王守仁《英国文学选读》(第3版)课后习题详解(第2单元 威廉

王守仁《英国文学选读》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解（第2单元威廉第2单元威廉?莎士比亚2.1复习笔记William Shakespeare（1564-1616）（威廉·莎士比亚）1.Life（生平）Shakespeare is the most remarkable playwright and poet.He was born on April 26,1564in Stratford-upon-Avon.At the age of7,Shakespeare was sent to the local grammar school where he was taught reading,writing,Latin and Greek.He was a schoolmaster in the country and became well acquainted with theatrical performances.At18he married a farmer’s daughter who was eight years older than him.After he moved to London around1586,he once worked as an actor,a playwright,and a part owner of a theater company.In1612,he went back home and bought a house called New Palace.He died on April23,the anniversary of his birth,in1616and was buried in Stratford Church.The other famous contemporary writer Ben Jonson praised that“He is not for an age,but for all times!”,indicating the prominent position of Shakespeare in world civilization and literature history.莎士比亚是世界最著名的剧作家和诗人。

第2单元威廉•莎士比亚2.1复习笔记William Shakespeare（1564-1616）（威廉·莎士比亚）1.Life（生平）Shakespeare is the most remarkable playwright and poet.He was born on April 26,1564in Stratford-upon-Avon.At the age of7,Shakespeare was sent to the local grammar school where he was taught reading,writing,Latin and Greek.He was a schoolmaster in the country and became well acquainted with theatrical performances.At18he married a farmer’s daughter who was eight years older than him.After he moved to London around1586,he once worked as an actor,a playwright,and a part owner of a theater company.In1612,he went back home and bought a house called New Palace.He died on April23,the anniversary of his birth,in1616and was buried in Stratford Church.The other famous contemporary writer Ben Jonson praised that“He is not for an age,but for all times!”,indicating the prominent position of Shakespeare in world civilization and literature history.莎士比亚是世界最著名的剧作家和诗人。

1. Heroic Couplet:A rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often “closed”, containing a complete thought, there being a fairly heavy pause at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or antithesis within a line, or between the two lines.2. Dramatic monologue is a type of poem writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.（是一种诗的写作形式，是使一个角色在一些特殊的决定性时刻作为可辨认的但沉默的观众，由此无意的显示他或她的基本脾性。

）3. Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters. It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century.4. Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.5. Sonnet（十四行诗）: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed, was introduced to England from Italy。

第13单元现代剧作家13.1复习笔记Oscar Wilde(1854-1900)(奥斯卡·王尔德)1.Life(生平)Oscar Wilde,a dramatist,poet,novelist and essayist,was born in Dublin, Ireland.After majoring in classical studies at Trinity College,Dublin,he won a scholarship to Oxford,where he proved a brilliant student and became a disciple of Walter Pater.In1879,he settled in London,and soon won a reputation both as a writer and as a spokesman for the school of"art for art’s sake".He soon became the leader of the“aesthetic movement”.Wilde is a witty conversationalist and dandy.In1895,he was charged of a homosexual relationship with Lord Alfred Douglas;Wilde recklessly sued for libel,but lost the case and was arrested and sent to prison for two years.As a result,the public strongly detested him and the aesthetic movement suffered a severe setback.After leaving the jail,Wilde was divorced and declared bankrupt.As a ruined man,he immigrated to France and lived out his last three years under a pseudo name with the financial support from his friends.He was buried in Paris in the same cemetery as the poet Charles Baudelaire.奥斯卡·王尔德是个戏剧家、诗人、小说家和散文家。

第3单元弗朗西斯•培根Of Marriage and Single Life1.Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?Key:Sometimes,marriage can be an impediment,and sometimes,it can help one develop his or her career as well,because it depends on the quality of the marriage.As the saying goes“A peaceful family will prosper”,so we can say that husbands and wives can benefit a lot from good marriages,while a terrible marriage will ruin both sides.In a good marriage,husband and wife will be happier,and they will help and encourage each other,which will be good for their careers.On the contrary,in an unhappy marriage,husband and wife usually quarrel a lot and things tend to be worse.2.In what sense are wife and children“a kind of discipline of humanity”?Key:A single man has no others to think about,so he is likely to think of himself and spend a lot of money on himself.What’s more,he tends to take any risk if he wants to,for he does not need to be responsible for anyone.However,a married man cannot be so go-as-you-please,because he has wife and children, and he must be responsible for them.Furthermore,he has to work hard to fulfill his wife and children’s expectation.He becomes a loving man,who not only loves his wife and children,but also loves others.A loving husband and a qualified father can contribute the greatest merit to the public to a large extent.In this sense,we can say that wife and children are“a kind of discipline of humanity”.3.Bacon prefers marriage to single life.Do you find his arguments convincing? Key:Yes,I think Bacon’s arguments are convincing.He proves his points by comparison.He clearly points out the disadvantages of single life and the advantages of marriage.For instance,a single person only cares about himself, and does not pay attention to the future;a married man tends to become responsible,tender,enthusiastic and warm-hearted.As the sentence goes “wives are young men’s mistresses,companions for middle age,and old men’s nurses”which means that when a man is young,his wife can make many decisions and arrangements for the family;when he comes to middle age,wife always stays with him as a companion;when he becomes old,wife will take care of him till the end of life.Even though a woman marries a bad husband,marriage offers a chance for husband to correct themselves.These points all are reasonable,which make Bacon’s arguments very convincing.Of Study1.We are now living in the age of“information explosion”.What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s“Of Studies”in our access to information?Key:According to Bacon’s opinion:“studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience”.Weshould combine theory and practice together.That is,practicing what we have learned is quite important.Bacon’s idea that“some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.”also teaches us to use different methods of reading in terms of the quality and content of the book.When we face information,we should do some selections rather than easily trust them all.More importantly,we should have an independent mind.2.In what sense does reading make a full man?Key:As Bacon says“Histories make men wise,poets,witty;the mathematics, subtle;natural philosophy,deep;moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend”,we can know that different books and subjects have their different influences on people.Some books can make people wiser and make fewer mistakes;some books can make people wittier and more sensible to beauty; some books can make people think in a more scientific and accurate way…So reading can cultivate and better a man.In this sense,reading makes a full man.。

