新课标功能意念及话题项目表

目录第一部分前言一、课程性质二、基本理念三、设计思路第二部分课程目标第三部分内容标准一、语言技能二、语言知识三、情感态度四、学习策略五、文化意识第四部分实施建议一、教学建议二、评价建议三、课程资源的开发与利用四、教材的编写和使用建议附录一、语音项目表二、语法项目表三、功能意念项目表四、话题项目表五、技能教学参考表六、课堂教学用语七、词汇表第一部分前言社会生活的信息化和经济的全球化，使英语的重要性日益突出。

英语作为最重要的信息载体之一，已成为人类生活各个领域中使用最广泛的语言。

许多国家在基础教育发展战略中，都把英语教育作为公民素质教育的重要组成部分，并将其摆在突出的地位。

改革开放以来，我国的英语教育规模不断扩大，教育教学取得了显著的成就。

然而，英语教育的现状尚不能适应我国经济建设和社会发展的需要，与时代发展的要求还存在差距。

此次英语课程改革的重点就是要改变英语课程过分重视语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授、忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的培养的倾向，强调课程从学生的学习兴趣。

生活经验和认知水平出发，倡导体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径，发展学生的综合语言运用能力，使语言学习的过程成为学生形成积极的情感态度、主动思维和大胆实践、提高跨文化意识和形成自主学习能力的过程。

一、课程性质外语是基础教育阶段的必修课程，英语是外语课程中的主要语种之一。

英语课程的学习，既是学生通过英语学习和实践活动，逐步掌握英语知识和技能，提高语言实际运用能力的过程；又是他们磨砺意志、陶冶情操、拓展视野、丰富生活经历、开发思维能力、发展个性和提高人文素养的过程。

基础教育阶段英语课程的任务是：激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生树立自信心，养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略，发展自主学习的能力和合作精神；使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能，形成一定的综合语言运用能力；培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神；帮助学生了解世界和中西方文化的差异，拓展视野，培养爱国主义精神，形成健康的人生观，为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好的基础。

