21天学会APAP4的基础 Day13

Unit 1 personal QualitiesI. Teaching aims and demands1. Understand the background knowledge2. Learn about the new words and phrases3. Grasp the main idea and structure of the text4. Conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activitiesII. Teaching importance and difficulties1.Background information2.The usage of some new words and phrases3.Some sentence patterns difficult to understandIII. Teaching methodsA combination of traditional teaching methods with the communicative approach will be adopted. Special attention should be paid to classroom interaction. More encouragement is needed and more guidance will be given to them in their extracurricular study. Use the multimedia device where necessary.IV. Teaching procedurea. Warming-up Activities1.Duty ReportHave a brainstorming about words to describe personal qualitiesrmation related to the text1> Cross-cultural communicationThe key to effective cross-cultural communication is knowledge. First, it is essentialthat people understand the potential problems of cross-cultural communication, and make a conscious effort to overcome these problems. Second, it is important to assume that one’s efforts will not always be successful, and adjust one’s behavior appropriately.For example, one should always assume that there is a significant possibility that cultural differences are causing communication problems, and be willing to be patient and forgiving, rather than hostile and aggressive, if problems develop. One should respond slowly and carefully in cross-cultural exchanges, not jumping to the conclusion that you know what is being thought and said.Active listening can sometimes be used to check this out–by repeating what one thinks he or she heard, one can confirm that one understands the communication accurately. If words are used differently between languages or cultural groups, however, even active listening can overlook misunderstandings.2> Personal qualitiesPersonal qualities are personal characteristics of an individual. They are what make up one's personality. They help a person get along in a new situation. For example, dependability and patience are qualities that employers would like a good worker to have. Other qualities employers value are: honesty, assertiveness, flexibility, problem solving, friendliness, intelligence, leadership, enthusiasm, and a good sense of humor.Most employers want people who are dependable and who get along with others. Though skills are important, an employer will select new employees based on their personal qualities as well.b. Language points1. Personal qualities generally have either positive or negative connotations.一般来说,一个人的品质包括两个方面：积极的和消极的。

powerup4知识点汇总PowerUp4是一个关于电子设计自动化（EDA）的课程，以下是该课程的一些重要知识点汇总：1.集成电路芯片：集成电路芯片是将多个电子元件集成在一块衬底上，实现一定的电路功能。

