Fraudulent misrepresentation 诈欺性的不真实说明
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法律用语中英文对照a fortiori 更加;增强理由时之用词a priori 先验地;从因至果;凭臆断推论ab initio 自始(例如法律行为经撤销视之自始无效)acceptance 承诺;接受要约;接盘;承盘acceptance of partial performance 契约的部分履行被接受acceptor 承诺人;被要约的人accord 和解accord and satisfaction 和解与清偿accounting for profits 交代帐务accrual of action 诉讼产生acquiescence 默许act 行为;作为action in personam 对人之诉(以人为对象之诉,例如请求损害赔偿)action in rem 对物之诉(对物主张权利之诉讼)action 诉讼actual breach 实际违反契约ad idem 主要部分之契合(例如契约)ad interim 临时;过度的ad respondendum 答辩;辩诉adequate remedy 足够的赔偿adjudication 裁判;宣告(大都指破产之宣告)advertisement 广告advertisement of auction sale 拍卖广告advocate 出庭辩论之律师affidavit 宣誓书affirmation 确认agent 代理人agreement 协议agreement to discharge a contract 协议解约allegation 陈述(指未经证实者而言);声言;指陈allege 声称;辩称ambiguity 含糊不清anticipatory breach 预先违反契约appeal 上诉appellant 上诉人appellate jurisdiction 上诉审appropriation 拨款arbitration 仲裁arrears 迟延之欠款(例如逾期未付之租金)arrest of judgment 停止宣判(刑事被告在宣告判决前的提出理由声请停止宣判)artificial legal person 法律拟制人;法人assignee 受让人assignment 转让assignment of contractual rights 契约权益之转让assignor 让与人;转让人assistant 伙计assize of Mort D’aucestor继承土地被占收回诉讼assize of Novel Dissession 土地被占收回诉讼assizes 英国之巡回法庭assumpsit 约定;允诺;口头契约;因违约而生之损害赔偿之诉asylum 精神病院Attorney-General 美国司法部长(或各州检察长)attorney-at-law 律师(美国之称谓,美国无Solicitor及Barrister之区别)auction 拍卖auction sale 拍卖auctioneer 拍卖人auctioneer’s request for bids拍卖人请求投标averment 事实之陈述;主张;辨正;证明bailee 受寄人bailiff 执达员;执达吏;承发吏bailment 寄托bailor 寄托人bankruptcy,adjudication of 破产之宣告bar 禁止;障碍bargaining power 磋商议价能力barrister 律师(英国之称谓,或成barrister-at-law,俗称大律师,所以别与solicitor)barter 以物易物beneficial contract of service 有益之服务契约beneficiary 受益人benefit 权益;受益bidder 投标人;竞投人;出价人bilateral contract 双务契约tbill of exchange 汇票bill of lading 载货证券;提货单;提单bill of sale 出售票处binding 具有约束力binding agreement 具有约束力之协议bona fide third party 善意第三人;善意之第三人bona fide 真实的;善意的bookmaking 赌博登记赌注breach of contract 违约;违反契约broker 经济burden 负担burden of proof 举证责任business efficacy 商业上的效力by-law(Bye-Laws) 社团或公司之规程;附则canon law 寺院法capacity to contract 订约能力carriage of goods by sea act 海上货物运送条例carrier 运送人causation 因果关系cause of action 诉讼标的;诉之事由;案由;诉讼原因caveat emptor 购者自慎certiorari, writ of 移审令(上级法院命令下级法院移送卷宗之公文);移送案件命令chain of causation 因果关系champerty 包揽诉讼chancellor 掌玺大臣chancery 衡平法院chancery,court of 衡平法院(参阅supreme court of judicature)chancery division 大法官庭(参阅supreme court of judicature)charging order 扣押产物charter party (charta partita) 佣船人chartered corporation 特许法人charterer 佣船人chattel mortgage 质权cheque 支票cheque book 支票簿chose in action 侵权civil law 民事法;民法;大陆法clear evidence 明显的证据client 律师之当事人co-respondent 共同被告(——通常指离婚诉讼中被牵涉之奸夫或奸妇)code 法典collateral 附属;附属物品commission of lunacy 精神病的鉴定commit a crime 犯罪committal 扣押人身份common intent 共同企图common law 普通法;习惯法common mistake 共同错误common plea ,court of 普通法诉讼法院(参阅supreme court of judicature)communicates through the post 邮递传达communication of acceptance 承诺的传达;承诺的通知complain 陈诉;告发;告诉complainant 告诉人;陈诉人complaint 控诉;书状;诉之陈述compromise 妥协;和解conciliation 调停;调解;和解concurrent condition 并行条件concurrent jurisdiction 数法院同有管辖者condition 主要条款;重要条款;条件condition precedent 先决条件;停止条件county court 地方法院(或可称州中之郡法院,就其管辖之权限而言,相当于地方法院)coupon 彩券或赠券court of appeal 上诉法院(指经此不能再提起上诉)count of common pleas 普通诉讼法庭count of last resort 终审法院(指经此不能再提起上诉)covenant缔约;承诺credit 信贷;贷款creditor 债权人crème 犯罪criminal law 刑事法cross-examination 盘问;盘诘;交叉询问(指庭讯时本造律师向当事人及证人,或对造律师向本造当事人及证人之盘诘。
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照ANoteontheIncoterms(国际贸易术语通则解释)AbsoluteAdvantage(亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论)? AcceptancewithModifications(对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺)Acceptance(承诺/受盘)ActofStateDoctrine(国家行为主义)ActoftheParties(当事人的行为)AdministrativeManagement(经营管理)AdvisingandConfirmingLettersofCredit(信用证的通知和确认)AgentforInternationalSettlements(国际结算代理人)AgreementoftheParties(协议选择原则)Agriculture(农业协定)AlternativeDisputeResolution(ADR解决方式)AnticipatoryBreachinCommonLaw(普通法上预期违约)AntidumpingAuthority(反倾销机构)ApplicabilityoftheCISG?(CISG的适用范围) ApplicationofHomeStateLaborLawsExtraterritorially(内国劳工法律域外适用)ApplyingforaLetterofCredit(信用证的申请)ApprovalofForeignInvestmentApplications(外国投资申请的批准)Arbitrage(套汇)ArbitrationAgreementandArbitrationClauses(仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款)ArbitrationTribunals(仲裁机构)ArtisticPropertyAgreements(保护文学艺术作品的协定)ArtisticPropertyAgreements(文学艺术品产权协定)Assignment(合同权利转让)Attorney-General(法律总顾问)AutomaticDissolution(自动散伙)AverageClauses(海损条款)Avoidance(解除)BankDeposits(银行储蓄)BasesofIncomeTaxation(所得税的征税依据/基础)BattleoftheForms(形式上的分歧/冲突)BillsofLading?