高中英语功能意念项目表说明：标﹡号的项目为八级要求1. 社会交往(Social Communications)（1）问候(Greetings)A. 1. Hi! 2. Hello! 3. Good morning/afternoon/evening. 4. How are you? 5. How are you doing?6. Please say hello to your parents.7. Please give my love /best wishes to Lucy.B. 1. Hi! 2. Hello! 3. Good morning/afternoon/evening. 4. I'm OK. 5.Fine, thanks,and you?6. Very well, thank you.7. ﹡Just so so.8. Sure.9.All right.（2）介绍(Introduction)A. 1. My name is Jim. 2. I'm a student. 3. I'm from England. 4. This is Mr. /Mrs./Miss/Ms Brown.5. I'd like you to meet Bob.6. ﹡May I introduce Professor Jeff Brown?B. 1. Hello! 2. How do you do? 3. Nice/ Glad/ Pleased to meet (see) you.（3）告别(Farewells )A. 1. Good-bye/ Bye / Bye-bye. 2. Good night. 3. See you later/ then /tomorrow / soon.4. I'm sorry I have to go now.5. ﹡I am afraid I must be leaving now.B. 1. Good-bye / Bye / Bye-bye. 2. See you. 3. Good night. 4. See you later/then/tomorrow/soon. （4）感谢(Thanks )A. 1. Thank you (very much). 2. Thanks a lot. 3. Thank you for your help. 4. It's very kind / nice of you.5. ﹡I appreciate your help.B. 1.It's a pleasure. 2. My pleasure. 3. That's OK/ all right. 4. You're welcome. 5.﹡Don't mention it. （5）道歉(Apologies)A. 1.Sorry. 2. I'm sorry. 3. Excuse me. Please. 4. I beg your pardon.5. I'm sorry for losing your book.6. I'm sorry to interrupt you.7. I'm sorry (that) I'm late.B. 1. That's OK. 2. It's all right. 3. Never mind. 4. It doesn't matter. 5. It's nothing. 6. ﹡Forget it. （6）邀请(Invitation) ①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨A. 1.Would you like to go for a walk? 2. You must come to dinner with us. 3.May I invite your to dinner?4. What/ How about having a swim?B. 1. OK. 2. 肯定①Thank you. ②I'd like that,thanks. ③Yes,I'd love to. ④That would be very nice.3. 否定①No, thank you. ②It's very nice of you, but my mother is ill.③I'd love to, but I'm afraid I have no time. ④I'm sorry I can't. What about another time ?（7）请求允许(Asking for permission )A. 1. May I come in? 2. Can/ Could I use your telephone? 3. Is it all right if I sit here ?4. I wonder if I could smoke here.5. Would/ Do you mind if I open the window ?B. 1.肯定①Yes, please. ②Sure. ③Certainly. ④Please do. ⑤That's all right. ⑥Of course, you can.⑦Go ahead, please. 2. 否定①I'm sorry, it's not allowed. ②I'm afraid not. ③You 'd better not.④It's not allowed. ⑤I'm sorry, but you can smoke in the next room.（8）祝愿和祝贺(Expressing wishes and congratulations)A. 1.Have a good day/time! 2. Have a good journey /trip! 3. Good luck! 4. Enjoy yourself!5. Best wishes to you.6. Happy New Year!7. Merry Christmas !8. Wish you all the success!9. Congratulations ! 10. Well done!B. 1.Thank you. 2. You, too. 3. The same to you.（9）提供帮助(Offering help)A. 1. Do you want me to clean the room? 2. Can I help you? 3. Would you like me to help you?4. What can I do for you?5. Let me take your bags.B. 1. 肯定①Yes, please. ②Yes, thanks. ③ Thank you. That would be nice/ fine.④Thank you for your help. 2. 否定①No, thanks /thank you. ②Thank you all the same.③That's very kind of you, but I can manage it my self.（10）接受或拒绝（acceptance and refusal）（11）约会(Making appointments )A. 1. Will you be free tomorrow ? 2. Do you have time this afternoon? 3. How about tomorrow morning?4. When/ where shall we meet?5. Could we meet at 4:30 ?6. Let's make it 4:30？7. What time is convenient for you ? 8. I'd like to make an appointment with Mr. Jones.B. 1.肯定①Yes, I'll be free then. ②All right. See you then.2. 否定①I'm afraid I have no time then. ②Sorry, I won't be free then. But I'll be free tomorrow. （12）打电话(Making telephone calls )A.1. Hello! May I speak to Tom? 2. Hello! I'd like to speak to Mr. Green. 3. Is that Liu Ying speaking?4. Extension six two two six, please.5. Can I leave a message ?6. I'll call back later /again.7. I'll ring him /her up again.B. 1.Hello! This is Mary speaking. 2. Hello, who is this? 3. Hold the line, please. 4. Just a moment, please.5. Hello, who's speaking?6. Sorry. He/ She isn't here right now.7. Can I take a message?8. Sorry. I can't hear you. 9. The line is bad/ busy. 10. I couldn't get through.11. Sorry, I'm afraid you have the wrong number.（13）就餐(Having meals)A.1. Would you like something to eat /drink? 2. What would you like ( to have)?3. Would you like some more fish?4. Help yourself to some fish.5. Which do you prefer, rice or noodles?6. What would you like to drink, tea or coffee?B. 1. 肯定①Yes, I'd like a drink. ②I'd like rice and chicken. ③ Just a little, please. ④Can I have some more soup? ⑤It's so delicious. Thank you. ⑥ I prefer noodles to rice. ⑦ I like green tea. 2. 否定①No, thank you. I've had enough. ② I'm full, thank you. ③It's very delicious, but I can't eat any more.; （14）就医(Seeing the doctor)A.1. What's the matter？2. What seems to be the trouble? 3. Do you have a fever?4. How long have you felt like this?5. It's nothing serious.6. Take this medicine three times a day.7. You'll be all right /well soon. 8. Give up smoking and keep on taking more exercises.B. 1. I have a headache / cough / fever. 2. I feel terrible / bad / horrible awful. 3. I don't feel well.4.I've got a pain here.5. It hurts here.6. I don't feel like eating.7. I can't sleep well.（15）购物(Shopping)A. 1. Can / May I help you? 2. What can I do for you? 3. How many /much would you like?4. What colour /size/ kind would you like ?5. What about this one?6. Here's your change.B. 1. I want / I'd like a pair of shoes. 2. How much is it / are they? 3. May I try it on ? 4. It's toobig/small. 5. Sorry, it's too expensive. 6. Do you have any other colors / sizes / kinds？7. Two and a half kilos / pounds, please. 8. That's fine. I'll take it. 9. Just have a look. 10. Well, I'll think about it. （16）问路(Asking the way)A.1. Excuse me. Where's the washroom? 2. Can you tell me how to get to the post office? 3. Excuse me. Which bus goes to World Park? 4. Excuse me. Which is the way to the Bank of China? 5. Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the station, please ? 6. How can I get to No. 4 Middle School?B. 1肯定①It's over there. ② It's about 400 metres from here. ③ Go down this street until you see thetall red building. ④ Turn right / left at the first /second crossing/ corner. ⑤ you can't miss it.⑥ You can take bus No. 103. ⑦ You'd better take a taxi. 2.否定Sorry. I don't know. I'm a stranger here. （17）谈论天气(Talking about weather)A. 1.What's the weather like today? 2. How's the weather in Beijing? 3. What a cold / hot day today?4. It's a nice / fine/ beautiful / horrible day today.B. 1. It's sunny / cloudy /windy / rainy / snowy / foggy. 2. It's getting cool / cold / warm / hot.（18）语言交际困难(Language difficulties in communication)1. Pardon?2. I beg your pardon?3. I don't understand.4. Sorry, I can't follow you.5. ﹡Couldyou say that again, please? 6.﹡Could you repeat that, please? 6. Can you speak more slowly, please?7. ﹡What do you mean by killing time? 8. How do you say... in English? 9. I don't know how tosay that in English? 10. I don't know the world in English? 11. How do you spell it, please?12. I'm sorry I only know a little English.（19）提醒注意(Reminding)1. Don't forget your raincoat.2. Remember to lock the door.3. ﹡Make sure that all the windows are closed.4. Mind your head / step!5. No smoking!6. No spitting!7. Wet floor!8. Look out!9. Be careful! 10. Don't touch! 11.It's dangerous!（20）警告和禁止（Warning and prohibition）（21）劝告(Advice)1. You'd better go to see the doctor.2. You should listen to and read English everyday.3. You need to buya Chinese-English dictionary. 4. I f I were you, I'd phone him now. 5. Don't rush / hurry / push.6. Please stand in line.（22）建议(Suggestions)1. Let's go and have a look.2. Should we go now ?3. What / How about a picnic this Sunday?4. Why don't you buy a computer?5. Why not go to a movie ?2. 态度(Attitudes)（23）同意和不同意(Agreement and disagreement)A. 1. Sure. 2. Certainly. 3. Exactly. 4. That's correct. 5. Of course. 6. All right. 7. I agree.8.No problem. 9. That's a good idea. 10. Yes, I think so. 11. No way.B. 1. Of course not. 2. I don't agree. 3. I don't think so. 4. I'm afraid not.（24）喜欢和不喜欢(Likes and dislikes)A. 1. This book is very interesting. 2. I like / love the movie (very much ). 3. I like / love to playcomputer games. 4. I like taking photos. 5. I enjoy listening to music. 6. I'm interested in science.7. He is fond of music.B. 1. This song is bad / awful. 2. I don't like the movie very much / at all. 3. I don't enjoy collecting stamps.4. I hate to do homework.（25）肯定和不肯定(Certainty and uncertainty)A. 1. I'm sure. 2. I'm sure of that. 3. I 'm (quite) sure (that) she'll join us. 4. ﹡There is no doubt that it'smade of silk. 5.﹡It's clear that it will rain soon.B. 1. I'm not so sure. 2. I'm not sure of that. 3. I'm not sure whether / if she can come.C. 1. Maybe you're right. 2. Perhaps she is at home now. 3. It's hard to say.（26）可能和不可能(Possibility and impossibility)A. 1. He can / may come today. 2. It may snow tonight. 3. It's possible to finish the homework before6 o'clock. 4. It's likely to rain this afternoon. 5. It's likely that you will lose this game.B. 1. He may not come so early. 