芯片的设计和制造需要经过多个步骤，包括电路设计、版图绘制、制造、测试等。

2.硬件描述语言：硬件描述语言是一种用于描述数字电路和系统的语言，它能够描述电路的结构、行为和功能。

常见的硬件描述语言包括Verilog和VHDL。

3.可编程逻辑器件：可编程逻辑器件是一种数字集成电路，可以通过编程来配置其内部逻辑，实现所需的电路功能。

常见的可编程逻辑器件包括FPGA （现场可编程门阵列）和CPLD（复杂可编程逻辑器件）。

4.数字电路设计：数字电路设计是指利用数字电路的基本元件和逻辑门来设计数字系统。

数字电路设计包括组合逻辑电路设计和时序逻辑电路设计。

5.模拟电路设计：模拟电路设计是指利用模拟电路的基本元件和放大器来设计模拟系统。

模拟电路设计需要考虑到信号的放大、滤波、调制和解调等方面。

6.PCB设计：PCB（印刷电路板）是电子系统中常用的互连器件，用于将电子元件连接在一起。

PCB设计是指将电子元件布局在电路板上，并设计出满足电气性能要求的互连线路。

7.电磁兼容性：电磁兼容性是指电子设备在电磁环境中正常工作的能力。

电磁兼容性需要考虑信号的传输、噪声的抑制、辐射的减小等方面。

8.系统级设计：系统级设计是指将多个模块或子系统组合在一起，形成一个完整的系统。

系统级设计需要考虑系统的总体架构、模块之间的接口和通信、系统的性能和可靠性等方面。

以上是PowerUp4课程中的一些重要知识点，它们是电子设计自动化领域的核心内容，对于学习和掌握电子设计自动化技术非常重要。

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT KAPUNA WATERSHED PROTECTION PROJECT PAHOLE NATURAL AREA RESERVEKapuna and Keawapilau DrainagesPahole Natural Area Reserve & Mokuleia Forest ReserveWaialua DistrictNorthern Wai‘anae MountainsIsland of O‘ahuIn accordance withChapter 343, Hawai‘i Revised StatutesProposed by:State of Hawai‘iDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesDivision of Forestry and WildlifeNatural Area Reserves System1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 224Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813October 2003TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………….1I. SummaryII. Project Purpose & Need (2)III. Project Description (4)IV. Summary Description of Affected Environment (6)V. General Description of the Action Including Environmentaland Socioeconomic Characteristics (9)VI. Mitigation Measures (12)VII. Alternatives Considered (13)VIII. Anticipated Determination (15)IX. Findings and Reasons Supporting the Anticipated Determination 15X. List of Permits Required for this Project (18)XI. Environmental Assessment Preparation Information (18)XII. References (19)XIII. List of Appendices (19)Appendix A: Map of Project Site and Fence Line A-1DesignDetails B-1 FenceB:AppendixAppendix C: Endangered Plants, Candidate Plants, and PlantSpecies of Concern Known from the Project Area C-1 Appendix D: Native Animals Known from the Project Area D-1Appendix E: Species with Designated Critical Habitat in theProject Area E-1 Appendix F: Archaeological Reconnaissance Report F-1Appendix G: Comments Received During Public CommentG-1ResponsesandPeriodI. SUMMARYProject Name Kapuna Watershed Protection ProjectPahole Natural Area ReserveProject Location Kapuna and Keawapilau DrainagesPahole Natural Area Reserve/Mokuleia Forest ReserveWaialua DistrictNorthern Wai‘anae MountainsIsland of O‘ahuTMK 1-6-8-001-002 (State of Hawai‘i) (Pahole NAR)TMK 1-6-8-001-001 (State of Hawai‘i) (Mokuleia FR) Land Use Conservation District, Protective SubzoneProposing Agency State of Hawai‘iDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesDivision of Forestry and WildlifeNatural Area Reserves SystemApproving Agency State of Hawai‘iDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesAgencies Consulted Federal: U.S. Army Garrison, Hawai‘iU.S. Department of Agriculture, NaturalResources Conservation ServiceU.S. Department of Interior, Fish andWildlife ServiceU.S. Geological Survey, BiologicalResources DivisionState: Department of AgricultureDepartment of Business, EconomicDevelopment and Tourism, Office of PlanningDepartment of DefenseDepartment of Hawaiian Home LandsDepartment of HealthDepartment of Land and Natural ResourcesDivision of Conservation andResource EnforcementDivision of Forestry and WildlifeHistoricPreservationofDivisionDivision of Land ManagementStateParksofDivisionNARS CommissionOffice of Conservation and CoastalLandsLand Use CommissionOffice of Hawaiian AffairsOffice of Environmental Quality ControlUniversity of Hawai‘i, Dr. MichaelHadfieldUniversity of Hawai‘i, EnvironmentalCenterCounty: Board of Water SupplyDepartment of Planning and PermittingNorth Shore Neighborhood BoardWahiawa Neighborhood BoardWaianae Neighborhood BoardPrivate: Ahahui Malama I Ka LokahiBishop MuseumConservation Council of Hawai‘iEarthjustice Legal Defense FundHawai‘i Audubon SocietyHawai‘i Trail and Mountain ClubFoundationHawai‘iHistoricIlio‘ulaokalani CoalitionKahea – the Hawaiian EnvironmentalAllianceKo‘olau Mountains Watershed PartnershipO‘ahu Invasive Species CommitteeO‘ahu PigofAssociationHuntersOahuChapterClub,SierraHawai‘iofConservancy TheNatureClubCivicWaialuaHawaiianClubCivicHawaiianWaianaeSteve MontgomeryJonah IoaneSummary of ActionThe Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife proposes to construct a network of fences in the uppermost portion of the Kapuna and Keawapilau drainages, between the 1,500 and 2,590 foot elevation, in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve and extending slightly into the Mokuleia Forest Reserve, in the northern Wai‘anae Mountains on the island of O‘ahu. By eliminating the destructive impact of feral pigs in the project area, this project is directed at the protection of the watershed as well as rare and endangered species.The proposed fencing will have a combined length of approximately 3.5 miles, enclosing approximately 235 acres. The proposed action is part of an ongoing effort by DOFAW, USFWS, the United States Army, hunting clubs, and community volunteers to protect native ecosystems, watershed, and habitat for native species. At least eighteen species of listed, proposed, candidate or rareplants and several rare and/or endangered native snail species are found in the project area.Fence construction will involve hand clearing of a corridor no more than 10 feet wide and erecting a fenceline. The planned fence will be approximately three feet tall, made of hogwire. Where necessary, the outside of the fence will be skirted along the base with a hogwire apron. Management activities planned after the fence is completed include feral animal and weed control and outplanting of native species to restore the dryland forest.Potential impacts include short-term increase in soil disturbance along the fenceline, disturbance and damage to common native plants, and effects on rare and endangered plant and animal species, cultural resources, public hunting, and the Mokuleia Trail. Impact mitigation measures include conducting expert surveys of the fence route to ensure that no biological or cultural resources are within the fence clearing corridor, implementing measures to decrease the potential for accidental introduction of non-native species, and retaining the integrity of the Mokuleia Trail.II. PROJECT PURPOSE & NEEDThe Hawaiian Islands are known as the endangered species capital of the world. Approximately half the native rain forest and 90 percent of the native dry forest in Hawai‘i have been lost. Over one-third of the threatened and endangered species in the United States are unique to Hawai‘i, and more plant and bird extinctions have been recorded from the islands than anywhere else in the country.The Natural Area Reserves System (NARS) was established in 1970 by the State Legislature to “preserve in perpetuity specific land and water areas which support communities, as relatively unmodified as possible, of the natural flora and fauna, as well as geological sites, of Hawaii.” Chapter 195, HRS. The 658-acre Pahole Natural Area Reserve was established in 1981 to protect rare lowland native mesic and dry forest and habitat for endangered species. Pahole Natural Area Reserve supports the endangered O‘ahu ‘elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis), the endangered O‘ahu tree snail (Achatinella mustelina), at least 18 species of endangered plants, candidate plants, and plant species of concern, and additional native species of plants and animals.The Forest Reserve System was established in 1903 to protect the vital mountain watersheds. The Mokuleia Forest Reserve surrounds Pahole Natural Area Reserve and also supports the endangered O‘ahu ‘elepaio as well as various species of rare, threatened and endangered plants.The proposed action focuses on protecting some of the best examples of lowland native mesic forest remaining in the Hawaiian Islands. Protecting and actively managing native ecosystems on a landscape level is necessary to secure the long-term viability of these systems and to recover endangered species. Theecosystem approach to managing the Pahole Natural Area Reserve is consistent with the NARS mandate to protect natural communities in perpetuity. This strategy is also consistent with the USFWS policy of protecting large, intact, native ecosystems whenever possible.The proposed action will reduce the negative impacts of feral pigs on native forest, watershed, and habitat for native plants and animals, including endangered species. The installation of a ridgeline fence by the U.S. Army Garrison Hawai‘i along the entire southeastern border of the Reserve and continuing east on the crest of West Makaleha Gulch has resulted in a dramatic increase in feral pig activity in the upper Kapuna and Keawapilau drainages. Feral pigs pose a major threat by consuming and destroying native understory plants, creating conditions favoring non-native plant infestation and establishment, preventing the establishment of ground-rooting native plants, and disrupting soil nutrient cycling. The cumulative effect of these activities is the decline of native forests, watersheds, and suitable habitat for native plants and animals.The proposed action will enhance the Wai‘anae Mountains watershed, which serves the North Shore and Leeward O‘ahu communities. Fencing and removing feral pigs will enhance surface and ground water resources by reducing soil erosion and runoff.The project area, Pahole Natural Area Reserve and Mokuleia Forest Reserve, is State owned land within the Conservation District, which triggers the need for an Environmental Assessment to be written in accordance with Chapter 343, HRS.DESCRIPTIONIII. PROJECTGeneralThe Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) proposes to construct a network of fences in the uppermost