余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第7章 英国政治——第9章 美国地理)

余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）复习笔记和课后习题详解（第7章英国政治——第9章美国地理）第7章英国政治7.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. Constitutional FrameworkⅡ. Parliament1. The Crown or Sovereign2. The House of Lords3. The House of Commons4. The Prime Minister and the CabinetⅢ. Regional GovernmentⅣ. Local GovernmentⅤ. JusticeⅥ. Political Process1. Elections2. Two-part System3. Female Representation in Britain PoliticsⅦ. Security【重难点归纳】The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In theUK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons.英国是⼀个君主⽴宪制和议会民主制国家。

在英国，国家元⾸是在位的国王或⼥王，政府⾸脑是⾸相，他是下议院多数党领袖。

Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.Ⅰ. 宪法框架1. 英国宪法由成⽂法、普通法和公约组成。

Chapter 7第七章Government and Administration英国政府机构The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy， the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed， in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty‘s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution， the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law， common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.联合王国是君主⽴宪制国家，国家的⾸脑是国王或⼥王。

联合王国以君的名义，由国王或⼥王陛下政府治理。

英国的议会制度并不是基于成⽂宪法，英国宪法不由单⼀⽂件构成，⽽由成⽂法，习惯法和惯例组成。

司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成⽂法。

I.The Monarchy君主制1.Elizabeth II， her title in the United Kingdom is “Elizabeth the Second， by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories， Queen， Head of the Commonwealth，Defender of the Faith.伊莉莎⽩⼆世，她的全称是“上帝神佑，⼤布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领⼟和领地的⼥王，英联邦元⾸，国教保护者伊莉莎⽩⼆世。

1）英国不是联邦制国家，而是单一制国家。

在单一制国家里，只有一个组织拥有职权，处理当地所有的事务。

2）它是君主立宪制和议会民主制的结合。

君主立宪是一种政体，君主作为国家元首，在宪法指导下处理事务，无论是成文的宪法还是混合宪法。

君主立宪政体有时被称为有限君主制、加冕的共和制或议会君主制。

3）在英国，国家元首是在位的国王或女王，政府首脑是首相，他是下议院多数党领袖。

The British constitution is only partly written. It is made up ofstatute law, common law and conventions（成文法，习惯法和公约）. It is more flexible than the written constitution of other countries.1）组成：英国宪法只有一部分成文规定。

它是由成文法、习惯法和惯例组成。

它比其他国家的成文宪法更灵活。

the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary （立法，行政和司法）.2）政府的主要组成部分：立法，行政和司法the lord chancellor（大法官） is a member of all three branches.He serves as a member of the cabinet （内阁）（executive branch）, as the government’s leader in the House of Lords （上议院） （legislative branch）, and as the head of the country ’s judiciary（国家司法体系）（judicial branch）.3）机关之间的重叠：大法官同时任职于三个机关。

他是内阁成员（执行机关），担任上议院议长（立法机关）以及国家司法部门（司法机关）的领导。

第5章英帝国的兴起和衰落(1688—1990)5.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Whigs and ToriesⅡ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyⅢ. The Industrial Revolution (1780—1830)Ⅳ. The Chartist Movement (1836—1848)Ⅴ. Trade Unions and the Labour PartyⅥ. Colonial Expansion1. The growth of dominions2. The Conquest of India3. The Scramble for Africa4. Aggression against ChinaⅦ. Twentieth Century1. Britain and the First World War2. Britain Between the Two World Wars3. Britain and the Second World War4. Postwar BritainⅠ. Whigs and ToriesThese two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.Ⅰ. 辉格党和托利党这两大党派起源于光荣革命时期(1688)。

19世纪早期，辉格党和托利党联合，后来变成了自由党。

托利党是保守党的前身。

Ⅱ. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century1. Farming was an important occupation in England in the 18th century.2. In the mid-18th century the population in England increased rapidly, depending on the countryside for food.3. Enclosure became more frequent after 1740 and climaxed during the turn of the century. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results.Ⅱ. 18世纪晚期的农业变化1. 18世纪，农业是英国一个重要的职业。

余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）笔记和课后习题详解关注薇公号-精研学习网-查找资料本书是余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）教材的学习辅导书，主要包括以下内容：1．整理名校笔记，浓缩内容精华。

在参考了国内外名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记基础上，复习笔记部分对该章的重难点进行了整理，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了该教材的知识精华。

2．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。

本书参考了该教材的国内外配套资料和其他教材的相关知识对该教材的课（章）后习题进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。

本书提供电子书及打印版，方便对照复习。

第一部分英国第1章国土与人民1.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.Geographical Features1.The UK’s Geographical Location and Its Size2.Rivers and LakesⅡ.Climate1.A Maritime Climate2.Factors Which Influence the Climate3.RainfallⅢ.Plant and Animal Life1.Plant Life2.Animal Life1.Ethnic Groupsnguages3.Religion4.Urbanization5.Population Growth6.Migration Patterns【重难点归纳】1.Great Britain is made up of England,Scotland,and Wales.Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2.The total population of the UK was around63million,which is the third-largest in the European Union and the22nd-largest in the world.3.The UK is a developed country with considerable economic,cultural,military,scientific and political influence internationally.4.The UK’s capital is London,and it has other major cities including,Birmingham,Liverpool, and Manchester in England and so on.1.大不列颠由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。

