Britain International

1、What was the British Empire?What do you know about it?In what way is the Empire still felt in British and in the international field?and how are the old colonies connected at present?（大英帝国是什么?你知道些什么呢?以何种方式是帝国还觉得在英国和在国际领域吗?目前,旧殖民地是如何连接的?）1)The British Empire comprised the dominions,colonies,protectora tes,mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the Uni ted kingdom.大英帝国的领土组成,殖民地,保护国、授权和其他领土或由英国统治。

2)The effect of the old imperial role loes in 4 aspects.First,Britain still have a close relationship with the countries which uesd to be a part of empire in a organization called Commonwealth of Nations.Second,Britain had been a member of European Union since 1973,which is more important today in Britain's international relationship.Third,Britain is still a relatively wealthy country and member of the Group of Seven large developed economies.Fourth,the obvious effect lies in the make-up population.Immigration from some of those Commonwealth countries has produced a population which 1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity.旧帝国的影响作用卫矛在4个方面。

英语课文6下英国Britain is a rich and varied with international and multi-cultural society, to welcome students from all over the world come here to learn and to value their contributions.Britain is a tolerant, democratic sociely,where different political views and beliefs are respected. You will find many people wearing and cating habits and you do not have their own different major cities around the world have sales of snack food,meat from an Islamic shop, the Islamic meat from the to sell fruit and rice kind of wish food store to store, everything .In different Lowns and cities, the year has a variety of activities to celebrate the worlds major religious festivals and activities for example, in the city of leicester al the Sradivari outside the Indian sub-section is the most spectacular Festival of Lights Britain itself from England Scotl and Wales and Northern Ireland, they have different characteristics and persona lily.Britain from all over the world to accept immigrants and refugees has a long history, many people have been here forpermanent settlement. London may be the largest gathering of minority British city, other cities also have a large number of minority residents.All the worlds major religions are British.Mosques, Sikh temples, synagogues, churches and India Fodou together with a variety of Christian churches(Anglican and Roman Catholic from the Protestant and Orthodox) co-exist.This diversity means that you will come to Britain is easy to integrate into Britains multi-ethnic socicty. You will also come from different religious and ethnic groups and people contacts enhance understanding of different cultures.。

介绍英国文化的英语作文Britain is a rich and varied, with international and multi-cultural society, to welcome students from all over the world come here to learn and to value their contributions.Britain is a tolerant, democratic society, where different political views and beliefs are respected. You will find many people wearing and eating habits and you do not have their own different major cities around the world have sales of snack food, meat from an Islamic shop, the Islamic meat from the shop. Asia to sell fruit and rice kind of Jewish food store to store, everything.In different towns and cities, the year has a variety of activities to celebrate the worlds major religious festivals and activities, for example, in the city of Leicester at the Stradivari outside the Indian sub-section is the most spectacular Festival of Lights.Britain itself from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, they have different characteristics and personality.Britain from all over the world to acceptimmigrants and refugees has a long history, many people have been here for permanent settlement. London may be the largest gathering of minority British city, other cities also have a large number of minority residents.All the worlds major religions are British. Mosques, Sikh temples, synagogues, churches and India Fodou together with a variety of Christian churches (Anglican and Roman Catholic from the Protestant and Orthodox) co-exist.This diversity means that you will come to Britain is easy to integrate into Britains multi-ethnic society. You will also come from different religious and ethnic groups and people contacts, enhance understanding of different cultures.【参考译文】英国是一个丰富多彩、充满国际和多元文化的国家，欢迎来自世界各地的学生来这里学习和珍惜他们的贡献。

英国国家概况（十）（中英文版）第十章Sports体育运动1. Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure time very seriously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain.许多国际体育项目是由认真对待休闲时间的英国人引进的，在英国，人们广泛参与体育。

2. Football ( or "soccer" as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.足球（口语叫"soccer"）,在英格兰和欧洲是最受欢迎的运动，其传统老家在英格兰，出现于19世纪。