portion of the Kapuna and Keawapilau drainages, between the 1,500 and 2,590 feet elevation, in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve and the Mokuleia Forest Reserve, in the northern Wai‘anae Mountains on the island of O‘ahu. The project area is owned by the State of Hawai‘i and lies within the Conservation District. A map of the project area and proposed fence lines is included in Appendix A.The goals of the project are to: 1) protect native forest, watershed, and habitat for native species from feral pigs (Sus scrofa); and 2) secure outplanting sites for endangered plants. The proposed action is part of an ongoing effort by DOFAW, USFWS, the United States Army, hunting clubs, and community volunteers to protect native ecosystems, watershed, and habitat for native species.The project involves constructing a network of fences around four habitat management units that still support relatively intact native forest, watershed, and habitat for native species. The habitat management units range in size from eight to 207 acres. A perimeter fence will be installed around the fenced habitat management units, protecting a total of approximately 235 acres. The fenceswill be approximately three feet high with a combined length of approximately 3.5 miles.The proposed fencing is located primarily within Pahole Natural Area Reserve, but extends into a portion of the Mokuleia Forest Reserve to the east of Pahole. The proposed fence line was selected based on the need to minimize impacts of fence construction on native plant communities; ease of fence installation and maintenance; and long-term survival of the fences from vegetative encroachment, erosion, and slides.The fences will be constructed on remote ridges dominated by non-native plants to avoid disturbing sensitive species, slopes, and gulches. Helicopters and existing trails and roads will be used to transport fence materials and crews.A corridor no wider than 10 feet along the proposed fence line will be clearedby hand and with small power tools, if necessary. The fences will be made of steel and wood posts, hog wire, and a single strand of barbed wire along the bottom of the fence to prevent feral pigs from entering the fenced areas. Where necessary, the fences also will be skirted along the bottom of the fence with a horizontal 24-inch wide wire apron.The fenceline crosses the Mokuleia Trail in two locations. Gates or stiles will be constructed at these locations to preserve access along the trail forpublic users, such as hikers and hunters, and for resource managers conducting management activities within the Natural Area Reserve.Once the fences have been installed, feral pigs will be removed from the fenced areas. A comprehensive threat-control program will be implemented, invasive weed species and predatory rats (Rattus spp.) will be monitored and controlled, and human disturbance minimized.Fencing SpecificationsFence construction will involve driving steel T-posts and treated wood posts into the ground no more than 10 feet apart along the fence routes using powered drills and post pounders. One strand of galvanized barbed wire will be clipped to the posts and nailed to the poles at ground level. Bezinol-coated hog wire will be stretched and clipped or nailed to the standing posts and poles. Bezinol steel pins will be used as anchors within each 10-foot span. Where necessary, the bottom of the fence will be anchored with posts to ensure that the wire fabric is kept close to the ground. A 24-inch-wide apron of hog wire will be laid horizontally on the ground and attached to the outside of the standing fence where needed to curtail pig grubbing and consequent erosion along the fences.Timing & CostsFence construction is planned to occur in two phases because of funding constraints. Units 1, 2 and 3 will be constructed sequentially during Phase I ofthe project, and Unit 4 will be constructed during Phase II. Units 1, 2 and 3will create three separate fenced exclosures, while Unit 4 is a perimeter fencethat will enclose a larger area that includes Units 1, 2 and 3. (See map inAppendix A).The cost estimates for each unit are as follows:Item Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Subtotal Unit 4 Total3,080 1,509 4,307 8,896 9,518 18,414 Linear feetof FencingSupplies/$6,006 $2,943 $8,399 $17,348 $18,560 $35,908 FencingMaterialsFence line$8,121 $3,967 $11,412 $23,500 $15,648 $39,148 clearing$15,400 $7,545 $21,535 $44,480 $128,493 $172,973 FenceConstruction(LaborCosts)$1,440 $1,440 $1,440 $4,320 $4,320 $8,640 HelicopterSling LoadsTotals $30,967 $15,895 $42,786 $89,648 $167,021 $256,669Material costs are based on a cost of $1.95 per foot of fence constructed. Fencing materials for all phases of the project have been purchased andcurrently being stored at the Pahole Rare Plant Nursery.Fence clearing costs are based on a labor cost of $13.50 per hour plus15% benefits. The amount of time estimated for fence clearing for Units 1, 2and 3 is based on the amount of time it took to clear a similar amount of fenceline on the original fence constructed in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve in1995-1996. The clearing cost for each of the 3 units is based on the percentageof linear feet of fence that contributed to the combined total of the three units.The amount of time estimated for fence clearing for Unit 4 is based on past experience and the terrain.Fence construction costs are based on cost estimates obtained from an experienced fencing contractor. The cost for fence construction is estimated at$5.00 per linear foot for Units 1, 2 and 3 and at $12.00 to $15.00 per linear footfor Unit 4. The estimate for Unit 4 is higher because of the steepness of theterrain and because the proposed fenceline crosses several gulches. Construction costs in the table above utilize a cost of $13.50 per linear foot.The funds for the fence materials were provided to DOFAW in a grant of$36,000 from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Fence clearing will becompleted by DOFAW personnel with help from cooperating natural resource organizations such as The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Army Environmental staff, or by contract labor supervised by DOFAW staff, or a combination of the above. Additional funds for fence construction labor will be provided through an Endangered Species Act Section 6 Candidate Conservation Grant in the amount of $35,250.Construction of Units 1, 2 and 3 will proceed as soon as all necessary approvals have been granted and is estimated to commence in the third quarterof 2003. Construction of these Units should take approximately one year.While the materials for the construction of Unit 4 have been purchased, the State will be seeking additional funds for construction of Unit 4. The timing of Phase II of this project depends upon the availability of additional funds for construction.IV. SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT The proposed fencing is located primarily within Pahole Natural Area Reserve, enclosing a small portion of the Mokuleia Forest Reserve to the east of Pahole. Pahole Natural Area Reserve is surrounded by the United States Army’s Makua Military Reservation to the west, the Mokuleia Forest Reserve to the northeast and southwest, and privately owned pasture to the northeast adjacent to the lowermost boundary of the Reserve.Pahole Natural Area Reserve occupies 658 acres on the northeastern face of the Wai‘anae Mountain Range in the district of Waialua on the island ofO‘ahu. Mokuleia Forest Reserve occupies approximately 3,341 acres, to the east and west of Pahole Natural Area Reserve. The project area is located entirely within the Conservation District, within the Protective subzone.Pahole Natural Area Reserve ranges in elevation from approximately1,200 to 2,590 feet, and receives an average annual rainfall of 57 to 66 inches. The runoff is rapid, and erosion occurs on the well-drained soils on slopes along drainage ways. Eroded spots, stony areas, and outcrops are present in the Reserve. The lower elevations of the Reserve contain dark friable soils with a surface layer of silt clay that is moderately to strongly acidic. At the upper elevations, the well-drained soil is strongly to extremely acidic. The surface layer of this soil is reddish-brown silt clay overlying ironstone or saprolite. Environmental conditions for the portion of Mokuleia Forest Reserve within the project area are similar to those of Pahole Natural Area Reserve.A privately controlled paved road to the abandoned Nike site and Pahole Rare Plant Nursery runs close to the north side of the Reserve. A jeep trail abuts the paved road near Peacock Flat and traverses the Mokuleia Forest Reserve upslope to the Mokuleia Trail head and Pahole Natural Area Reserve entrance. The trail continues into Pahole Natural Area Reserve, runs along its eastern boundary, and continues beyond the Reserve’s northeastern boundary.The Pahole Natural Area Reserve is accessible to the public by way of an improved road and the Mokuleia Trail. Activities that are compatible with the NARS mandate are allowed, including scientific research, hiking on designated trails, camping, public hunting during designated seasons, and cultural practices are allowed in the Reserve. Some of these activities require permits. Motorized vehicles and mountain bikes are not permitted.FloraThe Pahole Natural Area Reserve protects some of the best examples of lowland native mesic and dry forest remaining in the Hawaiian Islands. These forests are noted for their species diversity and richness, and are becoming increasingly uncommon. Native natural communities within the Reserve include koa/‘ohi‘a (Acacia/Metrosideros) lowland mesic forest, ‘ohi‘a/uluhe (Metrosideros/ Dicranopteris) lowland mesic forest, lonomea (Sapindus) lowland dry forest, O‘ahu diverse mesic forest, ‘a‘ali‘i lowland dry shrubland, and an intermittent