社会学英语

社会学英语名词释————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：23 社会学英语名词解释Aaccounting 说明过程 人们提供说明以理解世界的过程。

（俗民方法论）accounting practices 说明过程的实践 某人提出说明而其他人接受或拒绝该说明的方式。

（俗民方法论） accounts 说明 行动者解释（描述、批评及理想化）特定情境的方式。

（俗民方法论）act 行动 米德理论的基本元素，包含冲动、知觉刺激、对知觉感到的客体采取行动，并利用该客体满足原先的冲动。

action 行动 人们所做之事是意识过程创造的结果。

actual social identity 实际的社会认同 人们真正是什么样的人。

(戈夫曼)adaptation 适应 帕森斯的四种必要功能之一。

系统必须能适应它的环境，并能调整环境以符合系统所需。

更详细地说就是，系统必须能处理外在情境的危险及突发事件。

affectivity-affective neutrality 情感-情感中立 此模式变量系指对某种社会现象要投注多少情绪(或情感)。

(帕森斯)affectual action 情感性行动 由情绪引起的非理性行动。

(韦伯)agency 能动力(性) 系指行动者所做之行动;亦即，如果不是行动者介入并采取所谈论之行动，所发生之事可能不会以那种方式发生。

agents 行(能)动者 有能力为社会世界带来影响的行(能)动者;行(能)动者拥有权力。

alienation 异化 人们与其生产活动、所生产的物品、一起共事的同僚及其潜能之间的自然联系崩解了或被分离了。

(马克思)anomie 失序 伴随有机连带社会而兴起的一种感觉，亦即不知道自己该做什么。

人们在社会游荡，并且缺乏清楚、具安全感的寄托。

(涂尔干)对默顿而言，当社会结构个文化之间发生严重断裂，被结构创造出来的人们依文化规范和目标运作，但当规范和目标发生严重断裂时，就产生失序的情形。

社会学英语词汇大全了解社会学术语洞察社会现象与人际关系社会学英语词汇大全：了解社会学术语，洞察社会现象与人际关系社会学是研究社会现象和人际关系的学科，其专业术语涉及广泛并且具有一定的专业性。