(提单)BranchBanking(银行的分支机构)BusinessFormandRegisteredCapital(企业形式和注册资本)BusinessForms(商业组织形式)Buyer'sRemedies(买方可以采取的救济措施)CarriageofGoodsbyAir(航空货物运输)CarriageofGoodsbySeaandMarineCargoInsurance(海上货物运输及其保险)Carrier'sDutiesunderaBillofLading(在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务)Carrier'sImmunities(承运人责任/义务的豁免)Cartels(企业联合/卡特尔) CategoriesofInvestmentProjects(外国投资的项目类别)Charterparties(租船合同)CharterpartiesbyDemise(光船出租合同)China's FundamentalPoliciesforEncouragingForeignInvestments (中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策)ChoosingtheGoverningLaw(准据法的选择)CIF(cost,insuranceandfreight)(portofdestination)(CIF成本\保险费加运费付至指定的目的港)CivilLaw(民法法系) ClearanceandSettlementProcedures(交换和转让程序)CollectionofDocumentaryBillsThroughBanks(银行跟单托收)CommercialArbitration(国际商事仲裁)CommodityArrangements(初级产品/农产品安排)CommonEnterpriseLiability(企业的一般责任)CommonLaw(普通法系)CommonProceduresinHandlingBillsofExchange(汇票处理的一般程序)CommonStock(股票)CompanyTaxpayers(公司/法人企业纳税人)ComparativeAdvantage(大卫.李嘉图的比较优势理论) ComparisonofMunicipalLegalSystems(内国法系的比较研究) CompensationforWindingup(清算补偿)ComprehensiveAgreements(综合性的协定)CompulsoryLicenses(强制许可)ComputationofIncome(收入计算)ConformityofGoods(与合同约定相符合的货物)ConsenttotheJurisdictionoftheHostState(给予东道国管辖权的许可/同意)ConsiderationinCommonLaw(英美法上的对价)ContemporaryInternationalTradeLaw(当代国际贸易法)ContractLawfortheInternationalSaleofGoods(国际货物销售合同法)ContractLiabilityoftheAgent(代理人的合同义务)ContractLiabilityofthePrincipal(委托人的合同义务)ContractualIssuesExcludedfromtheCoverageofCISG(排除在CISG适用范围之外的合同问题)Copyrights(着作权/版权)CouncilforTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyR ights(与知识产权有关的理事会)CoverageofTaxTreaties(税收条约的覆盖范围)CreationofAgency(代理创立)CreditorsofPartners(合伙人的债权人)CurrencyCrises:TheRoleofMonetaryPolicy(金融危机:货币政策的作用与地位)CurrencyExchangeObligationsofIMFMemberStates(国际货币基金组织成员国在外汇交易中的义务)CurrencyExchange(外汇交易)CurrencySupport(资金/财政援助)Custom(习惯)CustomsValuation(海关估价协定)DebtSecurities(债券)DecisionMakingwithintheWTO(WTO内部决定作出机制)DeficienciesintheGATT1947DisputeProcess(关税及贸易总协定1947争端解决程序的不足)DefiniteSumofMoneyorMonetaryUnitofAccount(确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位)DefinitionandSpecialFeatures(定义和特征)DelayedBillsofLading(提单迟延)DenialofJustice(司法不公)DevelopmentBanks(发展银行)DirectEffect(直接效力)DirectExporting(直接出口)Directors'andOfficer'sDutiestotheCorporation(董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务)DisputeSettlement(争端的解决)DissolutionbyAgreement?(协议解散)DissolutionbyCourtOrder(依法院令状散伙)DissolutionofthePartnership(散伙)DistributionofEarningsandRecoveryofInvestments?(收入分配和投资回收)DistributiontoShareholders(红利分配权)DoctrineofImputability(归责原则) DocumentaryFormalities(文本格式要求)DoubleTaxationProvision(双重征税的规定)DoubleTaxation(双重征税)Duress(胁迫行为)DutiesofAgentandPrincipal(代理人和委托人的义务)DutiesofAgenttoPrincipal(委托人的义务)DutiesofPrincipaltoAgent(代理人、的义务)DutyofCareinPartnershipBusiness(对合伙事务尽心看护义务)DutyofLoyaltyandGoodFaith(忠诚和诚信义务)EffectivenessofanOffer(邀约/发盘的效力)EmploymentLawsintheEuropeanUnion(欧洲联盟雇佣/劳工法)EmploymentStandardsoftheOrganizationforEconomicCooper ationandDevelopment(经济合作与发展组织雇佣/劳工标准)EnforcementofExchangeControlRegulationsofIMFMemberSta tes(国际货币基金组织成员国对外汇交易管理规则的履行)EnforcementofForeignArbitralAwardsinthePeople'sRepubl icofChina(在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行)EnforcementofForeignJudgment(外国法院判决的执行)EnforcementofPartnershipRightsandLiabilities(执行合伙事务的权利和责任)EnforcementofSecuritiesRegulationsInternationally(国际证券规则的执行)EnvironmentalRegulation(环境规则)EscapeClause(免责条款)Euro-currencyDeposits(欧洲货币储蓄)EuropeanCommunities-RegimefortheImportation,Sale,andD istributionofBananas(欧洲共同体对于香蕉的进口、销售和分销的管理)EuropeanUnionLawonTradeinServices(欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律)ExceptiononAdimpletiContractusinCivilLaw(大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权)Exceptions(例外)ExclusiveLicenses(独占许可)ExcusesforNon-performance(不履行的免责)ExcusesforNonperformance(不履行合同的抗辩/借口)ExemptionsforNewMembersfromIMFMemberStateCurrencyExch angeObligations(国际货币基金组织新成员国在外汇交易中义务的免除)ExportRestrictions(出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation(征收)ExtraterritorialApplicationofU. S.SecuritiesLaws(美国证券法域外的适用问题)FailuretoExhaustremedies(没有用尽法律救济)FaultandCausation(过错和因果关系)FinanceMinistry(财政部)FinanceofInternationalTrade(国际贸易的结算/支付) FinancingForeignTrade(对外贸易的价金支付)FOB(freeonhoard)(portofshipment)(FOB装运港船上交货)ForceMajeureClauses(不可抗力条款)ForeignInvestmentGuarantees(外国投资的担保)ForeignInvestmentLawsandCodes(外国投资法)FormalandInformalApplicationProcess(正式和非正式申请程序)FormationoftheContract(合同的成立)ForsedEndorsements(虚假背书)FraudExceptioninLettersofCreditTransaction(信用证交易的欺诈例外)FraudsonBillsofLading(提单欺诈)FraudulentMisrepresentation(受欺诈的误解)FreeZones(保税区/自由贸易区)FundamentalBreach(根本违约)GATSSchedulesofSpecificCommitments(服务贸易总协定减让表中的特别承诺)? GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(服务贸易总协定) GeneralRequirementsandRightsoftheHolderinDueCourse(票据持有人的一般要求和权利)GeneralStandardsofPerformance(履行的一般标准)GeographicLimitations(地区限制)GovernmentControlsoverTrade(政府对贸易的管制) GovernmentGuarantees(政府担保)GovernmentalInterest(政府利益原则)GovernmentalSourcesofCapital(官方资金)GrantBackProvisions(回授的规定)HomestateRegulationofMultinationalEnterprises(本国对跨国企业的管理)HostStateRegulationofMultinationalEnterprises(东道国对跨国企业的管理)IllegalityandIncompetency(行为不合法性与主体不适当资格的认定)IMF"Conditionality"(国际货币基金组织的制约性) IMFFacilities(国际货币基金组织的机制)IMFOperations(国际货币基金组织的运作)IMFQuotas(国际货币基金的份额)ImmunitiesofStatesfromtheJurisdictionofMunicipalCourt