3. The game "Rugby" was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century.拉格比球比赛19世纪初创立于沃尔威克郡的拉格比学校，因此而得名。

4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. On an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.板球，是英国人最典型的体育运动，自从16世纪以来已存在。

国际比赛是5天的康希尔决赛。

与国际关系英语词汇大全英语作为世界上广泛使用的语言之一，对于学习国际关系的学生来说，掌握相关的专业英语词汇是非常重要的。

本文将为大家提供一个与国际关系相关的英语词汇大全，帮助大家更好地理解和运用这些词汇。

一、国家与国际组织1.国家（Nationalities）：- China 中国- America 美国- Russia 俄罗斯- France 法国- Germany 德国- Britain 英国- Japan 日本- India 印度- Brazil 巴西- Canada 加拿大2.国际组织（International Organizations）：- United Nations 联合国- World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织- International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织- European Union 欧盟- NATO 北大西洋公约组织- World Bank 世界银行- International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能机构- World Health Organization 世界卫生组织- International Criminal Court 国际刑事法院- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织二、政治与外交1.政治制度（Political Systems）：- Democracy 民主- Republic 共和国- Monarchy 君主制- Socialism 社会主义- Capitalism 资本主义- Communism 共产主义- Totalitarianism 极权主义- Autocracy 独裁统治- Federation 联邦制- Confederation 联盟制2.外交与外交政策（Diplomacy and Foreign Policy）：- Diplomat 外交官- Diplomatic Mission 外交使团- Embassy 大使馆- Consulate 领事馆- Ambassador 大使- Diplomatic Immunity 外交豁免权- Bilateral Relations 双边关系- Multilateral Relations 多边关系- Diplomatic Negotiation 外交谈判- Peacekeeping 和平维持三、国际法与国际组织1.国际法（International Law）：- Sovereignty 主权- Territory 领土- Treaty 条约- Diplomatic Recognition 外交承认- International Court of Justice 国际法院- Geneva Conventions 日内瓦公约- United Nations Convention Against Torture 联合国禁止酷刑公约- International Criminal Court 国际刑事法院2.国际组织（International Organizations）：- United Nations 联合国- World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织- International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织- European Union 欧盟- NATO 北大西洋公约组织- World Bank 世界银行- International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能机构- World Health Organization 世界卫生组织- International Criminal Court 国际刑事法院- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织四、国际经济与贸易1.国际贸易（International Trade）：- Import 进口- Export 出口- Tariff 关税- Free Trade 自由贸易- Protectionism 保护主义- Trade Deficit 贸易逆差- Trade Surplus 贸易顺差- Balance of Payments 收支平衡- World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织- Trade Agreement 贸易协定2.国际金融（International Finance）：- Exchange Rate 汇率- Currency 货币- Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资- International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织- World Bank 世界银行- International Financial Crisis 国际金融危机- Inflation 通货膨胀- Recession 经济衰退- Economic Development 经济发展- Sustainable Development 可持续发展五、战争与安全1.军事和战争（Military and War）：- Armed Forces 武装力量- Army 陆军- Navy 海军- Air Force 空军- War 战争- Conflict 冲突- Defense 防御- Nuclear Weapons 核武器- Peace 和平- Terrorism 恐怖主义2.安全与安全合作（Security and Security Cooperation）：- National Security 国家安全- Collective Security 集体安全- Arms Control 军备控制- Non-proliferation 非扩散- Peacekeeping 和平维持- Security Council 安全理事会- Security Alliance 安全联盟- Intelligence Intelligence 情报六、跨文化交流与全球化1.语言与文化（Language and Culture）：- Language 语言- Culture 文化- Interpreter 翻译- Cultural Exchange 文化交流- Cultural Diversity 文化多样性- Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际- Globalization 全球化- Cultural Imperialism 文化帝国主义- Cultural Relativism 文化相对主义- Cultural Assimilation 文化同化2.国际媒体与科技（International Media and Technology）：- Internet 互联网- Social Media 社交媒体- Mass Media 大众媒体- Communication Communication 通信- Information Information 信息- Digitalization 数字化- Cybersecurity 网络安全- Artificial Intelligence 人工智能- Virtual Reality 虚拟现实- E-commerce 电子商务这份国际关系英语词汇大全涵盖了与国际关系相关的各个方面，希望能够对大家的学习和研究有所帮助。