对于想要深入了解社会学的人来说，熟悉社会学的英语词汇是非常重要的。

本文将为您提供一个社会学英语词汇大全，帮助您更好地理解社会学术语，洞察社会现象与人际关系。

一、社会学基础术语1. Sociology（社会学）- 一门研究社会行为和社会关系的学科。

2. Society（社会）- 人们通过共同的文化和制度相互关联的社会结构。

3. Individual（个体）- 社会中的单个成员，具有独特的特征和行为。

4. Community（社区）- 具有共同利益和目标的个体的集体组织。

5. Culture（文化）- 一组共同的实践、信仰、价值观和行为方式，塑造着社会的特征。

二、社会学理论和学派1. Functionalism（功能主义）- 强调社会结构的作用，以及不同社会机构与整个社会的相互关系。

2. Conflict theory（冲突理论）- 着重于社会中不同群体之间的冲突和不平等。

3. Symbolic Interactionism（符号互动主义）- 特别关注个体之间的相互作用和符号的使用。

4. Structuralism（结构主义）- 强调社会结构和文化观念对个体行为的影响。

5. Feminism（女性主义）- 关注性别平等和女性权益的理论和运动。

三、社会学研究方法1. Survey（调查）- 通过问卷、采访等方式收集大量数据，以了解群体的意见和行为。

2. Observation（观察）- 观察和记录社会现象和行为，以获得深入的了解。

3. Experiment（实验）- 在特定条件下进行控制和观察，以测试假设和因果关系。

4. Interview（访谈）- 通过面对面或电话交流，收集个人的经验和观点。

5. Content analysis（内容分析）- 对书籍、文章、广告等文本进行定性分析，以获取信息和洞察。

学科类英语单词学科类英语单词引导语；学科是与知识相联系的一个学术概念，是自然科学、社会科学两大知识系统。

以下是店铺为大家整理的学科类英语单词，欢迎阅读！1、Chinese语文2、English英语3、Japanese日语4、mathematics数学5、science理科6、gymnastics体育7、history历史8、algebra代数9、geometry几何10、geography地理11、biology生物12、chemistry化学13、biochemistry生物化学14、physics物理15、physical geography地球物理16、literature文学17、sociology社会学18、linguistics语言学19、psycology心理学20、philosophy哲学21、engineering工程学22、mechanical engineering机械工程学23、electronic engineering电子工程学24、medicine医学25、social science社会科学26、agriculture农学27、astronomy天文学28、economics经济学29、politics政治学30、comercial science商学31、Medical Molecular Biology医学分子生物学32、anthropology人类学33、languistics语言学34、accounting会计学35、law， jurisprdence法学36、banking银行学37、metallurgy冶金学38、finance财政学39、mass—communication大众传播学40、journalism新闻学41、atomic energy原子能学42、civil engineering土木工程43、architecture建筑学44、chemical， engineering化学工程45、accounting and satisics会计统计46、business administration工商管理47、library图书馆学48、diplomacy外交49、foreign language外文50、botany植物51、major主修52、minor辅修。

Sociology is the study of society.[1] It is a social science (with which it is informally synonymous) that uses various methods of empirical investigation[2] and critical analysis[3] to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social activity, often with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of social welfare. Subject matter ranges from the micro level of agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and social structures.[4] Sociology is both topically and methodologically a very broad discipline. Its traditional focuses have included social stratification (i.e., class relations), religion, secularization, modernity, culture and deviance, and its approaches have included both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. As much of what humans do fits under the category of social structure and agency, sociology has gradually expanded its focus to further subjects, such as medical, military and penal institutions, the internet, and even the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge. The range of social scientific methods has also broadly expanded. The linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-20th century led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, and philosophic approaches to the analysis of society. Conversely, recent decades have seen the rise of new mathematically and computationally rigorous techniques, such as agent-based modelling and social network analysis.。

社会学的英语作文Title: The Role of Sociology in Understanding Contemporary Society。

Sociology plays a crucial role in comprehending the complexities of contemporary society. Through its systematic study of human behavior, social relationships, and institutions, sociology provides valuable insights into the dynamics and structures that shape our lives. In this essay, we will explore the significance of sociology in understanding various aspects of modern society.Firstly, sociology helps us grasp the intricacies of social interaction. By examining patterns of behavior and social norms, sociologists shed light on how individuals navigate interpersonal relationships and group dynamics. Through concepts such as socialization and social control, sociology elucidates the mechanisms through which society maintains order and cohesion.Moreover, sociology enables us to analyze the formation and functioning of institutions within society. Whetherit's education, family, economy, or politics, institutions exert profound influence on our lives. Sociological perspectives, such as structural functionalism and conflict theory, offer contrasting lenses through which we can understand how these institutions operate, evolve, and sometimes clash.One area where sociology proves particularly insightful is in the study of social stratification and inequality. In every society, there exist hierarchies based on factors such as wealth, race, gender, and education. Sociology examines the underlying mechanisms that perpetuate these inequalities, whether through institutional discrimination, economic disparities, or cultural norms. By uncovering these dynamics, sociologists contribute to the pursuit of social justice and equality.Furthermore, sociology helps us comprehend the complexities of globalization and cultural diversity. In an increasingly interconnected world, understanding howcultures interact, merge, or resist each other is essential. Sociologists investigate phenomena such as cultural diffusion, cultural imperialism, and multiculturalism, shedding light on both the opportunities and challenges presented by globalization.Another crucial aspect where sociology plays a vitalrole is in addressing social problems and promoting social change. By identifying root causes and underlying patterns, sociologists contribute valuable knowledge to efforts aimed at tackling issues such as poverty, crime, environmental degradation, and healthcare disparities. Through research, advocacy, and policy analysis, sociology serves as acatalyst for positive social transformation.In addition, sociology provides a lens through which we can examine the impact of technology on society. Thedigital revolution has transformed how we communicate, work, and interact with each other. Sociologists study phenomena such as social media, online communities, and digital surveillance, exploring their implications for privacy, identity, and social cohesion.Moreover, sociology offers valuable perspectives on the relationship between individuals and the broader social structures. Through concepts such as agency and structure, sociologists explore the interplay between individual actions and societal constraints. This understanding is crucial for navigating issues such as freedom, responsibility, and social change.In conclusion, sociology is indispensable for understanding the complexities of contemporary society. From analyzing social interactions to addressing social problems and examining the impact of globalization and technology, sociology provides valuable insights into the dynamics that shape our lives. By fostering critical thinking and promoting social awareness, sociology contributes to building a more informed, equitable, andjust society.。