英语国家概况（按新考纲整理的余志远版本完整版）英国部分1. What is the full name of the United Kingdom?It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?They are Great Britain and Ireland.3. What are the four political divisions部门 of the United Kingdom?They are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.4. Why does the United Kingdom have a mild climate, even though it lies farther north than our Heilongjiang Province省份职权?Because Britain’s climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream墨西哥湾流.5. How many metropolitan areas does England have?England has seven metropolitan areas. 大都市6. What is the backbone of England?It is the Pennines.奔宁山脉7. What is the largest lake in the British Isles?It is Lough Neagh. 內伊湖8. From what languages is English derived由……而来?England is mainly derived from the Anglo-Saxon and Norman-French languages.9. What is an eisteddfod?诗人An eisteddfod is a Welsh festival of poetry, music and other arts.10. What have the Scottish people been famous for?The Scottish people have been famous for their close-knit clans, colorful plaid kilts, and skill as fierce warriors. 组织严密的家族、格子服饰、凶猛的战士技能11. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years.12. Why was the Roman impact upon the Britons surprisingly limited有限的?The Roman impact on the Britons was surprisingly limited because the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class奴隶阶级 and they never intermarried with the native Britons.13. When did the Anglo-Saxons begin to settle使……定居 in Britain?The Anglo-Saxons began to settle in Britain in the 5th century.14. When did England begin to be Christianized? 基督化England began to be Christianized in 579.15. What was the result of the Synod of Whitby in Yorkshire约克郡 in 664?The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Roman missionaries传教士 gained the upper hand上风 over the Celtic missionaries.16. What was Harold doing when he was informed of the invasion of Northumbria by Tostig and Harold Hardrada?He was in the south preparing to resist the expected attack from Normandy.17. Where did Harold defeat 战败 Tostig and Hardrada?Harold defeated Tostig and Harold Hardrada at Stanford Bridge. 斯坦福球场18. By whom was William crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey?威斯敏斯特教堂William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York. 约克大教主19. What did William do after he suppressed the Saxon risings in the north?He built a string of defense castles to ensure确定 his military军队 control of the whole country.20. Was the Norman Conquest the last successful invasion of England?Yes. The Norman Conquest was the last successful invasion of England because England has never been invaded since.21. Why did William I give his barons large estates房地产 in England?William I gave large estates to his barons because he wanted to get a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce.22. What was the peculiar 特权feature特色 of the feudal system of England?All landowners, big and small, took the oath宣誓 of allegiance效忠 for the land they held, not only to their immediate直接 lord主, but also to the king.23. Why did William I have the Domesday Book compiled? 末日宣判书William I had the Domesday Book compiled because he wanted to have a reliable record of all his land, his tenants承租人 and their possessions拥有；财产 and to discover how much his tenants could be asked to pay by way of taxes.24. What was William I ’s policy towards the church?He wanted to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold支持鼓励维持 its power.25. Why did Henry II make Thomas Becket Archbishop大教主 of Canterbury?He thought that Thomas Becket would assist him in carrying out贯彻实施 legal reforms改革.26. What brought Henry II into collision 冲突矛盾with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury?The exceptional异常的 privileges特权 enjoyed by the clergy神职，牧师 brought Henry II into collision with Thomas Becket.27. What are the two aspects方面 of the Norman legacy遗产 that contributed to great domestic 国内 unrest 动荡in England in the 12th and 13th centuries?One was England’s possession占有 of territory领土 in France. The other was Norman adherence 依附坚持to Roman Catholicism.28. Who was the French national heroine during the Hundred Year’s War who helped the French to drive the English out of France?Joan of Arc.圣女贞德29. When did the government establish rules for the first time to keep down wages?The government established rules for the first time to keep down wages in 1351.30. How many peasant 农民in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II ’s troops骑兵，军队?40,000 peasants in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II’s troops.31. What were the emblems象征 of the Houses of York and Lancaster?The emblem of the House of York was a white rose and the emblem of the House of Lancaster was a red rose.32. What was the impact影响 of the Wars of the Roses on feudalism in England?The Wars of the Roses dealt处理分配 a death blow 打击to feudalism in England.33. How did Elizabeth I try to avoid troubling Parliament too often for pounds?She tried to avoid troubling Parliament by making strict economies at Court.34. What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private?These questions were her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance.35. How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain in friendly relationship with France?She managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France through her marriage alliances which were never materialized. 具体化36. When was Mary Queen of Scots executed? 执行Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587.37. What did the destruction毁灭消灭 of the Spanish Armada show?It showed England’s superiority as a naval power.38. What was the long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot? 火药阴谋The long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot has been an annual celebration of November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display显示炫耀 is arranged.39. What was Puritanism清教 noted for因……而著名?It was noted for simple dress, high moral standards标准 and very egalitarian平等 attitudes.40. What is a constitutional宪法 monarchy君主?A constitutional monarchy is one whose power is limited by Parliament.41. What did the Whigs stand for in the early 19th century?They stood for a reduction减少 in Crown patronage, sympathy towards Nonconformists非国教, and care for the interests of merchants商人 and bankers.42. Why did changes in farming methods affect lives of millions in the 18th century? Changes in farming methods affected lives of millions in the 18th century England because village and agriculture were the backbone of England at that time.43. What did the land owners want to do in the late 18th and early 19th centuries? They wanted to replace the small farms cultivated on the “open-field” system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields.44. Why was King George III nicknamed “Farmer George”?King George III was nicknamed “Farmer George” because he was very enthusiastic热衷 about agricultural 农业的changes at Winsor.45. What were the two events which most alarmed the British ruling classes 统治阶级in the closing decades数十年 of the 18th century?They were the American War of Independence and the French Revolution.46. When did the British begin to transport convicts罪犯 to Australia?The British began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788.47. What was the result of the general strike打击罢工 of 1926?The strike failed. The miners were forced to return to work with longer hours and lower wages even than before. Yet, outside the mining district, the strike seemed to have improved relations between the workers and the middle classes.48. Why did Edward VIII abdicate 退位in 1936 after a reign of 10 months?Edward VIII abdicated because he wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced 离婚American.49. When did Britain finally become a full member of the European Economic Community? 欧共体Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community in January,1973.50. Why was Mrs. Thatcher removed from office in 1990?It was because of her opposition反对 to European Union and her imposition征收强加 of an extremely unpopular flat-rate 固定税率“poll tax”人头税 in place of property taxes to payor local government service.61. Where does the Sovereign’s coronation加冕 take place?发生举行The Sovereign’s coronation takes place at Westminster Abbey in London.62. When is the Sovereign’s birthday officially celebrated?It is officially celebrated in June every year.63. What does the Duke of Edinburgh do when the Queen pays state visits to foreign governments? He accompanies陪同 her.64. Where does the Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties come from?The Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties comes from the Civil List and government departments.65. What does the term “parliament” originally最初 mean?The term “parliament” originally means a meeting for a parley or discussion.66. What is the main function of the House of Lords?The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law-making.67. What is the Speaker’s task in the House of Commons?His task is to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order. 执行顺序规则68. How many counties are there in England and Wales?There are 53 counties in England and Wales.69. What are the three island areas where single-tier authorities当局官方 were introduced in Scotland?They are the Orkneys, the Shetlands and the Western Isles.70. How do local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue?They raise revenue 税收through the council tax.81. Are British people obliged to 不得不use the National Health Service?国民医疗保健制度No. They are not obliged to use the service.82. What are services for elderly people aimed at?Services for elderly people are aimed at helping them live at home whenever possible. 83. What is the aim of the social security system?The aim of the social security is to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.84. At what age do men and women generally retire退休?Men generally retire at the age of 65, and women at the ate of 60.85. What are the two established churches in Britain?They are the Church of England in England and the Church of Scotland in Scotland.86. How many provinces职权省份 does the Church of England have?The Church of England has two provinces: Canterbury and York.87. When were the first women priests ordained in Britain?They were ordained in March 1994.88. Who founded the Salvation Army in the East of London in 1865?William Booth, a great follower of John Wesley, founded the Salvation Army.89. Where do the people in London go to see the Christmas decorations?They go to Oxford Street, Regent Street and Piccadilly to see the Christmas decorations.90. Why is December 26th called “Boxing Day”?December 26th is called Boxing Day because it was formerly the custom to give “Christmasboxes”, or gifts of money, to servants and tradesmen商人 on this day.91. How many kinds of state secondary schools 国立公立are there in Great Britain? Three. They are grammar school, secondary modern school and comprehensive school.92. When was the Open University founded? When did it begin its first courses?It was founded in 1969, and it began its first courses in 1970.93. Why is the Open University so named?It is so named because it is “open” to all to become students.94. How much money is spent on press advertising平面广告every year in Great Britain? About ￡5,100 million.95. How much time do British people spend a day watching television?People spend an average of over three and a half hours a day watching television.96. How are the state-run television channels BBC1 and BBC2 financed?They are financed from the sale of television licences.97. How are independent channels ITV and C4 funded?They are funded entirely by advertising. 广告98. When did the BBC begin to provide regular television broadcasts?The BBC began to provide regular television broadcasts in 1936.99. Which sport is regarded as typically English?Cricket 板球is the most typically English sport.100. What is a “copyright” library?It is a library which is entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom.美国部分1. How does the United States rank among the countries of the world in population and area? The United States of America is the third-largest country in the world in population and the fourth-largest country in area.2. What are the two major mountain ranges in the United States?They are the Appalachian Highlands阿巴拉契亚山脉 and the Rocky Mountains. 落基亚山脉3. What is the Continental Divide, or Great Divide?The Continental Divide, or Great Divide, is an imaginary line that separates streams that flow into the Pacific Ocean from those that flow into the Atlantic.4. What are the five Great Lakes of the United States?They are Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior. 伊利湖、休伦湖、密歇根、安大略、苏必利尔湖5. How many geographical regions can be found in the United States? What are they? There are seven geographical regions in the United States. They are New England, the Middle Atlantic States, the southern States, the Midwestern States, the Rocky Mountain states, the Southwestern States, and the Pacific Coast States and the New States. 在美国有七个地理区域。

第一章国土与人民Ⅰ.英国的不同名称及其区域人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。

这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。

它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。

不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。

两个大岛是大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中大不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。

因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。

这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。

另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。

它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。

1949年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。

大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

英格兰面积最大、人口最多，一般说来也最富裕。

因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。

这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是"英格兰人"，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。