BritainChapter OneGeography. People and LanguageNew Words & Phrases.temperate 温带、和的precipitation 降雨量latitude 纬度immigrant 移民colony 殖民地diverse 多样化的Germanic 日尔曼语系的evolve 演变，发展Vikings 北欧海盗codify 编簨,系统化undocumented 无文件记载的subsequently 随后的barbarian 野蛮人division 部分，分界线husbandary 饲养业missionary 传教士monastery 修道院I.Geography1.full name: the United Kindom of Great Britain and Northen Lreland.2.Location: the U.K locates to the northwest of mainland Europe,an island countrysurrounded by sea,It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean.3.Area: 242.910 square kilometersposition: British Isles5.Political division: England, Scotland, Wales, Northen Island6.Mountain: Ben Nevis (本尼维斯)，1st 1343m7.River: Seven River (塞文河)，1st ,338km (in Wales)Thames River(in England), 2nd ,336kmke: Lough Neagh(内湖)，1st ,338km(in Northern Ireland)9.climate:a maritime climateplentiful preciperationfoggy,rainy, instablility10:Major Cities:1st :London,capital2nd :Birmingham(伯明翰)3rd :Leeds(利兹)II.People1.Race:the English 81.5%The Scottish 9.6%The Irish 1.9%The North Irish 7%2.Population: 60 million (a 2005 estimate)3.Religion: Christianitynguage: English is a member of the Indo-European family of language. It is in the Germanic group of this family.1.PeriodsOld English(5th -1150)The Angles,Saxons and Jutes drove the Celtic-speaking people out of what is now England into Scotland,Wales, and the Ireland in the 5th and 6th century, they used the language of northeastern regien of the Netherland—that is now called Old English.Middle English(1150-1550)In 1066, William, the Conqueror invaded and conquered England, they used French as the official language,so many French words came into English vocabulary. English day by day evolved into what is now referred to as Middle English.Modern English(1550-now)In 1467, The printing press was introduced by William Caxton,who brought standardization to English, the dialect of London became the standard. Spelling and grammar became fixed.2.Standard EnglishIt is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England, adopted as a broadcasting standard in the British media.It is used as much in printed material and is normally taught in schools and to non –native speakers learning language. It is called Queen’s English or BBC English. At present, nearly a quarter of the world’s population use English. It has became a universal linguia francaChapter Two HistoryNew words and Phrasespious 虔诚的coronation 加冕feudalism 封建制度charter 宪章constitution 宪法provision 条款parliament 议会monarchy 君主制度Puritan 清教徒dominion 领土，统治权retake 收回originate 发源maritime 海上的，靠海的norm 准则dialect 方言，地方话Christianity 基督教the British Isles 不列颠群岛Guildhall 市政厅St.Paul’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂Indo-European family of language 印欧语系Northen Ireland 北爱尔兰I.The Origin of the Nation (55BC-1066AC)国家的起源史前史：巨石阵：In 2500BC，TheBeaker folk(比克人) invaded the British islands,they built the Stonshenge in 1800BC-1400BC。