各个学科名字的英文单词各个学科名字的英文单词每一门学科的名字都有属于它的英文单词，为此店铺为大家带来各个学科名字的英文单词。

学科名的英文单词Chinese 语文English 英语Japanese 日语history 历史mathematics 数学physical education 体育algebra 代数geometry 几何geography 地理biology 生物chemistry 化学physics 物理literature 文学psychology 心理学sociology 社会学philosophy 哲学engineering 工程学mechanical engineering 机械工程学electronics 电子学medicine 医学social science 社会学agriculture 农学astronomy 天文学economics 经济学politics 政治学biochemistry 生物化学anthropology 人类学linguistics 语言学accounting 会计学law 法学metallurgy 冶金学finance 财政学,金融学journalism 新闻学civil engineering 土木工程学architecture 建筑学business administration 工商管理学chemical engineering 化学工程学botany 植物学学科的英文例句计算机科学目前已是一门成熟的.学科。

Computer science is now a fully-fledged academic subject.他熟悉这一学科。

He is at home with this subject.她已全面掌握了这一学科。

She has a comprehensive grasp of the subject.但愿我能精通这门学科就好了。

各个学科的英文单词在大学中有那么多个学科，你能一一用英语说出来吗?下面是店铺整理的各个学科的英文单词，欢迎大家阅读!中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称哲学 Philosophy哲学 Philosophy马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies逻辑学 Logic伦理学 Ethics美学 Aesthetics宗教学 Science of Religion科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology西方经济学 Western Economics世界经济 World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学 Applied Economics国民经济学 National Economics经济学 Economics理论经济学 Theoretical Economics政治经济学 Political Economy经济思想史 History of Economic Thought经济史 History of Economic区域经济学 Regional Economics财政学(含税收学) Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学(含保险学) Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学 Industrial Economics国际贸易学 International Trade劳动经济学 Labor Economics统计学 Statistics数量经济学 Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学 National Defense Economics法学 Law法学 Science of Law法学理论 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws经济法学 Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学 Science of Military Law政治学 Political Science政治学理论 Political Theory中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the CommunistParty of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学 International Politics国际关系学 International Relations外交学 Diplomacy社会学 Sociology社会学 Sociology人口学 Demography人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学 Ethnology民族学 Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art教育学 Education教育学 Education Science教育学原理 Educational Principle课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education学前教育学 Pre-school Education高等教育学 Higher Education成人教育学 Adult Education职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education教育技术学 Education Technology心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学 Applied Psychology体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports 运动人体科学 Human Movement Science体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学 Literature中国语言文学 Chinese Literature文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language andLiterature比较文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学 English Language and Literature俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学 French Language and Literature德语语言文学 German Language and Literature日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication新闻学 Journalism传播学 Communication艺术学 Art艺术学 Art Theory音乐学 Music美术学 Fine Arts设计艺术学 Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学 Film广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art舞蹈学 Dance历史学 History历史学 History史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology历史地理学 Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (includingPaleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史 History of Particular Subjects中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史 World History理学 Natural Science数学 Mathematics基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics计算数学 Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计 Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学 Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论 Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学 Physics理论物理 Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理 Plasma Physics凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics声学 Acoustics光学 Optics无线电物理 Radio Physics化学 Chemistry无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学(含化学物理) Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics)高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学 Astronomy天体物理 Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学 Geography自然地理学 Physical Geography人文地理学 Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and Geography Information System大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences气象学 Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment海洋科学 Marine Sciences物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography海洋化学 Marine Chemistry海洋生理学 Marine Biology海洋地质学 Marine Geology地球物理学 Geophysics固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics空间物理学 Space Physics地质学 Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学 Geochemistry古生物学与地层学(含古人类学) Paleontology and Stratigraphy (includingPaleoanthropology)构造地质学 Structural Geology第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology生物学 Biology植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology生理学 Physiology水生生物学 Hydrobiology微生物学 Microbiology神经生物学 Neurobiology遗传学 Genetics发育生物学 Developmental Biology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology系统科学 Systems Science系统理论 Systems Theory系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史 History of Science and Technology工学 Engineering力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering 通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering 检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology。