2. He can't be in the office now. 3. It's not likely to snow soon.4. It's impossible to finish my homework within one hour.（27）能够和不能够(Ability and inability)A. 1. He can ride a bike. 2. He's able to pass the math exam. 3. He is good at football.B. 1.He can't swim. 2. He's unable to walk any more. 3. She 's not good at swimming.（28）偏爱和优先选择(Preference)1. I prefer tea.2. Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?3.﹡I prefer tea to coffee.4. I'd prefer to go by train.5. I like English better / the best.6. My favourite subject is physics.7. ﹡I'd rather drink coffee than tea.8. ﹡Where would you rather go, London or Tokyo ?（29）意愿和打算(Intentions and plans)A. 1. I'll go with you. 2. I'm going to see my head teacher this afternoon. 3. I'd like to make a phone call toher after class. 4. I want / hope to find an English pen-friend. 5. I plan to go to Hangzhou this summer.6. We are ready to move to a new house.7. Bill intends to spend his vocation in California.8. I am thinking of driving to Beijing.B. 1. I won't see the movie again. 2. I'm not going to buy the book. 3. I don't want to live in the big city. （30）希望和愿望(Hope and wish)1. I wish to see you again.2. I hope to become a doctor.3. I hope it stays fine.4. I wish I were younger.5. I hope so.6. I hope not.（31）表扬和鼓励(Praise and encouragement)A. 1. Very good! 2. Well done! 3. Wonderful ! 4. Excellent! 5. You speak English very well.6. Your dress is beautiful!7. Come on!8. Keep trying!9. You can do it!B. 1. Thank you. 2. OK. I'll try it again.（32）责备和抱怨(Blame and complaint)1. He is to blame.2. She blamed him for coming home late.3. What do you mean by doing so?4. How could you cheat your teacher?5. He shouldn't have done it.6. Why didn't you tell me the truth?7. Why didn't you tell me the truth? 8. I'm sorry to have said that, but this room is too dirty.9. I hate to have to say this, but it's too noisy here. 8. Why don't you do something about it?（33）冷淡(Indifference)1. I don't care.2. I don't care what you do.3. It doesn't matte to me.4. I don't mind if you smoke.5. It's non of my business.（34）判断与评价（judgement and evaluation）A.3. 情感(Emotions)①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨（35）高兴(Happiness)1. How wonderful / nice!2. That's lovely / great / wonderful!3. I'm so happy.4. It's well done.5. I'm pleased to know that.（36）惊奇(Surprise)1. Really?2. Oh dear!3. Is that so?4. What a surprise!5. How nice to see you!6. How surprising!7. I'm surprised.8. It surprises me that your English is so beautiful.9. Does that surprise you? 10. Is this what you expected?（37）忧虑(Worries)1. What's wrong?2. What's the matter?3. Anything wrong?4. What should we do?5. Is something worrying you?6. Are you worried about your health?（38）安慰(Reassurance)1. There, there.2. Don't be afraid.3. Don't worry.4. It's (quite) all right.5. It'll be OK/ all right.（39）满意(Satisfaction)1. Good!2.Well done!3. Perfect!4. That's fine.5. That's better.6. That's good enough.7. I'm pleased with your spoken English.（40）遗憾(Regret)1. I'm so sorry!2. It's a great pity!3. What a shame!4. That's too bad!5. I wish I had never given it up.6. If I had been there, he would not have made such a serious mistake. （41）同情(Sympathy)1. I'm so sorry!2. I'm so sorry about your illness.3. I'm sorry to hear you are going away.4. Please accept my deep sympathy.（42）恐惧(Fear)1. Help!2. How terrible!3. I'm afraid of that dog.4. I'm frightened.5. You scared me!6. I dare not go out at night.（43）愤怒(Anger)1. Damn!2. Isn't it annoying!3. What a stupid idiot!4. 时间(Time)（44）时刻(Point of time)A. 1. Excuse me. What's the time, please? 2. Excuse me. What time is it? 3. Have you got the time?4. When did you come to China?5. What time do you get up every day?B. 1. It's half past five / twenty to nine. 2. I came to China in 1998. 3. I get up at 6 o'clock.（45）时段(Duration)A. 1. How long have you been in this school ? 2. How long does it take you to get to school?3. When did you live in Beijing?4. How long have you been ill?B. 1. I have been in this school for three years. 2. It takes me twenty minutes by bike.3. I lived in Beijing from 1996 to 1999.4. I have been ill since last Monday night.（46）频度(Frequency)A. How often do you go to movies?B. 1. I go to the movie once a week. 2. I often go to movies.（47）时序(Sequence)1. The cat ran here and there, first on this side, then on that side.2. What did you do next?3. Finally we found our way out.4. It rained even harder later on.5. 空间(Space)（48）位置(Position)A. Where is the picture?B. 1. It's on / at / above / in / under/ beside / near / behind the table. 2. He sits at the back of the room.3. The lab is in the center of the school.（49）方向(Direction)A. 1. Which is the way to the station ? 2. Where is the train / bus going? 3. Where are you going?4. Are you going up / down ?B. 1. Go down this street, and turn left / right at the first crossing. 2. The train is going go Xi'an.3. The train is going to the east / west / south / north.4. I'm going tko the railway station.5. I'm leaving for Shanghai.（50）距离(Distance)A. How far is your school from here ?B. 1. It's about 40 minutes by bike. 2. It's about 6 kilometers / miles away.6. 存在(Existence)（51）存在(Existence )A. 1. Is there a bird in the tree ? 2. Are there any apples in the tree ? 3. What's in the tree?B. 1. Yes, there is/ are. 2. There's a bird in the tree. 3. There are many / a lot of birds in the tree.(51') 不存在(non-existence)A. 1. Is there an English book in the schoolbag? 2. Are there any English books in the schoolbag?3. Isn't there any water in the bottle?4. Does water exist on the moon?B. 1. No, there isn't / aren't (any). 2. There isn't an English book in the schoolbag.3. There aren't any English books in the schoolbag.4. No, there's no water in the bottle.5. There's no more paper in the printer.6. No water exists on the moon.7. 特征(Features)（52）形状(Shape)A. 1. What does it look like? 2. What's the shape of the clouds?B. 1. It looks like a camel. 2. It's round / long / tall/ short. 3. It's a circle. 4. It's a U-shaped road. （53）颜色(Colour)A. What colour is the bag?B. 1.It's green / red / blue / yellow / black / white / orange / purple / light brown/ dark blue.2. I like the photo in black and white.（54）材料(Material)A. 1. What's the table made of? 2. What's the red wine made from?B. 1. It's made of wood. 2. It's made from grapes. 3. I bought a woollen sweater yesterday.（55）价格(Price)A. 1. How much is the dictionary? 2. How much is it? 3.How much are they? 4.Is it cheap/expensive?B. 1. The dictionary costs me 100 yuan. 2.The dictionary is expensive / cheap.（56）规格(Size)A. 1.What size is your sweater? 2. What size shoes do you wear?B. 1. The size of my sweater is XXL. 2. It's too big / small / long / short for me.（57）年龄(Age)A. 1. How old are you? 2. How old is he / she?B. 1. I'm eighteen. 2. He / She is six years old. 3. Uncle Wang is an old man.8. 计量(Measurement)（58）长度(Length)A. How long is the bridge?B. It's 430 metres / feet long.（59）宽度(Width)A. How wide is the river ?B. It's about 200 metres wide.（60）高度(Height)A. How tall / high is the building?B. 1. It's 130 metres tall / high. 2. The building has 85 floors / stories.（61）数量(Number)A. 1. How many students are there in your class? 2. How much water do you drink every day?B. 1. There are forty students in our class. 2. I drink five glasses of water every day.9. 比较(Comparison)（62）同级比较(Equal comparison)1. My ruler is as long as yours.2. I can run as fast as you can.3. This book is not as interesting as that one.4. I can't run so fast as you can.（63）差别比较(Comparative and superlative)1.Lily is younger than Kate.2. The red skirt is more expensive than the yellow one.3.I run faster than Jim.4. Mrs. Baker walks more slowly than Mr. Baker.5.Jim is the tallest in his class.6. Tom is the best of all. （64）相似和差别(Similarity and difference)1.This picture is the same as that one on the wall.2. Lucy is like her mother.3. Tom looks like his father.4. My picture is different from yours.5. There are five differences between the two pictures.10. 逻辑关系(Logical relations)（65）原因和结果(Cause and effect )A. 1. Why are you late for school? 2.How could you miss the train / plane?B. 1. Because I got up late this morning. 2. As he was ill, he couldn't come to school. 3.Since she did not feel well, she stayed at home. 4. Because of the bad traffic, we missed the train. 5. Due to the heavy fog, the planes were delayed. 6. The reason is that he is not careful enough in his work. 7. He ate too much, so he did not feel well. 8. It is so dark that I can not see anything in the room.（66）目的(Purpose)A. 1. Why are you here today? 2. Why did you do that?B. 1. I came here to see you off. 2. I did that in order to protect the trees.11. 职业(Occupation)（67）工作(Job)A. 1.What do you do? 2. What's your job? 3. What are you going to be?B. 1. I'm a teacher / doctor / worker / farmer/ businessman / manager.2. I'm going to be a scientist / computer engineer.（68）单位(Employer)A. 1. Where do you work? 2. What company are you working for?B. 1. I'm teaching English in a high school. 2. I'm working for a computer company.。