英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。

约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。

它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲和澳洲都有殖民地。

但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。

英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。

成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。

英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。

目前( 1991年) ，英联邦有50个成员国。

Ⅱ.英国的地理特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。

它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。

南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。

英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。

英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。

第8章司法和法律8.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Criminal ProceedingsⅡ. Criminal Courts1. England and Wales2. Scotland3. Northern IrelandⅢ. Civil Courts1. England and Wales2. Scotland3. Northern IrelandⅣ. The JudiciaryⅥ. Treatment of OffendersⅠ. Criminal Proceedings1. All criminal trials are held in open court.2. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defence.3. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decides the issueof guilt or innocence.Ⅰ. 刑事诉讼1. 所有的刑事审判都是在公开法庭上举行的。

2. 每一个被告都有权力雇佣一个法律顾问为其进行辩护。

3. 在有陪审团的审判中，法官负责宣判，但是由陪审团决定嫌疑人是否有罪或清白。

Ⅱ. Criminal Courts1. England and Wales①Criminal courts in England and Wales include: Magistrates’ Courts which try summary offences (the less serious offences and the vast majority of criminal cases) and “either way” offences (theft, the less serious cases of burglary and some assaults).②Youth Courts try most cases involving people under 18.③The Crown Court which tries the most serious offences and “either way” offences referred to it by magistrates.Ⅱ. 刑事法庭1. 英格兰和威尔士①英格兰和威尔士的刑事法庭包括治安法院（处理不太严重的违法行为和大部刑事案件）和“任意方式”罪行（偷窃，不太严重的入室行窃和袭击）。

一、选择题（答案在下面）I. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.1.The two main islands of the British Isles are .A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2.is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3.According to a 2005 estimate, Britain now has a population of over million.A. 160B. 600C. 60D. 164.Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland5.Almost a quarter of the British population lives in England.A. northeasternB. southeasternC. northwesternD. southwestern6.English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman7.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of words to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek8.The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish9.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD. pronunciation10.At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifth11.The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic12.By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity13.Westminster Abbey was built at the time of .A. St. AugustineB. Edward the ConfessorC. William the ConquerorD. Alfred the Great14.The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law15.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster16.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church17.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians18.was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta19.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th20.Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of the century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th21.The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the following brancheswith the exception of the .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive22.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on .A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude23.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House of Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect24.British Cabinet works on the principle of .A. collective responsibilityB. individual responsibilityC. defending the collectivismD. defending the individuals25.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet26.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six27.has a distinct legal system based on Roman law.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland28.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party29.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism30.The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it .A. set up the National Health ServiceB. improved public transportationC. abolished the old tax systemD. enhanced the economic development31.The British economy achieved global dominance by the .A. 1860sB. 1870sC. 1880sD.1890s32.In , the British Parliament passed two important acts to establish a welfare state.A. 1945B. 1946C. 1947D. 194833.The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem34.Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions35.The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality36.Britain has devoted of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%37.Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland38.Coal mining industry in Britain provides of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/339.The car industry in Britain in mostly .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD. privately-owned40.Of the following sectors in Britain, has experienced spectacular growth since the end of WordWar II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industry41.In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introductionof comprehensive schools in the .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s42.About of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independentsystem.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%43.Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining funds fromall the following sources except .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions44.Of the following, is NOT a basis of admission to Britain’s universities.A. result in national entrance testB. A-level resultC. an interviewD. school references45.To be admitted to the Open University, one need .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications46.Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three” with theexception of .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph47.Life on Earth is a kind of program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500 millionviewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera48.is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB49.Of the following, is NOT a common feature of all the British holidays.A. families getting togetherB. friends exchanging good wishesC. friends enjoying each other’s companyD. families traveling overseas50.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomime51.The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is .A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. pamphlet52.is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.”A. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”B. Don JuanC.“Preface to Lyrical Ballads”D. Prometheus Unbound53.Of Dickens’ novels, is considered autobiographical.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations54.is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19th century.A. Robert Louis StevensonB. John MiltonC. Joseph ConradD. Thomas Hardy55.Of the following statements, is NOT correct in terms of Neo-Romanticism.A. It prevailed at the end of the 19th century.B. The writers were dissatisfied with the social reality.C. The writers believed in “Art for Art’s Sake”.D. Treasure Island was a representative work.56.is NOT included in the modernist group.A. Oscar WildB. Virginia WoolfC. William Butler YeatsD. T. S. Eliot57.Of the following books, was NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A. Jude the ObscureB. Tess of the D’UrbervillesC. Adam BedeD. The Return of the Native58.Of the following statements, is NOT correct about Virginia Woolf.A. She was a central figure of the “Bloomsbury Group”.B. She experimented with stream of consciousness.C. She was an influential feminist.D. Her masterpiece was The Rainbow.59.Of the following writers, is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A. Samuel BeckettB. James JoyceC. William GoldingD. V. S. Naipaul60.Waiting for Godot is written by .A. Samuel BeckettB. George OrwellC. William GoldingD. D. H. Lawrence61.The United States has states on the continent.A. 50B. 49C. 48D. 3562.The state of is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida63.The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlantic toits and the Pacific to its .A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west64.The largest river in the U. S. is .A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River65.Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT are located .A. in the SouthB. along the Pacific CoastC. in New EnglandD. in the Midwest66.is located on the U. S. –Canadian border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.A. Yellowstone National ParkB. The Grand CanyonC. Niagara FallsD. The Great Salt Lake67.The native Alaskan population includes the following except the .A. IndiansB. EskimosC. AleutsD. Blacks68.The largest minority in the United States is the .A. Pacific IslandersB. BlacksC. Native AmericansD. Asians69.The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the United States, particularlyfrom .A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America70.The characteristic of dominant American culture is .A. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-class71.The first successful English colony in North America was founded at in .A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia72.Pilgrim Fathers are a group of who came to America to avoid persecution in England.A. ProtestantsB. PuritansC. CatholicsD. Christians73.The Seven Years’ War occurred between the .A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians74.“No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of .A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies75.The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in .A. ConcordB. LexingtonC. PhiladelphiaD. Boston76.In May 1775, was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a nationalgovernment.