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托福阅读真题第7篇RegulationofBodyTemperature大多数动物都有可以生存的体温上限。
例如，在人类中，41摄氏度的体温会导致蛋白质功能丧失和神经系统崩溃，而42至43摄氏度的体温会导致是致命的。
鸟类的静息体温略高于哺乳动物（大约为40 至 41 摄氏度，而大多数哺乳动物为 35 至 38 摄氏度），它们无法在高于 46 至 47 摄氏度的体温下生存。
在高于 50 摄氏度的环境温度下，几乎所有动物都会死亡。
然而，在温度范围的另一端，极冷的耐受性更好。
例如，一些动物在解冻后可以冷冻并存活。
冷冻/解冻通常是危险的，因为冰晶会在细胞和破裂膜内形成。
然而，许多昆虫，如毛毛虫，少数种类的两栖动物，如林蛙，以及极少数爬行动物，如彩龟，都可以阻止其细胞中的晶体形成。
他们通过从肝脏中大量流出葡萄糖来响应皮肤表面的冰块来做到这一点。
储存在肝脏中的葡萄糖进入血液和细胞，降低它们的冰点，使细胞不会冻结成固体。
这些动物可以长时间完全冷冻 65% 或更多的身体，只有在温暖时期才解冻而不会产生有害影响。
他们通过从肝脏中大量流出葡萄糖来响应皮肤表面的冰块来做到这一点。
储存在肝脏中的葡萄糖进入血液和细胞，降低它们的冰点，使细胞不会冻结成固体。
这些动物可以长时间完全冷冻65% 或更多的身体，只有在温暖时期才解冻而不会产生有害影响。
他们通过从肝脏中大量流出葡萄糖来响应皮肤表面的冰块来做到这一点。
储存在肝脏中的葡萄糖进入血液和细胞，降低它们的冰点，使细胞不会冻结成固体。
这些动物可以长时间完全冷冻 65% 或更多的身体，只有在温暖时期才解冻而不会产生有害影响。
过去，动物被分为两类。
冷血动物需要外部热源（例如阳光）来温暖自己。
相比之下，温血动物使用内部热量来维持体温。
然而，这些术语具有误导性，因为许多冷血动物可以通过锻炼骨骼肌产生大量热量。
事实上，许多人在白天的体温至少与鸟类和哺乳动物等温血动物的体温一样温暖。
生物学家现在根据动物的热源和维持体温的能力对动物进行分类。
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非线性方程求解技术process-simulation software packages 过程模拟软件包least-squares-regression 最小二乘法statistical technique 统计技术intensity 强度，程度phenomenological model 现象模型model identification 模式识别neural network 神经网络a priori：先验的,既定的,不根据经验的,由原因推出结果的,演绎的,直觉的process data historian：过程数据历史编撰师qualitative 定性的quantitative precision 定量的精确high-fidelity 高保真的computationallyintensive 计算量大的mathematical expression steady-state model 稳态模型bioengineering 生物工程artificial 人工的hearing aid 助听器artificial limb 假肢supportive or substitute organ 辅助或替代器官biosynthesis 生物合成life scientist 生命科学家agricultural engineer 农艺师fermentation 发酵civil engineer 土木工程师sanitation 卫生physiologists 生理学criteria 指标human medicine 人体医学medicalelectronics 医疗电子medicalinstrumentation 医疗器械blood-flow dynamics 血液流动动力学prosthetics 假肢器官学biomechanics生物力学surgeon 外科医生replacement organ 器官移植physiologist 生理学家counterpart 对应物，配对物psychology 心理学self-taught 自学barrier 障碍物medical engineering 医学工程，医疗工程health care 保健diagnostic application of computers 计算机诊断agricultural engineering 农业工程biological production 生物制品生产bionics（仿生学）human-factors engineering 人类与环境工程environmental health engineering 环境健康工程environmentally benign processing 环境友好加工commodity or specialty 通用商品或特殊化学品styrene 苯乙烯ibuprofen 异丁苯丙酸the Chemical Manufacturers Association 化工生产协会as a whole 整体而言emission 释放物，排放物voluntary 自愿的，无偿的，义务的；有意的，随意的；民办的in the absence of 无---存在deactivate 失活bulk chemical 大宗化工产品Fine chemical 精细化工Pharmaceutical 制药segment 段，片，区间，部门，部分；弓形，圆缺；分割，切断tonnage 吨位，吨数，吨产量inorganic salt 无机盐hydroquinone 对苯二酚demonstrate 论证，证明，证实；说明，表明，显示forefront 最前线，最前沿Lewisacid 不可再生的路易斯酸anhydrous 无水的phaseout 消除HF alkylation 氰氟酸烷基化catalytic oxidation 催化氧化governmental regulation 政府规定pharmaceutical intermediate 药物中间体stereoselective 立体选择性的ketone 酮functional group 官能团detrimental 有害的chlorofluorocarbon 二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳straightforward 简单明了的coordinating ligand 配合体，向心配合体kilogram 千克thermal stability 热稳定性devastate 破坏，蹂躏outline描绘，勾勒membranetechnology 膜技术productionline 生产线dairy 牛奶water purification 水净化ifetime 寿命membrane module 膜组件durability 耐久性，寿命，使用期限，强度chemical additive 添加剂end-of-pipe solution 最终方案closed system 封闭系统substitute 取代，替代technical challenge 技术挑战，技术困难wastewater treatment 污水处理fouling 污垢，发泡surface treatment 表面处理applied Chemistry 应用化学nomenclature of chemical compound 化学化合物的命名法descriptive 描述性的refix 前缀alkane 烷烃family 族carbon skeleton 碳骨架chain 链Latin or Greek stem 拉丁或者希腊词根suffix 后缀constitute 取代物，取代基homologous series 同系物branched chain 支链烷烃parent 母链，主链derivative 衍生物substituent 取代基locant 位次，位标replicating prefix 重复前缀词Gas and Liquid Chromatography 气相色谱与液相色谱analytical chemistry 分析化学moving gas stream 移动的气流heats of solution and vaporization 溶解热和汽化热activity coefficient 活度系数counteract 抵消milliliter 毫升essential oil 香精油test mixture 测试混合物sample 样品helium 氦argon 氩carrier 载体injection 注射stationary nonvolatile phase 静止的不挥发相detector 检测器fraction collector 馏分收集器columnar liquid chromatography 柱状液相色谱仪retention volume 保留体积retention times 保留时间high-performance 高性能mobile phase 移动相high-efficiency 高效的analyte 分析物plane chromatography 薄层色谱capillary action 毛细管作用assay 分析化验fluorescence 荧光色，荧光retardation factor 保留因子，延迟因子。
长郡中学2021—2022学年度高二第二学期期末考试英语时量：120分钟满分：150分第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2. 5分，满分37. 5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
AMy favourite Books—Posted by Catherine Chung, a great writerStories of Your Life and Others by Ted ChiangThis collection contains several maths stories. The one I recommend is Division By Zero, about Jane Parkinson, a brilliant German mathematician. To her great despair, she ends up proving that mathematics is inconsistent and is able to prove that any two numbers are equal. A beautiful, thought-provoking story about belief, understanding, and faith.The Housekeeper and the Professor by Y oko OgawaIt’s about a woman who comes to work for a once-great mathematician. Due to a brain injury, he has only 80 minutes of short-term memory available to him before he forgets everything. It is filled with beautiful maths, simply and clearly described alongside finely drawn relationships between the characters.Too Much Happiness by Alice MunroKovalevskaya was a 19th-century mathematician at a time when women were not allowed in most of Europe to attend university. She married a man who promised to take her to Germany to study. She made major contributions to the field and became the first woman in Russia to obtain a doctorate in mathematics.The Ore Miner’s Wife by Karl IagnemmaIt is about a miner who thinks he’s discovered the proof to the problem: construct a square, equal in area to a given circle. His wife, not knowing what has suddenly taken his attention and his time, fears he is being unfaithful. In fact, what he does is a moving exploration of the joys of entering a problem.1. Which book is about a pioneering Russian woman mathematician?A. Stories of Your Life and Others.B. The Housekeeper and the Professor.C. Too Much Happiness.D. The Ore Miner’s Wife.2. What do the listed books have in common?A. They tell stories of woman mathematicians.B. They involve mathematics.C. They explore human relationship.D. They reveal people’s inner world.3. What can we learn from this text?A. Jane Parkinson fails to show math was inconsistent.B. The mathematician in Yoko Ogawa’s book has problem memorizing things.C. In the 19th century, women in Europe didn’t have chance to get higher education.D. The miner in Karl Iagnemma’s book is unfaithful to his wife.【答案】1. C 2. B 3. B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇应用文。