目　录第1单元　杰弗里·乔叟1.1　复习笔记1.2　课后习题详解1.3　考研真题与典型题详解第2单元　威廉·莎士比亚2.1　复习笔记2.2　课后习题详解2.3　考研真题与典型题详解第3单元　弗朗西斯·培根3.1　复习笔记3.2　课后习题详解3.3　考研真题与典型题详解第4单元　17世纪英国诗人4.1　复习笔记4.2　课后习题详解4.3　考研真题与典型题详解第5单元　冒险小说作家5.1　复习笔记5.2　课后习题详解5.3　考研真题与典型题详解第6单元　浪漫主义诗人(1)6.1　复习笔记6.2　课后习题详解6.3　考研真题与典型题详解第7单元　简·奥斯汀7.1　复习笔记7.2　课后习题详解7.3　考研真题与典型题详解第8单元　浪漫主义诗人(2)8.1　复习笔记8.2　课后习题详解8.3　考研真题与典型题详解第9单元　夏洛蒂·勃朗特9.1　复习笔记9.2　课后习题详解9.3　考研真题与典型题详解第10单元　查尔斯·狄更斯10.1　复习笔记10.2　课后习题详解10.3　考研真题与典型题详解第11单元　维多利亚时代的诗人11.1　复习笔记11.2　课后习题详解11.3　考研真题与典型题详解第12单元　托马斯·哈代12.1　复习笔记12.2　课后习题详解12.3　考研真题与典型题详解第13单元　现代剧作家13.1　复习笔记13.2　课后习题详解13.3　考研真题与典型题详解第14单元　约瑟夫·康拉德14.1　复习笔记14.2　课后习题详解14.3　考研真题与典型题详解第15单元　20世纪英国诗人(1) 15.1　复习笔记15.2　课后习题详解15.3　考研真题与典型题详解第16单元　现代主义小说家(1)16.1　复习笔记16.2　课后习题详解16.3　考研真题与典型题详解第17单元　现代主义小说家(2) 17.1　复习笔记17.2　课后习题详解17.3　考研真题与典型题详解第18单元　E. M. 福斯特18.1　复习笔记18.2　课后习题详解18.3　考研真题与典型题详解第19单元　威廉·戈尔丁19.1　复习笔记19.2　课后习题详解19.3　考研真题与典型题详解第20单元　多丽斯·莱辛20.1　复习笔记20.2　课后习题详解20.3　考研真题与典型题详解第21单元　约翰·福尔斯21.1　复习笔记21.2　课后习题详解21.3　考研真题与典型题详解第22单元　20世纪英国诗人(2) 22.1　复习笔记22.2　课后习题详解22.3　考研真题与典型题详解第23单元　A. S. 拜厄特23.1　复习笔记23.2　课后习题详解23.3　考研真题与典型题详解第24单元　V. S. 奈保尔24.1　复习笔记24.2　课后习题详解24.3　考研真题与典型题详解第25单元　格雷厄姆·斯维夫特25.1　复习笔记25.2　课后习题详解25.3　考研真题与典型题详解第26单元　石黑一雄26.1　复习笔记26.2　课后习题详解26.3　考研真题与典型题详解第27单元　伊恩·麦克尤恩27.1　复习笔记27.2　课后习题详解27.3　考研真题与典型题详解第28单元　朱利安·巴恩斯28.1　复习笔记28.2　课后习题详解28.3　考研真题与典型题详解第1单元　杰弗里·乔叟1.1　复习笔记Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟)(1343-1400)1. Life (生平)Geoffrey Chaucer, born in 1343 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court. He later became a courtier and comptroller.Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.He died in 1400 and was buried in W estminster Abbey, thus founding the Poets’ Corner.杰弗里·乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。