stream.The species richness in the project area is found in the sub-canopy trees, shrubs, and ferns. At least 168 native plant taxa have been reported from the Reserve, including 58 rare and endangered species. Several of these plants are locally common in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve, but are not found elsewhere in Hawai‘i. At least 18 endangered plant species, candidate plant species, and plant species of concern are present within the project area and are listed in Appendix C.A sizeable portion of the Reserve is dominated by non-native vegetation. The near extirpation of native plants and their replacement by alien species in these areas are the result of rooting, disturbance of native ground cover, and weed dispersal by feral pigs.FaunaNative birds known to occur in the Pahole Natural Area Reserve are the‘apapane (Himatione sanguinea), ‘amakihi (Hemignathus virens), kolea or Pacific golden plover (Pluvialis fulva), and the endangered O‘ahu ‘elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis). One lone male ‘elepaio, but no nesting pairs, has been observed in the project area.One species of the endangered O‘ahu tree snail (Achatinella mustelina), three snail species of concern, and at least three additional snail species have been reported from the Reserve. Given the relatively intact condition of the native forests in the project area, it can be assumed that the site supports native insects and other invertebrates as well. A list of native animals known from the Reserve is contained in Appendix D.Non-native feral pigs (Sus scrofa), rats (Rattus spp.), mice (Mus spp.), mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus), and the predatory land snail (Euglandina rosea) occur in the Reserve.Significant and Sensitive HabitatsThe entire Pahole Natural Area Reserve is considered to be a sensitive habitat, particularly for the endangered O‘ahu ‘elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis), one species of the endangered O‘ahu tree snail (Achatinella mustelina), three snail species of concern, and many rare native plant species. Pahole Natural Area Reserve has been designated as critical habitat for the ‘elepaio and for 25 threatened and endangered plants on O‘ahu by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; a list of species with designated critical habitat in the project area is contained in Appendix E. The Natural Area Reserve also includes lowland native mesic and dry forests, which are becoming increasingly rare in Hawai‘i.Archaeological & Cultural ResourcesAn archaeological reconnaissance of the planned fence route was performed by Loren Zulick, Cultural Resources Specialist, Environmental Division, Directorate of Public Works (DPW), U.S. Army Garrison Hawai‘i to assess the potential impacts to known and previously unrecorded cultural sites. The full report is included as Appendix F.The archaeological reconnaissance survey involved walking the entire planned route for the fenceline. No extant cultural resources on the surface of the ground, including temporary shelters or other natural or constructed features, were observed within the project area. In addition, no cultural resources or historic properties were identified along the proposed fenceline routes. The closest known cultural site is State Site #50-80-03-5920, a habitation/agricultural complex located within Makua Valley, 1,000 meters to the southwest. The report concluded that Site 5920 would not be impacted by the proposed project.The report also noted that construction of the proposed exclosures may impact the Mokuleia Trail, as the fence will cross the trail twice, and suggested mitigation measures to minimize the potential impact. The report concluded that no cultural resources will be impacted by the proposed project.A search for relevant studies at the University of Hawai‘i and in the Hawaiian and Pacific Collection did not turn up any historical information regarding the site. A review of Sites of Oahu disclosed no specific sites, legends, traditions, or other information relating to the project area. Finally, during pre-consultation, the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, the Ilio‘ulaokalani Coalition, and Kahea – the Hawaiian Environmental Alliance were requested to share any information they had regarding traditional use of the area or to identify any groups or individuals who may use the area. No traditional orprocess. Collection of plants within a Natural Area Reserve is restricted and requires a Special Use Permit, and there have been no applications for Special Use Permits for traditional and cultural activities within Pahole Natural Area Reserve. Finally, as the project site is in a remote wilderness, visitation to the area apart from hunters and resource managers is minimal and is primarily limited to the area surrounding the Mokuleia Trail. Based on all the available information, there are no known traditional and cultural activities associated with the project area that might be impacted by fence construction.Because of the use of Federal funds, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (as the funding agency) will be conducting a Section 106 consultation for this project.V. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTION INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS Environmental ImpactsShort-Term ImpactsThe primary short-term environmental impacts of the proposed action are associated with fence construction. Disturbance of vegetation will occur along the fence line in a corridor no wider than 10 feet. Some common native plants may be damaged, but not to any significant degree. Disturbance of the vegetation will be limited to areas that do not contain sensitive resources.Soil will be disturbed along the proposed fence line. Soil disturbance will be short-term, and no changes in the normal runoff or percolation patterns are expected. The proposed project may enhance water quality in nearby intermittent streams by reducing feral pig activity.Noise and air pollution from helicopter sling loads and the use of small power tools will be unavoidable during fence construction. Increased human activity in the project area resulting from fence construction will be necessary. This increase in activity may temporarily disturb native birds in the immediate vicinity.Long-Term ImpactsThe long-term impacts of the proposed action are associated with the proposed fencing and removal of feral pigs, which may alter the vegetation in the project area. Fence construction would entail clearing a corridor no wider than 10-feet to remove hazards to fence construction crews and facilitate fence construction. Although most of the vegetation is expected to grow back, fence inspection and maintenance will require that the fence line be kept cleared of vegetation. The proposed fence construction may also affect plant species known to support the endangered O‘ahu tree snail, Achatinella mustelina.Soil disturbance along the proposed fence line, as well as the transport of fence materials and crews, will increase the potential accidental introduction of non-native plants to the project site. Species, such as Triumfetta semitriloba and Clidemia hirta, which occur in the project area, could be spread by fence construction workers, and new alien species could be introduced.Native plant populations, including populations of endangered species, should increase in numbers once feral pigs are removed from the fenced areas. At the same time, the removal of feral pigs could result in an increase in non-native plants that are currently suppressed by feral pig activity. However, non-native plants that are spread by feral pigs in the proposed fenced areas may decrease once the pigs are removed.Socio-Economic ImpactsThe proposed action will require spending the funds necessary for the project. Fencing materials have been purchased, and fence crews and helicopter operators will be contracted. Positive economic impacts will result from the release of project funds into the O‘ahu economy through the purchase of fence materials and employment of fence crews. The proposed action may attract additional funding for watershed protection, reforestation, and endangered species recovery.With respect to long-range planning policies, the project is consistent with Section 3.1.3, Guidelines for Open Space and the Natural Environment of the North Shore Sustainable Communities Plan, relating to identification and protection of endangered species, native ecosystems, and other important ecologically sensitive areas and with Section 3.4.3, Planning Guidelines for the Preservation of Forest Lands of the Wai‘anae Sustainable Communities Plan, relating to the protection of rare and endangered species and preventing the introduction of alien species.The proposed action will result in the loss of approximately 250 acres to public hunting. Under current DOFAW rules, public hunting of game mammals in Pahole Natural Area Reserve is restricted, requiring an entry permit from the O‘ahu NARS Manager and requiring hunters to be accompanied by a DOFAW staff member. The reduction in hunting acreage resulting from the proposed action is not expected to be significant because little hunting occurs in the relatively remote, upper elevations of the Pahole Natural Area Reserve. Further, the project area represents a small portion of the hunting land in the general area, most of which will remain open for public hunting in the foreseeable future. Finally, the planned fencing will not restrict access for hunters crossing Pahole Natural Area Reserve to get to other hunting areas.A portion of the proposed fence runs along and crosses the Mokuleia Trail. The trail is maintained and is used by hikers, hunters, and naturalists. In comparison to other trails on O‘ahu, Mokuleia Trail is not commonly used by the public because of the limited vehicular access to the trailhead.。