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation77.Abraham Lincoln issued to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights78.The policy of the United States was at the beginning of the two world wars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement79.President applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great Depression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy80.The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continued throughout the terms ofPresidents .A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson81.The U. S. Constitution came into effect in .A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 179382.The Constitution of the United States .A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court83.The Bill of Rights .A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution84.The following except are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.A. freedom of religionB. the right to get into people’s house by policeC. freedom of speech and of pressD. the right to own one’s weapon if one wishes85.All the following except cannot make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President86.The following except are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders87.According to the Constitution, a candidate for President must be .A. at least 35 years oldB. at least a 14 years’ resident of the United StatesC. born in AmericaD. all of the above88.The terms for a Senator and Representative are and years respectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two89.The Supreme Court is composed of justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine90.The President is directly voted into office by .A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representatives91.America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields except .A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals92.The modern American economy progressed from to , and eventually, to .A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy93.Chartered companies were NOT granted the by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority94.The first National Bank of the United States was established with the urge of .A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Andrew JacksonD. Alexander Hamilton95.The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution” except .A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator96.President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing various programs like the followingexcept .A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension97.About of American crops are for export.A. halfB. one thirdC. one fourthD. one fifth98.The following statements are all true except .A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural imports and exports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.99.is not one of the three giants in American automobile industry.A. FordB. General MotorsC. ChryslerD. American Motors100.At present, U. S. exports account for of the world’s total.A. 10%B. 15%C. 20%D. 25%101.Formal education in the United States consists of , secondary and higher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private102.Of the following subjects, are NOT offered to elementary school students.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education103.Higher education in the United States began with the founding of .A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University104.Of the following, are NOT among the categories of American higher education.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges105.Of the following, is NOT the responsibility of the board of trustees in U. S. institutions.A. choosing the presidentB. establishing policies for administrators and facultyC. approving budget and other financial projectD. decide which student to enroll106.To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do the following except .A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits107.Of the following universities, has NOT cultivated any American President yet.A. Harvard UniversityB. Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC. Princeton UniversityD. Yale University108.is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has a reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News109.Of the following, is NOT among the three major radio and TV networks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American Broadcasting System (ABS)110.The National Day of the United States falls on .A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14th111.Of the following writers, are from the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods.A. Benjamin Franklin & Edgar Ellen PoeB. Edgar Ellen Poe & Jonathan EdwardsC. Benjamin Franklin & Jonathan EdwardsD. Edgar Ellen Poe & Washington Irving112.is regarded as “the father of American literature”.A. James Fennimore CooperB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Thomas JeffersonD. Washington Irving113.Of the following, is NOT Nathaniel Hawthorne’s work.A. The Scarlet LetterB. The House of the Seven GablesC. The Marble FaunD. Nature114.Of the following, is considered Herman Melville’s masterpiece.A. The Last of the MohicansB. The Legend of Sleepy HollowC. Moby DickD. Daisy Miller115.Of the following, is NOT characteristic of Mark Twain’s works.A. colloquial speechB. a sense of humorC. a realistic viewD. an idealistic view116.Of the following writers, is NOT included in the group of naturalists.A. Stephen CraneB. Frank NorrisC. Theodore DreiserD. Herman Melville117.F. Scott Fitzgerald’s finest novel is , and its theme is about .A. The Great Gatsby, the American DreamB. Tender is the Night, loveC. Tales of the Jazz Age, the loss of oneselfD. The Beautiful and the Damned, the evil of human nature118.Of the following books, is NOT written by Ernest Hemingway.A. The Sun Also RisesB. The Sound and the FuryC. A Farewell to ArmsD. For Whom the Bell Tolls119.Of the following writers, is Not a Nobel Prize winner.A. Alice WalkerB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. Eugene O’Neil120.is the first African-American winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature.A.Ralph EllisonB. Tony MorrisonC. Richard WrightD. James Baldwin选择题参考答案：第一章 A B C D B C D A C B第二章 D D B C C A B A C D三 C D B A B C C B D A四 C B A C D C D B A C五 D B B A B C C D D A六 B C B D C A C D B A八 C A B B C C D B A D九 C B C D B B C A C D十 B C B B C C D D D C十一 C C D D D D B B D A十二 C B B B D C B B B B十三 C D D C D D A B A B二、判断题及答案Chapter 11.The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales. (T)2.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country.(F)3.Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language.(F)4.In terms of population and area,Northern Ireland is the second largest part of the United Kingdom.(F)5.The longest river of Britain originates in Wales.(T)6.Because of political troubles,Northern Ireland has been quite significant among the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom.(T)7.Though the climate in Britain is generally mild,the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below --10C in January.(F)8.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo--Saxons.(T)9.The Celtic people are the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(T)10.English changed into what is described as Modern English from the late 16th century.(F)Chapter 21.The British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T)2.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.(T)3.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe--- the Britons.(T)4.The Anglo--Saxons came to Britain in the mid--5th century.(T)5.The chief or king of the Anglo--Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.(F)6.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)7.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T)8.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F)9.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans foe trade and territory.(F)10.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(T)Chapter 31.Conventions are regarded less important than common law in the working of the British government.(F)2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F)3.In reality,the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F)4.British Parliament is the law--making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F)5.Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are all members in the British Upper House.(T)6.The members in the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F)7.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T)8.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F)9.British law consists of two parts,the civil law and the criminal law.(T)10.The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(F)Chapter 41.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T)2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period.(T)3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain.(F)4.Thatcher's revolution turned out to be a great success in dealing with all the British econimic and social problems.(F)5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair is different from that of the Labor party and the Conservative Party.(T)6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics and economic policy.(T)7.Britain is the world's leading exporter of poultry and dairy products.(F)8.The fishing industry provides more than 50%of Britain's demand for fish.(T)9.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.(F)10.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.(T)Chapter 51.The British government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.(F)cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.(F)3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system.(F)4.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national GCSE examination.(T)5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools.(T)6.In the 1960s, a large number of new universities were founded in Britain.(T)7.Most British people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watching television in the evening.(T)8.The Times is the world's oldest national newspaper(F)9.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.(F)10.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the Christian calendar, and others are related to local customs and traditions.(T)Chapter 61.The Canterbury Tales is a representative work of the Old English Period.(F)2.Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classics.(T)3.Hamlet depicts the hero's struggle with two opposing forces: moral integrity and the need to avenge his father's murder.(T)4.Alexander Pope was a great English poet who also translated Homer's Iliad.(T)5.Jonathan Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and Robinson Crusoe is his masterpiece.(F)6.William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge brought the Romantic Movement to its height.(F)7.Lord Byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of his short poems, such as "Ode to the West Wind".(F)8.Jane Austen was a well--known novelist of the stream of consciousness school.(F)9.Joseph Conrad is classified as a forerunner of Modernism, which prevailed before World War II.(T)10.detailed in his works the dual problems of the Third World: the oppression of colonialism and the chaos of postcolonialism.(T)Chapter 71.The Republic of Ireland occupies the entire area of the island of Ireland.(F)2.The earliest inhabitants in Ireland were Celtic tribes from Europe.(F)3.In the 1800s, Ireland gained in prosperity because it became a part of Britain.(F)4.In the 1930s, Ireland was not indeed a republic,but belonged to the Commonwealth of Nations.(T)5.To support the government's neutrality in World War II, there was no Irishman participating in the war.(F)6.With the help of Britain, Ireland entered the EEC in 1973 without difficulties.(F)7.In 1949, Britain recognized the independence of the Irish Republic and returned the six northern countries.(F)8.In Ireland, both the House of Representatives and the Senate have the power of making laws.(F)9.English is the only official language in Ireland, because the majority of people speak it as their tongue.(F)10.Catholicism in Ireland is more than a mere matter of private faith.(T)Chapter 8。