s(国家豁免于内国法院的管辖权)Import-LicensingProcedures(进口许可证程序协定)IncomeCategories(收入分类)IncomeTaxRates(所得税税率)IncomeTaxes(所得税)IndependencePrinciplesandRuleofStrictCompliance(信用证独立原则和单证严格相符规则)IndirectExporting(间接出口) IndustrialPropertyAgreements(保护工业产权的协定)InnocentMisrepresentation(因无知的误解)Inquiry(调查)InsiderTradingRegulations(内幕交易规则)InsuranceCover(保险范围)IntegrationofCompanyandPersonalIncomeTaxes(公司和个人所得税的征收)IntellectualPropertyRightLaw(知识产权法)InternationalCenterfortheSettlementofInvestmentDisput es(解决投资争端国际中心)InternationalCommercialDisputeSettlement(国际商事争端的解决)?InternationalCourtofJustice(海牙联合国国际法院)InternationalFactoring(国际保理)InternationalFranchising(国际特许经营权)? InternationalLaborStandards(国际劳工标准)InternationalLicensingAgreement(国际许可证协议) InternationalLicensingAgreements(国际许可证协定)InternationalModelLaw(国际示范法) InternationalOrganizations(国际组织) InternationalPersons(国际法主体)InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms(国际贸易术语解释通则) InternationalTradeCustomsandUsages(国际贸易惯例和习惯)InternationalTreatiesandConventions(国际条约和公约) InternationalTribunals(国际法庭)InterpretingoftheCISG(CISG的解释)InvitationOffer(要约邀请/要约引诱/询盘)InvoluntaryDissolution(非自愿解散)IssuanceofSecurities(证券发行)JurisdictionandVenue(管辖权和法院地)JurisdictioninCivilCases(民事案件的管辖权)JurisdictioninCriminalCases(刑事案件的管辖权)Know-how(技术秘密/专有技术)LackofGenuineLink(缺乏真实的联系)LackofNationality(无国籍)LackofStanding(身份不明)LawApplicabletoLettersofCredit(调整信用证的法律)LawofForeignInvestmentEnterprisesofChina(中国的外商投资企业法)LawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonChineseForeignContra ctualJointVentures(中华人民共和国中外合作企业法)LawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonChineseForeignEquity JointVentures?(中华人民共和国中外合资企业法)LawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaonForeignCapitalEnterp rises(中华人民共和国外资企业法)LegalCharacteristics(定义和法律特征)LegalStructureoftheWTO(世界贸易组织的法律框架)LegalSystemofInternationalBusiness(国际商事的法律体系)LettersofCredit(L/C)(信用证)LiabilitiesofMakers,Drawers,Drawees,EndorsersandAccom modationParties(票据制作人、出票人、付款人、背书人、代发人/担保人的责任)LiabilityforEnvironmentalDamage(环境损害责任)LiabilityLimits(承运人责任/义务的限制)LicensingRegulations(许可证制度)LimitationsonForeignEquity(外国投资的资金比例限制)LimitationsontheExcusesThatDrawersandMakersCanUsetoAv oidPayingOffaBillorNote??661(票据制作人、出票人拒绝付款借口的限制)LiquidatedDamages(约定的损害赔偿金)Liquidation(清算)MaintainingMonetaryValue(维护币值稳定)MajorPrinciplesofGATT1994(关税及贸易总协定1947的主要原则)MarineInsurancePoliciesandCertificates(海运保险单和证书)MaritimeInsurance(海运保险)MaritimeLiens(留置权)MeansofDelivery(根据交付方式)Mediation(调停/调解)Membership(成员)MemorandumsofUnderstanding(谅解备忘录)MethodsofInvestmentContribution(出资方式)Mini-trial(模拟审判方式)MiscellaneousTaxes(混杂的,各种各样的税)Misrepresentation(误解)MixedSales(混合销售)ModificationofForeignInvestmentAgreements(外国投资协议的修改)MoneyandBanking(货币与金融)MonopolyControlAuthority(反垄断机构) MostSignificantRelationship(最密切联系原则)Most-favored-nationTreatment(最惠国待遇原则)MovementofWorkers(劳工流动)MultilateralInvestmentGuarantyPrograms(多边投资担保计划/安排)MultilateralTradeAgreements(多边贸易协定)MultilateralTradeNegotiations(多边贸易谈判)MultinationalEnterprise(跨国企业)MunicipalCourts(国内法院的实践)MunicipalLegalSystems(内国法系)NationalForeignInvestmentPolicies(内国的外国投资政策)NationalInvestmentGuaranteePrograms(内国/国家投资担保计划/安排)NationalLaw(国内法)NationalMonetarySystems(国内金融/货币体系)NationalTreatment(国民待遇原则)NationalityPrinciple(国籍原则)Negligent(innocent)Misrepresentation(因疏忽的误解)NegotiabilityofBillsandNegotiabilityofNotes(可流通的汇票和可流通的本票)Negotiation(谈判,议付)NoncompetitionClauses(限制竞争条款)Nondiscrimination(非歧视原则)NonimputableActs(免责行为)NontariffBarrierstoTrade(非关税贸易壁垒) NonwrongfulDissolution(非不法原因散伙)Objections(异议)ObligationsoftheParties(当事人各方的义务)ObligationsoftheSellerandtheBuyer(买卖双方的合同义务)Offer(要约/发盘)OperationofLaw(法律的原因而终止)OperationalReviews(营业审查)?OptingInandOut(加入和退出)OrganizationoftheIMF(国际货币基金组织的机构)OrganizationsAffiliatedwiththeUnitedNations(联合国的相关组织)OverseasPrivateInvestmentCorporation(海外私人投资公司的案件)ParentCompany(母公司)PassingofProperty(产权的转移)PassingofRisk(风险的转移)Patents(专利权)PayableonDemandorataDefiniteTime(付款要求或者在指定的付款时间)PaymentofthePrice(支付价款)PenaltiesforNoncompliance(对于不遵守法规的处罚)PerilsandLosses(保险危险和损失)PersonsImmunefromTaxation(个人所得税的免除)PiercingtheCorporateVeil(普通法上揭开公司的面纱/大陆法上公司人格否认原则)PlaceforDelivery(交付的地点)Post-TerminationRelationship(代理终止后的有关问题)PowersduringWindingup(合伙人在清算过程中的权力/权利)PracticesandUsages(交易习惯和商业惯例)Preemption(先买权/优先权)PreshipmentInspection(装运前检验协定)Price-Fixing(定价)PrivateInsurers(私人/商业保险)PrivateSourcesofCapital(私人资金)ProductsLiabilityLaws(产品质量法)PromissoryNotes(本票)PromoterofInternationalMonetaryCooperation(国际金融合作的促进者)Promoters(公司的发起人)ProtectionofNaturalResources(自然资源的保护)ProtectionofSubsidiaries(分支机构的保护制度)ProtectionofWorkers'RightsbytheCouncilofEurope(欧洲理事会关于劳工权利的保护)ProtectionthroughTariffs(关税保护)ProvingForeignLaw(外国法的查明)ProvisionsGoverningTradeinServicesintheNorthAmericanF