《普通高中英语课程标准》功能意念项目表1.社会交往〔Social Communications〕〔1〕问候〔Greetings〕〔2〕介绍〔Introduction〕〔3〕告别〔Farewells〕〔4〕感谢〔Thanks〕〔5〕道歉〔Apologies〕〔6〕邀请〔Invitation〕〔7〕请求允许〔Asking for permission〕〔8〕祝愿和祝贺〔Expressing wishes and congratulation s〕〔9〕提供帮助〔Offering help〕〔10〕接受或拒绝〔acceptance and refusal〕〔11〕约会〔Making appointments〕〔12〕打〔Making telephone calls〕<13〕就餐〔Having meals〕〔14〕就医〔Seeing the doctor〕〔15〕购物〔Shopping〕〔16〕问路〔Asking the way〕〔17〕谈论天气〔Talking about weather〕〔18〕语言交际困难〔Language difficulties incommunication〕〔19〕提醒注意〔Reminding〕〔20〕警告和禁止〔Warning and prohibition〕〔21〕劝告〔Advice〕〔22〕建议〔Suggestions〕2．态度〔Attitudes〕〔23〕同意和不同意〔Agreement and disagreement〕〔24〕喜欢和不喜欢〔likes and dislikes〕〔25〕肯定和不肯定〔Certainty and uncertainty〕〔26〕可能和不可能〔Possibility and impossibility〕〔27〕能够和不能够〔Ability and inability〕〔28〕偏爱和优先选择〔Preference〕〔29〕意愿和打算〔Intentions and plans〕〔30〕希望和愿望〔Hopes and Wishes〕〔31〕表扬和鼓励〔Praise and encourage〕〔32〕责备和抱怨〔Blame and complain〕〔33〕冷淡〔Indifference〕〔34〕判断与评价〔Judgment and evaluation〕 3.情感〔Emotions〕〔35〕高兴〔Happiness〕〔36〕惊奇〔Surprise〕〔37〕忧虑〔Worries〕〔38〕安慰〔Reassurance〕〔39〕满意〔Satisfaction〕〔40〕遗憾〔Regret〕〔41〕同情〔Sympathy〕〔42〕恐惧〔Fear〕〔43〕愤怒〔Anger〕4．时间〔Time〕〔44〕时刻〔Point of time〕〔45〕时段〔Duration〕〔46〕频度〔Frequency〕〔47〕时序〔Sequence〕5．空间〔Space〕〔48〕位置〔Position〕〔49〕方向〔Direction〕〔50〕距离〔Distance〕6．存在〔Existence〕〔51〕存在与不存在〔Existence and non-existence〕 7.特征〔Features〕〔52〕形状〔Shape〕〔53〕颜色〔color〕〔54〕材料〔material〕〔55〕价格〔Price〕〔56〕规格〔Size〕〔57〕年龄〔Age〕8.计量〔Measurement〕〔58〕长度〔Length〕〔59〕宽度〔Width〕〔60〕高度〔Height〕〔61〕数量〔Number〕9．比较〔Comparison〕〔62〕同级比较〔Equal comparison〕〔63〕差别比较〔Comparative and superlative〕〔64〕相似和差别〔Similarity and difference〕10.逻辑关系〔Logical relations〕〔65〕原因和结果〔Cause and effect〕〔66〕目的〔Purpose〕11.职业〔Occupations〕〔67〕工作〔Jobs〕〔68〕单位〔Employer〕四、话题项目表说明：标*号的项目为八级要求。