第1单元杰弗里•乔叟1.How is the setting of the tales described?With such a setting,could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?Key:(1)Chaucer sets the tales in the spring,describing both the natural world and people—the natural world shows a kind of renewal and rebirth,and people begin to stir after the long sleep of winter.Chaucer’s description of the landscape is lively(欢快的)and fresh(清新的),since he speaks of budding flowers,growing crops and singing birds.(2)According to such a setting,we can predict that the general tone of the tales will be light,sprightly(活泼的、愉快的)and humorous.2.In your own words,summarize the character of the Knight from the brief introduction in this excerpt.Key:According to the excerpt,we can see that the Knight has followed chivalry—truth,honor,freedom and courtesy. He had fought many battles for the faith of people.He is a brave,wise,modest and“truly perfect gentle-knight”.3.Without comparison with the translated version,are there words still recognizable to you in the original Middle English version?Key:Yes,there are many words can be recognized.Because many words only contain few different letters compared with the modern words.What’s more,sometimes,we can recognize the words by guess or by the sense-group.第2单元威廉•莎士比亚Hamlet1.Why sleep is so frightening,according to Hamlet,since it can“end”“the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”? Key:Death means the end of life.If he dies,he may go to an unknown world and can never come back.In this sense, Hamlet cannot take revenge on his uncle for his father,failing to realize his will.Though“sleep”can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks,it is a state of mind that Hamlet doesn’t know at all.He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long“dream”.He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep,may be good may be evil.2.Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them,according to Hamlet?Key:According to Hamlet,because that people don’t know what lying there waiting for them in the unknown world, maybe something more terrible than that in the mortal world.3.What,after all,makes people lose their determination to take action?Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.Key:It is the fear for the unknown world after death and the lack of confidence for the future make people loose determination to take action.Hamlet doesn’t know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself,so he is hesitated.However,Hamlet’s hesitation should be seen from a different point of view.The main reason lies in his concern for his nation.Hamlet is a true man.He wants to change the dark existing world,but it is beyond his ability, so he has no idea what he should do.He knows his death can’t solve the problems deeply rooted in the society.So he hesitated about what he should do as the prince of Demark.His revenge is not everything for him.And he clearly knows that the sudden death of king may cause some disorders in the country.Thus he is confused about his action. Romeo and Juliet1.What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection?Key:Romeo compares Juliet to the sun.2.What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet?Key:They think that since their family names hinder them from loving each other,they prefer that the names Montague and Capulet have nothing to do with themselves and even give them up.3.What does Romeo mean when he says“Look thou but sweet,/And I am proof against their enmity”?Key:It means that Romeo loves Juliet so much that he thinks that the love can protect him from harm and dissolve the hatred between their families.Sonnet181.How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?Key:The poet thinks that he should not“compare thee to a summer’s day”,because“Thou art more lovely and more temperate”.And,in the following part,he gives his reasons.2.What makes the poet think that“thou”can be more beautiful(fair)than summer and immortal?Key:Because the poet thinks that“thy eternal summer shall not fade”for they will be preserved and perpetuated in the lines he writes.第3单元弗朗西斯•培根Of Marriage and Single Life1.Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?Key:Sometimes,marriage can be an impediment,and sometimes,it can help one develop his or her career as well, because it depends on the quality of the marriage.As the saying goes“A peaceful family will prosper”,so we can say that husbands and wives can benefit a lot from good marriages,while a terrible marriage will ruin both sides.In a good marriage,husband and wife will be happier,and they will help and encourage each other,which will be good for their careers.On the contrary,in an unhappy marriage,husband and wife usually quarrel a lot and things tend to be worse.2.In what sense are wife and children“a kind of discipline of humanity”?Key:A single man has no others to think about,so he is likely to think of himself and spend a lot of money on himself. What’s more,he tends to take any risk if he wants to,for he does not need to be responsible for anyone.However,a married man cannot be so go-as-you-please,because he has wife and children,and he must be responsible for them. Furthermore,he has to work hard to fulfill his wife and children’s expectation.He becomes a loving man,who not only loves his wife and children,but also loves others.A loving husband and a qualified father can contribute the greatest merit to the public to a large extent.In this sense,we can say that wife and children are“a kind of discipline of humanity”.3.Bacon prefers marriage to single life.Do you find his arguments convincing?Key:Yes,I think Bacon’s arguments are convincing.He proves his points by comparison.He clearly points out the disadvantages of single life and the advantages of marriage.For instance,a single person only cares about himself,and does not pay attention to the future;a married man tends to become responsible,tender,enthusiastic and warm-hearted. As the sentence goes“wives are young men’s mistresses,companions for middle age,and old men’s nurses”which means that when a man is young,his wife can make many decisions and arrangements for the family;when he comes to middle age,wife always stays with him as a companion;when he becomes old,wife will take care of him till the end of life.Even though a woman marries a bad husband,marriage offers a chance for husband to correct themselves. These points all are reasonable,which make Bacon’s arguments very convincing.Of Study1.We are now living in the age of“information explosion”.What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s“Of Studies”in our access to information?Key:According to Bacon’s opinion:“studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience”.We should combine theory and practice together.That is,practicing what we have learned is quite important.Bacon’s idea that“some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.”also teaches us to use different methods of reading in terms of the quality and content of the book.When we face information,we should do some selections rather than easily trust them all.More importantly,we should have an independent mind.2.In what sense does reading make a full man?Key:As Bacon says“Histories make men wise,poets,witty;the mathematics,subtle;natural philosophy,deep;moral, grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend”,we can know that different books and subjects have their different influences on people.Some books can make people wiser and make fewer mistakes;some books can make people wittier and more sensible to beauty;some books can make people think in a more scientific and accurate way…So reading can cultivate and better a man.In this sense,reading makes a full man.第4单元17世纪英国诗人The Flea1.Why does the poet say that"this cannot be said a sin,or shame,or loss of maidenhead"?Key:Because it is the flea that sucked their blood and made them mingled together,they are not sinful or shameful, and the man’s beloved does not loss her maidenhead.The flea has joined them together in a way that“alas,is more than we would do”.2.What do you think is the addressee’s parents’attitude toward the poet’s wooing?Key:The addressee’s parents’attitude is against the poet’s wooing.3.What is the real purpose of the poet to say that in killing the flea"thou"are actually killing three lives?Key:The poet compares the killing of the flea to murder.He thinks that if his beloved kills the flea,he and she would be killed within the flea.He even states that the act of killing the flea would be“sacrilege”.If the lover denies the fact that their blood and therefore their lives are contained within the flea,it is similar to committing an irreligious act. This would seem to acknowledge that their closeness within the flea is allowable.The importunate lover wishes his mistress to understand that she should accept his wooing because there is nothing wrong with the unity of two people. Holy Sonnet101.Why does the poet say that death is the“slave to fate,chance,kings and desperate men”?Key:Because for the most part,fate,chance,kings and desperate men can threaten some people with Death when they like to,and by this way,Death is exploited and may be forced to do what it does not want to.In this sense,death is a slave.2.What does the poet mean when he says“we wake eternally”after one short sleep?Key:The poet was a priest and he believed that the soul of men would never die.After death,men would enter another world and lived forever.In this sense,after death,men“wake eternally”.John Milton1.Where are the serpent(“the”in line51)and his followers condemned after their defeat?Key:The serpent and his followers are condemned into the hell by God.2.What are the God’s punishments for those rebellious angels as described by Milton in lines59-74?Key:Those rebellious angels are sent into the horrible dungeon filled with flames,darkness,floods and whirlwinds,in which there is no peace,rest or hope,but full of sorrow and torture.3.What is considered by Satan as“ignominy”and“shame”(line ll5)?Key:Satan considers that“To bow and sue for grace/With suppliant knee,and deify his power/Who from the terror of this arm so late/Doubted his empire-that were low indeed”is“ignominy and shame”.That is,he thinks that it is shameful to bow to God to ask for grace and forgiveness.4.What is Satan advising the serpent and his followers to do in this part of Paradise Lost?Key:Satan advices the serpent and his followers to fight against God.第5单元冒险小说作家Daniel Defoe1.Do you find the description of Crusoe’s setting up the tent convincing?Could you think of better ways to build a shelter in his situation?Key:Yes,I think it is convincing.Crusoe takes everything into his consideration and makes sure his shelter is comfortable and safe.He takes advantage of the natural resources.Perhaps,there is no way to build a better one than his.2.What do you think of Crusoe’s way of marking time?Why is it important for him to keep track of time?Key:I think it’s a good way.The reason is that Crusoe is a civilized man and time is very valuable to him.In fact,he represents the hard-working middle class,and has the sense of working hard and cherishing time.3.From this excerpt,what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe?Key:From this excerpt,we can find many admirable characteristics in Robinson Crusoe.He is adventurous,practical, thoughtful,hard-working,brave,shrewd,energetic,optimistic,strong-minded and kind-hearted…Under the special circumstance,Crusoe shows many good and valuable qualities of human beings.Jonathan Swift1.In what ways are Yahoos comparable to human beings in Gulliver’s Travels?Comment on the Houyhnhnms’attitude toward human beings.Key:Both human beings and Yahoos are warlike,greedy,jealous,gluttonous and filthy…What’s more,they eat everything that they can find no matter the food is good or bad for them;they would be sick because of nastiness and greediness;they would suffer from depression because of their idleness;the female Yahoos have nasty qualities,such as lewdness,coquetry,censure and scandal.Yahoos and human beings have many features in common.The Houyhnhnms’attitude toward human beings is critical,malicious and objective.They are not slandering,for human beings indeed have all the defects that the Houyhnhnms have mentioned.It seems that they know about human beings clearly and they compare Yahoos and humankind in a very elaborative way.Their points of view are very convincing.2.What are the symbolic meanings of Yahoos and Houyhnhnms?Key:Yahoos and Houyhnhnms represent the evil human nature and good qualities of humankind respectively.第6单元浪漫主义诗人（1）William BlakeThe Lamb1.Does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb?What is the relation of the lamb and the child to God?Key:The poem describes the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb by which shows the gentleness and tenderness of the lamb.The lamb is the symbol of the child to the God.It shows the love of God that he creates the lamb and Jesus is often called the lamb of the God.So,the poem not only appreciates the kindness of the lamb but also praise the mysterious power which creates the lamb.In this sense,God,Jesus and the lamb combine together.2.What does the Lamb stand for?Key:The Lamb stands for Jesus Christ,who was offered by God as the final sacrifice for the sins of humankind.The Lamb and Jesus have virtues in common:gentleness,tenderness,kindness and compassion.So,the Lamb also stands for these good attributes.The Tiger1.Why does the poet mention the Lamb?Do you think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other?Key:The Tiger is corresponding to The Lamb.Both the poems show the poet’s exploration,understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation.In this poem,the poet implies that the Tiger as well as the Lamb are both created by God. So the Tiger and the Lamb share the same creator and have some kind of relationship.Yes,I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other.The lamb represents the kind and gentle humanities,but it lacks the motivation to make progress.While the tiger will cause the social misery,unrest or even disruption,but it can stimulate people’s creativity.So the tiger becomes the symbol of strength and courage.In this sense,the Tiger and the Lamb can illuminate each other.2.What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger?What idea does the poet want to express?Key:The tiger symbolizes the God’s power in creation and it becomes the embodiment of beauty,strength,vitality and complexity.The poet’s idea is that God not only create the kind lamb but also create the tough tiger.So God is mysterious and complicated and nobody can indeed know about God.The Sick Rose1.In what sense do you think the rose is“sick”?Key:On a superficial and literal level,the rose is invaded by the worm and become sick.On a deeper level,the“sick”rose has several symbolic meanings:a)the rose symbolizes young girls,and the worm refers to impure love of men, which defiles the girls’chastity.Thus,the girls are destroyed.b)The rose symbolizes the toiling masses that are under the exploitation and oppression of the capitalism represented by the worm.It means that there is something wrong with the whole social system.c)The rose symbolizes the soul and spirit of man,while the worm symbolizes the ugly and evil aspects of humanity.The rose is“sick”,because that innocence is replaced by experience,and the virtues are replaced by the evil as well.2.Should there be any symbolic meanings for the night and the storm?If so,what meanings would you suggest? Key:Yes,there are some symbolic meanings for the night and the storm.Based on the symbolic meanings of the rose and the worm,we can find that the night and the storm symbolize the deceit and impure love of men,the progress of capitalism and the process of gaining experience.Robert Burns。