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------防抽区域,由于第一次上传错误,百度文库不给重复上传,所以加此标题,防抽-----------------------------------声明:此文档是转载的,觉得很经典就传到百度文库,免费给大家观看,绝对珍品,看到这文章的你可以下载下来,当自己在学习C++中感到无助,盲目时,可以在看看,这是一篇很好的文章,值得你收藏,值得你拥有,值得作为我们初学者的学习的”灯塔”感谢Tanky Woo和杨溪抽出宝贵的时间为本文审校。

在正确性、语法语义和用词上，他们为我提出了很多建设性的意见，我也进行了相应修改。

尽管如此，我相信错误还是再所难免，如果你发现了错误，请给本文留言，谢谢。

缘由有写这篇文章（确切的说是这种类型方式方法的文章）的想法是几个月之前了（2012.08.09），“不敢下手的原因是自己C++ 资历尚浅，如果言语不当，实在是害人”。

我的这种踌躇也让Tanky Woo批评过多次了，但是我仍旧抱着胆怯的心里，这种文章涉及的面有点广，还有一个很大的原因是我的太多想法过于偏激。

今天我去论坛回答了两个问题：关于结构体申请内存，c++中输入的问题，像这种类似的问题我在论坛回答过不知道多少遍了，可能每天仍旧有很多人会遇到。

于是我有了一个在博客建一个C++ FAQ 目录的想法，用来整理、总结一些常见的、不常见的、诡异的C++ 问题和解决方案（称作“奇淫技巧”或许要好一点）。

恰巧，我对此类问题也甚是关心。

我想写一篇怎样学习C++ 的文章做为C++ FAQ的序是再好不过的了，以前的种种顾虑用文章谨慎的文字来弥补吧。

笔者简单的介绍一下笔者，目的在于读者在读本文的时候心里有一个定位：“这是什么样的人写的文章，可不可靠，我应该相信他几分？”我08 年上的大学，大一上学期学校开设了C 语言课，下学期学的数据结构，C++ 是在大一暑假自学的（也就是09 年6 月份，至今三年有余）。

