting a bundle where MRS = MRT, the consumer is sayingA) "I value my last unit of each good equally."B) "I am willing to trade one good for the other at the same rate that I am required to do so."C) "I will equate the amounts spent on all goods consumed."D) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Constrained Consumer Choice6) Assume the price of beer is $4, the price of pizza is $10 and the consumer's income is $250. Which consumption bundle will NOT be the consumers choice?A) A(5 Beer, 5 Pizza)B) B(0 Beer, 25 Pizza)C) C(25 Beer, 15 Pizza)D) None of the bundle will be chosen.Answer: ATopic: Constrained Consumer Choice7) With respect to consuming food and shelter, two consumers face the same prices and both claim to be in equilibrium. We therefore know thatA) they both have the same marginal utility for food.B) they both have the same marginal utility for shelter.C) they both have the same MRS of food for shelter.D) All of the above.Answer: CTopic: Constrained Consumer Choice8) Johnny has allocated $30 toward coffee and tea and feels that coffee and tea are perfect substitutes. Due to differences in caffeine levels, his MRS of tea for coffee equals 2. If coffee and tea sell for the same price, Johnny willA) spend all $30 on tea.B) spend all $30 on coffee.C) spend $20 on coffee and $10 on tea.D) be indifferent between any bundle of coffee and tea costing $30.Answer: BTopic: Constrained Consumer Choice9) Max has allocated $100 toward meats for his barbecue. His budget line and an indifference map are shown in the above figure. Which bundle will Max choose?A) aB) bC) cD) dAnswer: BTopic: Constrained Consumer Choiceshown in the above figure. What is the price of chicken?A) $0.80/lbB) $1.25/lbC) $4/lbD) $5/lbAnswer: DTopic: Constrained Consumer Choice11) Max has allocated $100 toward meats for his barbecue. His budget line and an indifference map are shown in the above figure. If the price of burger increases,A) Max will buy less burger and more chicken.B) Max will buy less burger and the same quantity of chicken.C) Max will buy less of both meats.D) More information is needed to answer the question.Answer: DTopic: Constrained Consumer Choice12) Max has allocated $100 toward meats for his barbecue. His budget line and an indifference map are shown in the above figure. What happens if Max's mother gives him 10 pounds of burger?A) Max would have preferred receiving the dollar value of the burger.B) Max is indifferent between this gift and the dollar value of the burger.C) Max prefers this gift to the dollar value of the burger.D) None of the above.Answer: BTopic: Constrained Consumer Choice13) Max has allocated $100 toward meats for his barbecue. His budget line and an indifference map are shown in the above figure. What happens if Max's mother gives him 30 pounds of burger?A) Max would have preferred receiving the dollar value of the burger.B) Max is indifferent between this gift and the dollar value of the burger.C) Max prefers this gift to the dollar value of the burger.D) None of the above.Answer: ATopic: Constrained Consumer Choice14) Max has allocated $100 toward meats for his barbecue. His budget line and an indifference map are shown in the above figure. What happens if Max receives a $100 cash grant to buy either meat or chicken?A) Max will double his consumption of both meats.B) Max will spend it all on burger. Because of its lower price, he can buy more of it.C) Max will take advantage of the gift by buying all chicken because it is the more expensive meat.D) There is not enough information to answer the question.Answer: ATopic: Constrained Consumer Choice15) Max has allocated $100 toward meats for his barbecue. His budget line and an indifference map are shown in the above figure. Which of the following best describes Max's preferences?A) d > b > eB) d = b = eC) a = b > cD) a = b > eAnswer: DTopic: Constrained Consumer Choiceshown in the above figure. Which of the following bundles are in Max's opportunity set?A) a, b, cB) b, d, eC) a, b, dD) None of the above.Answer: BTopic: Constrained Consumer Choice17) Max has allocated $100 toward meats for his barbecue. His budget line and indifference map are shown in the above figure. If the price of burger increases, which of the following bundles are in Max's opportunity set?A) b, d, eB) d, eC) a, b, c, d, eD) None of the labeled points are in Max's opportunity set.Answer: DTopic: Constrained Consumer Choice18) Cash may be preferred to food stamps because additional cashA) rotates the budget constraint.B) shifts out the budget constraint at every point.C) provides a smaller opportunity set.D) allows the purchase of more food.Answer: BTopic: Constrained Consumer Choice19) Max has allocated $100 toward meats for his barbecue. His budget line and indifference map are shown in the above figure. If Max is currently at point eA) his MRS is less than the trade-off offered by the market.B) is willing to give up more burger than he has to given market prices.C) is not maximizing his utility.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Constrained Consumer Choice20) Max has allocated $100 toward meats for his barbecue. His budget line and indifference map are shown in the above figure. If Max is currently at point dA) his MRS is larger than the trade-off offered by the market.B) is willing to give up more chicken than he has to given market prices.C) is not maximizing his utility.