英语概况英语国家资料Unit8Unit 8British Foreign RelationBritain Then and Now1.After a lengthy fight with the Axis powers, the United Kingdom eventuallyemerged victorious and with its empire still largely intact.When the war ended, Britain was the largest military power in Western Europe. It power and prestige ensured it would havea big influence on the postwar international order.2. Britain was active in setting up at the United Nations and, in recognition ofits continuing importance to world politics it was awarded a seat on the UN security Council, along with the other recognised “great powers” of theSoviet Union, the United States, China and France.3. the age of imperialism was over too.On one hand, the British could no longer afford to maintain its empire, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economicdestruction.On the other hand, the British realised that countries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs.4. The end of the great British empire was surprisingly rapid. Jordan, India,Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon got their independence one after another.5. Today’s BritainA medium-sized European country. Britain no longer rules avastoverseas empire, but participates as an equal member in the EU. It lacks the all-powerful navy of its imperial past, but it does have an independent nuclear deterrent and technologically advanced armed forces. Britisheconomy ranks about sixth in the world in terms of size, and as a banking centre, it retains considerable influence on the international economy.The Foundations of Britain’s Foreign PolicyThe contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.1. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences Britishpolicy-makers is its history.Because Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makersfrequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Historians argue that the British foreign policy-makers retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain’s role as a world power and point to many major foreign policy decisions as examples.2. A second decisive influence upon the way Britain conducts its externalaffairs is geopolitical.Britain is an island state, and this is considered an important psychological factor as well as one which has influenced Britain’seconomic and military development.3. Britain’s island loc ation created a sense of psychological isolation inits inhabitants.When Britons wanted to go abroad, they could not just walk across aborder: they had to get into a boat and sail often for a long time. thisphysical isolation had long been diminished by the development ofairlines and more recently by the opening of the Channel Tunnel.Nevertheless, psychologically, Britons still sometimes feel cut off.How Foreign Policy is MadeThe Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreign policy. The main government department invol ved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), but many othergovernment ministers also play a part in formulating and executing thegovernment’s decisions.The Ministry of Defence, although it is considered less important than the FCO, is a n important player. It is responsible for ensuring Britain’s defence and managing Britain’s involvement in its military treaty commitments.The Department of Trade and Industry is concerned with formulating international trade policy and managing British commercial relations with other countries.The Treasury makes decisions on how much money other departments can have each year.Since Britain is parliamentary democracy, the governm ent’s foreign policy in theory represents the desires of its electorate,but in fact British citizens are more concerned about issues closer to home.On the whole, they are not very inclined to try to influence the direction of Britain’s foreign policy. Th ere are a number of different interest groupshowever, and it is interesting that the rare occurrences of civil disobedience in the UK often involve foreign policy issues.Britain and International InstitutionsIn the past, Britain was powerful enough to act independently in the world in order to bring about its policy objectives. Nowadays its foreign policy islargely shaped by its participation in a number of important international institutions.In the UNBritain is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. It also is the sixth largest contributor to the UN’s budget. As aSecurity Council member, Britain retains the ability to have a large influence on world affairs.In the EUMore important to Britain in the day to day running of its affairs is its membership in the EU.The EU has its roots in the experience of the two world wars which tore Europe apat\rt in the first half of this century. Some of the countries involved decided that they should work together to ensure peace rather than against each other which seemed to lead to war.European states began to integrate their economies as a way of fostering cooperation and shared interests with each other, and this paved the way for the formation of the EuropeanEconomic Community, a common market. In 1973, the United Kingdom joined the EEC.1. This was an important psychological decision for the nationbecause traditionally Britain had looked beyond its European neighbours, feeling that really it had more common with the US and theCommonwealth.2. in fact, the decision to join the EEC was a natural one given thatBritish economic, political and military interests were already deeplybound up with other European countries.3. The decision to join the EEC was very controversial; and today,Britain’s participation in the EU, as it is now called, remained controversial.At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what theEU is and what it will become. The UK has always been very interested in encouraging free trade between countries and istherefore very supportive of the EU as a free area.However, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.The UK likes to think of the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible, with the free movement of goods and people. It is less certain about the possibility of the EU becoming a kind of federal “super state”.In other words, while Britons are happy to have otherEuropean countriesas trading partners, they are reluctant to think about them as fellowcitizens belonging to the same state.Because of the many controversies that Britain gets into with its European neighbours about the future of the EU, looking from outside it seems that Britain is a “bad” European state which is not really committed to E urope.This is not true any more than the idea of joining the EU representedBritain’s “turning its back” on old friends and commitments.Britain, while often at the centre of policy controversies with its fellow EU members, is nevertheless deeply committed to it. The controversies are borne of disagreements on what the future of the EU should be, rather than abut whether Britain should be a member or not. Britain frequently fights over what the policies should be, but, having agreed, carries these polices out.In the CommonwealthBritain is also a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth. It was set up as forum for continuedcooperation and as a sort of support network.In addition to holding conferences and meetings, the Commonwealth provides educational and technical help. Two-thirds of British development aid goes to Commonwealth countries.Britain and the United StatesAnother major factor which influences British foreign policyis its relationship with the United States.Nevertheless, the “special relationship” with the United States has gone through ups and downs. The major test of Anglo-American relationsoccurred during the 1956 Suez Crisis.To British surprise, the Americans used the economic power to force the Anglo-French forces withdraw. Since then, both sides have worked hard to maintain good relations.British Security and Defence PolicyBritain spends more on defence than most other advanced industrial countries and maintains larger professional forces. It is the third largest spender in the world and is ranked fifth or sixth in terms of its military power.It is a member of th e nuclear “club”, maintaining an extensive n uclearcapability which makes it a little brother to the nuclear superpowers and therefore more powerful than those countries who lack nuclear weapons.The keystone of British defence policy is its participation in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, more commonly known as NATO.Britain was proud of be invited to lead the newly established Rapid Reaction Corps, NATO’s recently established land-based force which is designed to provide an early military response to a crisis.In addition to its NATO commitments, Britain retains an independent nuclear weapons capability. Since Britain is a traditional sea power, it is perhaps no surprise that its nuclear force is a naval one.It is highly unlikely that Britain would ever use, or need touse, its nuclear capability and there are many Britons who feel it is unsafe and unnecessary to rely on nuclear weapons. But nuclear weapons are important for the prestige of a country as well as its protection.__。

