汉英笔译基础教程 第6章 人称与物称

Impersonal vs. Personal （物称与人称）（主语）English: impersonal. Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style; i.e. one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself of his readers, but avoids thepronouns I, you we. Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives,sentences beginning with introductory it, and abstract nouns.Chinese: personal. 汉语较注重主体思维，这种思维模式以“万物皆备于我”作主导，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为和状态，因而常用人称。

当人称可以不言自喻时，又常常隐含人称或省略人称。

A. 英语用非人称作主语的句子大体可以分为以下两类：1. 采用“无灵主语”（inanimate subject）表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb)，表示人或社会团体的动作和行为，如see, find, bring, give escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, prevent…from等。

汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭配。

汉语往往用人或比较确定的事物作主语。

a.An idea suddenly struck me.b. A strange peace came over her when she was alone.c. A great elation overcame them.d.From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindnesssurrounded us on every side.2. 用非人称代词“it”作主语；汉语常用人称，或省略人称，或采用无主句。

2011-11-12外国语学院Translation I 翻译ITeacher: Lü Wenpeng（吕文澎）★Homework of Unit 5Pt. A Recitation task:1）承蒙厚爱。

I am indebted for your great kindness (favor).2）他突然受到主管的赞赏，深感受宠若惊。

When his boss expressed appreciation of his work, he was quite overwhelmed.3)中国人喜欢在农历二月二理发。

Chinese people like to have their hair cut on the lunar February 2.4) 我国有得天独厚的自然资源。

Our country is blessed with unsurpassed natural resources.5) 三人行，必有我师焉。

择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。

Among any three people walking, I will find something to learn for sure. Their good qualities are to be followed, and their shortcomings are to be avoided.6）Snow is blowing in at the window.雪花飘进了窗户。

7）The tea is brewing.茶在泡着。

8）The fire was at last under control.火势终于得到控制。

9）The praise of the man goes too far.把这个人夸得过头了。

10) Heated, water will change into vapor.水如受热，就会汽化。

11) The progress of the society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

论人称与物称的汉英转换--以商务英语翻译为例李太志【摘要】Personal subject is an obvious feature in Chinese while impersonal subject is an outstanding characteristic in English .As a result , the personal subject in Chinese is often transferred into impersonal subject in English translation .Contrastive analysis of the differences be-tween Chinese and English in the use of personal and impersonal subject shows that this transfer is more common and necessary in formal -style BE translation .%汉语多用有生命的词语作句子的主语，并较多地使用拟人手法，行为主体或句子主语常常由人或以人为本的机构来担当。

这就是汉语突出人称的句法修辞倾向。

与汉语不同的英语句法修辞特点之一就是物称主语，也就是以抽象名词和物质名词作为主语的句法修辞特征。

在文体正式的商务英语中，这种句法修辞倾向就更明显。

对比分析汉英两种语言之间的这一差异，对于我们英译来说，有着重要的启示与警示。

【期刊名称】《广东石油化工学院学报》【年(卷),期】2014(000)002【总页数】3页(P41-43)【关键词】商务英语翻译;汉语人称;英语物称;汉英转换【作者】李太志【作者单位】广东石油化工学院外国语学院，广东茂名525000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315.9在《英语交际语法》(1974)一书中，利奇(G.Leech)和斯瓦特威克(J.Svartvik)指出:“Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style;i.e.one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself or his readers，but avoids the pronouns I，you，we.Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives，sentences beginning with it，and abstract nouns.”[1]钱歌川在《英语疑难详解》(1978)中说:“我们说中文时，惯常都要用人或生物做主语，而英文则爱用无生物做主语。

英汉语言对比—物称主语与人称主语作者：卢庆玲来源：《北方文学》2019年第15期摘要：英汉两种语言的对比历来是各界学者备受关注的领域，二者源自不同的民族和文化，自然造成了语言表达上的千差万别，想要学好外语，必然要对其特点进行了解。