《普通高中英语课程标准》功能意念项目表1.社会交往（Social Communications）（1）问候（Greetings）（2）介绍（Introduction）（3）告别（Farewells）（4）感谢（Thanks）（5）道歉（Apologies）（6）邀请（Invitation）（7）请求允许（Asking for permission）（8）祝愿和祝贺（Expressing wishes and congratulation s）（9）提供帮助（Offering help）（10）接受或拒绝（acceptance and refusal）（11）约会（Making appointments）（12）打（Making telephone calls）(13）就餐（Having meals）（14）就医（Seeing the doctor）（15）购物（Shopping）（16）问路（Asking the way）（17）谈论天气（Talking about weather）（18）语言交际困难（Language difficulties incommunication）（19）提醒注意（Reminding）（20）警告和禁止（Warning and prohibition）（21）劝告（Advice）（22）建议（Suggestions）2．态度（Attitudes）（23）同意和不同意（Agreement and disagreement）（24）喜欢和不喜欢（likes and dislikes）（25）肯定和不肯定（Certainty and uncertainty）（26）可能和不可能（Possibility and impossibility）（27）能够和不能够（Ability and inability）（28）偏爱和优先选择（Preference）（29）意愿和打算（Intentions and plans）（30）希望和愿望（Hopes and Wishes）（31）表扬和鼓励（Praise and encourage）（32）责备和抱怨（Blame and complain）（33）冷淡（Indifference）（34）判断与评价（Judgment and evaluation） 3.情感（Emotions）（35）高兴（Happiness）（36）惊奇（Surprise）（37）忧虑（Worries）（38）安慰（Reassurance）（39）满意（Satisfaction）（40）遗憾（Regret）（41）同情（Sympathy）（42）恐惧（Fear）（43）愤怒（Anger）4．时间（Time）（44）时刻（Point of time）（45）时段（Duration）（46）频度（Frequency）（47）时序（Sequence）5．空间（Space）（48）位置（Position）（49）方向（Direction）（50）距离（Distance）6．存在（Existence）（51）存在与不存在（Existence and non-existence） 7.特征（Features）（52）形状（Shape）（53）颜色（color）（54）材料（material）（55）价格（Price）（56）规格（Size）（57）年龄（Age）8.计量（Measurement）（58）长度（Length）（59）宽度（Width）（60）高度（Height）（61）数量（Number）9．比较（Comparison）（62）同级比较（Equal comparison）（63）差别比较（Comparative and superlative）（64）相似和差别（Similarity and difference）10.逻辑关系（Logical relations）（65）原因和结果（Cause and effect）（66）目的（Purpose）11.职业（Occupations）（67）工作（Jobs）（68）单位（Employer）四、话题项目表说明：标*号的项目为八级要求。