英语国家概况（按新考纲整理的余志远版本完整版）（按新考纲整理的余志远版本完整版）英国部分1. What is the full name of the United Kingdom? It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 2. What are the two large island that make up the British Isles? They are Great Britain and Ireland. 3. What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom? They are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 4. 4. Why Why Why does does does the the the United United United Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom have have have a a a mild mild mild climate, climate, climate, even even even though though though it it it lies lies lies farther farther farther north north north than than than our our Heilongjiang Province? Because Britain‟s climat e is influenced by the Gulf Stream. 5. How many metropolitan areas does England have? England has seven metropolitan areas. 6. What is the backbone of England? It is the Pennines. 7. What is the largest lake in the British Isles? It is Lough Neagh. 8. From what languages is English derived? England is mainly derived from the Anglo-Saxon and Norman-French languages. 9. What is an eisteddfod? An eisteddfod is a Welsh festival of poetry, music and other arts. 10. What have the Scottish people been famous for? The Scottish people have been famous for their close-knit clans, colorful plaid kilts, and skill as fierce warriors. 11. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation? Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years. 12. Why was the Roman impact upon the Britons surprisingly limited? The The Roman Roman Roman impact impact impact on on on the the the Britons Britons Britons was was was surprisingly surprisingly surprisingly limited limited limited because because because the the the Romans Romans Romans always always always treated treated treated the the Britons as a subject people of slave class and they never intermarried with the native Britons. 13. When did the Anglo-Saxons begin to settle in Britain? The Anglo-Saxons began to settle in Britain in the 5th century. 14. When did England begin to be Christianized? England began to be Christianized in 579. 15. What was the result of the Synod of Whitby in Yorkshire in 664? The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Roman missionaries gained the upper hand over the Celtic missionaries. 16. 16. What What What was was was Harold Harold Harold doing doing doing when when when he he he was was was informed informed informed of of of the the the invasion invasion invasion of of of Northumbria Northumbria Northumbria by by by Tostig Tostig Tostig and and Harold Hardrada? He was in the south preparing to resist the expected attack from Normandy. 17. Where did Harold defeat Tostig and Hardrada? Harold defeated Tostig and Harold Hardrada at Stanford Bridge. 18. By whom was William crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey? William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York. 19. What did William do after he suppressed the Saxon risings in the north? He built a string of defense castles to ensure his military control of the whole country. 20. Was the Norman Conquest the last successful invasion of England? Yes. The Norman C onquest Conquest Conquest was was was the the the last last last successful successful successful invasion invasion invasion of England because England has never of England because England has never been invaded since. 21. Why did William I give his barons large estates in England? William I gave large estates to his barons because he wanted to get a promise of military service and a proportion of the land‟s produce. 22. What was the peculiar feature of the feudal system of England? All All landowners, landowners, landowners, big big big and and and small, small, small, took took took the the the oath oath oath of of of allegiance allegiance allegiance for for for the the the land land land they they they held, held, held, not not not only only only to to to their their immediate lord, but also to the king. 23. Why did William I have the Domesday Book compiled? William I had the Domesday Book compiled because he wanted to have a reliable record of all his land, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much his tenants could be asked to pay by way of taxes. 24. What was William I ‟s policy towards the church? He wanted to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power. 25. Why did Henry II make Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury? He thought that Thomas Becket would assist him in carrying out legal reforms. 26. What brought Henry II into collision with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury? The exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy brought Henry II into collision with Thomas Becket. 27. 27. What What What are are are the the the two two two aspects aspects aspects of of of the the the Norman Norman Norman legacy legacy legacy that that that contributed contributed contributed to to to great great great domestic domestic domestic unrest unrest unrest in in England in the 12th and 13th centuries? One One was was was England‟s England‟s possession possession of of of territory territory in in France. France. France. The The The other other other was was was Norman Norman Norman adherence adherence adherence to to to Roman Roman Catholicism. 28. Who was the French national heroine during the Hundred Year‟s War who helped the French to drive the English out of France? Joan of Arc. 29. When did the government establish rules for the first time to keep down wages? The government established rules for the first time to keep down wages in 1351. 30. How many peasant in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II ‟s troops? 40,000 peasants in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II‟s troops. 31. What were the emblems of the Houses of York and Lancaster? The emblem of the House of York was a white rose and the emblem of the House of Lancaster was a red rose. 32. What was the impact of the Wars of the Roses on feudalism in England? The Wars of the Roses dealt a death blow to feudalism in England. 33. How did Elizabeth I try to avoid troubling Parliament too often for pounds? She tried to avoid troubling Parliament by making strict economies at Court. 34. What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private? These questions were her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance. 35. How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain in friendly relationship with France? She She managed managed managed to to to maintain maintain maintain a a a friendly friendly friendly relationship relationship relationship with with with France France France through through through her her her marriage marriage marriage alliances alliances alliances which which were never materialized. 36. When was Mary Queen of Scots executed? Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587. 37. What did the destruction of the Spanish Armada show? It showe d England‟s superiority as a naval power. 38. What was the long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot? The long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot has been an annual celebration of November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display is arranged. 39. What was Puritanism noted for? It was noted for simple dress, high moral standards and very egalitarian attitudes. 40. What is a constitutional monarchy? A constitutional monarchy is one whose power is limited by Parliament. 41. What did the Whigs stand for in the early 19th century? They stood for a reduction in Crown patronage, sympathy towards Nonconformists, and care for the interests of merchants and bankers. 42. Why did changes in farming methods affect lives of millions in the 18th century? Changes in farming methods affected lives of millions in the 18th century England because village and agriculture were the backbone of England at that time. 43. What did the land owners want to do in the late 18th and early 19th centuries? They w anted to replace the small farms cultivated on the “open -field” system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. 44. Why was King George III nicknamed “Farmer George”? King George III was nicknamed “Farmer George” because he was very enthusiastic about agricultural changes at Winsor. 45. What were the two events which most alarmed the British ruling classes in the closing decades of the 18th century? They were the American War of Independence and the French Revolution. 46. When did the British begin to transport convicts to Australia? The British began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. 47. What was the result of the general strike of 1926? The strike failed. The miners were forced to return to work with longer hours and lower wages even than before. Yet, outside the mining district, the strike seemed to have improved relations between the workers and the middle classes. 48. Why d4id Edward VIII abdicate in 1936 after a reign of 10 months? Edward VIII abdicated because he wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced American. 49. When did Britain finally become a full member of the European Economic Community? Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community in January,1973. 50. Why was Mrs. Thatcher removed from office in 1990? It It was was was because because because of of of her her her opposition opposition opposition to to to European European European Union Union Union and and and her her her imposition imposition imposition of of of an an an extremely extremely extremely unpopular unpopular flat-flat-rate “poll tax” in place of property taxes to pay or local government service. rate “poll tax” in place of property taxes to pay or local government service. 61. Where does the Sovereig n‟s coronation take place? The Sovereign‟s coronation takes place at Westminster Abbey in London. 62. When is the Sovereign‟s birthday officially celebrated? It is officially celebrated in June every year. 63. What does the Duke of Edinburgh do when the Queen pays state visits to foreign governments? He accompanies her. 64. Where does the Queen‟s expenditure arising from public duties come from? The The Queen‟s Queen‟s Queen‟s expenditure expenditure expenditure arising arising arising from from from public public public duties duties duties comes comes comes from from from the the the Civil Civil Civil List List List and and and government government departments. 65. What does the term “parliament” originally mean? The term “parliament” originally means a meeting for a parley or discussion. 66. What is the main function of the House of Lords? The The main main main function function function of of of the the the House House House of of of Lords Lords Lords is is is to to to bring bring bring the the the wide wide wide experience experience experience of of of its its its members members members into into into the the process of law-making. 67. What is the Speaker‟s task in the House of Commons? His task is to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order. 68. How many counties are there in England and Wales? There are 53 counties in England and Wales. 69. What are the three island areas where single-tier authorities were introduced in Scotland? They are the Orkneys, the Shetlands and the Western Isles. 70. How do local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue? They raise revenue through the council tax. 81. Are British people obliged to use the National Health Service? No. They are not obliged to use the service. 82. What are services for elderly people aimed at? Services for elderly people are aimed at helping them live at home whenever possible. 83. What is the aim of the social security system? The aim of the social security is to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need. 84. At what age do men and women generally retire? Men generally retire at the age of 65, and women at the ate of 60. 85. What are the two established churches in Britain? They are the Church of England in England and the Church of Scotland in Scotland. 86. How many provinces does the Church of England have? The Church of England has two provinces: Canterbury and York. 87. When were the first women priests ordained in Britain? They were ordained in March 1994. 88. Who founded the Salvation Army in the East of London in 1865? William Booth, a great follower of John Wesley, founded the Salvation Army. 89. Where do the people in London go to see the Christmas decorations? They go to Oxford Street, Regent Street and Piccadilly to see the Christmas decorations. 90. Why is December 26th called “Boxing Day”? December 26th is called Boxing Day because it was formerly the custom to give “Christmas boxes”, or gifts of money, to servants and tradesmen on this day. 91. How many kinds of state secondary schools are there in Great Britain? Three. They are grammar school, secondary modern school and comprehensive school. 92. When was the Open University founded? When did it begin its first courses? It was founded in 1969, and it began its first courses in 1970. 93. Why is the Open University so named? It is so named because it is “open” to all to become students. 94. How much money is spent on press advertising every year in Great Britain? About ￡5,100 million. 95. How much time do British people spend a day watching television? People spend an average of over three and a half hours a day watching television. 96. How are the state-run television channels BBC1 and BBC2 financed? They are financed from the sale of television licences. 97. How are independent channels ITV and C4 funded? They are funded entirely by advertising. 98. When did the BBC begin to provide regular television broadcasts? The BBC began to provide regular television broadcasts in 1936. 