本文就英汉语言中物称与人称做主语的特点进行分析，针对其成因和在语句表达中的体现进行了探讨，以期能更好的指导翻译实践，为英汉对比研究提供新思路。

关键词：物称主语;人称主语;英汉对比思维方式是语言形成的机制之一，语言也是思维和文化的载体，思维方式决定了语言的表达形式，而语言表达形式反之也会影响着思维方式。

英汉两种语言源自不同的民族文化，在表达上自然有所差异。

英语民族重理性，重距离意识;汉民族重悟性，重参与意识。

因而在表达中，英文强调物称，即采用无生命的名词作主语，如实物、抽象的概念等等。

而汉语强调人称，即采用表示人或生命的名词做主语。

一、形成物称与人称语言特点的原因汉族文化追求“天人合一”及“物我合一”的思维境界，老子主张“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。

”国学大师钱穆先生也指出“中国文化以人文为中心，以人生为本性，最富人文意识，最富人文精神，中国文化本质上是人本文化。

”能具有这样的思维方式，是因为中国原是一个以农耕文化为主的国家，在看天气、自然环境决定产出和生产量的时代背景下，“天”就是所谓的外在客观条件，而“人”也被放在了非常重要的地位。

反观西方文化追崇“物我二分”的宇宙观，著名国学大师钱穆在《晚学盲言》中写道“西方人马可波罗初来中国，作为游记，所述即偏在物不在文，西方人读其述，疑其虚构不实，则对中国物质成就，尚知景慕可知”。

西方是典型的商业文化，在这样的背景下决定了西方人对于物质格外重视;此外，西方人看重逻辑抽象、思维等方面，因此形成了与汉族文化截然不同的思维境界。

二、物称主语与人称主语的表现形式西方文化与中国文化的不同形成了英语与汉语中不同的表达方式。

中国文化的“天人合一”的思维导向使得很多中文句子中都以人为主语，习惯性的从人的角度来描述事物，当人称不言而喻时，又常常隐含人称或省略人称。

英汉对比研究之人称与物称13级师范3班豆康丽131140943014摘要：由于受思维习惯的影响，英汉两种语言中存在着物称主语与人称主语的区别，英语中的常用物称表达法，既不用人称主语来叙述，而是表达客观事物如何作用于人的感知，让事物以客观的口气呈现出来，而汉语则注重主体思维，这种思维模式以“万物皆备与我”做主导，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态，因而常用人称。

既英语重物称，汉语种人称。

关键词：英汉翻译，物称，人称英汉物称与人称的语言形式及差异（1）英语常用非人称主语，汉语常用人称主语。

英语用非人称主语表达时，往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”，而话汉语则较常用人称主语表达，往往注重“什么人怎么样了”。

（连.2010.105页）例1：It is more than two years since I last saw my father.我与父亲不相见已两年余了。

例2：The sight of the disorderly mess in this courtyard and thought of grandma started tears stickling down my cheek.（我）看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起了祖母，不禁簌簌地留下眼泪。

析：英语常用非人称主语而汉语常用人称主语，上述例1中，用“it”这一非人称主语来充当句子的主语，而汉语常常使用人称主语，因此，在英文译文中将“我”放到主语位置，从而体现了汉语重人称的做法；在例2中，英文例句使用“the sight of the disorderly mess”这一非人称主语作为这句话的主语，但在汉语译文中习惯将人称主语“我”放到主语位置，另外“and”后的“thought of grandma”也为非人称主语，但在译文中译为“我想起”这一做法也体现了英语重物称，汉语重人称。

（2）英语这类非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称等，但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”而汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭配。