中学信息技术课程标准24个话题项目1. 信息技术基础知识- 理解计算机硬件和软件的基本概念和功能- 掌握操作系统和常用应用软件的基本使用方法- 理解计算机网络的基本原理和常见网络设备的功能2. 网络安全与个人信息保护- 研究网络安全意识和基本的防范知识- 理解个人信息保护的重要性和相关法律法规- 掌握常见的网络安全攻防技术和网络安全事故处理方法3. 数据处理与信息管理- 研究电子表格的使用方法和常见函数- 掌握数据库的基本概念和操作技巧- 理解数据分类、存储和检索的原理4. 多媒体技术应用- 研究图像、音频和视频的基本处理方法- 掌握多媒体软件的使用技巧和创作能力- 理解多媒体技术在教育和娱乐领域的应用5. 编程与应用开发- 研究计算机编程的基本概念和流程- 掌握至少一种编程语言的语法和应用- 能够设计和实现简单的应用程序6. 信息检索与利用- 研究互联网搜索引擎的使用方法和搜索技巧- 掌握信息检索的基本原理和策略- 理解信息利用的合法性和道德性问题7. 信息处理与表达- 研究文字处理软件的使用方法和排版技巧- 掌握信息处理和表达的基本原理和方法- 能够撰写和编辑规范的文档和演示材料8. 计算机维护与故障处理- 掌握计算机硬件的基本组成和维护方法- 研究常见计算机故障的快速诊断和解决方案- 理解计算机安全和故障处理的基本原则9. 网络应用与服务- 研究常见的网络应用和服务的使用方法- 掌握电子邮件、网上购物等基本网络应用技能- 理解云计算和移动互联网的基本概念和应用10. 信息社会与法律法规- 理解信息社会的概念和特点- 研究相关的法律法规和政策文件- 掌握信息社会中的合法使用和相关责任11. 信息与创新- 研究信息获取和创新的基本原理和方法- 掌握信息筛选、评估和应用的技巧- 培养信息创新的能力和创新意识12. 信息与职业发展- 理解信息时代对职业发展的影响- 研究职业规划和职业发展的基本知识- 培养信息素养和职业素养13. 信息伦理与法律责任- 研究信息伦理和道德规范- 掌握信息安全和保护个人隐私的措施- 理解信息传播和使用中的法律责任14. 信息资源利用与传播- 研究信息资源的获取和利用方法- 掌握信息传播和共享的基本原理和技巧- 理解信息资源管理和版权保护15. 创新思维与数字化创意- 培养创新思维和问题解决能力- 研究数字化创意和设计的基本技巧- 掌握数字化创意工具和方法16. 信息与社交网络- 理解社交网络的概念和特点- 掌握社交网络的使用方法和安全策略- 研究网络沟通和合作的基本技能17. 信息与消费- 研究信息评估和消费者权益保护的知识- 掌握网络购物和电子商务的基本技巧- 理解信息时代的消费行为和消费观念18. 信息写作与传媒表达- 研究信息写作和传媒表达的基本原理和方法- 掌握新媒体工具和技术的使用技巧- 培养信息写作和传媒表达的能力和创造力19. 信息与国家安全- 理解信息对国家安全的重要性和挑战- 研究国家信息安全政策和相关法律法规- 掌握个人信息保护和网络安全的基本技巧20. 信息资源开发与管理- 理解信息资源的特点和价值- 研究信息资源开发和管理的基本原则- 掌握信息系统和知识管理的基本技术21. 信息科技与社会发展- 掌握信息科技对社会发展的影响和作用- 理解信息不平等和数字鸿沟的问题- 研究信息技术在社会创新和可持续发展中的应用22. 信息与职业教育- 研究信息化的职业教育理念和方法- 掌握信息化教育资源和工具的应用- 理解信息化教育的特点和挑战23. 信息化与教育评价- 研究信息化教育评价的基本原理和方法- 掌握信息化教育评价工具和技巧- 理解信息化对教育评价的影响和改进24. 信息技术与人类健康- 理解信息技术对人类健康的影响- 研究信息技术在医疗保健中的应用- 掌握信息技术对健康管理和生活方式的指导以上是中学信息技术课程标准的24个话题项目，该文档旨在为教师和学生提供课程学习的参考和指南，帮助他们全面了解和掌握信息技术知识和应用能力。