社会学作文英语Title: The Dynamics of Social Change: Exploring Sociological Perspectives。

In examining the intricacies of society, sociologists employ various theoretical frameworks to understand the complexities of human interaction, social structures, andthe mechanisms driving social change. Through the lenses of functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism, we can grasp the dynamics of social change and its implications on individuals and communities.Functionalism, pioneered by Emile Durkheim, viewssociety as a complex system composed of interrelated parts working together to maintain stability and equilibrium. According to functionalists, social change occurs when societal institutions adapt to meet the evolving needs ofits members. For instance, the transition from agrarian to industrial societies marked a significant shift in social organization, leading to the emergence of new institutionsand norms. Functionalists emphasize the importance of social cohesion and the role of institutions in promoting social order and stability.On the other hand, conflict theory, championed by Karl Marx, interprets society as a battleground where competing groups vie for resources, power, and influence. Social change, in this perspective, arises from conflicts between dominant and subordinate groups seeking to advance their interests. The Industrial Revolution, for instance, fueled class struggles as capitalists sought to maximize profits at the expense of the working class. Conflict theorists highlight the role of power dynamics, exploitation, and inequality in shaping social structures and driving transformative change.Symbolic interactionism, developed by George Herbert Mead, focuses on the micro-level interactions between individuals and the symbols and meanings they ascribe to social phenomena. Social change, according to symbolic interactionists, emerges from the collective interpretations and actions of individuals within society.For example, the civil rights movement in the United States was driven by grassroots activism and the redefinition of societal norms regarding race and equality. Symbolic interactionists underscore the significance of subjective experiences, identity formation, and social constructionsin influencing change.Despite their divergent perspectives, these theoretical frameworks offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of social change. However, it is essential to recognize their limitations and the need for interdisciplinary approachesin understanding complex social phenomena. Moreover, globalization, technological advancements, and environmental challenges present new avenues for examining the dynamics of social change in the contemporary world.Globalization, characterized by increased interconnectedness and interdependence among nations, has led to the diffusion of cultures, ideas, and technologies on a global scale. This phenomenon has sparked debates about cultural homogenization versus cultural diversity and its impact on local communities. Furthermore, technologicalinnovations, such as the internet and social media, have revolutionized communication and facilitated social movements and activism across borders.Environmental challenges, including climate change, resource depletion, and ecological degradation, pose existential threats to societies worldwide. Addressing these challenges requires collective action, policy interventions, and changes in individual behaviors. Social movements advocating for environmental sustainability and climate justice have emerged to challenge existing power structures and promote ecological stewardship.In conclusion, the study of social change encompasses a multidimensional and interdisciplinary approach, drawing insights from sociology, economics, psychology, and other fields. By examining society through various theoretical lenses and analyzing historical and contemporary contexts, we can deepen our understanding of the forces drivingsocial change and its implications for individuals and communities. Ultimately, sociological perspectives offer valuable tools for navigating the complexities of an ever-changing world and striving towards a more equitable and sustainable future.。