英汉对比：物称与人称的定义及其重要性In the vast landscape of linguistics, the contrast between English and Chinese is particularly fascinating. One of the most significant differences lies in the utilization of agentive and non-agentive constructions,often referred to as the contrast between personification and impersonalization. This essay aims to delve into the definitions and the significance of this contrast in both languages.In English, the倾向 towards personification is evident. This is primarily manifested in the frequent use ofpersonal pronouns, verbs, and adjectives that ascribe human characteristics or actions to inanimate objects or abstract concepts. For instance, in the sentence "The sun shines brightly today," the sun is personified as performing an action typically associated with humans—shining. This anthropomorphic tendency extends to other aspects ofEnglish grammar and vocabulary, enhancing the language's expressive power and emotional coloration.Contrastingly, Chinese tends towards impersonalization. This is reflected in the prevalent use of non-agentiveconstructions, where the subject of a sentence is often omitted or replaced by a generic noun, allowing the focus to shift towards the action or state itself rather than the actor. For instance, in Chinese, we might say "下雨了"（It's raining）, omitting the subject altogether. This impersonal style is also evident in the use of verbs and adjectives, which often convey a sense of objectivity and universality, rather than assigning specific human characteristics or actions.The importance of understanding this contrast lies in its profound impact on communication and cultural understanding. English's tendency towards personification often leads to a more emotional and subjective style of writing and speaking, reflecting the individual's perspective and feelings. This person-centered approach to language use is often associated with Western culture's emphasis on individualism and self-expression.On the other hand, Chinese's tendency towards impersonalization reflects a more objective and collective approach to communication. By focusing on the action or state itself, rather than the individual actor, Chineselanguage use tends to promote a sense of harmony and community, reflecting the cultural values of collectivism and interdependence.In conclusion, the contrast between English's personification and Chinese's impersonalization is not merely a linguistic phenomenon; it is a reflection of the deep-seated cultural differences between the two languages' communities. Understanding this contrast is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication and for gaining a deeper understanding of the diverse worldviews and values encoded in language.**英汉对比：物称与人称的定义及其重要性**在英语和汉语这两大语言体系中，人称与物称的使用呈现出截然不同的特点。

第6章Unit 6 Literature (1)1. 文学作品选篇。

这一部分的特点是：以对话为主，穿插一定量的叙述和心理描写。

对话像对话，易于上口。

不同的人在不同场合，说话各有其特点。

2. 语言对比：(1) 选词。

文学作品语言丰富生动，选择词语的余地大。

有些词语，包括习语，有许多含义，要根据上下文确定，因此翻译时要根据上下文选择最恰当的词语，特别是动词和形容词。

例1）But there isn't anything here right now that I could offer you. We don't make changes. 不过眼下我这儿没有什么事给你做。

我们不常换人。

2) No, sir, but couldn't I pick it up tty quick if I tried hard?是的，先生，不过我只要拼命学，不是很快就会学会吗？3）The tall, well-dressed gentleman standing before me was certainly a far cry fromthe old sea wolf of my imagination.站在我面前的是一位身材高大，衣着讲究的先生，与我先前想象的老海怪完全不同。

(2) 对话。

对话有口语的特点。

对话可以体现说话者的身份、心情以及他对人、对事的态度。

翻译对话时译文要像对话。

例1）"Don't order me about like that, John Durbeyfield."别对我这么吆五喝六的，约翰·德贝菲尔。

2) "Ever work in a place like this before?"“从前在这种地方做过吗？”3. 考核要求：翻译中有处理下列问题的能力：(1) 所选文学作品的特点及理解方面的难点(2) 选词(3) 对话Exercise 16 a一、解说1、本练习选自蒂姆·霍尔改写的《德伯家的苔丝》（原著作者：托玛斯·哈代）。