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Constrained Consumer ChoiceFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.21) Consumers do not prefer gifts-in-kind to cash gifts.Answer: True. It is possible the consumer would buy the same gift with cash and therefore be just as well off. If the consumer bought something other than the gift, that means that this something else is preferred to the gift. At best, the gift yields the same utility as would have been achieved with the cash, but never more. Topic: Consumer's Constrained Choice22) If MRS > MRT, then the consumer is better off than at equilibrium.Answer: False. MRS > MRT implies that the consumer values the next unit of "x" more than it costs to obtain it. That is, there is a gain from trade to be made. As more "x" is purchased, MRS falls and eventually MRS = MRT. At this point, all gains from trade have been made.Topic: Constrained Consumer Choice23) Joe subscribes to an Internet provider that charges $2 per hour. He has $100 per month to spend and is at equilibrium by buying 10 hours of Internet access and $80 worth of other goods. Draw the indifference curve and budget line. If the company switches to a $20 monthly fee for unlimited Internet access, is Joe better off? Answer:See the above figure. Under the new plan Joe can still purchase his original bundle and get additional time on the Internet for free. Note that had Joe been consuming less than 10 hours at $2 per hour, the new pricing policy would leave him worse off.Topic: Constrained Consumer Choice24) Suppose Joe's utility for lobster (L) and soda (S) can be represented as U = L0.5 S0.5. Joe walks into a restaurant with $72. Lobsters cost $18 each and sodas cost $2 each. How much lobster and soda will Joe consume if he intends to spend all his money? (There are no tax and no tips.)Answer: Maximizing Joe's utility subject to his budget constraint yields:U = L0.5 S0.5 + l(72 - 18L - 2S)1. dU/dL = 0.5 L-0.5 S0.5. - l18 = 02. dU/dL = 0.5 L0.5 S-0.5 - l2 = 03. dU/dL = 72 - 18L - 2S = 0From 1) and 2), S/L = 9 or S = 9L. Substituting into 3) yields 72 - 36L = 0 or L = 2. Since S = 9L, S = 18. Thus, Joe will buy 2 lobsters and wash it all down with 18 sodas.Topic: Constrained Consumer Choice25) Joe's indifference map for lobster and soda is shown in the above figure along with his budget line. Will Joe choose point a? Explain your answer in terms both of MRS and the level of utility.Answer: Joe will not choose point a. Since the slope of his budget line tells us that he must give up only 9 sodas to get a lobster, Joe will wish to buy more lobsters and less soda than bundle a provides. From a utility standpoint, Joe will not choose point a because another bundle that lies on a higher indifference curve is obtainable.Topic: Constrained Consumer Choice26) John is indifferent between canned soup and fresh soup. Canned soup sells for $1 per serving and fresh soup sells for $2 per serving. Assuming that John has allocated $4 toward soup, how will he spend it? Explain your answer by drawing John's budget line and indifference curves.Answer:See the above figure. Canned and fresh soups are perfect substitutes. A corner solution exists where John spends all $4 on canned soup.Topic: Constrained Consumer Choice27) Suppose that left shoes and right shoes must be purchased separately. Ingrid needs an equal number of each type of shoe and has a budget of $100 for shoes. Left shoes always cost $1. If right shoes cost $19 each, how many of each will Ingrid buy? If the price of right shoes increases to $49 each, how will Ingrid react? Explain your answer by drawing the indifference curves and budget lines.Answer:See the above figure. Since Ingrid needs an equal number of each type of shoe, left shoes and right shoes are perfect complements. If right shoes are $19 each, Ingrid purchases 5 pairs of shoes. If right shoes are $49 each, Ingrid purchases 2 pairs.Topic: Constrained Consumer Choice28) Johnny has $100 to spend on books and all other goods. Books cost $20 each and Johnny is at equilibrium consuming 3 books and $40 worth of other goods. Johnny's grandmom wants to give Johnny either a book or $20 for his birthday. Which gift does Johnny prefer? Explain using an indifference map and budget lines.Answer:See the above figure. Since Johnny's equilibrium book consumption exceeds the quantity of books in the gift-in-kind, Johnny is indifferent between receiving the book or the cash. Had Johnny been consuming less than one book, he would have preferred the cash.Topic: Constrained Consumer Choice29) Lisa consumes only pizzas (P) and burritos (B). Her utility function is U = P0.5 B0.5. The price of per pizza is $10 and the price per burrito is $5. In equilibrium, Lisa consumes 4 pizzas. Using Lisa's utility function, calculate how many burritos she consumes.Answer: The marginal utility of pizza equals B0.5/2P0.5. The marginal utility of a burrito equals P0.5/2B0.5. In equilibrium, the ratio of the marginal utilities will equal the ratio of prices. The ratio of marginal utilities simplifies to B/P. The ratio of prices is 10/5. Since we know that Lisa consumes 4 pizzas, she must consume 8 burritos.Topic: Constrained Consumer Choice30) Lisa consumes only pizzas and burritos. In equilibrium, her marginal utility of pizza is 20 and her marginal utility of a burrito is 10. The price of a pizza is $4. What is the price of a burrito?Answer: In equilibrium, the ratio of the marginal utility of a pizza divided by the price of a pizza must equal the marginal utility of a burrito divided by the price of a burrito. Thus, the price of a burrito must be $2. Topic: Constrained Consumer Choice21。