英国经济发展历程In the 18th century, Britain was the first nation to start industrial revolution. Through its expansive colonial empire and technological superiority, the British economy was dominant in the world. By 1880s, Britain produced one-third of the world’s manuf actured goods, known as “workshop of the world”.18世纪的英国是全球第一个发生工业革命的国家。

随着日不落帝国的殖民地扩张，以及工业革命带来的科技优势，英国在全球经济中发挥着举足轻重的作用。

到19世纪末, 英国包揽了全球三分之一的工业品生产总量，被誉为“世界工场”。

By 1900, however, it had been overtaken by both the United States and Germany. The cost of the two World War weakened the UK's relative global dominance. It suffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership. But in the 21st century the UK still projects significant influence in the world economy.然而到了1900 年，美国和德国的经济实力已赶超英国。

两次世界大战，相对削弱了英国的全球影响力，英国严重丧失了其工业领先地位。

但进入21 世纪之后，英国经济复苏，对世界经济依然产生着巨大影响。

英国毕业生和研究生毕业人数英语作文According to the data of the higher education foundation of England, 23% of the postgraduate students are Chinese students and 26% are British local students. There are signs that British universities are increasingly dependent on Chinese students. According to the committee, 23% of UK master's students are from China and 26% are from the UK itself; The fields where Chinese master's degree students are concentrated include mathematics, media and engineering.There are signs that British universities are increasingly dependent on Chinese students. Overall, EU and international students accounted for 74% of the number of master's degree students in the UK in the 2012-13 academic year. The article mentioned that after the undergraduate tuition fee of British universities rose from 3400 pounds to 9000 pounds per year, it was much more expensive to study in the UK than in other European countries, and the number of international students from other European Union countries decreased significantly. At the same time, the UK home office's policy of tightening visas is also one of the reasons for the decline in the number of overseas students. Sally, Secretary General of the British College Union Hunter said that the strict immigration policy has damaged Britain's international image, especially at a time when countries are scrambling to take measures to attract overseas students. And the UK has lost a large number ofinternational students due to the restrictions on post graduation work visas, which will cause great losses to universities and the national economy. A report issued by the British Private Schools Council emphasized the dependence of British schools on foreign students and the contribution of private schools to the British economy.。