第17单元现代主义小说家(2)17.1复习笔记wrence(1885-1930)(D.H.劳伦斯)1.Life(生平)Born in Eastwood Nottinghamshire,David Herbert Lawrence was a prolific writer.His output includes poems,stories,novelettes,novels,plays,literary criticism, essays and travel books.His father was a coal-miner.His mother was a middle-class woman and a school teacher,who had a deep influence upon his life.He studied for two years at Nottingham University College,where he acquired his teacher’s certificate in1908.From1908to1912,he taught in a school.In1914,Lawrence married Frieda von Richthofen,a German noblewoman and the ex-wife of a professor at Nottingham University.During the World WarⅠ,Frieda’s German origin and Lawrence’s objection to the war cause them trouble with the authorities. Frustrated,Lawrence sought refuge in many wrence died of tuberculosis in France,at44.戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯是个多产的作家。

- 《I wondered lonely as a cloud》我好似一朵流云独自漫游
- 11 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔 泰勒 科乐吕致 - 《Kubla Khan》忽必烈汗
BISTU Chauncey保留一切相关权利
B/N
- 12 Jane Austen 简 奥斯汀 - 《Pride and Pre Judice》傲慢与偏见 - 13 George Gordon Byron 乔治 戈登 拜伦 - 《She walks in Beauty》她在美中行 - 《Don Juan》唐璜 - 14 Percy Bysshe Shelly 波西 比希 雪莱 - 《Ode the West Wind》西风颂 - 15 John Keats 约翰 济慈 - 《Ode on a Grecian Urn》希腊古瓮颂 - 16 Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂 勃朗特 - 《Jane Ruge》简爱 - 17 Charles Dickens 查尔斯 狄更斯 - 《Great Expectations》远大前程 - 18 Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德 丁尼生 - 《The Eagle》鹰 - 19 Robert Browning 罗伯特 布朗宁 - 《My last Duchess》我已故的公爵夫人 - 20 Matthew Arnold 马修 阿诺德 - 《Dover Beach》多佛海滩 - 21 Thomas Hardy 托马斯 哈代
[2.] In what sense does reading make a full man? Reading makes a full man. Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.

Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦送走了土壤干裂的三月沐浴着草木的丝丝经络顿时百花盛开生机勃勃西风轻吹留下清香缕缕田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日青春的太阳洒下万道金辉小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海信徒来自全国东西南北众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷去朝谢医病救世的恩主以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒那是个初夏方临的日子我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心我准备翌日出发去朝圣黄昏前后华灯初上时分旅店院里涌入很多客人二十九人来自各行各业不期而遇都到旅店过夜这些香客人人虔心诚意次日要骑马去坎特伯雷客房与马厩宽敞又洁净店主的招待周到而殷勤夕阳刚从地平线上消失众人同我已经相互结识大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上可是在我叙述故事之前让我占用诸位一点时间依我之见似乎还很必要把每人的情况作些介绍谈谈他们从事什么行业社会地位属于哪个阶层容貌衣着举止又是如何那么我就先把骑士说说骑士的人品出众而且高尚自从军以来就驰骋于疆场待人彬彬有礼大度而豪爽珍惜荣誉节操和骑士风尚为君主效命创辉煌战绩所到国家之远无人能比转战于基督和异教之邦因功勋卓著缕缕受表彰他攻打过亚历山大利亚在普鲁士庆功宴上有他这位佼佼者多次坐首席从立陶宛直打到俄罗斯同级的骑士都大为逊色攻克阿给西勒有他一个还出征到过柏尔玛利亚夺取烈亚斯和萨塔利亚他还多次游弋于地中海跟随登陆大军将敌战败十五次比武他大显身手为捍卫信仰而浴血奋斗在战场上三次杀死敌将高贵的武士美名传四方他还侍奉过柏拉西亚国君讨伐另一支土耳其异教军没有一次不赢得最高荣誉他骁勇善战聪慧而不痴愚他温柔顺从像个大姑娘一生无论是在什么地方对谁也没有讲过半个脏字堪称一个完美的真骑士他有一批俊美的千里马但是他的衣着朴实无华开价的底下是结识的布衣上上下下到处是斑斑污迹他风尘仆仆刚从战场归来片刻未休息就急忙去朝拜 Unit 2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616 生存或毁灭这是个必答之问题是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌并将其克服此二抉择就竟是哪个较崇高死即睡眠它不过如此倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患那么此结局是可盼的死去睡去但在睡眠中可能有梦啊这就是个阻碍当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊在死之长眠中会有何梦来临它令我们踌躇使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨如暴君之政骄者之傲失恋之痛法章之慢贪官之侮或庸民之辱假如他能简单的一刃了之还有谁会肯去做牛做马终生疲於操劳默默的忍受其苦其难而不远走高飞飘於渺茫之境倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前此境乃无人知晓之邦自古无返者所以「理智」能使我们成为懦夫而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光像个病夫再之这些更能坏大事乱大谋使它们失去魄力第二场同前凯普莱特家的花园罗密欧上罗密欧没有受过伤的才会讥笑别人身上的创痕朱丽叶自上方窗户中出现轻声那边窗子里亮起来的是什么光那就是东方朱丽叶就是太阳起来吧美丽的太阳赶走那妒忌的月亮她因为她的女弟子比她美得多已经气得面色惨白了既然她这样妒忌着你你不要忠于她吧脱下她给你的这一身惨绿色的贞女的道服它是只配给愚人穿的那是我的意中人啊那是我的爱唉但愿她知道我在爱着她她欲言又止可是她的眼睛已经道出了她的心事待我去回答她吧不我不要太卤莽她不是对我说话天上两颗最灿烂的星因为有事他去请求她的眼睛替代它们在空中闪耀要是她的眼睛变成了天上的星天上的星变成了她的眼睛那便怎样呢她脸上的光辉会掩盖了星星的明亮正像灯光在朝阳下黯然失色一样在天上的她的眼睛会在太空中大放光明使鸟儿误认为黑夜已经过去而唱出它们的歌声瞧她用纤手托住了脸那姿态是多么美妙啊但愿我是那一只手上的手套好让我亲一亲她脸上的香泽朱丽叶唉罗密欧她说话了啊再说下去吧光明的天使因为我在这夜色之中仰视着你就像一个尘世的凡人张大了出神的眼睛瞻望着一个生着翅膀的天使驾着白云缓缓地驰过了天空一样朱丽叶罗密欧啊罗密欧为什么你偏偏是罗密欧呢否认你的父亲抛弃你的姓名吧也许你不愿意这样做那么只要你宣誓做我的爱人我也不愿再姓凯普莱特了罗密欧旁白我还是继续听下去呢还是现在就对她说话朱丽叶只有你的名字才是我的仇敌你即使不姓蒙太古仍然是这样的一个你姓不姓蒙太古又有什么关系呢它又不是手又不是脚又不是手臂又不是脸又不是身体上任何其他的部分啊换一个姓名吧姓名本来是没有意义的我们叫做玫瑰的这一种花要是换了个名字它的香味还是同样的芬芳罗密欧要是换了别的名字他的可爱的完美也决不会有丝毫改变罗密欧抛弃了你的名字吧我愿意把我整个的心灵赔偿你这一个身外的空名罗密欧那么我就听你的话你只要叫我做爱我就重新受洗重新命名从今以后永远不再叫罗密欧了朱丽叶你是什么人在黑夜里躲躲闪闪地偷听人家的话罗密欧我没法告诉你我叫什么名字敬爱的神明我痛恨我自己的名字因为它是你的仇敌要是把它写在纸上我一定把这几个字撕成粉碎朱丽叶我的耳朵里还没有灌进从你嘴里吐出来的一百个字可是我认识你的声音你不是罗密欧蒙太古家里的人吗罗密欧不是美人要是你不喜欢这两个名字朱丽叶告诉我你怎么会到这儿来为什么到这儿来花园的墙这么高是不容易爬上来的要是我家里的人瞧见你在这儿他们一定不让你活命罗密欧我借着爱的轻翼飞过园墙因为砖石的墙垣是不能把爱情阻隔的爱情的力量所能够做到的事它都会冒险尝试所以我不怕你家里人的干涉朱丽叶要是他们瞧见了你一定会把你杀死的罗密欧唉你的眼睛比他们二十柄刀剑还厉害只要你用温柔的眼光看着我他们就不能伤害我的身体朱丽叶我怎么也不愿让他们瞧见你在这儿罗密欧朦胧的夜色可以替我遮过他们的眼睛只要你爱我就让他们瞧见我吧与其因为得不到你的爱情而在这世上捱命还不如在仇人的刀剑下丧生朱丽叶谁叫你找到这儿来的罗密欧爱情怂恿我探听出这一个地方他替我出主意我借给他眼睛我不会操舟驾舵可是倘使你在辽远辽远的海滨我也会冒着风波寻访你这颗珍宝朱丽叶幸亏黑夜替我罩上了一重面幕否则为了我刚才被你听去的话你一定可以看见我脸上羞愧的红晕我真想遵守礼法否认已经说过的言语可是这些虚文俗礼现在只好一切置之不顾了你爱我吗我知道你一定会说是的我也一定会相信你的话可是也许你起的誓只是一个谎人家说对于恋人们的寒盟背信天神是一笑置之的温柔的罗密欧啊你要是真的爱我就请你诚意告诉我你要是嫌我太容易降心相从我也会堆起怒容装出倔强的神气拒绝你的好意好让你向我婉转求情否则我是无论如何不会拒绝你的俊秀的蒙太古啊我真的太痴心了所以也许你会觉得我的举动有点轻浮可是相信我朋友总有一天你会知道我的忠心远胜过那些善于矜持作态的人我必须承认倘不是你乘我不备的时候偷听去了我的真情的表白我一定会更加矜持一点的所以原谅我吧是黑夜泄漏了我心底的秘密不要把我的允诺看作无耻的轻狂罗密欧姑娘凭着这一轮皎洁的月亮它的银光涂染着这些果树的梢端我发誓朱丽叶啊不要指着月亮起誓它是变化无常的每个月都有盈亏圆缺你要是指着它起誓也许你的爱情也会像它一样无常罗密欧那么我指着什么起誓呢朱丽叶不用起誓吧或者要是你愿意的话就凭着你优美的自身起誓那是我所崇拜的偶像我一定会相信你的罗密欧要是我的出自深心的爱情朱丽叶好别起誓啦我虽然喜欢你却不喜欢今天晚上的密约它太仓卒太轻率太出人意外了正像一闪电光等不及人家开一声口已经消隐了下去好人再会吧这一朵爱的蓓蕾靠着夏天的暖风的吹拂也许会在我们下次相见的时候开出鲜艳的花来晚安晚安但愿恬静的安息同样降临到你我两人的心头罗密欧啊你就这样离我而去不给我一点满足吗朱丽叶你今夜还要什么满足呢罗密欧你还没有把你的爱情的忠实的盟誓跟我交换朱丽叶在你没有要求以前我已经把我的爱给了你了可是我倒愿意重新给你罗密欧你要把它收回去吗为什么呢爱人朱丽叶为了表示我的慷慨我要把它重新给你可是我只愿意要我已有的东西我的慷慨像海一样浩渺我的爱情也像海一样深沉我给你的越多我自己也越是富有因为这两者都是没有穷尽的乳媪在内呼唤我听见里面有人在叫亲爱的再会吧就来了。