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化工专业英语词汇reaction kinetics 反应动力学reactant 反应物purify 精制提纯recycle 循环回收unconverted reactant未转化的反应物chemical reactortransfer of heat，evaporation，crystallization结晶drying干燥screening筛选，浮选chemical reaction化学反应cracking of petroleum石油裂解catalyst催化剂，reaction zone反应区conservation of mass and energy能量与质量守衡定律technical advance 技术进步efficiency improvement 效率提高reaction 反应separation 分离heat exchange 热交换reactive distillation 反应精馏capital expenditure 基建投资setup 装置capital outlay 费用,成本，基建投资yield 产率，收率reaction byproduct 反应副产物equilibrium constant 平衡常数waste 废物feedstock 进料，原料product 产物，产品percent conversion百分比转化率ether 乙醚gasoline汽油oxygenate content 氧含量catalyst 催化剂reactant 反应物inert 惰性物，不参加反应的物质reactive distillation 反应精馏energy saving 节约能量energy efficiency 能量效率heat—sensitive material 热敏性物质pharmaceutical 制药foodstuff 食品gas diffusivity气体扩散性，气体扩散系数gas adsorption 吸收；absorption：吸附specialty chemical特殊化学品，特种化学品batch间歇的；continuous：连续的micro-reactor 微型反应器hydrogen and methane oxidation 氢气和甲烷氧化反应ethylene epoxidation 乙烯环氧化反应phosgene synthesis 光气合成.commercial proportions 商业规模replication 复制sensor 传感器,探头separation of solids 固体分离suspension 悬浮液porous medium 多孔介质filtration 过滤medium 介质filter 过滤器trap 收集，捕集Buchner funnel 布氏漏斗Vacuum 真空conical funnel 锥形漏斗filter paper 滤纸area 面积filter cake 滤饼factor 因数，因子，系数，比例viscosity 黏度density 密度corrosive property 腐蚀性particle size 颗粒尺寸shape 形状size distribution 粒度分布packing characteristics填充性质concentration 浓度filtrate 滤液feed liquor 进料液pretreatment 预处理latent heat 潜热resistance 阻力surface layer 表面层filtering medium 过滤介质drop in pressure 压降filtering surface 过滤表面filter cake 滤饼cake filtration 饼层过滤deep bed filtration 深层过滤depth 深度law 定律net flow 净流量conduction 传导convection 对流radiation 辐射temperature gradient 温度梯度metallic solid 金属固体thermal conduction 热传导motion of unbound electrons 自由电子的运动electrical conductivity 导电性thermal conductivity 导热性poor conductor of electricity 不良导电体transport of momentum 动量传递the random motion of molecules 分子无规则运动brick wall 墙壁furnace 火炉，燃烧器metal wall of a tube 金属管壁macroscopic particle 宏观的粒子control volume 控制体enthalpy 焓macroscopic phenomenon 宏观现象forces of friction 摩擦力fluid mechanics 流体力学flux（通量，流通量） of enthalpy 焓通量eddy 尾流，涡流turbulent flow 湍流natural and forced convection 自然对流和强制对流buoyancy force 浮力temperature gradient 温度梯度electromagnetic wave 电磁波fused quartz 熔化的石英reflect 反射，inflection:折射matte无光泽的，无光的temperature level 温度高低inter—phase mass transfer界相际间质量传递rate of diffusion扩散速率acetone 丙酮dissolve 溶解ammonia 氨ammonia-air mixture 氨气—水混合物physical process 物理过程oxides of nitrogen 氮氧化物nitric acid 硝酸carbon dioxide 二氧化碳sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠actualrate of absorption 实际吸收速率two—film theory 双膜理论concentration difference 浓度差in the vicinity of 在…附近，靠近..，大约…，在…左右molecular diffusion 分子扩散laminar sub—layer 层流底层resistance 阻力，阻止boundary layer 边界层Fick’s Law 费克定律is proportional to 与…成比例concentration gradient 浓度梯度plate tower 板式塔installation 装置feed 进料bottom 底部，塔底solvent 溶剂top 顶部，塔顶partial vaporization 部分汽化boiling point 沸点equimolecular counter-diffusion 等分子反向扩散ideal system 理想系统ratio of A to B A与B的比值with the result that：由于的缘故，鉴于的结果tray 塔板packed tower 填料塔bubble—cap tower 泡罩塔spray chamber 喷淋室maintenance expense 维修费foundation 基础tower shell 塔体packing material 填料pump 泵blower 风机accessory heater 附属加热器cooler 冷却器heat exchanger 换热器solvent—recovery system 溶剂回收系统operating cost 操作费用power 动力circulating gas 循环气labor 劳动力steam蒸汽regenerate再生cooling water 冷却水solvent make-up 补充溶剂optimum 最优的unabsorbed component未吸收组分purity纯度volatility挥发性vapor pressure蒸汽压liquid mixture 液体混合物condense凝缩，冷凝binary distillation双组分精馏multi—component distillation多组分精馏stage—type distillation column级板式精馏塔mount 安装，固定conduit导流管）,downcomer 降液管gravity重力weir溢流堰vapor—liquid contacting device汽液接触装置valve tray浮阀塔板reboiler再沸器vaporization汽化condensate冷凝液,凝缩液overhead vapor塔顶汽体condenser冷凝器 ifeed tray进料板base塔底，基础bottoms product塔底产品condensation冷凝stripping section汽提段,提馏段distillate section精馏段total condense全凝器distillate product塔顶馏出产品reflux回流thermodynamic equilibrium 热力学平衡solution溶液fractional crystallization分步结晶solubility，溶解度，溶解性soluble可溶解的solvent溶剂employ采纳，利用miscible可混合的，可溶的，可搅拌的mechanical separation 机械分离）liquid-liquid extraction 液液萃取aromatic 芳香烃的paraffin石蜡，链烷烃lubricating oil润滑油decompose分解,离解，还原，腐烂penicillin青霉素streptomycin（链霉素)precipitation沉淀,沉析ethyl alcohol乙醇）extract萃取液heat requirement热负荷solute溶质extract phase萃取相baffle—plate折流挡板,缓冲挡板settling tank沉降槽centrifuge离心.