reeTradeAgreement(北美自由贸易区协定中关于服务贸易的规定)QualityControls(质量控制)QuantityandField-of-UseRestrictions(对数量和使用领域的限制)RecognitionandEnforcementofAwards(仲裁裁决的承认和执行)RecognitionofForeignJudgments(外国裁决的承认)RefusaltoExerciseJurisdiction(拒绝执行管辖权)RegionalandInternationalDevelopmentAgencies(区域性和国际性发展机构)RegionalIntegration(区域联合)RegionalIntergovernmentalRegulationsonLabor(区域性政府间关于劳工的规定)RegionalIntergovernmentalRegulationsonTradeinServices (关于服务贸易的区域性政府间管理规则)RegionalMonetarySystems(区域性金融体系)RegulationofForeignWorkers(外籍员工的的管理规定)RegulationofPollution(防止污染规则)Relief(救济、赔偿)RemediesAvailabletoBothBuyersandSellers(买卖双方都可以采取的救济措施)RemediesforBreachofContract(违反合同的救济)RequestsforSpecificPerformance(要求继续/特定履行)ResidencyPrinciple(居住地原则)RestrictionsonResearchandDevelopment(对技术研究和发展的限制)RestrictionsThatApplyaftertheExpirationofIntellectual PropertyRights(知识产权保护期满后应用的限制)RestrictionsThatApplyaftertheExpirationoftheLicensing Agreement(知识产权使用许可合同期满后应用的限制)RighttoCompensation(主张赔偿的权利)RightsandDuties(权利与义务)RightsandResponsibilitiesofBeneficiaries(收款人/收益人的权利与义务)RightsandResponsibilitiesoftheAccountParty(付款人/信用证帐户申请人的权利与义务)RulesofOrigin(原产地规则)RulesofPrivateInternationalLaw(国际私法规则)Safeguards(保障措施协定)SanitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasures(卫生与植物卫生措施协定)ScopeandCoverageofGATT1947andGATT1994(关税及贸易总协定1947和1994文本的调整范围)ScreeningForeignInvestmentApplications(对外国投资申请的筛选/审查)SectoralLimitations(行业/部门限制)SecuritiesandExchangeCommission(证券交易委员会)SecuritiesExchanges(证券交易所)SecuritiesRegulations(证券规章)Seller'sObligations(卖方的义务)Seller'sRemedies(卖方可以采取的救济措施)SettlementofDisputesbetweenILOMemberStates(国际劳工组织成员国之间争端的解决)SettlementofDisputesbetweenIntergovernmentalOrganizat ionsandTheirEmployees(政府间国际组织与它的雇员之间争端的解决)SettlementofDisputesinInternationalTribunals(在国际法庭解决争端)SettlementofDisputesinMunicipalCourts(内国法院的争端解决途径)SettlementofDisputesthroughDiplomacy(通过外交途径解决争端)SettlementofDisputesthroughMunicipalCourts(通过内国法院解决国际商事争端)Shareholders'InspectionandInformationRights(股东的监督和知情权)Shareholders'Lawsuits(股东的诉权)Shareholders'Meetings(股东会议/大会)Shareholders'RightsandLiabilities(股东的权利和责任)SharpPractices(欺诈行为)SignedbytheMakerorDrawer(票据制作人或者出票人签名)SourcePrinciple(税收发生来源原则)SourcesofCorporateFinancing?(公司资本的来源)SourcesofForeignInvestmentLawofChina(中国外国投资法的渊源)SourcesofInternationalBusinessLaw(国际商法的渊源) SourcesofInternationalLaw(国际法的渊源)SourcesofInvestment(投资范围)SovereignorStateImmunity(国家主权豁免)Specialization(国际分工专门化)StandardofCare(给予外国人的待遇/关照标准)Start-UpStandards(设立标准)StateResponsibility(国家责任)StatementsandConductoftheParties(当事人的陈述和行为)StatutoryChoice-of-LawProvisions(强制选择条款)StructureoftheWTO(WTO的组织结构)SubordinateBusinessStructures(商业分支机构)SubsidiesandCountervailingMeasures(补贴与反补贴措施协定)SupervisionofForeignInvestment(外国投资的监管)SupremeCourtDecision(最高法院的裁决)SystemsforRelieffromDoubleTaxation(避免双重征税的救济体制)TakeoverRegulations(接管/收购规则)TakingDelivery(接受交付)Tariff-basedImportRestriction(约束进口关税)Tariffs(关税)TaxAvoidance(避税)TaxEvasion(逃税)TaxIncentives(税收激励)??TaxSparing(节税)TaxTreaties(税收条约)Taxation(税收)Taxpayers(纳税人)TechnicalBarrierstoTrade(贸易的技术壁垒)TechnologyTransfer(技术转让) TerminationofanAgency(代理的终止)TerminationofCorporations(公司的终止)TerritorialRestrictions(地区限制)TextilesandClothing(纺织品和服装协定)TheAcceptance(承诺/受盘)TheAdministrativeDiscretionofScreeningAuthorities(筛选/监管机构的管理权)TheAnglo-AmericanCommonLawSystem(普通法系或者英美法系)TheApplicableProcedureLaw(应用的程序法)TheApplicableSubstantiveLaw(应用的实体法)TheBankforInternationalSettlements(巴塞尔国际清算银行)TheBillofExchange(汇票)TheBoardofDirectors(董事会)TheBrettonWoodsSystem(布雷敦森林体系)TheBusinessForm(商业组织形式)TheBuyer'sRighttoAvoidtheContract(买方解除合同的权利)TheCentralBank(中央银行)TheChoiceofMoney(货币的选择)TheConventiononInsiderTrading(内幕交易的公约)TheDraftingoftheCISG(CISG的起草)theEconomicGlobalization(经济全球化)TheFinalActEmbodyingtheResultsoftheUruguayRoundofMult ilateralTradeNegotiations(乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果的最后文本)TheForeignExchangeMarket(外汇交易市场)TheFoundingofGATT(关税及贸易总协定的成立)TheFrameworkAgreement(协定的框架)TheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(关税及贸易总协定)TheImportanceoftheSeparateLegalIdentityofJuridicalEnt ities(跨国企业作为拥有独立法律地位的实体之重要性)TheInterbankDepositMarket(银行间的储蓄市场)TheInternationalLaborOrganization(国际劳工组织)TheInternationalMonetaryFund(国际货币基金组织)TheInternationalStandard(国际待遇/标准) TheInternationalTransferofIntellectualProperty(工业产权的国际转让)TheIslamicLawSystem?(伊斯兰法系)TheLawGoverningBillsofExchange(调整汇票的法律制度)TheLawofAgency(国际商事代理法)TheMakingofInternationalLaw(国际法的构成)TheNationalStandard(国民待遇/标准) TheNegotiationandTransferofBillsandNotes(票据权利的转让和背书转让)TheObligationsofBanks(银行的义务/责任)ThePrincipalCharacteristics(基本特征)TheRoleofBanksinCollectingandPayingNegotiableInstrume nts(银行在可流通票据的托收和付款中的角色)TheRoman-GermanicCivilLawSystem(大陆法系或者罗马日耳曼法系) TheScopeofInternationalLawinActualPractice?