张延《中级宏观经济学》第四章产品市场和货币市场的同时均衡：IS LM -模型跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

1．下述方程是对某一经济的描述（可以假定C 、I 、G 等均以十亿美元度量，而R 以百分比度量，利率5%意味着5R =）。

()0.81C t Y =-0.25T Y =100050I R =-0700G =0.2562.5L Y R =-500M P =（1）IS 曲线的定义是什么？哪一个方程描述了IS 曲线？（2）LM 曲线的定义是什么？哪一个方程描述了LM 曲线？（3）收入和利率的均衡水平是什么？（4）用文字描述IS 曲线与LM 曲线的交点所满足的条件，并且解释为什么该点是均衡位置。

答：（1）IS 曲线代表了产品市场处于均衡时候的国民收入和利率水平的组合。

它描述了利率和收入的反向变动关系，利率下降会导致投资支出增加，从而厂商的实际产出增加，收入也会增加。

由00.6170050Y C I G Y R =++=+-，整理得4250125Y R =-，此方程描述了IS 曲线。

（2）LM 曲线代表了货币市场处于均衡时候的利率和收入水平的组合，货币供给等于货币需求时候的利率和收入水平的组合。

它描述了利率和收入水平的同向变动关系。

由M L P=，得5000.2562.5Y R =-，整理得2000250Y R =+，此方程描述了LM 曲线。

（3）将IS 曲线和LM 曲线方程联立，有42501252000250R R -=+，解得：6R *=，3500Y *=。

（4）在LM 曲线和IS 曲线的交点处产品市场和货币市场同时处于均衡。

第四章计算题参考答案
第1题：一封闭经济，消费对利率不敏感，利率降低1%，投资的GDP 比重上升2%。

a) 政府购买下降4%，当消费不变时（对利率不敏感），投资比重上升4%。

b) 利率下降2%，因投资比重提高4%。

c) p65页公式可以写为：)/()/(3.0/7.0//K Y Y K N N A A Y Y ⨯∆+∆+∆=∆
设A A /∆和N N /∆保持原增长水平不变，投资比重Y K /∆比原水平增加4%，2/=K Y ，可以得到GDP 比原增长水平提高%4.22%43.0=⨯⨯
第2题：潜在产出为4000，均衡利率是0.05，货币需求为P R Y M )40003.0(-=，货币供给为1000。