第24单元V.S.奈保尔24.1复习笔记Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul(1932-)(V.S.奈保尔)1.Life(生平)Naipaul was born in Chaguanas,Trinidad and Tobago,to parents of Indian descent.He was educated at Queen’s Royal College,Trinidad.In1950,he won a government scholarship to University College,Oxford to study literature.After graduation,he worked briefly for the BBC as an editor for the“Caribbean Voices”program.His first three books are comic portraits of Trinidadian society.The Mystic Masseur won the Mail on Sunday/John Llewellyn Rhys Prize in1958.His Miguel Street,a collection of short stories,won a Somerset Maugham Award.Subsequent novels developed more political themes and he began to write about colonial and post-colonial societies in the process of decolonization.In1989,he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth.Naipaul won Nobel Prize for Literature in2001“for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories”.奈保尔出生于岛国特里尼达和多巴哥的查瓜那斯，是印度婆罗门的后裔。

rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter, so called for its use in the composition of epic poetry in the 17th and 18th centuries. In neo-classical usage the two lines were required to express a complete thought, thus a closed couplet, with a subordinate pause at the end of the first line.
The Canterbury Tales
Form
the heroic couplet Content The characters His style
Discussion Point
1. The setting of the tales described
2. The general tone of the tales 3. The character of the Knight from the
Introduction
The functions of literature
Requirements
Final exam
British Literature
Part One The Middle Ages Part Two The English Renaissance Part Three The Restoration Part Four The Age of Romanticism Part Five The Victorian Age Part Six The 20th-Century Literature

第11单元维多利亚时代的诗人11.1复习笔记Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892)(阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生)1.Life(生平)Alfred Tennyson,the most important poet of the Victorian Age,was born in 1809,the fourth son of a clergyman.The boy showed an early interest and talent in poetic composition.In1827he went to Cambridge.He and his brother published Poems by Two Brothers,which attracted the attention of“apostles”,a group of undergraduate literary club led by Arthur Henry Hallam,who later became Tennyson’s closest friend.His Poems in1842won Tennyson first critical success.In 1850,with the publication of In Memoriam A.H.H.,which is a tribute to Hallam,he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth and remained in this position until he died at83years old.In1884he was awarded a baronetcy.In1892 he died and was buried in Westminster Abbey.阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生是维多利亚时期最重要的诗人。