离心机,离心分离emulsifying agent乳化剂density difference密度差raffinate萃余液extract 萃取液drying of Solids 固体干燥process material过程物料（相对最终产品而言的） organic有机的，有机物的benzene苯humidity湿度moisture content湿含量drying rate干燥速率critical moisture content临界湿湿含量falling—rate降速concave （凸的，凸面）or convex（凹的，凹面）approximate to:接近，趋近straight line：直线constant—rate drying period恒速干燥阶段convection drying对流干燥drying gas干燥气体falling-rate period降速干燥阶段mean value平均值vacuum drying真空干燥discolor变色，脱色sublime升华freeze drying冷冻干燥adiabatic绝热的，不传热的pressure gradientperpendicular to：与—-—-垂直counter—current逆流per unit area单位面积water-cooling tower水冷塔sensible heat（sensible heat：显热)water droplet水珠，水滴quantitative relation定量关系thermal diffusion热扩散at right angles to 与…成直角，与…垂直by virtue of 由于，根据，凭借于molecular transfer分子传递balance 抵消，平衡drag forces曳力a function of …的函数of the same order具有同一数量级eddy diffusion涡流扩散is almost inversely proportional to 几乎与…成反比Reynolds number雷诺准数fully developed turbulent flow充分发展湍流coefficient系数In principle从原理而言exothermic（放热的，endothermic吸热的,adiabatic绝热的) triple bond三健，三价nitrogen oxides氮氧化物compound化合物conversion转化,转化率protein蛋白质compress压缩reaction yield反应产率reaction speed反应速度one-pass（单程） reactorenergy input能量输入maximum最大的near toequilibrium接近平衡output产出，输出，产量fertilizer化肥urea尿素ammonium nitrate硝酸铵ammonium phosphate磷酸铵ammonium sulfate硫酸铵diammonium hydrogen phosphate磷酸二氢铵ash纯碱pyridine砒啶polymers聚合物nylon尼龙acrylics丙烯酸树脂via经,由，通过,借助于hydrogen cyanide氰化氢nitric acid硝酸bulk explosive集装炸药crude oil原油natural gas天然气bitumen沥青fossil fuel化石燃料seepage渗出物asphalt沥青oil drilling采油gasoline汽油paint涂料plastic塑料synthetic rubber合成橡胶fiber纤维soap肥皂cleansing agent清洗剂wax石蜡explosive炸药oil shale油页岩deposit沉积物aquatic plant 水生植物sedimentary rock沉积岩sandstone砂岩siltstone泥岩tar sand沥青石chain—shaped链状的methane甲烷paraffin石蜡,烷烃ring—shaped(环状的） hydrocarbon naphthene环烷烃naphtha石脑油tarry柏油的，焦油的，焦油状的asphaltene沥青油impurity杂质pollutant 污染物combustion燃烧capillarity毛细现象，毛细管力viscous resistance粘性阻力barrel桶（国际原油计量单位)tanker油轮kerosene煤油heavy gas oil重瓦斯油reforming重整cracking裂化octane number of gasoline汽油辛烷值branched—chain（带支链的）materials science材料科学mechanical, thermal, chemical，electric，magnetic, and optical behavior.（机械性能、热学性能、化学性能、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能）Amalgam 汞齐，水银;混合物，交叉solid state physics固体物理学metallurgy 冶金学，冶金术magnet 磁铁，有吸引力的人或物insulation 绝缘catalytic cracking 催化裂化structural steels 结构钢computer microchip 计算机芯片Aerospace 航空Telecommunication 电信information processing 信息处理nuclear power 核能energy conversion 能量转化internal structure 内部结构defect structure 结构缺陷crystal flaw 晶体瑕疵vacant atomic site 原子空位dislocation 错位precipitate 沉淀物semiconductor 半导体mechanical disturbance 机械扰动ductility 延展性brittleness 脆性spinning electrons 旋转电子amorphous 非定型的,非晶型的，非结晶的，玻璃状的；无一定目的的,乱七八糟chemical process safety 化工过程安全exotic chemistry 奇异化学hydrodynamic model水力学模型two—phase flow两相流dispersion model分散模型toxic有毒的release释放，排放probability of failure失效概率accident prevention事故预防hard hat 安全帽safety shoe防护鞋rules and regulations 规章制度loss prevention损失预防hazard identification 危害辩识,technical evaluation技术评估safety management support安全管理基础知识safety experience安全经验technical competence技术能力safety knowledge安全知识design engineer设计师cost engineer造价师process engineering过程工程plant layout工厂布局general service facilities公用工程plant location工厂选址close teamwork紧密的团队协作specialized group专业组storage仓库waste disposal废物处理terminology术语，词汇accountant会计师，会计，出纳final—proposal决议tangible return有形回报Empirical model 经验模型process control(过程控制）first-principles基本原理，基本规则regression model回归模型.operating condition操作条件nonlinear—equation—solving technique非线性方程求解技术process-simulation software packages过程模拟软件包least—squares—regression最小二乘法statistical technique 统计技术intensity强度,程度phenomenological model 现象模型model identification模式识别neural network神经网络a priori：先验的，既定的,不根据经验的，由原因推出结果的，演绎的,直觉的process data historian：过程数据历史编撰师qualitative定性的quantitative precision定量的精确high—fidelity高保真的computationally intensive计算量大的mathematical expressionsteady—state model稳态模型bioengineering生物工程artificial人工的hearing aid助听器artificial limb假肢supportive or substitute organ辅助或替代器官biosynthesis生物合成life scientist生命科学家agricultural engineer农艺师fermentation发酵civil engineer土木工程师sanitation卫生physiologists生理学criteria 指标human medicine人体医学medical electronics医疗电子medical instrumentation医疗器械blood—flow dynamics血液流动动力学prosthetics假肢器官学biomechanics生物力学surgeon外科医生replacement organ器官移植physiologist生理学家counterpart对应物，配对物psychology心理学self-taught自学barrier障碍物medical engineering医学工程，医疗工程health care保健diagnostic application of computers计算机诊断agricultural engineering农业工程biological production生物制品生产bionics（仿生学）human-factors engineering人类与环境工程environmental health engineering环境健康工程environmentally benign processing环境友好加工commodity or specialty通用商品或特殊化学品styrene苯乙烯ibuprofen异丁苯丙酸the Chemical Manufacturers Association化工生产协会as a whole整体而言emission释放物，排放物voluntary自愿的，无偿的,义务的；有意的，随意的；民办的in the absence of无-—-存在deactivate失活bulk chemical 大宗化工产品Fine chemical 精细化工Pharmaceutical制药segment段，片，区间,部门，部分；弓形，圆缺；分割，切断tonnage吨位，吨数，吨产量inorganic salt无机盐hydroquinone 对苯二酚demonstrate论证，证明,证实；说明，表明，显示forefront最前线,最前沿Lewis acid不可再生的路易斯酸anhydrous无水的phaseout消除HF alkylation氰氟酸烷基化catalytic oxidation催化氧化governmental regulation政府规定pharmaceutical intermediate药物中间体stereoselective立体选择性的ketone酮functional group官能团detrimental有害的chlorofluorocarbon二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂carbon tetrachloride四氯化碳straightforward简单明了的coordinating ligand配合体，向心配合体kilogram千克thermal stability热稳定性devastate破坏，蹂躏outline描绘,勾勒membrane technology膜技术production line生产线dairy牛奶water purification水净化lifetime寿命membrane module膜组件durability 耐久性,寿命，使用期限，强度chemical additive添加剂end—of—pipe solution 最终方案closed system封闭系统substitute取代，替代technical challenge技术挑战，技术困难wastewater treatment污水处理fouling污垢，发泡surface treatment表面处理applied Chemistry应用化学nomenclature of chemical compound化学化合物的命名法descriptive 描述性的prefix前缀alkane烷烃family族carbon skeleton碳骨架chain链Latin or Greek stem 拉丁或者希腊词根suffix后缀constitute取代物,取代基homologous series同系物branched chain支链烷烃parent母链，主链derivative衍生物substituent取代基locant位次，位标replicating prefix重复前缀词Gas and Liquid Chromatography气相色谱与液相色谱analytical chemistry分析化学moving gas stream移动的气流heats of solution and vaporization溶解热和汽化热activity coefficient活度系数counteract抵消milliliter毫升essential oil香精油test mixture测试混合物sample样品helium氦argon氩carrier载体injection注射stationary nonvolatile phase静止的不挥发相detector检测器fraction collector馏分收集器columnar liquid chromatography柱状液相色谱仪retention volume保留体积retention times保留时间high-performance高性能mobile phase移动相high—efficiency高效的analyte分析物plane chromatography薄层色谱capillary action毛细管作用assay分析化验fluorescence 荧光色，荧光retardation factor保留因子，延迟因子。