社会学英语词汇大全了解社会现象的关键词社会学是一门关于人类社会的科学研究，通过词汇的学习，我们可以更好地了解和分析各种社会现象。

下面是社会学英语词汇大全，这些关键词可以帮助我们更深入地理解社会学的核心概念。

1. 社会学（Sociology）- 研究社会和人类行为的学科。

2. 社会（Society）- 由一组相互依赖、共享文化和价值观的个人组成的社会机构。

3. 文化（Culture）- 一群人所共享的信仰、价值观、行为模式和方式。

4. 习俗（Customs）- 特定社会中根深蒂固的长期存在的行为模式。

5. 价值观（Values）- 对社会行为的普遍准则和信念系统。

6. 角色（Roles）- 在特定社会中所扮演的位置或身份。

7. 社会结构（Social Structure）- 社会中个体之间的互动关系和组织方式。

8. 社会化（Socialization）- 通过教育和社会联系来适应社会的过程。

9. 性别（Gender）- 社会认可的男性和女性的行为、角色和特征。

10. 移民（Migration）- 人们从一个地方迁移到另一个地方的过程。

11. 社会不平等（Social Inequality）- 社会中不同群体之间的资源、权力和机会的不平等分配。

12. 族群（Ethnicity）- 基于共同文化、起源、共同历史和传统的特征而形成的群体。

13. 种族（Race）- 基于生物学特征或外貌的人类分类。

14. 阶级（Class）- 基于经济或社会地位的不同群体。

15. 社会控制（Social Control）- 通过法律、道德规范和社会机构来规范和约束行为的过程。

16. 社会变迁（Social Change）- 社会结构、文化和价值观的演变过程。

17. 犯罪（Crime）- 违背法律和社会规范的行为。

18. 家庭（Family）- 一个社会单元，由亲属关系和共同居住组成。

19. 教育（Education）- 通过学校和教育机构传递知识和价值观的过程。

社会学英语名词解释Aaccounting 说明过程人们提供说明以理解世界的过程。

（俗民方法论）accounting practices 说明过程的实践某人提出说明而其他人接受或拒绝该说明的方式。

（俗民方法论）accounts 说明行动者解释（描述、批评及理想化）特定情境的方式。

（俗民方法论）act 行动米德理论的基本元素，包含冲动、知觉刺激、对知觉感到的客体采取行动，并利用该客体满足原先的冲动。

action 行动人们所做之事是意识过程创造的结果。

actual social identity 实际的社会认同人们真正是什么样的人。

(戈夫曼)adaptation 适应帕森斯的四种必要功能之一。

系统必须能适应它的环境，并能调整环境以符合系统所需。

更详细地说就是，系统必须能处理外在情境的危险及突发事件。

affectivity-affective neutrality 情感-情感中立此模式变量系指对某种社会现象要投注多少情绪(或情感)。

(帕森斯)affectual action 情感性行动由情绪引起的非理性行动。

(韦伯)agency 能动力(性)系指行动者所做之行动;亦即，如果不是行动者介入并采取所谈论之行动，所发生之事可能不会以那种方式发生。

agents 行(能)动者有能力为社会世界带来影响的行(能)动者;行(能)动者拥有权力。

alienation 异化人们与其生产活动、所生产的物品、一起共事的同僚及其潜能之间的自然联系崩解了或被分离了。

(马克思)anomie 失序伴随有机连带社会而兴起的一种感觉，亦即不知道自己该做什么。

人们在社会游荡，并且缺乏清楚、具安全感的寄托。

(涂尔干)对默顿而言，当社会结构个文化之间发生严重断裂，被结构创造出来的人们依文化规范和目标运作，但当规范和目标发生严重断裂时，就产生失序的情形。

appearance 外表观众眼中的行动者;尤其指那些能暗示出表演者社会地位的项目。

(戈夫曼)ascription-achievement 先赋-成就此模式变量关心的是，当我们判断某一社会现象时，是以它被赋予了什么，还是以它成就了什么来判断的。