英语短语★清华大学★英语系测试：为中学英语量身定做.官方网站：http://qinghua.yeryy.co m/清华大学英语教授50年研究成果a back seat driver 专爱指点司机如何开车的乘客a big bear hug 抱得很紧a bit trying 有点苦恼a cap and gown 毕业典礼的礼服a cup of Java 一杯咖啡a dead battery 汽车电瓶没电了a good shot 照相的取景很出色a hangover from the old days 遗留下来的老习惯a knockout 引人注目a little too tight 紧了一点a man of few words 沉默寡言的人a popular moment 舞会中大家都来到了的时间a rainy day 不如意的日子a scorcher 一个大热天a steady 一个固定的异性朋友a tall milk shake 一大杯奶昔A toast everyone. 敬大家一杯酒.a two-year hitch in the army 两年的兵役a wet blanket 扫兴的人above board 光明正大的absent-minded professor 无头苍蝇;做事心不在焉者after all 毕竟After while, crocodile. 一会见. after you 你先请all along 始终;一贯all at sea 茫然不知所措all bark and no bite 只动口,不动手的人all burnt up 怒火中烧all dressed up 穿的很漂亮all ears 全神贯注地听;愕然all for it 完全同意all gone 消逝;丢失all in 疲倦all in a day's work, be 司空见惯all in all 总而言之all my eye 岂有此理;胡说八道all out 全力以赴;全卖光了all over 完了all right 一点不错all set 准备好了All set? Not yet. 都弄好了吗?还没呢.all the better 更好all the same 虽然如此;并无分别all the world and his wife 人人;诸色人等all there 神志清醒的;没有问题的all thumbs 笨手笨脚的;一窍不通的all turn out 如愿以偿all woman 最标准的女性all you have to do 你只要always the case 常常如此ambulance chaser 唯利是图的低级律师And how! 当然啦!ants in one's pants(skirt) 坐立不安any way 究竟anything under the sun 普天下任何事情apeal to sb 对某人有吸引力appeal to sb 取悦某人apple-polish 逢迎;讨好apply for 申请Are you all packed? 你行李收拾好了吗?Are you done? 你吃饱了吗? Are you kidding? 你在开玩笑吧?Are you telling me? 用你来告诉我吗?Are you with me? 你懂我的意思吗?as a rule 通常来说as luck would have it 真走运或不走运as mod as sb 与某人一样时髦as the saying goes 常言道at first blush 乍看at hand 近旁;在手旁at issue 争论中at loose ends 无职业;不安定at my expense 由我出钱at odds 争执at one's finger's tips 了如指掌at one's service 随时提供服务at one's wit's end 不知所措at one's wits' end 志穷计尽at sixes and sevens 混乱的at stake 在危险中at the drop of a hat 马上at times 有时;偶然at your disposal 听你的aware of, be 了解B.T.O. (big time operator) 游手好闲的人babes and suckings 天真而缺乏经验者baby-kisser 为达到竞选目的出尽八宝的政客bachelor party 单身会back and forth 来来去去back at the farm 言归正传back number 过期的杂志;守旧派back on one's feet 经受打击后重新站起来back out 食言backseat driver 指手划脚的人bad egg(lot) 坏蛋bag of bones 骨瘦如柴的人bake down 临阵退缩barking up the wrong tree 攻击错了目标barter away 以较便宜的价格出售bawl out 责骂Be a good sport! 不要婆婆妈妈的!be nuts 傻里傻气be off走吧;滚蛋Be off! 滚开!be on the wagon 喝酒bear in mind 牢记在心beat around the bush 说话绕圈子beat it 走开beat one's brains (out) 伤透了脑筋beat sb by miles 远远胜过beat, be 太累了beef about 抱怨beef up 加强before you are scheduled to leave 在你决定离开之时间前Before you could say Jack Robinson 很快before you know it 很快behave yourself请检点一点behind bars 坐牢behind one's back 背后behind the scenes(curtain) 在幕后behind the times 不合时宜behind time 误期believe it or not 信不信由你benefit from 从中得到best-seller 畅销书、唱片等bet it is 当然是better half老婆better luck next time 下次好运些吧better than, be 比...多;多于between my ribs and my back bone 肚子beyond one's reach of超出支付能力beyond sb, be 使某人无法理解big bluffer 吹牛者bite one's head off大发脾气black and blue 遍体鳞伤black sheep 不肖子女blame sb for sth 为某事责备某人bleed white 花光血汗钱blind alley 死胡同;失败之路blood in one's eye 极度愤怒bloody fool (B.F.) 蠢材blow hot and cold 喜怒无常Blow it! 他妈的!blow off steam 发脾气blow one's own horn 自吹自擂blow one's top 怒发冲冠blow up 表现失常;吹风body and breeches 完全boil down to 归结起来是;其结果是boiling point 爱情的沸点bolt from the blue 晴天霹雳bone up on 努力研读born with a silver spoon in one's mouth 出生富贵born yesterday 乳臭未干bottoms up 干杯Bottoms up! 干杯!brain storm 心血来潮brand new 崭新的break down 故障;毁坏break in 适合break it off吹了break one's heart 使某人心碎break one's neck 痛打一顿;拼命做某事break the ice 打破僵局;打破沉默break the routine 调剂一下bred in the bone 天生的;个性的bring back the good old days 回忆昔日好时光bring down the house 掌声雷动bring me up-to-date 告诉我最新消息bring sb to date 使某人掌握最先进东西brotherly impulse 激动手足的情分brush off (男女之间)甩;撇开brush up on sth 复习,重新学习buck up 振作起来bull dog 难以相处的人burn a hole in one's pocket 花钱如流水burn one's bridges behind one 不留后路burn one's fingers 碰钉子burn the midnight oil 熬夜读书bury one's head in the sand 不敢面对现实bury the hatchet 捐弃前嫌Business is business. 公事公办busy-body 好管闲事和多嘴的人buy things on time 分期付款买东西buy your story 相信你的话buying bargains 买廉价货by all means 务必by and by 逐渐;慢慢地by fair means or foul 不择手段By golly! (By Gum!) 天呀!by hook or by crook 不择手段by the look of you 从你的样子看来call back 再打电话call it a day 今天到此为止call it off取消call off取消call one names 用污秽语言骂人call the shots 发号施令;管事call up 打电话calling at this early hour 一大早就打电话Can you stop by? 你能来吗? can't afford to have 买不起can't be helped 避免不了can't be wrong 错不了can't get away with it 逃不掉can't help it 爱莫能助can't stand it any longer 再也无法忍受Capital idea! 好主意！carry coals to Newcastle 多此一举;徒劳无功carry sth too far 做事超出限度carry the torch 单相思cast away 扔掉cast down 沮丧caste eyes at 注视;打主意castle in the air 空中楼阁catch on to 理解catch one's breath 喘口气catch up on sth 补上某事catch up with 迎头赶上caught red-handed, be 犯罪活动的当场被抓住chain smoker 烟瘾大的人change hands 转手change my opinion of you 我对你的看法改变一下cheap joints 下流地方check out 办清离开手续;借书;调查check up on 校对cheer up 振作;鼓励chew the rag 唠叨不断chip in 集资;捐款clean sweep 全胜clean the house for sb 和某人算帐clock watcher 盼望下班的人close shave (close call) 千钧一发coast is clear 没有危险了coin a neat phrase 话说得很恰当cold fish 冷酷无情的人Columbus discovered America 陈年旧事come about 发生come across 偶然遇见come along with 随同come and get it 试试拿走它吧come down with 病倒come in 起作用;有份come in handy 迟早有用come into the world 出世come off it 吹牛皮come on 别这样come on 来吧!(提醒、催促) come on strong 非常积极的给人以好印象come out right 事情进展顺利come out with 说出come right over 这就来了come through 交出;成功come to naught 成为泡影come to terms 达成协议come to the point 说话切题come up with sth 想出某事come what may 无论发生什么事contribute to sth 有助于cook up a story 编出慌话骗人cool off冷却下来cooling my heels waiting for her 翘首以待crash the gate 不请自来的客人crazy like a fox 装疯;装模作样cross my heart 感发誓;不骗人cross the bridge when one comes to it 既来之则安之cross with, be 不高兴cry quits 放弃;承认失败cry wolf狼来了;发出假警报cup of tea 喜欢而又会做之事cut corners 超近路;以简捷方式做事cut down on 削减cut it out 够了!算了cut of the woods 脱离危险期cut out 戒掉坏习惯cut sb down to size 揭穿某人的底细cut sb off把电话挂断.cut sth out 阻止;停止;故障;占上风cut throat 害人的cut-and-dried 事先准备好的;枯燥无味的dark horse 黑马;冷门darn it 真讨厌dating yourself before your time 老气横秋day in and day out 夜以继日day off放假日day-dream 白日梦daylight robbery 价钱贵到离谱days are numbered 生存时日屈指可数dead beat(tired) 烂醉如泥dead dog 没用的人dead easy 易如反掌dead serious 认真得不得了dead sure(certain) 极之肯定dead to the world 睡得很香dear Jone letter 绝交信deep southern drawl 拉长语调的南方口音definte word 确定的消息deliver the goods 完成工作Did you fall heir to a gold mine? 你是否遇见了金矿的小老板? die with one's boots on 死在工作岗位上die-hard 冥顽不灵dilly-dally 吊儿浪当dine out 出外吃饭dirty dog 卑鄙小人discuss sth over a coke 边喝可乐边谈某事dish water 毫无味道distance makes the heart grow fonder 时间会使感情加深do a little sightseeing 逛逛do all the talking 会议上只有一个人讲话do my own laundry 自己(用洗衣机)洗衣服do one good 对某人有好处do over 重做;粉刷do sth about it 想想办法Do you get me? 明白吗? doesn't count 不算doesn't make sense 不合逻辑dog's life 悲惨的生活Don't be silly! 别傻啦! Don't be such a baby! 不要那样孩子气Don't mention it. 别客气,不算什么.Don't tease me. 别开玩笑了. Don't think I'll have much use for that. 这对我没有多大用处. Don't you feel guilty? 你不觉得罪过吗?Don't you know that yet? 你还不知道吗?done time 老资格(贬义) double crosser 出卖朋友的人down in the dumps 愁眉苦脸down in the mouth 愁眉苦脸down on one's luck 倒楣down payment 分期付款的定金Down the hatch! 干杯!drag sb through the mud 拖人下水draw on 依照;依据draw up 草拟;准备drooling around her all the time 一直对她垂涎三尺drop by 顺道拜访drop dead 去你的drop in on sb 拜访某人drop it 停止吧drop it off把它放到... drop me a line 写信给我drop out 退学drop sb a line 给某人写信drop sb off让某人下车drop the ball 犯错误duck soup 易如反掌之事dull book 沉闷的书dumb bell 笨蛋dumb Dora 傻女Dump her! 