游艇专业英语词汇(S1)蒸汽储压器 steam accumulator起动空气 starting air频谱分析 spectral analysis海锚,帆布制袋形锚 sea anchor副锚 sheet anchor备用锚 spare anchor普通锚,有杆锚 stock anchor山字锚,无杆锚 stockless anchor备用锚 stowing anchor流锚,中锚 stream anchor应变试验 strain test舷缘角材 stringer angle滑流角度 slip angle蒸气退火 steam annealing帆面积 sail area剖面积,截面积 sectional area舷边装甲 side armour操舵布置 steering arrangement舷遮 side awning半平衡舵 semi-balanced rudder静平衡 statical balancing压载航行 sailing in ballast通火棒 slice bar (or fire slice)蓄电池 secondary battery蓄电池 storage battery封口焊珠 sealing bead直线焊珠 string (or stringer) bead舱口活动梁 shifting beam (or hatch beam)露梁 skid beam船舷突梁 sponson beam加强梁 strength (or strong) beam信号钟 signal bell侧向弯曲 side bend单人铺 single berth单轮滑车 single block开口滑车 snatch block转环滑车,旋转块 swivel block砂垫 sand block滑块 slide block (or guide slipper)型铁砧,花砧 swage block船[体分]段焊接法 ship block method扫气鼓风机,驱气鼓风机 scavenging blower 吹灰器 soot blower增压鼓风机 supercharging blower浮渣吹泄旋塞 surface blow-off cock帆船 sail boat救难船 salvage boat垃圾船 sewage boat运泥船 sludge boat补给船 stock boat火管锅炉,苏格兰锅炉 scotch boiler单头锅炉 single ended boiler烟管锅炉 smoke tube boiler蒸气锅炉 steam boiler螺栓 screw bolt定位螺栓,固定螺栓 set bolt接环螺栓,带钩螺栓 shackle bolt滑动螺栓 slip bolt圆头槽螺栓 snap head grooved bolt方头螺栓 square head bolt拉条螺栓,螺撑 stay bolt螺桩,无头螺栓 stud bolt单底 single bottom单底船 single bottom vessel艉轴架 shaft bracket黄铜薄板,黄铜皮 sheet brass盐水 salt (or natrium) brine屏隔舱壁 screen bulkhead防弹舱壁 splinter bulkhead阶式舱壁 stepped bulkhead艉舱壁 stuffing bulkhead制水舱壁 swash bulkhead侧燃料舱 side bunker艉轴套 stern bush横缝错开 shift of butts单人房舱 single berth cabin装载容量 stowage capacity滑阀箱 slide valve casing (or chest, or box) 整体铸件 solid casting间距垫材 spar ceiling蓄电池 secondary cell矿渣水泥 slag cement安全设备证书 safety equipment certificate 适航证书 seaworthy certificate短环链 short link chain吊链 sling chain舵链 steering chain日字链 stud chain变速器 speed changer鉴烟表 smoke chart内务箱,衣箱 sailers chest汽柜 steam chest不护面钢 stainless clad steel半烟煤 semi-bituminous coal盐份计旋塞 salinometer cock浮滓吹泄旋塞 scum (or surface) blow off cock 海底旋塞,海底门 sea cock停止旋塞 stop cock开关旋塞 switch cock串联线圈 series coil分激线圈 shunt coil安全圈 safety collar自动均载煤船 self trimming collier自燃 spontaneous combustion标准罗经 standard compass驾驶罗经 steering compass面式冷凝器 surface condenser舯垂船况 sagging condition航行船况,使用状况 service condition标准船况,标准状况 standard condition蒸汽消耗量 steam consumption螺旋输送机 screw conveyer薄铜板,铜皮 sheet copper软木板 slab cork史密斯修正值 smith correction斜面联结器 scarph coupling联轴节 shaft coupling季裂 season crack曲柄顺序 sequence of crank整体曲柄 solid crank热套曲[柄]轴 shrunk welded crank shaft短路电流 short circuit current起动电流 starting current[横]剖面积曲线 section area curve稳度曲线 stability curve静稳度曲线 static stability curve强度曲线 strength curve第二[层]甲板 second deck遮阳甲板 shade deck包板甲板 sheathed deck遮蔽甲板 shelter deck轻甲板 spar deck防弹甲板 splinter deck伸出甲板 sponson deck强度甲板 strength deck阳光甲板 sun deck低艉主甲板 sunken quarter deck船艛甲板 superstructure deck法定甲板线 statutory deck line骨架图 skeleton diagram应力应变图 stress-strain diagram裸排水量 skeleton displacement标准排水量(军舰) standard displacement半干坞 semi-dry dock汽包 steam dome强度[计算]吃水 scantling (or strength ) draught线图 sheer draught线图 sheer drawing (or sheer draught, or sheer lines)[泵式]抽砂船 sand pump dredger吸取挖泥船 suction dredger汽鼓 steam drum级轮,塔轮 stepped drum分绕发电机 shunt wound dynamo级效率(涡轮机) stage efficiency串绕发电机 series wound dynamo直尺 straight edge驱气效率 scavenging efficiency半柴油引擎 semi-diesel engine单式引擎 simple engine单缸机 single-cylinder engine起动机 starting engine蒸汽机 steam engine舵机引擎 steering engine单胀[动力]机 simple expansion engine 稳定平衡 stable equilibrium单动式引擎 single-acting engine收缩配合,红套 shrinkage fit信号旗 signal flag剪力 shearing force低艏艛 sunken forecastle实心锻件 solid forging分路磁场,分激磁场 shunt field分绕发电机 shunt wound generator 蒸气产生器 steam generator艉材,艉架 stern frame槽嵌纵梁 slotted girder蒸汽压盖 steam gland比重 specific gravity除锤 scaling hammer备品 spare gear (or parts)汽锤 steam hammer比热 specific heat蒸汽加热器,蒸汽暖炉 steam heater表面摩擦 skin friction静落差 static head侧纵梁 side girder火花间隙 spark gap划针盘,平面规 surface gauge起动装置 starting gear艉[轴]管压盖 stern tube gland型锤,锻缩锤 set hammer开关装置 switch gear锅炉舱 stoke hold表面点火 surface ignition冲锻 stamp forging同步发电机 synchronous generator迭钩 sister hook螺桨马力 screw (or propeller) horsepower (php) 耐拉绝缘体 strain insulator直通加热器 straight flow heater单级齿轮 single gear操舵装置 steering gear (or appartus)旋转控索 slewing guy大锤 sledge hammer悬吊碍子 suspension insulator轴马力 shaft horsepower (shp)汽密接合 steam tight joint侧内龙骨 side keelson大钢丝索 steel hawser显热 sensible heat铁样板,型铁 set iron薄铁板,铁皮 sheet iron蒸汽管路 steam line牛头刨床,成形机 shaping machine (or shaper) 插床,竖刨床 slotting machine滑钩 slip hook套筒接合 sleeve joint碇泊灯 stay light鞍形舱口 saddle hatchway转环钩 swivel hook焊铁,烙铁 soldering iron舷灯 side lamp (or light)夏期载重线 summer loadline (s)开槽机,裁片机 slitting machine滑动接合 sliding joint倒缆 spring line安全载重,安全负荷 safety load嵌接机 scarphing machine固定索 steady line流线,中锚索 stream line安全灯 safety lamp吊板耳,外板短角铁 shell lug插承接合,管口接合 spigot (or faucet) joint测深锤 sound lead聚光灯 spot light艉缆 stern line槽孔滑环 slot link帆缆库 sail locker螺钉机,压螺纹机 screw machine侧条龙骨 side bar keel副内龙骨 sister keelson舷灯 side light弹簧床垫 spring mattress起动伺服马达 starting servo-motor 船用记事簿 ship's log book显给润滑器 sight feed lubricator 测深机 sounding machine岩油 shale oil屑铁,废铁 scrap iron短链环 short link chain磨锐机,锉锐机 sharpening machine 稻草床垫 straw mattress信号灯 signal lamp汽艇 steam launch横向下水 side launching吊索 suspension line鲸油 sperm oil转节 swivel joint探照灯 search light艉灯 stern light[蒸]汽[流]量计 steam meter吸入管路 suction line虹吸润滑器 syphon lubricator卷扎木槌 serving mallet剪机 shearing machine表面毡(frp) surface mat供给管 supply pipe阶段活塞 step piston圆密尔 sircular mil艉缘饰 stern moulding统舱乘客 steerage passenger夏季油舱管 summer tank pipe货物装载图 stowage plan灰色漆 stone color paint钢管 steel pipe舷外踏板 stage plank二等舱乘客 second saloon passenger [蒸]汽压[力] steam pressure软迫紧 soft packing麻丝迫紧,线纱迫紧 spun yarn packing软补 soft patch潜水泵 submersible (or submerged) pump 同步马达 synchronous motor侧面线图 sheer plan单相 single phase表面阻力 skin resistance蒸汽管 steam pipe超空蚀螺桨 supercavitating propeller螺旋泵 screw pump硒整流器 selenium rectifier调速变阻器 speed adjusting rheostat实心柱 solid pillar蒸汽加热管,暖气管 steam heating pipe外板展开图 shell expansion plan汽门 steam port蒸汽推进 steam propulsion卫生水管 sanitary pipe船名录,船舶登记簿 ship's register book加强环 strengthening ring舵机舱 steering engine (or