A Brief Introduction of the United KingdomThe full name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is a complicated name for what is in many ways a complicated country. There‟re four parts, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, which complete to the set.Here, as follows, are a few aspects of the United Kingdom.1. PoliticsThe Government of the United Kingdom(1) The MonarchyThe oldest institution of government is the Monarchy cruel by the king. This dates back to the Saxon who ruled from the 5th century AD until the Norman Conguest in 1066.The power of the monarchy was largely derived form the ancient doctrine of the …divine right of kings”. It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.While the king in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power.(2) The ParliamentThe word “parliament”comes from the verb “the parley”, that is to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from countries and towns which the occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money.The Great Council came to include both those who were summoned “by name”(the House of Lords) and representatives of communities (the House of Commons). These two houses exist today and collectively we call them the parliament. The Commons quickly gained in political strength. They were willing to help the king by raising taxes and passing laws, but in return they wanted an increasing say in what the king was doing.The parliament became the most powerful institute in Britain was after the Revolutional War.Parliament has a number of different functions. First and foremost, it passes laws. Another important function is that it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Its other roles are to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the majority issues of the day.Parliament is supreme in the British state because it alone has the power to change the terms of the constitution.There are no legal restraints upon parliament. It can make or change laws. Change or overturn established conventions or even prolong its own life withoutconsulting the electorate. However, it does not assert its supremacy, but bears the common law in mind and acts according to precedent..Each Parliament lasts for 5 years.The Upper house has no right to decide, it only has the right to pass the bills passed by the Lower House.The party which holds a majority of those “seats”in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister. After a government has been in power for 5 years it has to resign and hold a “general election”, in which al British adults are give the chance to vote again for their constituency‟s MP. A government cannot stand for longer than 5years except in exceptional circumstances. However, the Prime Minister can call an election sooner than 5years. This can happen when the government loses a “vote of no confidence”in the House of Commons. That is, an MP puts forward a statement for the MPs to vote on saying that “This house no longer ha confidence in the government.”(3) The Political PartiesThere are three major national parties: The conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there‟s a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so.The Labour party is the newest of these three, created by the growing trade union movement at the end of nineteenth century. It quickly replaced the Laberal party as one of the two biggest parties. Labour is a socialist party. That is to say that they believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and the part of the role of government is to act as a “redistributive” agent. The Conservative party is the party that spent most time in power, basically the Conservative are seen as the party of the individual, protecting the individual‟s right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose , and so favouring economic policies which businessmen prefer, such as low taxes. They receive a lot of their party funding from big companies.2. Religion(1) Queen or king is the leader as well as the bishop of the High Church.(2) 20% of British citizen claims to be Roman Catholics.(3) 40% of Scotland citizen believe in Roman Catholic.(4) Two established churches: Church of London; Church of Scotland.(5) Roman Catholic churches.(6) Free Churches.3. CultureHere, I will emphasis on one aspect of Britain‟s artistic output, that for which it is perhaps best known: Literature.⑴Early WritingMuch early British writing was concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons produced beautifully illustrated versions of the Bible: the most famous of these is the book of keels, party written on the Scottish island of lona.⑵Elizabethan DramaThere was a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries which is known as “The Renaissance”, in British culture one of the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this development lay in drama.⑶18th –century English literature is marked by a rather large shiftfrom the mood and tone of 17th –century literature.⑷The Romantic PeriodRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature‟s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than the power of reason, which marked the 18th century.⑸20th Century LiteratureThe 20th Century marked the end of the British Europe, which was replaced by the Commonwealth of Nations. Y et English civilization and culture continue to have a strong influence on the rest of the world. The heritage of English literature forms an outstanding part of that culture.20th Century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periods: Modernism, and Postmodernism. These periods roughly correspond to literature written after it. Both are characterized by a high degree of experimentation.4. EconomyNational economies can be broken down into three main areas: “primary”industries, such as agriculture, fishing and mining, “Secondary”industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary industries, often described as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.Britain‟s agricultural sector is small but efficient, producing 58% of the UK‟s food needs with only 2% of its workforce. Three quarters of Britain‟s land is used for agriculture, with about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are the two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals.The fishing industry provides 55% of the UK demand for fish. Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Energy production is an important part of the UK economy, accounting for 5% of the national wealth.In the secondary sector of the economy, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth.The service sector of the United Kingdom is dominated by financial services, especially in banking and insurance. London is one of the world‟s largest financial centers with the London Stock Exchange, the London international Financial Futures and Options Exchange, and the Lloyd‟s of London insurance market all based in the city. It also has the largest concentration of foreign bank branches in the world. 5．British diplomatic affairs（1）Britain‟s foreign policies:The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.A second decisive influence upon the way Britain conducts its external affairs is geopolitical. Britain is an island state, and this is considered an important psychological factor as well as one which has influenced Britain‟s economic and military development as a nation of seafarers who roamed the globe looking for territory and economic opportunities.How these foreign policies made:The general direction of Britain‟s foreign policy is mainly decided by the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The main government department is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, but many other government ministers also play a part in formulating and executing the government‟s decisions.The Ministry of Defence is responsible for ensuring Britain‟s defence and managing Britain‟s involvement in its military treaty commitments. And the Department of Trade and Industry is for the international trade policy and British commercial relations with other countries.（2）Britain and International Institutions:Nowadays its foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in a number of important international institutions.Britain is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, along with Russia, China, the Us and France. It is also the sixth largest contributor to the UN‟s budget. As a Security Council member, Britain retains the ability to have a large influence on world affairs. And the more important to Britain today in running of its affairs is its membership in the EU. Britain is also a member of the Commonwealth. Even though Britain granted its colonial territories independence, it continued to feel close to these new countries and wanted to continue to work with them.（3）Security and Defence Policy:Britain depends more on defence than most other advanced industrial countries and maintains larger professional forces. The keystone of British defence policy is its participation in NA TO, which is commonly known as the North Atlantic Treaty Orgnasition. In addition to its NA TO commitments, Britain retains an independent nuclear weapons capability but it is highly unlikely for it to use, or need to use the capability.。