(实践中国际法的范围)TheSubordinateStructure(分支结构)TheTransferofMoney(货币转移)TheTurningOverofDocuments(交付与货物有关的单证)TheUruguayRound(乌拉圭回合)TheValueofMoney(币值)TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)(世界贸易组织)TheWTOAgreement(WTO协定)ThirdPartyRelationsofthePrincipalandtheAgent(与委托人和代理人有关的第三人)Third-PartyClaimsandPersonalInjuries(第三方的权利和人身伤害)Third-PartyRights(HimalayaClause)(第三方的权利----喜玛拉亚条款)TimeCharterparties(定期租船合同)TimeforDelivery(交付的时间)TimeLimitations(时效)TradeBarriers(贸易壁垒)TradeinGoods(货物贸易) TradeLiberalizationThroughCooperation(通过合作实现贸易自由化)TradePolicyReview(贸易政策评审机制)TradeTerms(贸易术语)Trademarks(商标权)Trade-RelatedInvestmentMeasures(与贸易有关的投资措施协定)TradinginSecurities(证券交易)TransactionsCoveredinCISG(CISG适用的交易范围)TransnationalOrganizedLabor(有组织的跨境服务的劳工)Transparency(透明度)TreatiesandConventions(条约和公约)TrialCourtDecision(初等法院的裁决)TurnoverTaxes(流转/交易税)TyingClauses(搭售条款)UnconditionalPromiseorOrdertoPay(无条件的付款承诺和要求)UnfairCompetitionLaws(不正当竞争法)UNIDROITPrinciplesofInternationalCommercialContracts( PICC)(国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则,简称PICC) UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternational SaleofGoods(CISG)(联合国国际货物销售合同公约,简称CISG) ValidityandFormationofInternationalSaleofContracts(国际货物销售合同的成立和效力)Visas(签证)VoyageCharterparties(航次租船合同)Waivers(让渡、放弃)WindingUp(合伙清算)WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(世界知识产权组织)WorldTradeOrganizationDisputeSettlementProcedures(世界贸易组织争端解决机制)WrongfulDissolution(不法原因散伙)WTOAntidumpingAgreement(世界贸易组织反倾销协议)WTODisputeSettlementProcedures(世界贸易组织的争端解决程序)。
英美法中虚假陈述的民事责任一、引言人非圣贤,孰能无过。
现实生活中的每个人不论是出于故意、过失抑或无意识都有作出与事实不符的表示的时候,例如说错某句话、写错某个字。
此种客观行为在英语中被统称为"Misrepresentation",我国大陆译为"虚假陈述"。
[1]权威的《布莱克法律辞典》(Black's Law Dictionary)对"Misrepresentation"一词的解释为:"某人以言词或其他行为向另一人作出的任何依情形显示为与事实不相符的表示。
对事实不真实的陈述。
不正确的或虚假的陈述。
这一陈述如果被接受的话,会导致内心对某种状况作出与实际不相符合的理解。
在口语中它被理解为某种用于欺诈或误导的陈述。
"[2]《美国合同法重述(第二次)》第159条将"虚假陈述"非常简略地界定为:"一项不符合事实的表示"(A misrepresentation is an assertion that is not in accord with the facts)。
美国法学会(American Law Institute)在对该条的评论中指出:"虚假陈述就是与事实不符合的表示,通常形式为说错话或者写错字。
一项陈述是否与事实不相符合(虚伪、错误)必须依据所有情况下该用语的意义及该用语的公平推论(即所含意义)而加以判定。
此外,行为也可以推断为一项表示。
隐匿(concealment)或者不公开(non-disclosure)依据本重述第160条与第161条也可能构成虚假陈述。
"综上所述,所谓虚假陈述就是主体作出的与事实不相符合的表示行为,它可以是通过言词作出的,也可以通过其他方式作出的;既可以是作为,也可以是不作为。
倘若此种虚假陈述行为与他人无涉,法律自无须理会。
然而,一旦该等行为对他人之利益产生影响,则必将产生一定的法律后果。
区分虚假信息英文作文题目英文:As we live in the era of information explosion, it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish between true and false information. The spread of fake news has become a serious problem, and it is important for us to be able to differentiate between what is real and what is not. In this essay, I will discuss some methods for identifying fake information and provide examples to illustrate my points.First and foremost, one of the most effective ways to distinguish fake information is to fact-check. This means verifying the information through reliable sources and cross-referencing it with other credible sources. For example, if I come across a news article claiming that a celebrity has passed away, I would check the information against reputable news outlets to see if it has been reported elsewhere. If I cannot find any other sources reporting the same news, it is likely that the informationis fake.Another method to identify fake information is to consider the source. It is important to be aware of the credibility of the source from which the information comes. For instance, if I receive a message on social media claiming that a new miracle drug has been discovered, I would research the source of the information to determineif it is a reliable and trustworthy source. If the sourceis not well-known or has a history of spreading false information, it is likely that the information is not true.Furthermore, it is crucial to be aware of the language and tone used in the information. Fake news often uses sensational language and exaggerated claims to grab attention. If I read an article that uses excessive hyperbole and emotionally charged language, I would be skeptical of its accuracy. Additionally, I would look for any evidence or data to support the claims made in the information. If there is a lack of evidence or the data provided is questionable, it is likely that the information is fake.In conclusion, it is essential for us to be able to differentiate between true and false information in today's digital age. By fact-checking, considering the source, and being aware of the language and tone used in the information, we can better equip ourselves to identify fake news. It is important to stay vigilant and not to believe everything we see or hear without verifying its authenticity.中文:在信息爆炸的时代,真假信息的区分变得越来越困难。