gear) room鞍座垂索 saddle pendant安全因子 safety factor舯垂船况 sagging condition内务箱,衣箱 sailers chest帆船 sailing ship帆船 sailing vessel砂压载 sand ballast测深管 sounding pipe低艉艛 sunken poop座环 seating ring污物管 soil pipe安全插头 safety plug操舵杆 steering rod操舵室 steering room安全装置 safety device安全灯 safety lamp专用压载舱 sagregated ballast tanker帆船 sail boat大餐厅,客厅 saloon取样管路 sampling line三明治结构,夹芯结构 sandwich construction 卫生设备 sanitary fixture窗框 sash刮刀 scraper划线针 scriber浮渣吹泄阀 scum (or surface blow off ) valve 防漏焊 seal weld水上飞机勤务船 seaplane tender季节热带区 seasonal tropical area季节冬期带 seasonal winter zone季节区域 seasonal zone海水吸入口 sea suction蓄电池 secondary cell水肺 self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) 剥离 separation航行船况,使用状况 service condition伺服马达 servo-motor沈淀柜 settling (or renovating) tank标准柱 standard pillar排水管 scupper pipe吸入管 suction pipe卫生水泵 sanitary pump硅整流器 silicon rectifier炮弹库 shell room鞍型舱口 saddle hatchway安全警报器 safety alarm安全玻璃 safety glass安全牵条 safety stay安全开关 safety switch安全阀手动开启装置 safety valve easing (or lifting) gear帆船,水手 sailer压载航行 sailing in ballast鲑鳟鱼类母船 salmon and trout mother ship舢板 sampan抽样检验 sampling inspection卫星导航系统 satellite navigation system挖扇形孔 scalloping驱气效率 scavenging efficiency烟幕 smoke screen螺[旋]桨 screw propeller刷子 scrubbing brush封闭剂 sealing compound海员,船员 seaman缝帆法 seaming分节锅炉 section boiler沈淀箱 sediment box自注泵 self-priming pump自航式挖泥船 self-propelling dredger半钢性接合 semi-rigid type of joint半潜式双胴体船 semi-submerged catamaram (ssc)驱气孔 scavenging port贮汽器 steam reservoir煤舱口下中线斜板 saddle back风暴帆 storm sail夹芯舱壁 sandwich bulkhead卫生水管 sanitary pipe刮补漆 scrape and touch up螺旋压机 screw press螺旋泵 screw pump水肺scuba (= self-contained underwater breathing apparatus)螺桨 screw propeller低艉主甲板 sunken quarter deck测深杆 sounding rod四股索 shroud laid rope鞍座绞机 saddle winch安全钩 safety hook安全信号 safety signal安全水柜,调压柜(潜艇) safety tank帆面积 sail area帆图 sail plan喷砂 sand blast砂阱(钻油船) sand trap卫生水泵 sanitary pump饱和空气 saturated air饱和蒸汽 saturated steam饱和压力 saturation pressure强度[计算]吃水 scantling draft强度[计算]吃水 scantling (or strength) draught嵌接,嵌形,嵌口 scarf (or scarph)帘幕,隔板,隔屏,筛 screen螺旋关闭阀 screw-down valve螺旋式制动器(锚炼) screw stopper活动扳手 screw wrench清除器 scrubber舷窗 scuttle潜水减压室 sdc (= submersible decompression chamber) 海底门清除阀 sea chest cleaning valve通海装置 sea connection船艺 seamanship无缝管 seamless tube舷护遮 sea screen海水阀 sea valve二次接着 secondary bond剖面模数 section modulus围网渔船,巾着网渔船 seiner (or purse seiner)扎用麻绳 seizing rope自动照明型 self-lighting type自动扶正型 self-righting type半烟煤 semi-bituminous coal半净钢 semi-killed steel半薄膜槽 semi-membrane tank半门型起重机 semi-portal crane保护阀,警戒阀 sentinal valve隔离海水压载油轮 separated ballast tanker (sbt) 定位螺栓,固定螺栓 set bolt方位销(磁罗经) shadow pin轴 shaft轴装调速器 shaft governor岩油 shale oil牛头刨床,成形机 shaping machine (or shaper) 剪力梁 shear beam双肢起重机 shear legs crane剪切模数 shear modulus被覆电弧焊条 shield arc electrode活动跳板 shifting stage船形 ship form船东,船舶所有人 ship owner船型 ship type遇难船 shipwreck收舱泵 stripping pump静索 standing rigging单行铆 single riveting琼麻绳 sisal rope安全防护,安全守则 safety precaution救难工作 salvage work赛波广用黏度 saybolt universal (ssu)隔离压载水舱 sbt (= segregated ballast tank)尺度效应(流力) scale effect驱气鼓风机 scavenging blower杓 scoop (or baler)挡泥堰墙(钻油船) scour coaming屏隔舱壁 screen bulkhead螺纹[切削]机 screw cutting machine螺桨马力 screw (or propeller) horsepower (php)螺旋千斤顶 screw jack螺旋牵条 screw stay船体线图刻划台 scribe (or scrieve) board橹座 sculling (or stern) notch纵缘,缝 seam飞机驳船 seaplane barge探索线圈 search coil探照灯 search light次防壁(lng船) secondary barrier左舷[大]锚 second (or port) bower剖面,截面,型材 section[横]剖面积曲线 section area curve半自动焊接 semi-automatic welding半干坞 semi-submerged shipway (or semi-dry dock) 常用柜 service tank型锤,锻缩锤 set hammer秽物处理装置 sewage treatment plant单位耗油量 sfc (= specific fuel consumption)吊式轴承 shaft hanger线图 sheer draught金属片号规 sheet metal gauge滑阀杆 slide valve rod (or spindle)袋货储存区(钻油船) sack storage护管铁(电缆),鞍台 saddle安全阀 safety valve盐分-水温-水深 salinity-temperature- depth (std)救难 salvage卫生水柜 sanitary tank滑门 sash door刮油涨圈 scraper ring单螺桨船 single screw ship螺旋牵条 screwed stay螺旋齿轮 screw gear水上机场 seadrome封闭带 sealing tape海里,浬 sea mile航海船速,营运船速 sea (or service, or sustained) speed 海水泵 sea water pump次电源 secondary source标准型材 standard section型钢 section steel熔锥(高温计) seger cone硒整流器 selenium rectifier自激式发电机 self excited generator自力控制 self-operated control自推试验(船模试验) self propulsion test精密比重计 sensitive hydrometer传感器 sensor流离阻力 separation drag流离阻力 separation resistance系列模型 series model串联系统 series system常用泵,杂用水泵 service (or general service) pump垃圾桶 sewage disposer秽物柜 sewage tank积载因子 sf (= stowage factor)遮阳甲板 shade deck轴驱动泵 shaft driven pump轴承台 shaft stool石泥分离器(钻油船) shale shaker刨花 shavings舷弧线 sheer line舷侧厚板列(钢船) sheer strake板金工 sheet metal worker橡皮片 sheet rubber虫胶 shellac外板展开图 shell expansion plan海运,装船 shipping船名录,船舶登记簿 ship's register book 岸电接线盒 shore connection box收缩应力 shrinkage stress横向下水 side launching水平扫描声纳 side scan sonar信号代码书 signal code book信号旗桁 signal yard蒸汽散热器 steam radiator。
核电厂专业英语词汇人工的artificial化学键chemical bond化合物compound上标superscript下标subscript放射性的radioactive加权平均weighted mean质量mass单位，机组unit质量亏损mass defect结合能binding energy动能kinetic energy势能potential, potential energy排斥repulsion吸引attraction轰击bombardment发射（出）emission (n.), emit (v.)