你知道Britain、England、British的关系吗？虐单词的⼩伙伴你好，今天我们继续学习⼀张单词导图，导图中出现了三个特别有意思的单词，它们是Britain、England、British，你知道这三个词有什么关系和区别吗？赶快跟着我⼀看究竟吧！⼆级单词导图（含29个单词）点击听单词来⾃虐单词 00:00 01:49单词注解：1. state /steɪt/ n.国家2. country /'kʌntrɪ/ n.国家3. nation /'neɪʃ(ə)n/ n.国家4. national /'næʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adj.国家的5. international /ˌɪntə'næʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adj.国际的6. native /'neɪtɪv/ adj.当地的7. local /'ləʊk(ə)l/ adj.当地的8. Chinese /ˌtʃaɪ'niːz/ adj.中国的9. Japanese /ˌdʒæpə'niːz/ adj.⽇本的10. Japan /dʒə'pæn/ n.⽇本11. foreign /'fɒrɪn/ adj.外国的12. abroad /ə'brɔːd/ adv.到国外13. aboard /ə'bɔːd/ prep.在船上14. America /ə'merɪkə/ n.美国15. Germany /'dʒɜːmənɪ/ n.德国16. France /frɑːns/ n.法国17. Canada /'kænədə/ n.加拿⼤18. Canadian /kə'neɪdɪən/ adj.加拿⼤的19. India /'ɪndɪə/ n.印度20. Indian /'ɪndɪən/ adj.印度的21. Russia /'rʌʃə/ n.俄罗斯22. Britain /'brɪt(ə)n/ n.英国23. British /'brɪtɪʃ/ adj.英国的24. England /'ɪŋɡlənd/ n.英格兰25. London /'lʌndən/ n.伦敦26. public /'pʌblɪk/ adj.公共的27. republic /rɪ'pʌblɪk/ n.共和国28. pub /pʌb/ n.酒店29. capital /'kæpɪt(ə)l/ n.⾸都重点讲解：Britain /'brɪt(ə)n/ n.英国England /'ɪŋɡlənd/ n.英格兰British /'brɪtɪʃ/ adj.英国的上⾯三个词都很常见，但是很多⼈不知道它们的区别，今天我们⼀起来学习⼀下：England，⾳译过来就是英格兰。