2022年《小学英语新课程标准》（新增修订部分）如下：
从目录上来看，新课标增加了课程内容和学业质量，删除了分级标准；课程目标中增加了“核心素养内涵”；实施建议改为了课堂实施，其中还增加了“教学研究与教师培训”；附录中增加了“核心素养学段特征”，删除了“功能意念项目表”“话题项目表”“评价方法与案例”“技能教学参考建议”“课堂用语”。

新课标设置了预备级对1~2年级的学习活动作了明确要求，并在一到三级每一级后面设置了一个“+”级别，“为学有余力的学生提供选择”，鼓励每个学生以更高的标准要求自己。

对比2011版课标，新课标提出了更高层次的要求，如在阅读这一项，旧课标的要求是7个，而新课标将阅读和听力放在一起，普通要求是13个。

同时，增加了三个“+”考察细分项，分别是：理解语篇中显性或隐性的逻辑关系；根据重复、解释和停顿，理解话语意思；理解非文字资源表达的意义。

评价建议中的学业水平考试（新增）：学业水平考试依据课程目标、课程内容、教学建议和学业质量标准等命题，遵循导向性、科学性、规范性和适宜性原则；试题基于学业质量标准划分为低、中、高三级水平，对学生作出准确、全面、客观、公正的评价。

教学研究与教师培训（新增）
1.凝聚智慧，建立教师学习和研究共同体；
2.更新理念，把握课程标准的内容精髓；
3.研读教材，开展基于学情的精准教学；
4.聚焦课例，开展反映真问题的小课题研究；
5.坚持反思，促进自身专业可持续发展；
6.深入课堂，扎根实践，改进教学；
7.拓宽渠道，创新教学研究和教师培训机制，提升教师课程育人能力。

国家英语新课程标准目录第一部分前言一、课程性质二、基本理念三、设计思路第二部分课程目标第三部分内容标准一、语言技能二、语言知识三、情感态度四、学习策略五、文化意识第四部分实施建议一、教学建议二、评价建议三、课程资源的开发与利用四、教材的编写和使用建议附录一、语音项目表二、语法项目表三、功能意念项目表四、话题项目表五、技能教学参考表六、课堂教学用语七、词汇表第一部分前言社会生活的信息化和经济的全球化，使英语的重要性日益突出。

英语作为最重要的信息载体之一，已成为人类生活各个领域中使用最广泛的语言。

许多国家在基础教育发展战略中，都把英语教育作为公民素质教育的重要组成部分，并将其摆在突出的地位。

改革开放以来，我国的英语教育规模不断扩大，教育教学取得了显著的成就。

然而，英语教育的现状尚不能适应我国经济建设和社会发展的需要，与时代发展的要求还存在差距。

此次A英语课程改革的重点就是要改变英语课程过分重视语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授、忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的培养的倾向，强调课程从学生的学习兴趣.生活经验和认知水平出发，倡导体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径，发展学生的综合语言运用能力，使语言学习的过程成为学生形成积极的情感态度、主动思维和大胆实践、提高跨文化意识和形成自主学习能力的过程。

一、课程性质外语是基础教育阶段的必修课程，英语是外语课程中的主要语种之一。

英语课程的学习，既是学生通过英语学习和实践活动，逐步掌握英语知识和技能，提高语言实际运用能力的过程；又是他们磨砺意志、陶冶情操、拓展视野、丰富生活经历、开发思维能力、发展个性和提高人文素养的过程。

基础教育阶段B英语课程的任务是：激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生树立自信心，养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略，发展自主学习的能力和合作精神；使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能，形成一定的综合语言运用能力；培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神；帮助学生了解世界和中西方文化的差异，拓展视野，培养爱国主义精神，形成健康的人生观，为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好的基础。

《义务教育小学英语新课程标准》目录第一部分前言一、课程性质二、基本理念三、设计思路第二部分课程目标第三部分内容标准一、语言技能二、语言知识三、情感态度四、学习策略五、文化意识第四部分实施建议一、教学建议二、评价建议三、课程资源的开发与利用四、教材的编写和使用建议附录一、语音项目表二、语法项目表三、功能意念项目表四、话题项目表五、技能教学参考表六、课堂教学用语七、词汇表第一部分前言社会生活的信息化和经济的全球化，使英语的重要性日益突出。

英语作为最重要的信息载体之一，已成为人类生活各个领域中使用最广泛的语言。

许多国家在基础教育发展战略中，都把英语教育作为公民素质教育的重要组成部分，并将其摆在突出的地位。

改革开放以来，我国的英语教育规模不断扩大，教育教学取得了显著的成就。

然而，英语教育的现状尚不能适应我国经济建设和社会发展的需要，与时代发展的要求还存在差距。

此次英语课程改革的重点就是要改变英语课程过分重视语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授、忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的培养的倾向，强调课程从学生的学习兴趣。

生活经验和认知水平出发，倡导体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径，发展学生的综合语言运用能力，使语言学习的过程成为学生形成积极的情感态度、主动思维和大胆实践、提高跨文化意识和形成自主学习能力的过程。

一、课程性质外语是基础教育阶段的必修课程，英语是外语课程中的主要语种之一。

英语课程的学习，既是学生通过英语学习和实践活动，逐步掌握英语知识和技能，提高语言实际运用能力的过程；又是他们磨砺意志、陶冶情操、拓展视野、丰富生活经历、开发思维能力、发展个性和提高人文素养的过程。

基础教育阶段英语课程的任务是：激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生树立自信心，养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略，发展自主学习的能力和合作精神；使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能，形成一定的综合语言运用能力；培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神；帮助学生了解世界和中西方文化的差异，拓展视野，培养爱国主义精神，形成健康的人生观，为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好的基础。