99. Which sport is regarded as typically English? Cricket is the most typically English sport. 100. What is a “copyright” library? It is a library which is entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom. 美国部分1. How does the United States rank among the countries of the world in population and area? The The United United United States States States of of of America America America is is is the the the third-largest third-largest third-largest country country country in in in the the the world world world in in in population population population and and and the the fourth-largest country in area. 2. What are the two major mountain ranges in the United States? They are the Appalachian Highlands and the Rocky Mountains. 3. What is the Continental Divide, or Great Divide? The Continental Divide, or Great Divide, is an imaginary line that separates streams that flow into the Pacific Ocean from those that flow into the Atlantic. 4. What are the five Great Lakes of the United States? They are Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior. 5. How many geographical regions can be found in the United States? What are they? There are seven geographical regions in the United States. They are New England, the Middle Atlantic States, the southern States, the Midwestern States, the Rocky Mountain states, the Southwestern States, and the Pacific Coast States and the New States. 6. What states are in New England? New England is made up of six states of the North-East. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 7. Apart from Now York City, what other large cites are located in the Middle Atlantic region? Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, and Newark. 8. What is the Midwest famous for? The Midwest is famous for its large stretches of fertile soil. 9. What states make up the Pacific Coast Region? The The region region region known known known as as as the the the Pacific Pacific Pacific Coast Coast Coast includes includes includes the the the western western western parts parts parts of of of Washington Washington Washington and and and Oregon Oregon Oregon and and nearly all of California. 10. What role does tourism play in Hawaii‟s economy? Tourism is Hawaii‟s most important industry. 11. What is the population of the United States? How does it rank in the world? The The United United United States States States is is is the the the third third third most most most populous populous populous country country country in in in the the the world world world after after after China China China and and and India, India, India, with with with a a population of 267 million (estimated) in April 1997. 12. What is the reason for the growth of population in Florida? It is because of its warm climate and convenience in doing business with and traveling to Central and South America. 13. Which are the five biggest cities, in terms of population, in the United States? New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Philadelphia. 14. Why are people moving so often in the United States? People often move from one place to another for various reasons: to look for better job opportunity or for better climate or for other goals. 15. What are some of the consequences of the outflow of city residents to the suburbs? The movement brings serious consequences to big cities: rising unemployment rate, the increase of the number of poor people, the worsening of city living conditions and the fall of government revenues. 16. Which are the three largest groups of Hispanics? The Chicanos, the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans. 17. Why do many Puerto Ricans go to the United States? They are drawn to the United States by better job opportunities. 18. What explanation do experts give for the success of Asian-Americans? The The experts experts experts attribute attribute attribute the the the success success success to to to Asian Asian Asian cultural cultural cultural tradition: tradition: tradition: emphasis emphasis emphasis on on on education, education, education, hard hard hard work work work and and family. 19. What was the fate of Japanese-Americans in WWII? The Japanese-Americans were taken to relocation centers in isolated parts of the western mountain and plains states and stayed behind barbed wires. 20. Can you give an example to show the awakening of American Indians? Many Many Indians Indians Indians are are are taking taking taking legal legal legal steps steps steps to to to demand demand demand compensation compensation compensation for for for land land land and and and resources resources resources grabbed grabbed grabbed from from them illegally. 21. What is one of the explanations of how the early Indians came to the Americans? One of the explanations is the Indians crossed from Asia on the landbridge that connected Siberia and Alaska. 22. How did the Plymouth settlers manage to survive? The neighboring Indians came to teach them how to grow corn and they succeeded in having a good harvest. 23. In what way were the Puritans different from the Pilgrims? The The Pilgrims Pilgrims Pilgrims were were were mostly mostly mostly poor, poor, poor, labouring labouring labouring people people people while while while the the the Puritans Puritans Puritans were were were wealthy, wealthy, wealthy, well-educated well-educated gentlemen. 24. Did the War of Independence start with the adoption of the Declaration of Independence? No. It started when clashes took place at Concord and Lexington. 25. What was the chief weakness of the Articles of Confederation? The chief weakness was the document failed to set up a government that could function. 26. What was the significance of the adoption of the Bill of Rights? The The adoption adoption adoption of of of the the the Bill Bill Bill of of of Rights Rights Rights in in in addition addition addition to to to the the the Constitution Constitution Constitution completed completed completed the the the foundation foundation foundation of of of the the American constitutional system. 27. Why did American territorial expansion threaten British interest? Because some Americans wanted to take advantage of the war in Europe to expand into Canada. This ran counter to British interest. 28. What was the Compromise of 1850? The Compromise of 1850 was an arrangement which kept a balance between free and slave states in the Senate. 29. Why did the Civil War break out? The The Civil Civil Civil War War War broke broke broke out out out because because because the the the southern southern southern states states states left left left the the the Union Union Union and and and formed formed formed a a a new new new nation nation nation but but president Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union. 30. How did the government help in the development of American economy? The government carried out the policy of trade protectionism. 31. 31. What What What were were were the the the three three three features features features in in in the the the growth growth growth of of of American American American economy economy economy at at at the the the beginning beginning beginning of of of the the the 20th 20th century? Large corporation, urbanization and new technology were the three features. 32. What was the basic demand of the Progressive Movement? The basic demand was government regulation of economic and social conditions. 33. Why did the United States pursue a policy of pro-Ally partiality in the early part of WWI? Because of ethnic ties, cultural tradition, social background, economic interests and successful British propaganda, the U.S. government pursued such a policy. 34. What were the immediate causes that led the United States into the war? The The immediate immediate immediate causes causes causes were were were Germany‟s Germany‟s unlimited unlimited submarine submarine submarine warfare warfare warfare and and and Germany‟s Germany‟s attempt attempt to to to get get Mexico into the war against the United States. 35. What government policies in the 1920s helped big business? The The policies policies policies of of of tariff tariff tariff protection, protection, protection, favorable favorable favorable tax tax tax rates rates rates and and and little little little government government government restrictions restrictions restrictions contributed contributed contributed to to high profits of big businesses. 36. How did many Americans view their country after WWI? They believed that American political, economic and social institutions were the best in the world. 37. What was the experience of WWI veterans demanding payment of bonuses in Washington D.C. in 1932? They were driven out of the capital by military force directed by General McArthur. 38. 38. What What What were were were some some some of of of the the the personal personal personal characteristics characteristics characteristics of of of F.D.R. F.D.R. F.D.R. that that that helped helped helped him him him in in in doing doing doing his his work work as as president? He He had had had a a a sure sure sure sense sense sense of of of what what what was was was practical practical practical or or or possible, possible, possible, a a a strong strong strong sense sense sense of of of timing timing timing and and and was was was a a a great great communicator. 39. What were the two guiding principles underlying American diplomatic activities in WWII? The The first first first was was was to to to win win win the the the war; war; war; the the the second second second was was was to to to bring bring bring the the the Soviet Union Soviet Union into into a postwar a postwar world world order order under American leadership. 40. What was the basic reason for the postponement of the opening of the Second Front? It was a reflection of the desire of not letting the Soviet Union expand into eastern and central Europe too quickly. 41. What was the postwar strategy of the United States? The strategy was American leadership of the world and open market for American goods and capital. 42. What was the theory put forward by the Soviet Union in around 1946? There could be no long-term peaceful co-existence between socialism and capitalism. 43. What was the immediate cause of the Berlin crisis in 1948? The Soviet Union cut off Western routes to West Berlin. 44. What decision did President Truman make to deal with the Berlin crisis? He decided to mobilize all possible American cargo planes to airlift supplies into West Berlin. 45. 45. What What What effect effect effect did did did the the the Berlin Berlin Berlin blockade blockade blockade have have have on on on the the the people people people in in in West West West Berlin Berlin Berlin and and and western western western occupied occupied zones? it pushed the people in West Berlin and western occupied zones further to the side of the United States because they were grateful for American airlifts. 46. What measure did the United States take in the Cuban Missile Crisis? The The United United United States States States introduced introduced introduced a a a naval naval naval blockade blockade blockade around around around Cuba Cuba Cuba and and and demanded demanded demanded the the the dismantlement dismantlement dismantlement and and withdrawal of the missiles from Cuba. 47. Did the allies of the United States give their full support to the U.S. in the Vietnam War? No , some criticized the United States for escalation of the war, some refused to support American war efforts. 48. What is the significance of the Shanghai Communique? The key thing is American commitment to a one China policy. 49. What is the importance of the Civil Rights Act of 1964? The Act outlawed racial discrimination in housing and employment. 50. What is the Port Huron Statement about? The Port Huron Statement was the platform of the Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) which condemned racism, poverty amidst plenty, big corporations and the Cold War. 51. 51. How How How does does does the the the United United United States States States rank rank rank among among among the the the countries countries countries of of of the the the world world world in in in the the the total total total value value value of of of its its economic production? The United States ranks first among the countries of the world in the value of its economic production. 52. What kind of system is the United States economy based on? The United States economy is based on a free enterprise system. 53. What are the factors that have helped build the United States into the economic giant it is today? The United States has one of the world‟s most varied populations, and the vast space and resources of the land, the ideals of freedom and economic opportunity, and hard work by the people have helped build the United States into the economic giant it is today. 54. What are the major natural resources in the United States? Fertile soil, forests, water, and minerals are the major natural resources in the United States. 55. What are some of the leading farm products in the United States? They are corn, wheat, beef cattle, milk, soybeans, cotton, chickens and eggs, and hogs. 56. What has helped make U.S farms the most efficient in the world? The The use use use of of of modern modern modern farm farm farm machinery machinery machinery and and agricultural agricultural methods methods methods has has has helped helped helped make U.S. make U.S. farms farms the the the most most efficient in the world. 57. What areas have long been major U.S centers of manufacturing? The Midwest and Northeast. 58. How does California rank among the states in the value of its manufactured goods? California ranks first among the states in the value of its manufactured goods. 59. What are the problems the U.S economy has faced form time to time? 。