第六章船舶租用合同161、什么是船舶租用合同?远洋运输营运方式可以分为定期船运输和不定期船运输。
定期船运输又称为班轮运输,是指船舶在固定的航线上,按既定的船期表和港口顺序,经常地从事港口间运输的营运方式。
不定期船运输又称租船运输,是指承租人向船舶所有人租赁船舶或舱位进行的海上货物运输方式。
可分为航次租船、定期租船和光船租船三种营运方式。
不论采用哪种运输方式,都需相应地签订运输合同。
比如,班轮运输合同主要通过提单来体现;航次租船应有航次租船合同等。
根据我国《海商法》的规定,提单和航次租船合同,属于海上货物运输合同的一种;而定期租船合同和光船租赁合同,则属于船舶租用合同。
如我国《海商法》第128条规定:“船舶租用合同,包括定期租船合同和光船租赁合同,均应当书面订立。
”所以,租船运输方式与船舶租用合同两者之间有一定得联系,但也有很大的区别。
不应产生概念上的混淆。
特别值得注意的是,航次租船虽然属于租船方式的一种,但航次租船合同却不属于船舶租用合同,而属于海上货物运输合同的范畴。
162、租船交易需要经过哪些程序?在租船市场上,租船大多通过经纪人进行。
一般地说,从承租人提出租船要求,到最后与出租人签订合同,大致要经过如下几个步骤:即询价、报价、还价、报实盘、接受订租、签订订租确认书、编制、审核、签订租船合同。
询价(Enquiry),又称“询盘”,是承租人根据货物的情况表示需要租船,并说明自己对船舶要求的业务。
通常以电传、电报、传真或其他书面形式提出。
内容包括:货物的种类、数量、名称、装卸港、装货日期、计划运价等。
报价(Offer),又称“开盘”,是租船经纪人或船舶所有人在接到询价后,根据自己的条件向承租人提出自己所能够提供船舶的情况和条件的业务。
报价的内容,除对询价的答复外,通常还包括:船名、载重量或载货容积、装卸港口、受载期、装卸条件和费用条款、租金或运费、滞期或速遣费率、佣金、拟选定的租船合同范本等。
报价有硬性报价和条件报价两种。
论合同法上的欺诈(上)
合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议,它的有效条件之一,就是当事人之间的意思表示必须自愿真实,意思表示的缺陷可以成为合同效力的障碍,而欺诈是造成意思表示缺陷的事由之一。
二、英美法中的欺诈问题
英国法将欺诈作为错误陈述的一种情形加以规定。
所谓错误陈述,是指“当事人在正式订约前,为引导订约而作出的与事实不相符合的事实陈述。
”依其对合同效力影响的不同,错误陈述分为欺诈性错误陈述(Fraudulent Misrepresentation)、过失性错误陈述(Negligent Misrepresentation)和无辜的错误陈述(Wholly Innocent Misrepresentation)。
其中,欺诈性错误陈述为“误述人并非真诚相信其陈述是真实的,或者说他故意错误陈述。
”对于哪些错误陈述属于欺诈性的,英国法采用主观标准,即判断误述人是否明知其陈述的虚假性不是取决于正常人在合理条件下应该知悉,而是取决于误述人实际上如何理解其陈述。
“上院在著名的德里诉皮克一案中断然决定:只有在知道它是虚假的或者粗心大意地在不知道或没有注意到是真是假时作出的陈述才是欺诈性的陈述。
”如果误述人的误述构成欺诈性错误陈述,则受害人有权提起如下诉讼请求或者采取如下措施:一、受害人如已遭受损失,可基于对方的侵权行为诉请侵权赔偿,同时还可以采取(二)和(三)两项中任一措施;二、受害人有权诉请撤销该合同;三、受害人有权拒绝履行该合同,在此种情况下,受害人可以不予起诉,但如果他受诉,则可以提出抗辩和反诉要求赔偿;
四、受害人基于自己意愿有权确认该合同,要求其履行而不考虑其中误述因素。
1.Does Samir have a legally enforceable contract with Fairways for the purchase for the Matsumoto golf clubs for 150?首先,Smair并没有与Fairways公司就购买Matsumoto golf成立合同,假使他想要购买那套高尔夫球具,那么他必须支付1,500,这是因为橱窗展示仅仅是一个要约邀请而不是要约。
Carlill v Carbolic Smokeball Co (1893)Harvey v Facey (1893)Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (1953)Fisher v Bell (1961)First, Smair has not purchased Matsumoto with Fairways Corporation the golf establishment contract, if he wants to purchase that set of golf to have, then he must pay 1,500, this is because the display window demonstration is an important contract invitation merely, but is not the important contract. Carlill v Carbolic Smokeball Co (1893) Harvey v Facey (1893) Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (1953) Fisher v Bell (1961)2.What are the chances of Susan being successful if she goes ahead and sues Samir for the cost of her new designer outfit, the cost of her taxi fare and the disappointment caused? Susan 假使决定要起诉Samir并要求赔偿他的服装费用,乘坐出租车的费用以及精神损失费用的话,那么Susan将不可能获得胜诉。
科学欺诈的危害英文一百字作文英文回答:The harm of scientific fraud is significant and far-reaching. Firstly, it undermines the credibility and trustworthiness of the scientific community. When fraudulent research is exposed, it damages the reputation of the researchers involved and casts doubt on the validity of their findings. This can have a ripple effect, leading to skepticism and skepticism towards other scientific studies.Secondly, scientific fraud can have serious consequences for public health and safety. For example, if a pharmaceutical company falsifies data on the effectiveness and safety of a new drug, it could lead to the approval and widespread use of a potentially harmful medication. This puts the lives and well-being of patients at risk.Furthermore, scientific fraud wastes valuable resources. Research funding is often limited, and when it is misusedon fraudulent studies, it takes away resources that could have been used for legitimate and impactful research. This not only hinders scientific progress but also deprives society of potential breakthroughs and advancements.In addition, scientific fraud can have economic implications. For instance, if a company manipulates scientific data to promote a product or technology, it can mislead consumers and investors, leading to financiallosses and damage to the economy.Overall, the harm of scientific fraud cannot be underestimated. It erodes trust, jeopardizes public health, wastes resources, and has economic repercussions.中文回答:科学欺诈的危害是巨大而深远的。
国际贸易中,虚假承诺(misrepresentation)可怕的后果国际贸易中,虚假承诺(misrepresentation)可怕的后果在国际贸易中,每一方都应该对自己的承诺承担责任,如果一方虚假承诺(误述),导致另一方因相信其承诺,而与之签署合约,守约方可以向虚假承诺方主张所有损失,不论在签署合约时是否可以预见,包括直接损失、任何的间接损失。
案例2009年5月12日,原告YAM SENG与被告ITC签署合约,被告独家授权原告在中东,亚洲、非洲、澳大利亚等地销售品牌为“Manchester United”的相关产品。
在签署合约时,被告并没有获得生产、销售品牌为“Manchester United”的相关产品的授权。
合约签署后,双方在价格、产品供应等方面产生分歧,最终,原告终止合约,主张被告违约,其中一项主张为,被告虚假陈述,导致其签署合约,要求被告赔偿其虚假陈述而导致原告的相关损失共计339,353美元(已经销售的货物的购买成本+运费+代理费+市场宣传费- 销售货物总额),最后法院支持了原告的诉讼请求。