甩掉她!dwell on 考虑;不断地说early bird 集会早到的人easier said than done 说来容易做时难easy come easy go 来得容易去得快(特指钱)Easy does it -- when you can. 慢慢来,尽力而为.eat one's hat 赶打赌,非常确定eat one's head off食量惊人eat one's heart out 伤心异常,因此消瘦eat one's words 承认错误eat out 出外吃饭egg money 私房钱egghead 书呆子either make or break 不成功,便成人eleventh hour 最后关头end up 结束enough of it 够了,停止吧enough to wake the dead 震耳欲聋Every cloud has a silver lining. 黑云过后,阳光灿烂every dog has his day 瓦片也有翻身时every now and then 不时地;有时every once in a while 偶尔every so often 偶然every Tom, Dick and Harry 张三李四everyone is for himself自己顾自己everything goes to the dogs 一切都完了face the music 接收惩罚;面对困难faculty and staff教职员faculty members 教职员fair and square 忠诚与坦白fair-weather friend 酒肉朋友fall behind 落后;失利fall for look 女人爱漂亮fall out with 争吵fall through 失败;毁灭family man 有家室之人far from, be 远不是fast one 一搭就上的(男人或女人)Fat chance! 不太可能的事! fat hangovers 好厉害的醉后头疼fat-head 人头猪脑favorite son 被自己一州拥护的候选人fed sb a big line 对某人说了个大谎.fed up (with) 对某事厌倦fed up with, be 感到厌倦feel free 随便...feel like 很想要feel up to 能胜任feeling in the pink 觉得愉快feminine type 女人气质的few and far between 难能可贵fifty-fifty 五五支付fight it out 据理力争;武力解决figure out 考虑出;想出fill in for 代替fill out 填表find a sugar daddy 找到一个有钱的老头子find a way out 找出一条出路fire sale 减价出售first in line 队伍中排第一名fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼;趁火打劫fish story 荒唐无比的故事fix up 修理flat tire 没精打采flicker out 过去了fly by 飞逝fly off the handle 平时有教养的人突然失去常态fold up 破产following sb's footsteps 效法;继承fool around with 与不三不四的人鬼混fooling around 闲逛for all I know 据我所知for good 永远地for good and all 永远for nothing 免费for one thing (插入语)但是for sale 出售for the love of Mike 梦想不到for the time being 暂时;目前forget it 没关系Forget it. 算了.four-letter words 骂人语;四字真言frame up 栽赃陷害free hand 全权处理frightened to death 吓死了from A to Z 从头到尾from scratch 从头开始from the look of sb 从某人的外表看来full charge of全权负责full of bull 胡言乱语full to the brim (吃得)满到喉头fuss over 焦虑gain weight 长胖了get a big kick 玩得很开心get a check cashed 支票兑现get a move on! 快点!get a nerve 胆子大get across 说明;达成;克服get all in a panic 惊恐get all up tight 紧张到极点get along with 相处融洽get around 有办法应付局面get away with 成功;逃避惩罚get behind 支持get cold feet 沮丧;临阵退缩get cracking 快点!get down to 开始处理get down to business 办正经事get even 报复get going 开始;动手;赶快get hooked on sth 被某事迷住了get in touch with 和...联络get it over with 赶快把事情做妥当get lost 迷失get mad at 对某人生气get me down 令我生气get nothing on me 尚未找到证据get nowhere 一事无成get off on the wrong foot 开始就乱了步骤get off the ground 进行顺利;刚开始get on the ball 机灵些;敏捷些get one wrong 误会某人get one's goat 故意为难get out of the bed on the wrong side 脾气好的人突然变得难以相处get over 完成;复原;超越get pinched 失手;落网get rid of干掉;摆脱get rolling 开始;动手get rusty 技术、头脑等生疏get sb by the neck 捉住get somewhere 有所成就get sth off one's chest 把心中的话讲出来get sth straight 办好;搞通;了解get stuck 抛锚;进入僵局get the bulge on 占优势;胜过;欺诈get the drop on 先发制人get the green light 得到...许可get the picture 明白某种情形get the sack 被解雇get through 到达;办完;通过;花光get through to 使理解;打通电话get together again 破镜重圆get up the courage 鼓起勇气get what's coming to one 咎由自取get wise to 了解;明白get with it 快点!girl of the old school 守旧的女性give a lift 让...搭车give away 泄露;赠送give credit for sb 归功于某人give him the dose of his own medicine 以其人之道还治其人之身give it a try 偿一偿吧give it to one straight 坦白地告诉某人give me a minute 请等一等give me headache 令我头痛give one the air 一刀两断give one the ax 开除give one the brush 对人冷淡;把人抛弃give one the eye 眉目传情give other one's word 向人保证give sb a black eye 打某人一顿give sb a break 给某人一个改过的机会give sb a buzz 打电话给某人give sb a dirty look 对某人瞪一眼give sb a free hand 放手让某人干一件事give sb a lift 让某人搭车give sb a piece of one's mind 骂某人一顿give sb a ride 让某人搭车give sb a ring 打电话给... give sb enough rope 让某人自食其果give sb hell 冷嘲热讽give sb some of his own medicine 以其人之道还治其人之身give sb the cold shoulder 冷淡对待give sb the go-by 对某人的存在熟视无睹give sb the green light 允许give sth away for nothing 不是白送的give up 放弃glad eye 抛媚眼go a long way 有用go about 从事go ahead 说吧go all out doing sth 竭尽全力go around with a chip on one's shoulder 到处寻衅go at it 努力奋斗go broke 破产go down 下降;被记录下来go down the drain 前功尽弃;白费心机go downhill 每况愈下go Dutch 各自付帐go easy 节省一点;少用一些go fly a kite 滚开go for 努力求得;想要go get them 动手吧go into 深入讨论go on 继续;接近go on a bender 喝酒喧哗go on the horse 快一点吧go over 研究;检查go steady 确定恋爱关系go through 细查;经历go through with 完成go to pieces 破成碎片go up in the air 怒火冲天go with everything 与任何东西都相配go-between 中间人;嫁人God knows. 天晓得. God, what's the world comming to? 天哪,这世界变成什么样子?gold brick 偷懒的人gold digger 掘金女郎gone with the wind 随风而逝good buy 价廉物美的东西good for nothing 毫无用处的good to the last drop 滴滴香浓good turn 好意goof off逃学;不尽职got it? 明白了吗?Got you. 照片拍好了. Great minds think alike! 英雄所见略同.hand in 交出;提出hand out 分发;分配hands are full 很忙hands are tied 权利有限,不能随意行动hang around 常常光顾一个地方Hang it all! 岂有此理hang on to it 继续下去hang on to sth 继续使用某物hang up 挂断电话happy go lucky 乐天派hard nut to crack 难以对付的女人hard of hearing 稍聋的人hard on sb, be 对某人严厉hard to say 很难说Hard to tell. 很难说.hard up 拮据hard-boiled egg 难相处的人;利害的家伙hard-hearted businessman 斤斤计较的人have a ball 玩得非常开心have a big mouth 话多的人have a bite 咬一口have a bone to pick with sb 算帐have a good ear(eye) for 对...有鉴赏力Have a good time. 好好玩. Have a good time. 好好玩吧. have a head on one's shoulders 有智慧have a heart 可怜我吧Have a nice trip. 一路顺风have a screw loose 精神有问题Have a seat. 请坐.have a surprise for sb 告诉某人一个好消息have a swelled head 自大Have fun. 玩得开心.have good taste 有眼光have had it 无法忍受have it both ways 权衡两方面have it out with 摊牌have no leg to stand on 无法证明have one's hair set 做头发have one's own way 随心所欲have some 吃一点吧have sth on sb 抓住某人的把柄have the face to do sth 居然有脸做某事have time off休假have words with sb 口角Have you had enough? 你吃饱了吗?have(keep) the run of自由使用haven't the slightest idea 毫不知道having a sale 廉售He cleaned us out. 他拿走了我们的所有东西.head and shoulder above sb, be 比某人好head over heels 完全heavy date 重要的约会. help out 帮助解决问题help yourself请自便her cup of tea 很配她,很合她的口味Here it is. 这就是,在这里His bark is worse than his bite. 刀子嘴,豆腐心his lettle broad 他的女朋友hit it hard 尽了最大努力hit it off相处hit of the show 表演中最精采的一幕hit on(upon) 突然想到;巧遇hit the ball 顺利hit the ceiling(roof) 勃然大怒hit the high spots 达到高水准hit the sack 睡觉hold back 退缩hold good 有效hold in the balance 尚未决定hold it 且慢hold one's horses 忍耐hold one's tongue 保持沉默hold out 坚持到底hold the line 请勿收线hold up 举起;支撑;阻挡hold water 经得起考验的;合乎逻辑的hook up 接洽妥当Hop in. 上车.Hope it doesn't cost much. 希望价格不贵.hors d'oeuvres 饭前点心hot air 毫无根据的谎言;大话How am I doing? 你看我做的怎么样?How are you making out? 进展怎样?how come 为什么How come? 为什么How did it come out? 结果如何?How did it go? 结果如何? How did you make out? 你进展如何?How did you swing it? 你怎么对付这件事?How do I look? 我好看吗? How does that sound? 如何?好吗? How goes the enemy? 几点了? How is that with you? 意下如何?how on earth 鬼知道;怎么会how the heck 怎么会How's that? 怎么样?hung one on 大醉I bet you are right. 我同意你的说法.I can never thank you enough. 我不知道该怎样多谢你.I can't afford to lose... 我丢不起...I can't believe my eye. 我简直不敢相信你的眼睛.I don't buy your story. 我不相信你的话.I don't care. 我不在乎.I don't have a slightest idea.我一点也不知道.I don't want to be in your shoes. 我不要象你那样.I feel the call of nature 内急;急于上厕所I get them mixed up. 我把它们搞乱了.I give you my word. 我向你保证.I have no idea. 我简直一无所知.I haven't got the foggiest. 我一点也摸不着头脑.I know what I'm doing. 我知道该怎样做.I like the way you have. 照你原来的样子就好了.I lost you. 我不了解你的意思.★清华大学★英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做. 官方网站：http://qinghua.yeryy.co m/清华大学英语教授50年研究成果初中英语短语、词组和重点句型一、动词+介词1．look at…看…，looklike … 看上去像……，look after …照料… 2．listen to…听…… 3．welcome to…欢迎到…… 4．say hello to …向……问好5．speak to…对……说话此类短语相当于及物动词，其后必须带宾语，但宾语无论是名词还是代词，都要放在介词之后。