a) 由货币均衡P )05.0400040003.0(1000⨯-⨯=，得到价格水平1=P 。

b) 货币供给增加100，新的价格水平为1.125.040001001000=⨯+=
P 。

货币供给增加10%，价格水平也增加10%。

c) 若利率由0.05增至0.10，均衡的物价水平为25.1)
10.03.0(40001000=-⨯=P 。

货币供给和潜在产出为给定，引起实际利率变化的只能是物价水平由1.0上升至1.25。

d) 产出增至4500，利率为0.05，均衡价格水平为87.005.0400045003.01000=⨯-⨯=
P ，价格水平下降。

第4章消费、储蓄与投资4.1复习笔记一、消费与储蓄国民意愿消费水平为d C，它等于在收入和其他决定家庭经济行为的因素既定时家庭愿意消费的产品和服务的总量。

意愿消费的总值d C等于所有家庭意愿消费的总和。

意愿国民储蓄d S是当总消费达到意愿水平时的国民储蓄水平。

意愿国民储蓄的表达式是d d=--。

S Y C G1．个人的消费和储蓄决策当人们考虑到未来时，现在的消费少于当期收入，余下的部分进行储蓄，这会使人们未来某个时期的消费高于收入。

当人们只考虑现在时，通过借款使消费高于当期收入，但所付出的代价是在将来的某一天必须偿还贷款，消费将低于收入。

总之，人们要在现在消费和未来消费中做出取舍。

人们做出怎样的取舍取决于经济体中普遍存在的实际利率。

实际利率决定了当期消费与未来消费的相对价格。

人们会尽量避免消费发生巨大的波动，保持消费相对稳定的愿望称为消费平滑动机（consumption-smoothing motive），即避免某段时间消费较多而另一段时间消费较少的情况。