法院的理由如下:Where a person has entered into a contract after a misrepresentation has been made to him by another party thereto and as a result thereof he has suffered loss ,then ,if the person making the misrepresentation would be liable to damages in respect thereof had the misrepresentation been made fraudulently ,that person shall be so liable notwithstanding that the misrepresentation was not made fraudulently ,unless he proves that he had reasonable ground to believe and did believe up to the time the contract was made that the facts represented were trueIn a case of fraudulent misrepresentation the claimant is entitled to recover compensation for all loss directly flowing from(ie caused by)transaction induced by the representation,whether or not the loss was reasonably foreseeable and in including any consequential losses 上述理由大意如下:因欺诈性误述与他人签署合约,遭受损失的由误述方承担责任;如果误述方不能证明其有合理的理由认为该陈述是真实的,虽然误述不是欺诈性的,误述方仍然承担责任。
托福写作场景词汇:Media(二)托福写作备考中,词汇的积累也是大家复习的重点。
针对不同的场景,大家可以储备相关的词汇。
这对于大家接下来的写作有更好的帮助。
为大家汇总了相关词汇内容,让我们一起来看看吧!过多的暴力与色情内容excessive (or gratuitous ) violent and pornographic contents有误导性的adj. misleading/ misrepresented/ distorted诈骗性的adj. fraudulent虚假的adj. false/ bogus报道非常详尽的细节report sth. in graphic detail夸大事件exaggerate things/ sensationalize things/ blow things out of all proportions公正客观的objective and balanced揭露v. expose/ reveal侵犯隐私violate (or intrude on/ infringe on ) someone’s privacy毁坏某人的名誉tarnish/ sully/ smear/ besmirch one’s reputation狗仔队n. ( pl.) paparazzi名人n. ( pl.) celebrities丑闻n. scandals掩盖v. cover up/ gloss over/ whitewash客观的adj. objective不客观的adj. biased/ skewed/ unobjective如实的描述factual accounts可信的adj. reliable/ trustworthy/ dependable 及时的up-‐to-‐date/ up-‐to-‐minute 道德准则code of ethics/ code of conduct监督vt. scrutinize无处不在的adj. ubiquitous/ prevalent荒唐的,可笑的adj. absurd/ ludicrous高调的/低调的adj. high-‐profile/ low-‐profile独家新闻exclusive news(明星的)光环the glitz and glamour魅力四射的adj. glamorous处在公众注意力的焦点in the spotlight/ in the limelight媒体炒作media hype 传闻n. gossip 捏造的adj. fabricated。
欺诈及其救济英国合同法案例选-依斯特诉摩尔East v Maurer[1991] 2 All ER 733.选自解琳,张诤著,《英国合同法案例选评》案由:被告拥有两家经营的很好的发廊,在1979年,他同意将其中的一家(位于Exeter Road)出售给原告。
原告被引诱买下这一发廊部分原因是因为原告的陈述表明他希望将来去国外工作而也不愿在另一家工作,但要排除出现意外情况。
但事实上,这个在此地区享有声誉的被告仍然在另一家发廊全日经营。
结果是原告的生意日渐衰落并且没有获得任何利润。
而在1989年时原告被迫将这一发廊卖掉,而价钱比他们原来买时少很多。
原告因此起诉被告违约并且存在欺诈性错误陈述。
法院判决被告的陈述是错误的。
被告因对给予利润损失的赔偿不服而提起上诉。
判词:同意上诉。
贝尔登法官(Beldam LJ):下级法院法官判决原告的行为是非常合理:他们不可能在经营之前就将发廊卖掉。
法官判决原告的损失为33328镑,加上利息,总额为55205镑。
这一金额是这样计算的。
首先资本支出以这一发廊的成本价计算,为20000镑,减去卖掉所获得补偿后,得到12500镑。
其次法官给予原告因买卖发廊而发生的费用和开销,以及原告为了使其营利而改善发廊的支出的补偿。
这些费用的总和为2390镑。
另外法官还给予了在三年零三个月中原告经营发廊的交易损失的补偿,共2438镑。
这个另外的交易损失补偿导致了被告向本法院提起上诉。
除了已经提及的数目之外,下级法院法官还给予了原告在三年零三个月中的利润损失,数目为15000镑。
最后,法官还给予原告1000镑作为原告意图经营发廊却遭受了失望和不便的赔偿。
原告上诉反对给予15000镑的利润损失赔偿……因欺诈而产生的侵权之诉与违约之诉的损害赔偿的计算方法是不同的,这已经无须再用先例来支持了。
对于欺诈的损害赔偿的计算的基础不是假设这一陈述如果是正确的话原告所处于的地位;而是用金钱来补偿原告所遭受的所有损失(在用金钱能够补偿的范围内)。
《商法学》商法英语词汇库商法总论商人法law merchant 商法commercial law mercantile Law Business Law 禁反言estoppel 商事关系commercial relation 主观主义标准standard of subjectivism 客观主义标准standard of objectivism商事法律关系Legal commercial relation商人人格关系commercial personality relation商事营业关系commercial business relation新商人主义标准Standard of neo- merchant creed 民商立法体制civil and commercial legislative system民商分立体制separation system of civil and commercial codes民商合一体combination system of civil and commercial codes分合折衷体制eclecticism legislative system主观意义的企业business客观意义的企业enterprise商主体merchant commercial person商行为commercial action商事代理commercial agent商业名称trade name行纪人broker公司corporation company合伙partnership合股公司joint-stock company特许公司chartered corporation注册公司registered corporation法定公司statutory corporation无限公司unlimited corporation有限责任公司limited corporation股份有限公司limited by shares母公司parent corporation子公司susbsidiaries上市公司quoted corporation公司集团groups 保证公司limited by guarantee慈善公司charitable corporation控股公司holding corporation; holding company公开公司publicly held corporation闭锁公司closely held corporation公公司a pub1ic company私公司a private company一人公司one-man company公司治理corporation governance公司人格corporation personality契约束nexus of contract公司法人格否认Disregard of Corporate Personality刺破公司面纱Piercing the Corporate Veil揭开公司面纱,Lifting the veil of the Corporation普通合伙general partnership有限合伙Limited partnerships合伙人partner有限责任limited liability 公司章程articles of association注册证书certificate of incorporation articles of incorporation发起人的受托义务Promoter’s fiduciary obligation认购协议subscription agreement既成事实公司de facto corporation法律上的公司de jure corporation公司设立瑕疵defective incorporation受托人义务fiduciary obligation结论性证据conclusive evidengce 股份share股息dividends 关联第三方connected third parties 出资(投资)invest 股东shareholder 小股东minority shareholder 单个股东individual shareholder 消极股东passive shareholder积极股东active shareholder 刺穿公司面纱pierce the corporate veil揭开公司面纱lifting the company veil逆向合并reverse merger收购公司acquiring company正向合并forward merger股权收购share