一、选择题（答案在下面）I. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.1.The two main islands of the British Isles are .A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2. is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3.According to a 2005 estimate, Britain now has a population of overmillion.A. 160B. 600C. 60D. 164.Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. NorthernIreland5.Almost a quarter of the British population lives in England.A. northeasternB. southeasternC. northwesternD. southwestern6.English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman7.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element ofwords to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek8.The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish9.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard formof .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD.pronunciation10.At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifth11.The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic12.By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity13.Westminster Abbey was built at the time of .A. St. AugustineB. Edward the ConfessorC. William the ConquerorD. Alfred the Great14.The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law15.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster16.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effortto .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power overthe church17.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians18. was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta19.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of thecentury.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th20.Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by thebeginning of the century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th21.The British government is characterized by a division of powers between threeof the following branches with the exception of the .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive22.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on .A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude23.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House ofCommons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect24.British Cabinet works on the principle of .A. collective responsibilityB. individual responsibilityC. defending the collectivismD. defending the individuals25.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD.supervise the Cabinet26.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six27. has a distinct legal system based on Roman law.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland28.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD.multi-party29.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatismand .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism30.The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it .A. set up the National Health ServiceB. improved publictransportationC. abolished the old tax systemD. enhanced the economic development31.The British economy achieved global dominance by the .A. 1860sB. 1870sC. 1880sD.1890s32.In , the British Parliament passed two important acts to establish awelfare state.A. 1945B. 1946C. 1947D. 194833.The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem34.Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatcher’s socialwelfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions35.The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspectsexcept .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality36.Britain has devoted of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%37.Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland38.Coal mining industry in Britain provides of the energy consumed in thecountry.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/339.The car industry in Britain in mostly .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD. privately-owned40.Of the following sectors in Britain, has experienced spectacular growthsince the end of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industry41.In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools wereended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s42.About of British children receive primary and secondary educationthrough the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%43.Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receivetheir remaining funds from all the following sources except .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions44.Of the following, is NOT a basis of admission to Britain’suniversities.A. result in national entrance testB. A-level resultC. an interviewD. school references45.To be admitted to the Open University, one need .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications46.Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the“Big Three” with the exception of .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph47.Life on Earth is a kind of program produced by the BBC and is popularamong 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera48. is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB49.Of the following, is NOT a common feature of all the British holidays.A. families getting togetherB. friends exchanging good wishesC. friends enjoying each other’s companyD. families traveling overseas50.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomime51.The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is .A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. pamphlet52. is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.”A. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”B. Don JuanC.“Preface to Lyrical Ballads”D. Prometheus Unbound53.Of Dickens’ novels, is considered autobiographical.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations54. is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19thcentury.A. Robert Louis StevensonB. John MiltonC. Joseph ConradD. Thomas Hardy55.Of the following statements, is NOT correct in terms ofNeo-Romanticism.A. It prevailed at the end of the 19th century.B. The writers were dissatisfied with the social reality.C. The writers believed in “Art for Art’s Sake”.D. Treasure Island was a representative work.56. is NOT included in the modernist group.A. Oscar WildB. Virginia WoolfC. William Butler YeatsD. T. S. Eliot57.Of the following books, was NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A. Jude the ObscureB. Tess of the D’UrbervillesC. Adam BedeD. The Return of the Native58.Of the following statements, is NOT correct about Virginia Woolf.A. She was a central figure of the “Bloomsbury Group”.B. She experimented with stream of consciousness.C. She was an influential feminist.D. Her masterpiece was The Rainbow.59.Of the following writers, is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A. Samuel BeckettB. James JoyceC. William GoldingD. V. S. Naipaul60.Waiting for Godot is written by .A. Samuel BeckettB. George OrwellC. William GoldingD. D. H. Lawrence61.The United States has states on the continent.A. 50B. 49C. 48D. 3562.The state of is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida63.The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico tothe south, the Atlantic to its and the Pacific to its .A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west64.The largest river in the U. S. is .A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River65.Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT arelocated .A. in the SouthB. along the Pacific CoastC. in New EnglandD. in the Midwest66. is located on the U. S. –Canadian border between Lake Erie and LakeOntario.A. Yellowstone National ParkB. The Grand CanyonC. Niagara FallsD. The Great Salt Lake67.The native Alaskan population includes the following except the .A. IndiansB. EskimosC. AleutsD. Blacks68.The largest minority in the United States is the .A. Pacific IslandersB. BlacksC. Native AmericansD. Asians69.The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the UnitedStates, particularly from .A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America70.The characteristic of dominant American culture is .A. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-class71.The first successful English colony in North America was founded atin .A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia72.Pilgrim Fathers are a group of who came to America to avoid persecutionin England.A. ProtestantsB. PuritansC. CatholicsD.Christians73.The Seven Years’ War occurred between the .A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians74.“No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of .A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies75.The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in .A. ConcordB. LexingtonC. PhiladelphiaD. Boston76.In May 1775, was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functionsof a national government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation77.Abraham Lincoln issued to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights78.The policy of the United States was at the beginning of the two worldwars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement79.President applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the GreatDepression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy80.The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continuedthroughout the terms of Presidents .A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson81.The U. S. Constitution came into effect in .A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 179382.The Constitution of the United States .A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court83.The Bill of Rights .A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution84.The following except are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.A. freedom of religionB. the right to get into people’s house by policeC. freedom of speech and of pressD. the right to own one’s weapon if one wishes85.All the following except cannot make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President86.The following except are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders87.According to the Constitution, a candidate for President must be .A. at least 35 years oldB. at least a 14 years’ resident of the United StatesC. born in AmericaD. all of the above88.The terms for a Senator and Representative are and yearsrespectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two89.The Supreme Court is composed of justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine90.The President is directly voted into office by .A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representatives91.America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fieldsexcept .A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals92.The modern American economy progressed from to , and eventually,to .A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy93.Chartered companies were NOT granted the by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority94.The first National Bank of the United States was established with the urgeof .A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Andrew JacksonD. Alexander Hamilton95.The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution”except .A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator96.President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing variousprograms like the following except .A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension97.About of American crops are for export.A. halfB. one thirdC. one fourthD. one fifth98.The following statements are all true except .A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural imports and exports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.99. is not one of the three giants in American automobile industry.A. FordB. General MotorsC. ChryslerD. American Motors100.At present, U. S. exports account for of the world’s total.A. 10%B. 15%C. 20%D. 25%101.Formal education in the United States consists of , secondary and higher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private102.Of the following subjects, are NOT offered to elementary school students.