王守仁-英国文学选读第三版-期末复习资料整理/A N2015 12 6 英国?学期末复习资料PART one 作家作品- 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗?乔叟-《The Canterbury Tales》坎特伯雷故事集- 2 William Shakespeare 威廉莎??亚-《Romeo and Juliet》罗密欧与朱丽叶-《The Macbeth》麦克?-《The Merchant of Venice》威尼斯商?-《Twelfth Night》??夜-《Hamlet》哈姆雷特-《Othello》奥赛罗-《King Lear》李尔王-《The Tempest》暴风?-《Winter’s Tale》冬?传说- 3 Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯培根-《Advancement of Learning》学术的推进-《New Instrument》新?具-《Essays》论说?集-《New Atlantis》新?西岛-《Of ……》论- 4 John Donne 约翰邓恩-《The Flea》跳蚤-《The Good-Morrow》早安-《Break of Day》破晓-《Elegies》挽歌- 5 John Milton 约翰?尔顿-《Lycidas》利西达斯-《Areopagitica》论出版?由-《Paradise Lost》失乐园-《Paradise Regained》复乐园-《Samson Agonistes》??参孙- 6 Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福-《Robinson Crusoe》鲁滨逊-《Captain Singleton》?格顿船长-《Moll Flanders》摩尔弗兰德斯-《Roxana》洛克萨拉-《A Journal of the Plague Year》?灾年纪-7 Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特-《A Tale of A Tub》?只桶的故事-《The Battle of Books》书的战争-《The Drapier’s Letter》布商来信-《A modest Proposal》?个温和的建议-《Gulliver Travels》格列佛游记-8 William Blake 威廉布莱克-《The song of Los》罗斯之歌-《The Lamb》灯-《The Tyger》虎-9 Robert Burns 罗伯特彭斯-《A Red Red Rose》?朵红玫瑰-《Auld Lang Syne》昔?时光、友谊天长地久-10 William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯-《I wondered lonely as a cloud》我好似?朵流云独?漫游-11 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔泰勒科乐吕致-《Kubla Khan》忽必烈汗/B N 2015 12 6-12 Jane Austen 简奥斯汀-《Pride and Pre Judice 》傲慢与偏见-13 George Gordon Byron 乔治 ?登拜伦 -《She walks in Beauty 》她在美中? -《Don Juan 》唐璜-14 Percy Bysshe Shelly 波西 ?希雪莱 -《Ode the West Wind 》西风颂 -15 John Keats 约翰济慈-《Ode on a Grecian Urn 》希腊古瓮颂 -16 Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂勃朗特 -《Jane Ruge 》简爱-17 Charles Dickens 查尔斯狄更斯 -《Great Expectations 》远?前程 -18 Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德丁尼? -《The Eagle 》鹰-19 Robert Browning 罗伯特布朗宁 -《My last Duchess 》我已故的公爵夫? -20 Matthew Arnold 马修阿诺德 -《Dover Beach 》多佛海滩 -21 Thomas Hardy 托马斯哈代-《Tess of the D’Urbervellies 》苔丝 -《Jude the Obscure 》?名的裘徳-22 Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡王尔德-《The Important of Being Earnest 》 -认真的重要性-23 George Bernard Shaw 乔治萧伯纳 -《Pygmalion 》?格马利翁 -24 Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫康拉德 -《Heart of Darkness 》?暗之? -25 T S Eliot 艾略特 -《The Waste Land 》荒原-26 William Butler Yeats 威廉巴特勒叶芝-《The Second Coming 》第?次来临 -27 James Joyce 詹姆斯乔伊斯 -《Araby 》阿拉?-28 Virginia Wolf 佛吉尼亚沃芙 -《Mrs.Dalloway 》达罗卫夫? -29 D H Lawrence 劳伦斯-《The Rocking-Horse Winner 》?马赢家PART two 简答1P14 ［Sonnet 18］［William Shakespeare］[1.] How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?The poet answers the question by saying that "thou art more lovely and more temperate" than summer.[2.] Wh at makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer and immortal?The poet thinks that every summer is going to fade and goaway,whereas thou will always be beautiful and lovely.2 P20 ［Of Studies］［Francis Bacon］[1.]We are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon ’s< of studies> in our access to information?Our planet is developing forward. That is the external condition for our study, which we can appropriately make full use of. But what we have to keep in mind is that the eternal master of study is no one but ourselves in the process of studying.??就是随着时代的脚步进步，充分利?资源[2.] In what sense does reading make a full man?Reading makes a full man. Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.3 P32 [Paradise Lost][John Milton]缺失4 P60 [I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud][William Wordsworth][1.] What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem?Theme of Happiness.The poet is really enjoy the nature.[2. ] Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?I think nature can have healing effect on mind, but the precondition is that the nature should be peaceful and earthly.5 P102 [Great Exception][Charles Dickens][1.]Magwitch the “the convict” takes the risk of being “hanged” when comes back to London to see Pip. How do you evaluate this meeting?To Pip，it’s a surprising and unwilling meeting.To Magwitch it is a willing meeting which he has been looking forwards to for a long period of time.[2.] What’s the meaning of “gentleman” in the contest of the novel?It mean a man who was poor but warm-hearted.6 P125 [Tess of the D’Urbervilles][Thomas Hardy][1.] How does Tess react to Clare’s s uggestion that they should leave their shelter?Why?She showed a strange unwillingness to move. Because she doesn’t want to put an end to all that’s s weet and lovely peacefulness and affection.[2.] What is the significance of Tess resting on an altar in the heathen temple?Her death is caused by human hypocrisy and foolishness, similar to that of a sacrifice. At the end, the only place which can accept her for who she is is death and sacrifice.[3. ]Comment on this sentence:“Justice’ was done,and the President of the immortals(in Aeschylean phrase )had ended his sport with Tess”.In what sense is Tess’ story tragic?Tess is a typical victim of the society. The tragic fate of Tess and her family was symbolic of the disintegration of the English peasantry.7 P173 [Araby][James Joyce][2.]Chief qualities of the boy’s character?He is sensitive and intelligent— sensitive enough to experience a wide range of feelings in spite of his tender age,and not merely in the conventional sense of the word.8 P179 [Mrs. Dalloway][Virginia Woolf][1.] How does Woolf present Mrs. Dalloway to the reader?In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf’s emphasis is not on plot but onthe inner lives of the characters. As the ebb and flow of personal impressions, feelings, and thoughts are described, the characters unfold themselves vividly in front of the reader.Woolf doesn’t limit herself to one consciousness, but slips from mind to mind.“And then, thought Clarissa Dalloway,…”“A Charming woman, Scrope Purvis thought…”“Such fools we are, she thought,”[2.] What is the function of Big Ben?The passing of hours is indicated by the chimes of Big Ben. It reminds the reader of the actual reality of the physical world and also the different stages of Mrs. Dalloway’s life.The implication of “strikes” and “circles”.The novel is a life story of Mrs. Dalloway, is about the human life and is about its tension between misery and happiness.PART three 术语解释1.Heroic couplet or couplet： It is a term in poetry applied to two successive line of verse that form a single unit because they rhyme; the term also is often used for lines that express a complete thought or form a separate stanza. Couplets in English are usually written in ten-syllable (decasyllabic) lines, a form first used by the 14th-century poet Geoffrey Chaucer. This evolved into the so-called heroic couplet, two rhyming iambic pentameter lines, is also called a closed couplet because the meaning and the grammatical structure are complete within two lines.英雄双?体A rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often “closed”, i.e. containing a complete thought, there being a fairly heavy pause at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel orantithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is heroic because in England, especially in the eighteenth century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.举例Th e Canterbury Tales Chaucer 1386-1400He wore a fustian tunic stained and darkWith smudges where his amount had left mark;He had just come back from his voyageAnd now was going on this pilgrimage.2.Soliloquy is a speech that reveals a character’s innermost feelings and plans while other characters remain unaware of what he is saying.独?A dramatic speech intended to give the illusion of unspoken reflections举例Hamlet Shakespeare 1601Hamlet To be or not to be-that is a question:…….And lose the name of action.3. Sonnet derives from the Italian sonetto a “little sound” or “song”. The ordinary sonnet consists of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameters with considerable variations in rhyme scheme.The three basic sonnet forms are: a) the Petrarchan which comprises an octave rhyming abbaabba and a sestet rhyming cdecde or cdcdcd, or in any combination except a rhyming couplet; b) the Spenserian of the three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab, bcbc ,cdcd, ee; c) the Skakespearen, again with three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab, cdcd, efef, gg.四?诗A verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhymescheme举例Sonnet 18 Shakespeare 1609Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?…….So long lives this,and this give life to thee4.Shakespearean Sonnet: Also called Elizabethan sonnet or English sonnet, this sonnet form is perfected by Shakespeare. It is structured of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg.莎??亚?四?诗A sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg举例Sonnet 18 Shakespeare 1609Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Th ou art more lovely and more temperateRough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date…….So long lives this,and this give life to thee5.Iambic pentameter: Iambic: an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable Its pattern is like this :U ／pentameter: five feetAn example:Shall I compare thee to a summer’ day?U / U / U / U / U /Thou art more lovely and more temperate:U / U / U / U / U /As shown above, the syllables are arranged in the pattern of the unstressed and stressed (U /), so the meter is iambic. And each of the lines contains 5 iambic unit (iamb), so the lines are iambic pentameter.五步抑扬格A metrical unit with unstressed-stressed syllables 举例Close to the sun in lonely lands.close\sun\lonely都是扬声.to\in\lands是降调.举例Sonnet 18 Shakespeare 1609Shall I compare thee to a sum mer’s day?举例Th e Canterbury Tales Chaucer 1386-1400He wore a fustian tunic stained and darkWith smudges where his amount had left mark;He had just come back from his voyageAnd now was going on this pilgrimage.6.Symbol：Literally, something that stands for something else. In literature, any word, object, action, or character that embodies and evokes a range of additional meaning and significance. Version 2. It is something which represents an idea, a physical entity or a process but is distinct from it. The purpose of a symbol is to communicate meaning. For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for "STOP". On a map, a picture of a tent might represent a campsite. Numerals are symbols for numbers. Personal names are symbols representing individuals.A red rose symbolizes love and compassion.象征An arbitrary sign that has acquired a conventional significance Something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible举例Tyger William Blake 1794The tiger is the embodiment of God's power in creation: the animal is terrifying in its beauty, strength, complexity and vitality. The poem is divided into six parts. In the first part, the author imagined that he met a terrible tiger on a dark night and was frightened by its awful eyesight. There are creations and creators. How great the creator is that he could create such an awful creation like tiger! In the second part, the author continues to ask, where comes the eyesight like fire, sea or sky? The following two parts, the author describes the creator as a smith. He creates the tiger. What behind the questions is the frightening and respect of the author to the creator. In the fifth part, the author changes his tone and asks when the stars throw down their spears, why they are not happy? The last part is as same as the first part, the creator is too mysterious to understand.7. Irony is a statement in which the intended meaning is the opposite of the literal meaning.讽刺A trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs举例Great Expectations Charles Dickens 1860“Gentleman”Tess of the D’Urbervilles Th omas Hardy 1891Tess A pure woman8.Bildungsroman：The Bildungsroman, or novel about upbringing and education, had its beginning in Goethe’s work, Wilhelm Meister Iehrjahre ,(Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship 1796歌德《威廉.迈斯特的学习时代》德国教育?说的典范) which is about the process by which a sensitive person discovers hisidentity and place in the big world. This kind of novel often starts with the main character as a child, and then presents the child’s growth and development towards adulthood. This rebellious character goes through a sequence of tests and finally comes to a better understanding of himself and the world. This type of novel is often autobiographical, such as Somerset Maugham’s Of Human Bondage(1915) and James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). It frequently uses first person narration.In form, Great Expectations fits a pattern popular in 19th century European fiction: the bildungsroman, or novel depicting growth and personal development, generally a transition from boyhood to manhood such as that experienced by Pip. Great Expectation depicts a process of maturation and self-discovery through experience as a protagonist moves from childhood to adulthood.成长?说A novel about the early years of somebody's life, exploring the development of his or her character and personality举例Great Expectations Charles Dickens 1860A novel about Pip formative years9.Dramatic Monologue：A monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. In a play, when a character utters a monologue that expresses his or her private thoughts, it is called a soliloquy. Dramatic Monologue, however, does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. In its fullest form, as represented in Browning’s “My Last Duchess”, ”The Bishop Orders His Tomb”, “Andrea del Sato”, and many other poems戏剧独?A poem or other literary work consisting of words supposedly spoken by a character, often in a specific situation, either directly to the reader or to a listener举例My Last Duchess Robert Browning 1842Th at’s my last Duchess painted on the wallLooking as if she were alive……诗歌语??语化，夹叙夹译10.Antihero: The chief person in a modern novel or play whose character is widely discrepant from that which we associate with the traditional protagonist or hero of a serious literary work. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, ignominious, passive, ineffectual, or dishonest. The use of nonheroic protagonists occurs as early as the Picaresque novel of the sixteenth century, and the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Fl ander(1722) is a thief and a prostitute. The term “antihero,” however, is usually applied to writings in the period of disillusion after the Second World War, beginning with such protagonists as we find in John Wain’s Hurry on Down(1953) and Kingsley Amis’ Lucky Jim (1954). Notable later instances in the novel are Yossarian in Joseph Heller’s Catch -22 (1961), Humbert Humbert in Vladimir Nobokov’s Lolita (1955).反英雄The central character in a story who is not a traditionally brave or good hero，a protagonist who lacks the characteristics that would make him a hero举例Ulysses James Joyce 1922A novel described Bloom a layfolk’s day life .11.Epiphany means “a manifestation,” or “showing forth,”and by Christian thinkers was used to signify a manifestation of Go d’s presence within the created world. James Joyce adapted the term to secular experience, to signify a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object.顿悟A divine manifestation举例Araby James Joyce 1905O I never said such a thing ……Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.12.The “stream of consciousness” is a narrative method of capturing and representing the inner workings of a character’s mind. The term was first used by William James in his Principles of Psychology(1890)意识流A literary style that presents a character's continuous random flow of thoughts as they arise举例[Mrs.Dalloway] Virginia Woolf 1925For having lived in westminster how many years now Over twenty……物的意识交错在没有度量的?理时间PART four 作者思想1 Full wise is he that can himselven knowe——Geoffery Chaucer[1343-1400]知者智2 What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculties! In form and moving,how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals! thebeauty of the world, the paragon of animals—and yet,to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me—nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so.——William Shakespeare [1564-1616]类是?件多么了不起的作品！他的理性多么?贵！才能多么?限，动作多么敏捷，体形多么令?赞叹！?为像天使，悟性像天神！宇宙之?美，众?之灵长.This passage has provoked bitter scholarly battles—over its punctuation. Is Hamlet saying that man is like an angel in apprehension (understanding), or like a god in apprehension? The different placement of commas in the early texts of the play makes all the difference.3 All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility.——William Wordsworth[1770-1850]切好诗都是强烈情感的?然流露?这种情感又是经过在宁静中追忆的。