acquisition收购公司acquiring company收购目标公司target company资产收购asset acquisition公司责任liability of corporation公司结构(组织)Corporation constructure董事director高级职员Officer股东权Powers of shareholder选任elect 解任remove年会(常会)annual meeting兼并merger解散dissolution自愿解散voluntary dissolution法院解散judicial dissolution清算liquidation wind up董事会board of directors累计投票权cumulative voting right任期term董事的延期holdover director董事的解除removal of director董事会会议directors’meeting公告notice法定人数quorum少数lower number绝对多数super majority自己表决present at vote多数higher number unanimous written consent objection by director委员会committee细则bylaw董事长president公司秘书secretary 股东诉讼shareholders action breaking quorum股东的信息获取权shareholders’informational right股东的帐簿与记录检查权shareholders’inspection of books and records公司融资corporation finance财务报告financial report损益表income statement资产负债表balance sheet年度报告annual report季度报告quarterly report掺水股票watered stock trust fund theory许可authorization发起人promoter营业执照trade charter票面价值par value misrepresentation theory优先购买权pre-emptive right库藏股treasury shares受托责任fiduciary duty public offerings of securities有价证券security权益证券equity security债务证券debt security债券bond filing of registration statement普通股common stock优先股preferred stock资本capital授权且己发行资本authorized and issued Capital授权资本(名义资本)authorized capital、nominal capital己发行资本issued capital已缴资本paid—up capital待缴资本uncalled capital 催缴股本called-up capital保留资本reserve capital股权资本equity capital 借贷资本loan capital声明股本stated capital票面价值par value,缩写为PV无票面价值no par value 缩写NPV 法定资本制legal capital system授权资本制system authorized Capital转投资reinvestment资本确定原则prinzipdesfesten grund kapitals资本维持原则principle of maintenance of capital资本不变原则Prinzipder Bestandingkedes Grund kapitals重组re-classified股票再分割sub-divide注销cancel注册资本the registered capital分配distribution 公司登记官the Registrar合并股份consolidate分割股份divide库存股treasure stock减资决议a resolution for reducing share capital红利股bonus shares雇员持股制度an employees’share system设立报告incorporators'report 资本不足inadequate Capitalization最低资本额制度grundsatz des mindestgrund kapitals商业登记官the commercial Register授权资本额the amount of the authorized capital创立主义konstruktionsprinzip、Incorporation 净资产net assets、net worth资本盈余paid-in surplus缴付盈余paid-in surplus减资盈余reduction surplus泡沫法案The bubble act合股公司法The joint-stock companiesAct泡沫废止法The Bubble Act Repeal Act代理理论Principal-agent Theory契约的集合nexus of contracts越权行为ultra vires act特许公司中chartered corporation优先债权人senior creditor次位债权subordinated creditor公司治理corporate governance股东之公平对待the equitable treatment of shareholders股东之权利the rights of shareholders信息揭露及透明性disclosure and transparency董事会的责任the responsibilities of the board股权代理人proxy监事会aufsichtsrat , supervisor board董事与公司间之交易self-dealing动机不纯之公司行为corporate action with mixed motives挪用公司或股东财产the taking of corporate or shareholder property代表诉讼derivative suit少数股东权derivative action董事义务与责任shareholder' right and liability买回repurchase交叉持股cross ownership 重整corporate reorganization股东会shareholder meeting董事会board of directors独立董事Independent Director内部董事inside director公司经理人officer外部监察人outside supervisor 执行委员会executive committee 监察委员会audit committee 报酬委员会remuneration committee 提名委员会nominating committee 经营判断原则The Business Judgment Rule关系人交易conflict of interest股份收买请求权appraisal right资本不足under capitalization未遵守公司形式failure to follow corporate formalities公司财务报表、功能、或人员之重叠overlap of corporate records function or personnel资产混淆commingling of assets股东之支配能力shareholder domination不实陈述misrepresentation)诈欺fraud 具有支配权之股东dominant shareholder公司机会corporate opportunity无表决权股non-voting share多数表决权股multiple-voting share表决权信托voting trust认股选择权制度stock option新股认购权warrant章程(组织)大纲英国称为memorandum of association 和articles of association,而在美国则被称为articles 和bylaws。
Fraudulent misrepresentation 诈欺性的不真实说明,虚伪的陈述,欺诈性虚报,欺诈性误述。
Fraudulent misrepresentation is a situation in which an individual or entity has taken deliberate steps to intentionally deceive one or more other parties. The deception may involve issuing statements that are known to be untrue, or to deliberately omit relevant facts or information that ultimately lead to some type of loss. In many jurisdictions, this type of negligent misrepresentation is punishable by fines, prison, or a combination of the two. Often, the party found guilty of the misrepresentation is ordered to make some type of recompense to the injured party.
The issuing of false statements has long been an issue with various types of business dealings. While in some case, facts are omitted with no intent to defraud, there are situations in which information is deliberately withheld, thus preventing the second party in the business contract from making an informed decision about the arrangement. Often, this leads to a situation in which one party benefits greatly, while the other party suffers some type of loss, often financial losses that are difficult to recover.。