英汉对比物称与人称的定义和重要性英语作文Title: A Comparison of Object and Subject Pronouns in English and ChineseIntroductionPronouns play a crucial role in both English and Chinese languages. They function as substitutes for nouns and play a key role in the structure of sentences. In both languages, there are different types of pronouns, with object and subject pronouns being two of the most important categories. In this essay, we will examine the definitions and importance of object and subject pronouns in English and Chinese.Definition of Object and Subject PronounsSubject pronouns are used to replace the subject of a sentence, while object pronouns are used to replace the object of a sentence. In English, subject pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, we, and they, while object pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. In Chinese, subject pronouns include wǒ̌ (我), nǐ̌(你), tā̄ (他/她), wǒ̌men (我们), nà̀ (那), and tā̄men (他们/她们), while object pronouns include wǒ̌ (我), nǐ̌ (你), tā̄ (他/她), wǒ̌men (我们), nà̀ (那), and tā̄men (他们/她们).Importance of Object and Subject PronounsObject and subject pronouns are essential in both languages for several reasons. Firstly, they help to avoid repetition in speech and writing. Instead of constantly repeating nouns, pronouns allow for smoother and more concise communication. For example, instead of saying "John went to the store because John needed groceries," we can say "John went to the store because he needed groceries."Secondly, object and subject pronouns help to clarify the roles of different elements in a sentence. By using pronouns, we can clearly indicate who is performing an action (subject) and who is receiving the action (object). This is important for ensuring that our communication is precise and easily understood.Furthermore, object and subject pronouns allow for flexibility and variation in language. They provide us with the ability to adapt our sentences based on context and emphasis. For example, we can emphasize the subject of a sentence by using a subject pronoun, or we can give more importance to the object by using an object pronoun.Comparison of Object and Subject Pronouns in English and ChineseAlthough object and subject pronouns serve similar functions in both English and Chinese, there are some key differences between the two languages. One major difference is the use of gender in pronouns. In English, pronouns such as he, she, him, and her indicate gender, while in Chinese, there are no gender-specific pronouns. Instead, a single pronoun can be used to refer to both males and females.Another difference is the placement of pronouns in sentences. In English, object pronouns typically come after the verb, while subject pronouns come before the verb. For example, "I love her" and "She loves me." In Chinese, pronouns are usually placed before the verb, regardless of whether they are subject or object pronouns.ConclusionIn conclusion, object and subject pronouns are essential components of both English and Chinese languages. They play a crucial role in communication by helping to avoid repetition, clarify sentence structure, and provide flexibility in expression. While there are differences between object and subject pronouns in English and Chinese, the fundamental importance of these pronouns remains the same. Mastering the use of objectand subject pronouns is key to becoming proficient in both languages and facilitating effective communication.。

汉英句式翻译中人称与物称主语使用差异对比——以《傲慢与偏见》中文版和《骆驼祥子》英译本为例李瑶【摘要】中西方主客体意识的对立在一定程度上造成了汉语重人称、英语重物称的表达手法.该文从人称与物称的视角出发,选取葛浩文翻译的《骆驼祥子》英译版和王科一翻译的《傲慢与偏见》中文版为例,分析了英语表达中\"无灵主语+有灵动词\"、it作非人称主语、there be句型以及被动语态的汉译策略,汉语表达中有灵主语和有灵动词搭配的英译策略,译者应根据译入语注意汉英人称与物称的转换,以期译出信、达、雅的效果.【期刊名称】《岳阳职业技术学院学报》【年(卷),期】2018(033)004【总页数】4页(P83-86)【关键词】人称;物称;《傲慢与偏见》;《骆驼祥子》【作者】李瑶【作者单位】桂林理工大学外国语学院, 广西桂林 541004【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H314Eugene·A·Nida曾在其翻译论著《翻译理论与实践》中指出：“每一种语言皆有其特色。

”无论在词汇、句法、篇章层面，英汉两种语言皆各有其特色，就句法而言，英语重物称，汉语重人称。

本文以葛浩文翻译的《骆驼祥子》英译版和王科一翻译的《傲慢与偏见》中文版为例，具体分析汉英人称物称在句式方面的使用区别，并进一步提出“物称”与“人称”英汉互译过程中应当采用何种翻译策略，使译本忠实、通顺、流畅，最大限度地实现功能对等，促进东西方文化交流。

1 英汉物称与人称形成差异的原因众所周知，英语侧重于物称表达，而汉语多使用人称表达法，这种差异形成的原因必定不是偶然的，其背后具有深层次的文化（哲学传统、思维方式等）原因。

“汉族文化正是由于其得天独厚的大陆自然环境和优越的资源，催生了中国特有的小农经济生产方式，使人们习惯于“日出而作，日落而息”的劳动方式和自给自足的生活方式，这些为中国传统思维方式的形成奠定了基础，形成了包容万物的综合思维方式和天人合一的精神。