初中英语阶段功能意念项目表1. 社会交往 (Social Communications)(1)问候 (Greetings)A. Hi!Hello!Good morning / afternoon / evening.How are you?How are you doing?Please say hello to your parents.Please give my love / best wishes to Lucy.B. Hi!Hello!Good morning / afternoon / evening.I'm OK.Fine, thanks, and you?Very well, thank you.Sure.All right.(2)介绍 (Introduction)A. My name is Jim.I'm a student.I'm from England.This is Mr. / Mrs. / Miss / Ms Brown.I'd like you to meet Bob.B. Hello!How do you do?Nice / Glad / Pleased to meet (see) you.(3)告别 (Farewells )A. Good-bye / Bye / Bye-bye.Good night.See you later / then / tomorrow / soon.I am sorry I have to go now.* I am afraid I must be leaving now.B. Good-bye / Bye / Bye-bye.See you.Good night.See you later / then / tomorrow / soon.(4)感谢 (Thanks )A. Thank you (very much).Thanks a lot.Thank you for your help.It's very kind / nice of you.B. It's a pleasure.That's OK/ all right.You're welcome.(5)道歉(Apologies)A. Sorry. I'm sorry.Excuse me, please.I beg your pardon.I' m sorry for losing your book.I'm sorry to interrupt you.I'm sorry (that) I'm late.B. That's OK.It's all right.Never mind.It doesn't matter.It's nothing.(6)邀请(Invitation)A. Would you like to go for a walk?You must come to dinner with us.May I invite you to dinner?What / How about having a swim?B. OK.①Thank you.I'd like that, thanks.Yes, I'd love to.That would be very nice.②No, thank you.It's very nice of you, but my mother is ill.I'd love to, but I'm afraid I have no time.I'm sorry I can't. What about another time?(7)请求允许 (Asking for permission )A. May I come in?Can / Could I use your telephonWould / Do you mind if I open the window?B. ①Yes, please. Sure. Certainly.②I'm sorry, it's not allowed.I'm afraid not. You'd better not.(8)祝贺与祝愿 (Expressing wishes and congratulations)A. Have a good day / time!Have a good journey / trip!Good luck!Enjoy yourself!Best wishes to you.Happy New Year!Merry Christmas!Happy birthday!Congratulations!Well done!B. Thank you.You, too.The same to you.(9)提供帮助 (Offering help)A. Do you want me to clean the room?Can I help you?Would you like me to help you?What can I do for you?Let me take your bags.B. ①Yes, please. / Yes, thanks.Thank you.That would be nice / fine.Thank you for your (the) help.②No, thanks / thank you.Thank you all the same.That's very kind of you, but I can manage it myself.(10)约会(Making appointments )A. Will you be free tomorrow?Do you have time this afternoon?How about tomorrow morning?When / Where shall we meet?Could we meet at 4:30?Let's make it 4:30.B. ① Yes, I'll be free then.All right. See you then.②I'm afraid I have no time then.Sorry, I won't be free then. But I'll be free tomorrow.(11) 打电话 (Making telephone calls )A. Hello! May I speak to Tom?Hello! I'd like to speak to Mr. Green.Is that Liu Ying speaking?Can I leave a message?I'll call back later / again.I'll ring him / her up again.B. Hello! This is Mary speaking.Hello, who is this?Hold the line, please.Just a moment, please.Hello, who's speaking?Sorry. He / She isn't here right now.Can I take a message?Sorry. I can't hear you.The line is bad / busy.I couldn't get through.Sorry, I'm afraid you have the wrong number.(12) 就餐 (Having meals)A. Would you like something to eat / drink?What would you like (to have)?Would you like some more fish?Help yourself to some fish.B.①Yes, I'd like a drink.I'd like rice and chicken.Just a little, please.Can I have some more soup?It's so delicious. Thank you.②No, thank you. I've had enough.I'm full, thank you.It's very delicious, but I can't eat any more.(13)就医 (Seeing the doctor)A. What's the matter?What seems to be the trouble?Do you have a fever?How long have you felt like this?It's nothing serious.Take this medicine three times a day.You'll be all right / well soon.B. I have a headache / cough / fever.I feel terrible / bad / horrible / awful.I don't feel well.I've got a pain here.It hurts here.I can't sleep well.(14)购物 (Shopping)A. Can / May I help you?What can I do for you?How many / much would you like?What colour / size / kind would you like?What about this one?Here's your change.B. I want /I'd like a pair of shoes.How much is it / are they?May I try it on?It's too big / small.Sorry, it's too expensive.Do you have any other colours / sizes / kinds?Two and a half kilos / pounds, please.That's fine. I'll take it.Just have a look.Well, I'11 think about it.(15) 问路 (Asking the way)A. Excuse me. Where's the washroom?Can you tell me how to get to the post office?Excuse me. Which bus goes to World Park?Excuse me. Which is the way to the Bank of China?Excuse me. Could you tell me the way t6 the station, please? How can I get to No. 4 Middle School?B. ①It's over there.It's about 400 metres from here.Go down this street until you see the tall red building. Turn right / left at the first / second crossing / comer. You can't miss it.You can take bus No. 103.You'd better take a taxi. ?②Sorry. I don't know. I'm a stranger here.(16)谈论天气 (Talking about weather)A. What's the weather like today?How's the weather in Beijing?What a cold / hot day today!It's a nice / fine / beautiful / horrible day today.B. It's sunny / cloudy / windy / rainy / snowy / foggy.It's getting cool / cold / warm / hot.(17)语言交际困难(Language difficulties in communication)Pardon?I beg your pardon? I don't understand. Sorry, I can't follow you.How do you say ... in English?I don't know how to say that in English.I don't know the word in English.How do you spell it, please?I'm sorry I only know a little English.(18)提醒注意 (Reminding and warning)Don't forget your raincoat. Remember to lock the door.Mind your head/step!No smoking!No spitting!Wet floor!Look out!Be careful!Don't touch!It's dangerous!(19)劝告(Advice)You'd better go to see the doctor.You should listen to and read English everyday.You need to buy a Chinese-English dictionary.Don't rush / hurry/ push. Please stand in line.(20) 建议(Suggestions)Let's go and have a look.What / How about a picnic this Sunday?Why don't you buy a computer?Why not go to a movie?2. 态度 (Attitudes)(21) 同意和不同意 (Agreement and disagreement)Sure. Certainly.Of course. All right.I agree.No problem.That's a good idea.Yes, I think so.No way.Of course not.I don't agree.I don't think so.I'm afraid not.(22)喜欢和不喜欢(Likes and dislikes)This book is very interesting.I like / love the movie (very much).I like / love to play computer games.I like taking photos.I enjoy listening to music.I'm interested in science.He is fond of music.This song is bad / awful.I don't like the movie very much / at all.I don't enjoy collecting stamps.I hate to do homework.(23)肯定和不肯定 (Certainty and uncertainty)I'm sure.I'm sure of that.I'm (quite) sure (that) she'll join us.There is no doubt that it's made of silk.It's clear that it will rain soon.I'm not so sure.I'm not sure of that.I'm not sure whether / if she can come.Maybe you're right.Perhaps she is at home now.It's hard to say.(24)可能和不可能 (Possibility and impossibility)A. He can / may come today.It may snow tonight. It's possible to finish the homework before 6 o'clock.B. He may not come so early.He can't be in the office now.It's not likely to snow soon.It's impossible to finish my homework within one hour. (25)能够和不能够 (Ability and inability)He can ride a bike. He's able to pass the math exam.He is good at football.He can't swim.She's not good at swimming.(26)偏爱和爱好 (Preference and hobbies)I prefer tea. Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?I like English better / the best.My favourite subject is physics.(27)意愿和打算 (Intentions and plans)I'll go with you.I'm going to see my head teacher this afternoon.I'd like to make a phone call to her after class.I want / hope to find an English pen-friend.I plan to go to Hangzhou this summer.I won't see the movie again.I'm not going to buy the book.I don't want to live in the big city.(28)希望和愿望(Hope and wish)I wish to see you again.I hope to become a doctor.I hope it stays fine.I wish I were younger.I hope so.I hope not.(29)表扬和鼓励(Praise and encouragement)A. Very good!Well done!Wonderful!Excellent!You speak English very well.Your dress is beautiful!Come on! Keep trying!You can do it!B. Thank you.OK. I'll try it again.(30)责备和抱怨(Blame and complaint)What do you mean by doing so?How could you cheat your teacher?Why didn't you tell me the truth?I'm sorry to have said that, but this room is too dirty, Why don't you do something about it?(31) 冷淡(Indifference)I don't care,It doesn't matter to me.3. 情感(Emotions)(32)高兴(Happiness)How wonderful / nice!That's lovely / great / wonderful!I'm so happy.It's well done.I'm pleased to know that.(33)惊奇(Surprise)Really?Oh dear!Is that so?What a surprise!How nice to see you!How surprising!I'm surprised.Does that surprise you?(34)忧虑(Worries)What's wrong?What's the matter?Anything wrong?What should we do?Are you worried about your health?(35)安慰(Reassurance)There, there. Don't be afraid.Don't worry.It's (quite) all right.It'll be OK / all right.(36)满意(Satisfaction)Good!Well done!Perfect!That's fine.That's better.That's good enough.I'm pleased with your spoken English.(37)遗憾(Regret)I'm so sorry!It's a great pity!What a shame!That's too bad!(38)恐惧 (Fear)Help!How terrible!I'm afraid of that dog.I'm frightened.4. 时间(Time)(39)时刻(Point of time)A. Excuse me. What's the time, please?Excuse me. What time is it?When did you come to China?What time do you get up every day?B. It's half past five / twenty to nine.I came to China in 1998.I get up at 6 o'clock.(40)时段(Duration)A. How long have you been in this school?How long does it take you to get to school?When did you live in Beijing?How long have you been ill?B. I have been in this school for three years.It takes me twenty minutes by bike.I lived in Beijing from 1996 to 1999.I have been ill since last Monday night.(41) 频度(Frequency)A. How often do you go to movies?B. I go to the movie once a week.I often go to movies.(42) 时序(Sequence)What did you do next?Finally we found our way out.It rained even harder later on.5.空间(Space)(43)位置(Position)A. Where is the picture?B. It's on / at / above / in / under / beside / near / behind the table.He sits at the back of the room.The lab is in the centre of the school.(44)方向(Direction)A. Which is the way to the station?Where is the train / bus going?Where are you going?B. Go down this street, and turn left / right at the first crossing.The train is going to Xi'an.The train is going to the east / west / south / north.I'm going to the railway station. I'm leaving for Shanghai.(47)距离(Distance)A. How far is your school from here?B. It's about 40 minutes by bike.It's about 6 kilometres / miles away.6. 存在(Existence)(46) 存在(Existence)A. Is there a bird in the tree?Are there any apples in the tree?What's in the tree?B. Yes, there is / are.There's a bird in the tree.There are many / a lot of birds in the tree.(47) 不存在(Non-existence)A. Is there an English book in the schoolbag?Are there any English books in the schoolbag?Isn't there any water in the bottle?B. No, there isn't / aren't (any).There isn't an English book in the schoolbag.There aren't any English books in the schoolbag.No, there's no water in the bottle.There's no more paper in the printer.7. 特征(Features)(48)形状(Shape)A. What does it look like?What's the shape of the clouds?B. It looks like a camel.It's round / long / tall / short.It's a circle / square.It's a U-shaped road.(51)颜色(Colour)A. What colour is the bag?B. It's green / red / blue / yellow / black / white / orange / purple / light brown / dark blue.(50)材料 (Material)A. What's the table made of?What's the red wine made from?B. It's made of wood.It's made from grapes.I bought a woollen sweater yesterday.(53)价格(Price)A. How much is the dictionary?How much is it?How much are they?Is it cheap / expensive?B. The dictionary costs me 100 yuan.The dictionary is expensive / cheap.(52)规格(Size)A. What size is your sweater?What size shoes do you wear?B. The size of my sweater is XXL.It's too big / small / long / short for me.(53) 年龄(Age)A. How old are you?How old is he / she?B. I'm eighteen.He / She is six years old. Uncle Wang is an old man.8.计量(Measurement)(54)长度(Length)A. How long is the bridge?B. It's 430 metres / feet long.(55)宽度(Width)A. How wide is the river?B. It's about 200 metres wide.(56)高度(Height)A. How tall / high is the building?B. It's 130 metres tall / high.The building has 85 floors / stories.(57) 数量(Number)A. How many students are there in your class?How much water do you drink every day?B. There are forty students in our class.I drink five glasses of water every day.9.比较 (Comparison)(58)同级比较 (Equal comparison)My ruler is as long as yours.I can run as fast as you can.This book is not as interesting as that one.I can't run so fast as you can.(59)差别比较(Comparative and superlative)Lily is younger than Kate.The red skirt is more expensive than the yellow one.I run faster than Jim.Mrs. Baker walks more slowly than Mr. Baker.Jim is the tallest in his class.Tom is the best of all.(60)相似和差别(Similarity and difference)This picture is the same as that one on the wall.Lucy is like her mother.Tom looks like his father.My picture is different from yours.There are five differences between the two pictures.10.逻辑关系(Logical relations)(61)原因和结果 (Cause and effect )A. Why are you late for school?How could you miss the train / plane?B. Because I got up late this morning.Since she did not feel well, she stayed at home.Because of the bad traffic, we missed the train.He ate too much, so he did not feel well.(62)目的(Purpose)A. Why are you here today?Why did you do that?B. I came here to see you off.* I did that in order to protect the trees.11. 职业 (Occupation)(63)工作(Job)A. What do you do? What's your job?What are you going to be?B. I'm a teacher / doctor / worker / farmer / businessman / manager.I'm going to be a scientist / computer engineer.(64)单位(Employer)A. Where do you work?B. I'm teaching English In a high-school..。