由于存在消费平滑动机，人们会尽量使每段时间的消费支出平均化。

2．当期收入变化的影响当期收入是影响消费和投资决策的主要因素。

当人们的收入增加时，由于存在消费平滑动机，人们会将部分收入用于消费（使当期消费增加），而其余部分则用于储蓄（使未来消费增加）。

边际消费倾向（marginal propensity to consume，MPC）是当期收入的增量中用于增加当期消费的比例。

由于人们不会消费掉全部的额外收入，因此，MPC界于0和1之间。

可以预见到总产出（收入）Y的增加同样会导致总意愿消费d C的增加。

由于边际消费倾向小于1，所以d C的增加值小于Y的增加值。

由于并非所有增加的收入都用于消费，因此，意愿国民储蓄d S同样会随Y增加而增加。

3．预期未来收入变化的影响现期的消费决策不仅受到当期收入的影响，还同样受到预期未来收入的影响。

个人预期未来收入增加会使人们增加当期消费并减少当期储蓄。

Chapter 10~111.Suppose there is an increase in the number of ATM machines in service. What arethe effects of this innovation on the demand for money and on the price level?2.The issuers of credit cards demand payment every two weeks instead of everymonth. Determine the effects on money demand and on price level. Explain your results.3.Suppose that the preferences of the representative household change in such a waythat the worker in the household becomes more willing to work, in that he or she requires less compensation in terms of consumption goods to supply an extra unit of labor, given any consumption-leisure bundle.a.Now suppose that the monetary authority wishes to stabilize the pricelevel (hold the price level constant). How would the money supplychange in response to the change in preference in order to accomplishthis?b.Suppose there is a temporary increase in total productivity, and themonetary authority wishes to stabilize the price level. What would be theeffects of the increase in the total factor productivity on the moneysupply?4.Suppose that the quantity of government purchases increases permanently, andthat this increase in government spending is financed by an increase in the growth rate x of the money supply. That is, the increase in government spending is financed through seignorage. Determine the effects on current equilibrium inflation, employment, output, the real wage, the real interest rate, the nominal interest rate. Explain your results.Chapter 151.Suppose that the central bank wishes to reduce the price level, and announces thatit will reduce the money supply to accomplish this. Use the money surprise model to answer the following questions:a.Suppose the public does not believe that the central bank is serious aboutreducing the price level. What happens to real aggregate variables andthe price level?b.Suppose, alternatively, that the public believes the central bankannouncement. What happens to real variables and the price level now?pare your results in part (a) and part (b). In which case does theprice level change more for a given reduction in the money supply?What do you think a central bank can do to make it policyannouncements more credible?2.In the money surprise model, compare the performance of the economies in twocountries that are identical in all respects but one: in country a the money supply is highly variable, while in country b there is little variability in money supply. Fora given surprise increase in the money supply, determine with the aid of diagramshow the economy in country a will respond relative to the economy in country b.Explain your results.Chapter 161.Suppose nominal wages are negotiated between the representative firm and therepresentative consumer to be perfectly indexed to the price level; that is, if the price level rise by x%, then the nominal wage will increase by x%. This implies that the real wage will be fixed over the course of the contract.a.Determine the aggregate supply curve when the real wage is fixed.b.Suppose initially that the supply equals demand in the labour market. Then,assume that the money supply increases. Determine the effects on real output, employment, the real interest rate, the real wage, the nominal wage, and Keynesian unemployment, and explain your results.c.Now, suppose again that supply initially equals demand in the labour market,and that total factor productivity falls. Determine the effects on real output, employment, the real interest rate, the real wage, the nominal wage, and Keynesian unemployment. Explain your results and any differences from part(b).2.In the Keynesian sticky wage model, suppose that supply is initially equal todemand in the labor market, and that there is a negative shock to the demand for investment goods, because the firm anticipates lower total factor productivity in the future.a.Determine the effects on real output, the real interest rate, the price level,employment, and the real wage, if the government did nothing in response to the shock.b.Determine the effects if monetary policy is used to stabilize the economy, withthe goal of the monetary authority being zero Keynesian unemployment.c.Determine the effects if government spending is used to stabilize the economy,with the goal of the fiscal authority being zero Keynesian unemployment.d.Explain and comment on the differences in your results among parts (a), (b)and (c).。

第四单元财政政策与货币政策本单元所涉及到的主要知识点：1．宏观经济政策目标及其种类；2．财政制度及其自动稳定器；3．财政政策与“挤出效应”；4．平衡预算、功能财政与赤字对经济的影响；5．货币乘数；6．货币政策工具与货币政策；7．财政政策与货币政策的组合及其效果比较。

一．单项选择1．扩张性财政政策的本质是（D ）。

a．货币供给扩张； b．政府规模扩大；c．物价更稳定； d．增加GDP。

2．紧缩性财政政策的本质是（D ）。

a．货币供给紧缩； b．政府规模缩小；c．实现物价稳定； d．减少GDP。

3．以下（ D）不能视为自动稳定器。

a．失业救济； b．累进税；c．社会保障； d．国防开支。

4．财政盈余与（ B）对均衡GDP水平的影响效果相同。

a．储蓄减少； b．储蓄增加；c．消费增加； d．投资增加。

5．投资支出急剧减少的情况下，为保证经济维持在充分就业状态政府应（C ）。

a．使税收和政府支出相等； b．使税收超过政府支出；c．使政府支出超过税收； d．提高税率。

6．如果社会总需求的构成是消费1000亿元，投资400亿元，净出口100亿元，政府购买支出200亿元；充分就业的GDP为1200亿元。

为使价格水平保持稳定政府应（ A ）。

a．提高税率，并减少政府支出；b．通过降低政府债券的利息率来减少私人储蓄；c．增加政府支出；d．通过降低公司所得税率来鼓励私人投资。

7．经济处于严重衰退时，适当的经济政策应当是（ B ）。

a．减少政府支出； b．降低利息率；c．使本国货币升值； d．提高利息率。

8．下列叙述中（A ）是正确的。

a．内在稳定器能部分地抵消经济波动；b．内在稳定器无法缓解失业；c．内在稳定器可以完全抵消任何经济波动；d．以上都不对。

9．拉弗曲线表明（ D ）。

a．税率越高，总税收额越高； b．税率越高，总税收额越低；c．税率与总税收额之间不相关； d．某一税率水平上税收总额最大。

10．以下（ A ）的财政政策是彻底反周期波动的。

第四章 产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡上一章只关注商品市场，而不管货币市场。

但是，市场经济不但是产品经济，还是货币经济，不但有产品市场还有货币市场，而且两个市场相互影响、相互依存：产品市场上总产出或总收入增加了，需要使用货币的交易量增加，在利率不变时，货币需求会增加，如果货币供给量不变，利率会上升，而利率上升会影响投资支出，从而对整个产品市场发生影响。