第1单元杰弗里•乔叟1.How is the setting of the tales described?With such a setting,could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?Key:(1)Chaucer sets the tales in the spring,describing both the natural world and people—the natural world shows a kind of renewal and rebirth,and people begin to stir after the long sleep of winter.Chaucer’s description of the landscape is lively(欢快的)and fresh(清新的),since he speaks of budding flowers, growing crops and singing birds.(2)According to such a setting,we can predict that the general tone of the tales will be light,sprightly(活泼的、愉快的)and humorous.2.In your own words,summarize the character of the Knight from the brief introduction in this excerpt.Key:According to the excerpt,we can see that the Knight has followed chivalry—truth,honor,freedom and courtesy.He had fought many battles for the faith of people.He is a brave,wise,modest and“truly perfect gentle-knight”.3.Without comparison with the translated version,are there words still recognizable to you in the original Middle English version?Key:Yes,there are many words can be recognized.Because many words only contain few different letters compared with the modern words.What’s more,sometimes,we can recognize the words by guess or by the sense-group.。

第25单元格雷厄姆•斯维夫特25.1复习笔记Graham Swift(1949-)(格雷厄姆·斯维夫特)1.Life(生平)Graham Swift,a prominent English writer,was born in London.He has studied in Queen’s College Cambridge,obtaining BA and MA.After graduated from college in1975,he taught English in several schools in London,and wrote in spare time.In1980,he published his first novel The Sweet Shop Owner.His acclaimed novel Waterland,which won the Guardian Fiction Prize and the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize,established him as one of the finest fiction writers of his generation. In1983,he was nominated as one of the20“Best of Young British Novelists”in the Book Marketing Council’s promotion.In1996,his Last Orders won the Booker Prize for Fiction and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize(for fiction).At present,Graham Swift is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and he lives in London.格雷厄姆·斯维夫特出生于伦敦，是英国当代杰出的小说家。

第1单元杰弗里•乔叟1.1复习笔记Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里·乔叟)(1343-1400)1.Life(生平)Geoffrey Chaucer,born in1343in London,is the founder of English poetry.He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court.He later became a courtier and comptroller.Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope.He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian.He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life,and knew well the whole life of his time,which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.He died in1400and was buried in Westminster Abbey,thus founding the Poets’Corner.杰弗里·乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。

他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。

他后来担任过侍臣和审计官。

乔叟知识渊博。

他精通拉丁语、法语和意大利语。

他结交广泛且易与人深交，无论是贵族还是贫民,因此他深谙所处世事。

这尤其有益于他在作品中对英国社会的刻画。