能级energy level裂变fission 聚变fusion衰变decay核反应nuclear reaction链式反应chain reaction辐射，射线radiation可裂变的fissionable易裂变的fissile碎片fragment激发excite静电的electrostatic（二）放射性相互作用interaction摄入ingest吸入inhale动能kinetic energy势能potential (energy)量子quantum屏蔽shielding正电子positron加速器accelerator放射性radioactivity湮灭annihilation光电效应photoelectric effect（三）核反应衰减attenuation放大amplification弹性的elastic非弹性的inelastic宏观截面macroscopic cross section微观截面microscopic cross section转变，转化transmutation扩散diffusion热核反应堆thermonuclear reactor（四）核材料燃料fuel燃料芯块fuel pellet慢化剂moderator冷却剂coolant包壳cladding 控制棒control rod密度density热导率，传热系数thermal conductivity比热specific heat粘性viscosity饱和saturation热力性质，热物性thermodynamic property反应性reactivity升华sublime金属间化合物inter-metallic compound裂变产物fission product裂变碎片fission fragment腐蚀产物corrosion product冷轧cold pressing烧结sintering开裂crack蠕变creep高温气冷堆High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR)（中子）通量展平flux-shaping（五）核反应堆理论自持的链式反应self-sustaining chain reaction燃料循环fuel cycle临界(a) critical次临界(a) subcritical超临界(a) supercritical临界(n) criticality临界尺寸critical size共振resonance弹性散射碰撞elastic scattering collision热中子利用系数thermal utilization factor慢化slow down换料(v) refuel快中子增殖反应堆，快堆Fast Breeding Reactor (FBR)堆芯，活性区core再生区blanket半透膜semi-permeable membrane旋转spin (过去分词：spun)热中子反应堆，热堆thermal reactor快堆fast reactor（十）压水反应堆压水反应堆，压水堆Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)蒸汽发生器steam generator一次侧primary side二次侧secondary side发电机electrical generator, generator燃料芯块fuel pellet包壳cladding堆芯core给水泵feed(water) pump反应堆（压力）容器reactor vessel, pressure vessel硼酸boric acid化学补偿控制chemical shim control堆坑reactor pit气密的airtight再生区blanket用户，业主，业界utility卖主，供应商vendor, supplier制造商manufacturer 多重屏障multiple barriers纵深防御defense in depth冗余性redundancy多样性diversity独立性independence包容contain安全级safety class失效failure安全功能safety function反应堆冷却剂系统Reactor Coolant System (RCS)在役检查inservice inspection汽水分离器moisture separator干燥器steam dryer堆内构件reactor internals反应堆冷却剂泵，主泵reactor coolant pump (RCP), main pump稳压器pressurizer波动管surge line剖视图sectional view一次冷却剂primary coolant主蒸汽main steam反应性引入reactivity insertion浓度concentration信号调理signal conditioning反应堆紧急停堆reactor trip汽机脱扣turbine trip可靠性reliability 规范，法规code燃耗burnup（十一）反应堆容器与堆内构件监视surveillance样品，试样specimen安装mount临界值，限值threshold （机）接合，啮合，对位engage凸缘，凸起部，轮毂boss逐渐变细的tapered圆顶dome围板shroud（十二）反应堆堆芯与燃料可燃吸收棒burnable absorber rod固有安全性inherent safety非能动安全passive safety能动安全active safety套管，套筒sleeve定位格架spacer grid星形架，蜘蛛spider（十三）压水堆冷却剂系统主要设备U形管蒸汽发生器U-tube steam generator核供汽系统Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS)一次系统primary system 二次系统secondary system主蒸汽main steam汽轮机，透平机械turbine给水与凝汽系统feed and condensate system热管段，热腿hot leg冷管段，冷腿cold leg堵管裕量tube plugging margin在¼¼情况下in the event of换热器heat exchanger (HX)节热器，省煤器economiz给水feedwater一次进口水室inlet plenum一次进口接管primary inlet nozzle一次出口水室outlet plenum一次出口接管primary outlet nozzle管板tubesheet喷放；（SG）排污blowdown上升段riser下降段downcomer满功率full power (FP)额定功率rated power额定负荷rated load化学和容积控制系统Chemical and Volume Control System (CVCS)加热，升温heatup冷却，降温cooldown喷淋管线spray line辅助喷淋管线auxiliary spray line上充泵charging pump 上充charge下泄letdown水位water level, level备用的backup过压保护overpressure protection安全壳内换料水箱In-containment Refueling Water Storage Tank (IRWST)换料水箱Refueling Water Storage Tank (RWST)安全阀safety valve卸压阀relief valve全厂断电station blackout (SBO)（蒸汽）干度quality空泡份额void fraction热冲击thermal shock急冷，骤冷quench（十四）压水堆系统与安全壳裂变碎片fission fragment轻水反应堆Light Water Reactor (LWR)热机thermal engine原动机prime mover反馈feedback一（次）回路primary loop二（次）回路secondary loop核电厂配套子项Balance of Plant (BOP)一次压力边界primary pressure boundary隔离阀isolation valve失效failure故障fault, malfuction卡诺效率Carnot efficiency热机效率engine efficiency高温热源，热库hot reservoir低温热源cold reservoir摩擦friction余热排出系统ResidualHeat-Removal System (RHRS)换料(n) refueling应急堆芯冷却系统Emergency Core- Cooling System (ECCS)补水与排水feed and bleed专设安全设施Engineered Safety Feature (ESF)设备冷却水系统Component Cooling System止回阀non-return valve蓄压箱accumulator电动阀motor-driven valve气动阀pneumatic valve安注泵safety injection pump安全壳containment钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete预应力钢筋混凝土prestressed reinforced concrete英制压力单位psi = pounds per square inch 英制压力单位（表压）psig = pounds per square inch gauge环形的annular 潜热latent heat显热sensible heat启动startup飞射物，导弹missile蒸汽管线steamline安全壳地坑containment sump（十六）主蒸汽、给水与凝汽系统机组unit负荷load主蒸汽集管main steam header给水联箱feedwater header给水回热循环regenerative feed heating cycle磨损wear污垢，结垢fouling装量inventory蒸汽（旁路）排放steam dump冷凝器排放condenser steam dump大气排放atmospheric steam dump除氧器排放deoxidizer steam dump电缆electric cable辅助给水系统auxiliary feedwater system压差differential pressure, pressure differential, pressure difference增压泵booster pump增压boost pressure吸入口suction凝汽器condenser凝汽器热阱condenser hotwell给水流量调节阀feed regulating valve给水调节旁通阀feed regulating bypass valve疏水drain阶跃变化step change线性（斜坡）变化ramp change溢流阀overflow valve工艺汽process steam紧急停堆trip; scram停堆shutdown停堆，停堆期outrage手动地manually自动地automatically质量流率mass flow rate关断阀shutoff valve（十七）核电厂运行运行因子operation factor负荷因子load factor使用因子，运行因子service factor可利用因子availability技术规范technical specification稳压器汽空间建立draw a pressure steam bubble未能紧急停堆的预计瞬变Anticipated Transient Without Scram (ATWS)未能紧急停堆的预计瞬变Anticipated Transient Without Trip (ATWT)失电loss of power失流loss of flow辅助喷淋auxiliary spray采样sampling（十九）核安全核安全nuclear safety过热overheating破裂rupture置信度confidence负温度系数negative temperature coefficient 事故accident堆年reactor-year快堆fast reactor热堆thermal reactor失效安全fail safe三哩岛事故Three Mile Island accident (TMI accident)切尔诺贝利事故Chernobyl accident设计基准事故Design Basis Accident (DBA)严重事故severe accident熔融meltdown多普勒展宽Doppler broadening反应性引入事故Reactivity Insertion Accident (RIA)冷却剂丧失事故，失水事故Loss-Of-Coolant Accident (LOCA)自动保护系统Automatic Protective System (APS)瞬发临界prompt critical蒸汽发生器传热管破裂Steam Generator Tube Rapture (SGTR)确定性安全分析deterministic safety analysis概率安全分析Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA)。