本章将两个市场同时加以考虑的基础上来分析国民收入的决定。

主要是用著名的IS-LM模型来解释的。

I指投资，S指储蓄，L指货币需求，M指货币供给。

切入点：上一章我们假定投资为常数，本章认为投资是利息率的函数，利息率又是货币供求关系确定的，从而引入货币市场。

本章主要内容⏹In this chapter you will learn:⏹一、投资的决定⏹二、IS曲线⏹三、利率的决定⏹四、LM曲线⏹五、IS-LM分析⏹六、凯恩斯有效需求理论的基本框架一、投资的决定⏹1.投资需求⏹2.决定投资的因素⏹3.投资需求函数⏹4.投资需求曲线的移动⏹5.资本的边际效率⏹(5）投资减免税。

⏹(6）投资风险。

⏹除了上述经济因素外，还有各种非经济因素：政治因素、意识形态因素、法律因素、人文环境因素、劳动力素质因素、政府管理因素、公共设施因素、生活设施因素、教育环境因素等等。

3.投资需求函数⏹在影响投资的其他因素都不变，而只有利率发生变化时，投资与实际利率之间的函数关系为投资函数。

投资用i表示，实际利率用r表示，则：i＝i（r）⏹投资是利率的减函数，即投资与利率反方向变动。

⏹线性投资函数：i＝e-dr （满足di/dr ＜ 0）⏹e为不受r影响的投资量，即自主投资（利率即使为0时能有的投资量）。

d 是利率对投资需求的影响系数，表示利率变化一个百分点，投资会变化的数量。

4.投资需求曲线的移动⏹（1）厂商预期。

预期的产出和产品需求增加，会增加投资。

预期的劳动成本增加，会减少投资；但是资本密集型的会增加投资。

第4章消费、储蓄与投资一、名词解释1．李嘉图等价定理答：李嘉图等价定理是英国经济学家李嘉图提出，并由新古典主义学者巴罗根据理性预期重新进行论述的一种理论。

该理论认为，在政府支出一定的情况下，政府采取征税或发行公债来为政府筹措资金，其效应是相同的。

李嘉图等价理论的思路是：假设政府预算在初始时是平衡的。

政府实行减税以图增加私人部门和公众的支出，扩大总需求，但减税导致财政赤字。

如果政府发行债券来弥补财政赤字，由于在未来某个时点，政府将不得不增加税收，以便支付债务和积累的利息。

具有前瞻性的消费者知道，政府今天借债意味着未来更高的税收。

用政府债务融资的减税并没有减少税收负担，它仅仅是重新安排税收的时间。

因此，这种政策不会刺激消费者更多支出。

根据这一定理，政府因减税措施而增发的公债会被人们作为未来潜在的税收考虑到整个预算约束中去，在不存在流动性约束的情况下，公债和潜在税收的现值是相等的。

这样，变化前后两种预算约束本质上是一致的，从而不会影响人们的消费和投资。

李嘉图等价定理反击了凯恩斯主义所提出的公债是非中性的，即对宏观经济是有益处的观点。

但实际上，该定理成立前提条件太苛刻，现实经济很难满足。

2．私人储蓄答：私人储蓄指家庭在支付了税收和消费之后剩下来的收入量。

如果家庭得到的收入用Y表示，支付税收用T表示，消费支出用C表示，则私人储蓄就是Y T C--。

私人储蓄是市场经济中投资活动的主要来源，因此也是一国资本形成和经济增长的重要支柱。

进行私人储蓄的行为是典型的市场主体决策行为。

所以，经济学中关于储蓄的理论（如储蓄动机、储蓄倾向、储蓄水平等）大部分是围绕着私人储蓄来展开的。

由于私人储蓄可能大于或小于意愿的投资水平，因此政府需要采取宏观政策以对公共储蓄进行调节，或引入国外储蓄进行补充。

3．托宾q值理论答：托宾q是指企业股票的市场价值与资本重置成本的比率。

这里的资本重置成本是在现有的产品市场条件下，重新创办该企业的成本。