【课⽂】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。

What do oilmen want to achieve as soon as they strike oil? The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet. But we do not need to send men down to get the oil out, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom. The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill has been cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water, is pushing it. This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner. T.F.GASKELL The Search for the Earth's Minerals from Discovery 【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】 mineral adj. 矿物的 boring n. 钻孔 derrick n. 井架 block and tackle 滑轮组 haul v. 拖，拉 rotate v. 使转动 cutting bit 钻头 geologist n. 地质学家 coring bit 取芯钻头 cylinder n. 圆柱体 strata n. 岩层[复]([单]stratum或strata [误⽤]) circulate v. 注⼊，环流 gusher n. 喷油井 【课⽂注释】 1.they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet，as much as意为“多达”，“达到(量)”。

Simple4_培训_框架的组件使用入门一、 前一章培训回顾前一章讲解了<Simple4_培训_框架的使用入门_Hello World>,项目工程已经上传到[百度云网盘]，之前讲的比较详细，下载Simple工程代码，导入Eclipse 工程，就可以运行工程。

通过Simple MVC 是Simple 技术体系综合价值的展现，也是对技术积累的升华。

本讲Simple 表格组件使用教程基于Simple Hello World扩展开发。

二、 本章培训目标1.本章案例展示, simple组件技术快速实现表格开发。

并在演示代码中写有丰富的开发注释。

2.通过本案例使开发人员掌握Simple组件的使用。

三、 相关准备a 开发环境搭建完成，成功运行Simple Hello World。

b 熟悉html 语法，通过Simple 组件学习快速的编写应用程序。

c 准备你的项目需求，免费咨询实现方案。

四、 培训过程1.基本介绍每种软件架构都会有自己的优缺点，做最好的软件开发平台是每个做技术的信仰。

SimpleFramework 通过组件技术的先天优势，统一了开发标准和架构标准。

目的为企业应用提供高效稳定的开发平台。

正是因为组件的技术实现，让很多没有理解组件原理开发人员，觉得SimpleFramework入门比较难，做为Simple开发人员需要学习开发流程与组件应用。

哪怕投入半天的学习时间，有开发经验开发人员看下就可以入门，由此带来高效开发模式，可以让大家更轻松的思考和轻松的工作。

SimpleFramework 团队也会为大家提供更细致的技术服务。

2.案例分析1 首先要实现一个超链接，通过HTML 很容易实现，Simple 如何实现呢 ?2 Simple 既然提供前端到后台的解决方案，前端模板技术如何使用 ?3 项目开发过程中，都有灵活的权限要求，Simple 如何解决的 ?4 Simple 组件到底有多高效?3.获取知识Simple通过Java 代码在后台编写项目所需要的业务逻辑和页面展示。

第一章简单程序无论做任何事情，都要有一定的方式方法与处理步骤。

计算机程序设计比日常生活中的事务处理更具有严谨性、规范性、可行性。

为了使计算机有效地解决某些问题，须将处理步骤编排好，用计算机语言组成“序列”，让计算机自动识别并执行这个用计算机语言组成的“序列”，完成预定的任务。

将处理问题的步骤编排好，用计算机语言组成序列，也就是常说的编写程序。

在Pascal语言中，执行每条语句都是由计算机完成相应的操作。

编写Pascal程序，是利用Pascal 语句的功能来实现和达到预定的处理要求。

“千里之行，始于足下”，我们从简单程序学起，逐步了解和掌握怎样编写程序。

第一节Pascal 程序结构和基本语句在未系统学习Pascal语言之前，暂且绕过那些繁琐的语法规则细节，通过下面的简单例题，可以速成掌握Pascal程序的基本组成和基本语句的用法，让初学者直接模仿学习编简单程序。

[例1.1]编程在屏幕上显示“Hello World!”。

Pascal程序：Program ex11;BeginWriteln(‘Hello World!’);ReadLn;End.这个简单样例程序，希望大家的程序设计学习能有一个良好的开端。

程序中的Writeln是一个输出语句，它能命令计算机在屏幕上输出相应的内容，而紧跟Writeln语句后是一对圆括号，其中用单引号引起的部分将被原原本本地显示出来。

[例1.2]已知一辆自行车的售价是300元，请编程计算a辆自行车的总价是多少？解：若总售价用m来表示，则这个问题可分为以下几步处理：= 1 \* GB3 ①从键盘输入自行车的数目a；= 2 \* GB3 ②用公式m=300*a 计算总售价；= 3 \* GB3 ③输出计算结果。

Pascal程序：Program Ex12; {程序首部} Var a,m : integer; {说明部分} Begin{语句部分}Write(‘a=’);ReadLn(a);{输入自行车数目}M := 300*a; {计算总售价}Writeln(‘M=’,m); {输出总售价}ReadLn;{等待输入回车键}End.此题程序结构完整，从中可看出一个Pascal 程序由三部分组成:(1)程序首部由保留字Program开头，后面跟一个程序名(如:Exl1)；其格式为:Program 程序名；程序名由用户自己取，它的第一个字符必须是英文字母，其后的字符只能是字母或数字和下划线组成，程序名中不能出现运算符、标点符和空格。