The suns radiant brilliance is a common theme in English compositions,often used to symbolize hope,vitality,or the triumph of the human spirit.Here is a detailed English composition that captures the essence of the challenge against the suns dazzling light:Title:The Challenge of the Suns RadianceIn the vast expanse of the cosmos,the sun stands as a beacon of life,illuminating the Earth with its unyielding light.It is a symbol of warmth,energy,and the relentless cycle of day and night.Yet,the suns radiance is not just a passive force it is a challenge that humanity has faced and continues to confront in various forms.The suns challenge is multifaceted.It is a test of survival,as the scorching heat can be as destructive as it is lifegiving.It is a test of ingenuity,as we harness the suns energy to power our world.And it is a test of spirit,as we strive to understand the mysteries of the sun and our place in the universe.Survival Against the ElementsThe suns rays are a doubleedged sword.They provide the warmth necessary for life to flourish but can also bring about devastating heatwaves and droughts.In the deserts, where the suns challenge is most pronounced,life has adapted in remarkable ways.Plants and animals have developed unique strategies to conserve water and withstand the extreme heat.Humans,too,have learned to live with the suns harsh conditions,building homes that keep the heat out and finding ways to collect and store water. Harnessing Solar PowerThe suns energy is a gift that has been harnessed by humans for centuries.From the simple use of sunlight to dry clothes and food,to the sophisticated solar panels that convert sunlight into electricity,we have learned to tap into the suns radiance.The challenge here is to make this energy accessible and sustainable.Scientists and engineers are constantly innovating,developing more efficient solar cells and finding ways to store solar energy for use when the sun does not shine.Exploration and UnderstandingThe suns radiance is not just a physical phenomenon it is also a source of inspiration and curiosity.Astronomers and astrophysicists are drawn to the challenge of understandingthe suns complex processes.They study solar flares,sunspots,and the solar wind, seeking to unravel the mysteries of our star.This knowledge not only satisfies our innate curiosity but also has practical applications,such as predicting solar storms that can affect our technology and understanding the broader implications for the universe.The Human Spirit in the Face of the SunThe challenge of the suns radiance is also a metaphor for the human spirit.It represents the struggle against overwhelming odds,the pursuit of knowledge in the face of the unknown,and the resilience to adapt and thrive.Whether it is an athlete pushing through the heat of a marathon,a farmer working the land under the relentless sun,or a scientist delving into the mysteries of the cosmos,the suns challenge is a testament to our determination and perseverance.In conclusion,the suns radiance is a challenge that we cannot ignore.It is a call to action, a spur to innovation,and a reminder of our place in the grand scheme of things.As we continue to face the suns challenge,we grow stronger,wiser,and more connected to the world around us.The suns light may be blinding,but it is also illuminating,guiding us on our journey through life and the cosmos.。
Chapter 1 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer主要容1.Concepts:heat (thermal energy)、heat transfer、thermodynamics、total amount of heat transfer、heat transfer rate、heat flux、conduction、convection、radiation2.Equations:1) The first law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy principle)2) Heat balance equation: a) closed system; b) open system (steady-flow)3) Fourier’s law of heat conduction4) Newton’s law of cooling5) Stefan-Boltzmann law主要专业词汇heat transfer 传热、热传递、传热学 thermodynamics热力学caloric 热素specific heat 比热 mass flow rate 质量流率latent heat 潜热 sensible heat 显热 heat flux 热流密度heat transfer rate热流量total amount of heat transfer 总热量conduction导热 convection对流 radiation 辐射thermal conductivity 热导率 thermal diffusivity 热扩散率convection/combined heat transfer coefficient 对流/综合换热系数emissivity 发射率 absorptivity 吸收率simultaneous heat transfer 复合换热Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation主要容1.Concepts:temperature field、temperature gradient、heat generation、initial condition、boundary condition、steady\transient heat transfer、uniform\nonuniform temperature distribution2.Equations:1) Fourier’s law of heat conduction (§2-1)2) Heat conduction equation (inrectangular\cylindrical\spherical coordinates) (§2-2、§2-3)3) Boundary conditions: (§2-4)a)Specified temperature B. C.b) Specified heat flux B. C. [special case(dt/dx=0):insulation、thermal symmetry];c) Convection B.C.d) Radiation B.C.e) Interface B.C.4) Average thermal conductivity k ave (§2-7)5) Solution of one-dimensional, steady heat conduction inplane walls、cylinders and spheres (k =const)：a) no heat generation, specified B.C.: T(x) or T(r) (§2-5)Q(x) or Q(r), Q=constb) with heat generation, Specified B.C. or ConvectionB.C. : (§2-6)∆T max=T o-T s= gs2/2nk ; q(x)=gx/n; T s=T+gs/nhcharacteristic length S, shape factor n:plane walls — s = L (half thickness), n = 1cylinders ——s =r o, n = 2spheres ——s =r o, n =33.Methods: Solve a heat transfer problem1) Mathematical formulation (differential equation &B.C.)2) General solution of equation3) Application of B.C.s4) Unique solution of the problem主要专业词汇temperature field\distribution温度场\分布 temperature gradient温度梯度heat generation热生成(热源) initial\boundary condition 初始\边界条件transient heat transfer瞬态(非稳态)传热 isothermal surface 等温面Heat conduction differential equation 导热微分方程trial and error method试算法iterate迭代convergence 收敛Chapter 3 Steady Heat Conduction主要容1.Concepts:multilayer\composite wall overall heat transfer coefficient Uthermal resistance R t thermal contact resistance R c critical radius of insulation R crfin efficiency fin effectiveness2.Equations:Multiplayer plane wall、cylinders and spheres:Fin: fin equation——refer to the attachment.1) Uniform cross-section: refer to the attachment.2) Varying cross-section: refer to the attachment.主要专业词汇thermal resistance热阻 parallel 并联 in series串联thermal contact resistance 接触热阻 composite wall 复合壁面thermal grease 热脂 cross-section 横截面 temperature execess 过余温度hyperbolic 双曲线的 exponent 指数fin 肋(翅)片 fin base 肋基 fin tip 肋端fin efficiency 肋效率 fin effectiveness 肋片有效度Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction主要容1.Concepts:lumped system analysis characteristic length (L c=V/A)Biot number (Bi=hL c /k) Fourier number ( τ = at/L)2.Equations:Bi≤0, lumped system analysis (§4-1)Bi>0, Heisler/Grober charts OR analytical expressions1-D：a) infinite large plane walls, long cylinders and spheres (§4-2)b) semi-infinite solids (§4-3)multidimensional: product solution (§4-4)主要专业词汇lumped system analysis 集总参数法 characteristic length 特征长度（尺寸）dimension 量纲 nondimensionalize 无量纲化 dimensionless quantity 无量纲量semi-infinite solid 半无限大固体 complementary error function 误差余函数series 级数 production solution 乘积解Chapter 5 Numerical Methods in Heat Conduction主要容1.Concepts:control volume (energy balance) method、 finite difference method、discretization、 node、space step、time step、mesh Biot number、mesh Fourier number、mirror image concept、explicit/implicit method、stability criterion (primary coefficients 0)Numerical error: 1) discretization/truncation error; 2) round-off error2.Methods:Numerical solution:1) Discretization in space and time (x, t);2) Build all nodes’finite difference formulations (including interior and boundary nodes);i.Finite differencemethodii.Energy balance method(i.e. Control Volume method)3) Solution of nodal difference eqs. of heat conduction;i.Direct method: Gaussian Eliminationii.Iterative method: Gauss-Seidel iteration主要专业词汇control volume 控制容积 finite difference有限差分Taylor series expression泰勒级数展开式mirror image concept 镜像法 Elimination method 消元法direct/iterative method 直接/迭代方法 explicit/implicit method 显式/隐式格式stability criterion 稳定性条件 primary coefficients 主系数unconditionally 无条件地 algebraic eq. 代数方程discretization/truncation error 离散/截断误差 round-off error 舍入误差Chapter 6、7 Forced Convection and NaturalConvection主要容1.Concepts:Nu、Re、Gr、PrForce/natural convection、external/internal flow、velocity/thermal boundary layerflow regimes、laminar/turbulent flowhydrodynamic/thermal entry region、fully developed regionCritical Reynolds Number (Re c)、hydraulic diameter (D h)、film temperature (T f)、bulk mean fluid temperature (T b)logarithmic mean temperature difference ( T ln)volume expansion coefficient (β= 1/T)effective thermal conductivity (K eff = K Nu)2.Equations:Drag force ：F D = C f AρV2/2Heat transfer rate：Q = hA(T s-T)3．Typical Convection Phenomena:1) Forced convection：external flow——flow over flat plates (§6-4)——flow across cylinders and spheres (§6-5)internal flow——flow in tubes (§6-6)2) Natural convection： flow over surfaces (§7-2)flow inside enclosures (§7-3)主要专业词汇Force/natural convection 自然/强制对流 laminar/turbulent flow 层/湍流boundary layer 边界层 laminar sublayer 层流底层 buffer layer 缓冲层transition region 过渡区 flow regimes 流态inertia/viscous force 惯性/粘性力 shear stress 剪切应力friction/drag coefficient 摩擦/阻力系数 friction factor 摩擦因子dynamic/kinematic viscous 动力/运动粘度wake 尾流 stagnation point 滞止点 flow separation 流体分离vortex 漩涡 rotational motion 环流 velocity fluctuation 速度脉动hydrodynamic 水动力学的 hydraulic diameter 水力直径fully developed region 充分发展段 volume flow rate 体积流量arithmetic/logarithmic mean temperature difference 算术/对数平均温差volume expansion coefficient 体积膨胀系数interferometer 干涉仪 asymptotic渐近线的effective thermal conductivity 有效热导率analogical method 类比法 integral approach 积分近似法order of magnitude analysis 数量级分析法 similarity principle 相似原理Chapter 9 Radiation Heat Transfer主要容1.Concepts:black body、gray body、diffuse surface、emissive power (E)emissivity (ε)、absorptivity (α)、reflectivity (ρ)、transmissivity (τ) irradiation(G)、radiosity(J)、reradiating(adiabatic) surfaceview factor (F ij)、radiation network、space resistance、surface resistance radiation shieldgas radiation、transparent medium to radiation、absorbing and transmitting mediumws:Blackbody： (1) Plank’s law(2) Stefan-Boltzmann’s law(3) Wien’s displacement lawGraybody： (4) Kirchhoff’s lawActual body：E (T) = ε E b(T) = εσT4 W/m2Gas： (5) Beer’s law3．Calculation:1) View factor：reciprocity/summation/superposition/symmetry Rulecrossed-strings method2) Radiation heat transfer：Radiation networkOpen system： between two surface (e.g. two large parallel plates) Enclosure： 2-surface enclosure；3-surface enclosureRadiation shield主要专业词汇thermal radiation热辐射、quantum theory量子理论、index of refraction 折射系数electromagnetic wave/spectrum 电磁波/波谱、ultraviolet (UV) rays紫外线、infrared (IR) rays 红外线absorptivity 吸收率、reflectivity 反射率、transmissivity 透射率、emissivity (ε) 发射率(黑度)、specular/diffuse reflection 镜反射/漫反射irradiation (incident radiation) 投入辐射、radiosity 有效辐射spectral/directional/total emissive power单色/定向/总辐射力fraction of radiation energy 辐射能量份额(辐射比)、blackbody radiation function 黑体辐射函数view factor 辐射角系数、crossed-strings method交叉线法、reciprocity/summation/superposition/symmetry Rule相互/完整/和分/对称性net radiation heat transfer 净辐射热流量radiation network 辐射网络图、space/surface radiation resistance 空间/表面辐射热阻、reradiating surface重辐射面、adiabatic 绝热的radiation shield遮热板transparent medium to radiation辐射透热体、absorbing and transmitting medium吸收-透过性介质Chapter 10 Heat Exchangers.. ..主要容1.Concepts:heat exchanger type---- double-pipe、compact、shell-and-tube、plate-and-frame、regenerative heat exchangerparallel/counter/cross/multipass flowoverall heat transfer coefficient (U) fouling factor (R f)heat capacity rate capacity rationlog mean temperature difference (ΔT lm)heat transfer effectiveness (ε)number of transfer units (NTU)2.Equations:1) heat balance eq.: Q = C h (T h,in - T h,out)=C c(T c,out - T c,in)2) heat transfer eq.: Q = UAΔT lm ( LMTD method)or Q = εQ max = εC min (T h,in ？C T c,in) ( ε-NTU method)3．Methods:1) LMTD Method：select a heat exchangerKnown: C h、C c、3‘T’Predict: 1‘T’、Q、A2) ε-NTU Method：evaluate the performance of a specified heat exchangerKnown: C h、C c、UA、T h,in、T c,inPredict: Q、T h,out、T c,out主要专业词汇double-pipe/compact/shell-and-tube/plate-and-frame/regenerative heat exchanger套管式/紧凑式/壳管式/板式/蓄热（再生）式换热器parallel/counter/cross/multipass flow 顺流/逆流/叉流/多程流area density 面积密度tube/shell pass 管程/壳程 static/dynamic type 静/动态型baffle 挡板 header 封头 nozzle管嘴 guide bar 导向杆 porthole 孔口gasket 垫圈 lateral 侧面的/横向的fouling factor 污垢因子 heat capacity rate 水当量heat transfer effectiveness (ε) 传热有效度number of transfer units (NTU) 传热单元数.. .. ..。