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education 103.Higher education in the United States began with the founding of . A. Yale University B. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University104.Of the following, are NOT among the categories of American higher education.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges105.Of the following, is NOT the responsibility of the board of trustees in U. S. institutions.A. choosing the presidentB. establishing policies for administrators and facultyC. approving budget and other financial projectD. decide which student to enroll106.To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do the following except .A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits107.Of the following universities, has NOT cultivated any American President yet.A. Harvard UniversityB. Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC. Princeton UniversityD. Yale University108. is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has a reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News109.Of the following, is NOT among the three major radio and TV networks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American Broadcasting System (ABS)110.The National Day of the United States falls on .A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14th 111.Of the following writers, are from the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods.A. Benjamin Franklin & Edgar Ellen PoeB. Edgar Ellen Poe & Jonathan EdwardsC. Benjamin Franklin & Jonathan EdwardsD. Edgar Ellen Poe & Washington Irving 112. is regarded as “the father of American literature”.A. James Fennimore CooperB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Thomas JeffersonD. Washington Irving113.Of the following, is NOT Nathaniel Hawthorne’s work.A. The Scarlet LetterB. The House of the Seven GablesC. The Marble FaunD. Nature114.Of the following, is considered Herman Melville’s masterpiece.A. The Last of the MohicansB. The Legend of Sleepy HollowC. Moby DickD. Daisy Miller115.Of the following, is NOT characteristic of Mark Twain’s works.A. colloquial speechB. a sense of humorC. a realistic viewD. an idealistic view116.Of the following writers, is NOT included in the group of naturalists.A. Stephen CraneB. Frank NorrisC. Theodore DreiserD. Herman Melville117.F. Scott Fitzgerald’s finest novel is , and its theme is about .A. The Great Gatsby, the American DreamB. Tender is the Night, loveC. Tales of the Jazz Age, the loss of oneselfD. The Beautiful and the Damned, the evil of human nature118.Of the following books, is NOT written by Ernest Hemingway.A. The Sun Also RisesB. The Sound and the FuryC. A Farewell to ArmsD. For Whom the Bell Tolls119.Of the following writers, is Not a Nobel Prize winner.A. Alice WalkerB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. Eugene O’Neil 120. is the first African-American winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature.A.Ralph EllisonB. Tony MorrisonC. Richard WrightD. James Baldwin选择题参考答案：第一章 A B C D B C D A C B第二章 D D B C C A B A C D三 C D B A B C C B D A四 C B A C D C D B A C五 D B B A B C C D D A六 B C B D C A C D B A八 C A B B C C D B A D九 C B C D B B C A C D十 B C B B C C D D D C十一 C C D D D D B B D A十二 C B B B D C B B B B十三 C D D C D D A B A B二、判断题及答案Chapter 11.The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales. (T)2.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country.(F)3.Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language.(F)4.In terms of population and area,Northern Ireland is the second largest part ofthe United Kingdom.(F)5.The longest river of Britain originates in Wales.(T)6.Because of political troubles,Northern Ireland has been quite significant among the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom.(T)7.Though the climate in Britain is generally mild,the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below --10C in January.(F)8.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo--Saxons.(T)9.The Celtic people are the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(T)10.English changed into what is described as Modern English from the late 16th century.(F)Chapter 21.The British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T)2.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.(T)3.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe--- the Britons.(T)4.The Anglo--Saxons came to Britain in the mid--5th century.(T)5.The chief or king of the Anglo--Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.(F)6.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)7.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T)8.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F)9.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans foe trade and territory.(F)10.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(T)Chapter 31.Conventions are regarded less important than common law in the working of the British government.(F)2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F)3.In reality,the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F)4.British Parliament is the law--making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F)5.Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are all members in the British Upper House.(T)6.The members in the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F)7.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T)8.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F)9.British law consists of two parts,the civil law and the criminal law.(T)10.The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(F)Chapter 41.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T)2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period.(T)3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain.(F)4.Thatcher's revolution turned out to be a great success in dealing with all the British econimic and social problems.(F)5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair is different from that of the Labor party and the Conservative Party.(T)6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics and economic policy.(T)7.Britain is the world's leading exporter of poultry and dairy products.(F)8.The fishing industry provides more than 50%of Britain's demand for fish.(T)9.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.(F)10.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.(T)Chapter 51.The British government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.(F)cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.(F)3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system.(F)4.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national GCSE examination.(T)5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools.(T)6.In the 1960s, a large number of new universities were founded in Britain.(T)7.Most British people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watching television in the evening.(T)8.The Times is the world's oldest national newspaper(F)9.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.(F)10.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the Christian calendar, and others are related to local customs and traditions.(T)Chapter 61.The Canterbury Tales is a representative work of the Old English Period.(F)2.Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classics.(T)3.Hamlet depicts the hero's struggle with two opposing forces: moral integrity and the need to avenge his father's murder.(T)4.Alexander Pope was a great English poet who also translated Homer's Iliad.(T)5.Jonathan Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and Robinson Crusoe is his masterpiece.(F)6.William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge brought the Romantic Movement to its height.(F)7.Lord Byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of his short poems, such as "Ode to the West Wind".(F)8.Jane Austen was a well--known novelist of the stream of consciousness school.(F)9.Joseph Conrad is classified as a forerunner of Modernism, which prevailed before World War II.(T)10.V.S.Naipaul detailed in his works the dual problems of the Third World: the oppression of colonialism and the chaos of postcolonialism.(T)Chapter 71.The Republic of Ireland occupies the entire area of the island of Ireland.(F)2.The earliest inhabitants in Ireland were Celtic tribes from Europe.(F)3.In the 1800s, Ireland gained in prosperity because it became a part of Britain.(F)4.In the 1930s, Ireland was not indeed a republic,but belonged to the Commonwealth of Nations.(T)5.To support the government's neutrality in World War II, there was no Irishman participating in the war.(F)6.With the help of Britain, Ireland entered the EEC in 1973 without difficulties.(F)7.In 1949, Britain recognized the independence of the Irish Republic and returned the six northern countries.(F)8.In Ireland, both the House of Representatives and the Senate have the power of making laws.(F)9.English is the only official language in Ireland, because the majority of people speak it as their tongue.(F)10.Catholicism in Ireland is more than a mere matter of private faith.(T)Chapter 81.The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians hold one third of the country's continental territory.(F)2.The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate,with some mild subtropical and tropical zones.(T)3.Almost through the middle of the United States, north to south,runs a well--known 50-centimeter rainfall line.(T)4.New York is the commercial and financial center of the United States , and it is composed of five boroughs including Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island, and Queens.(T)5.San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world famous Hollywood and Disneyland are located here.(F)6.Half of the U.S. Population lives in the western metropolitan centers.(F)7.The Blacks brought from Africa to America usually worked on plantations or farms in the North.(F)8.During the 1830s and 1840s, many northern Europeans and Irish immigrants came to。

The UKUnit 11.The official name：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Since 1927)national flag：The Union Flag OR popularly known as the Union Jacknational anthem（国歌）：GOD SAVE THE QUEENnational capital of the country ：London：Greater London大伦敦都市区: the City of London + 32 boroughs[ˈbʌrə]（自治的市镇）The City of London伦敦城: at the center of the metropolitan-the financial center of thecountryInner London: the City of London + its 12 boroughsOuter London: 20 boroughs [ˈbʌrə]（自治的市镇）surrounding Inner London2. The location and size of the country （了解）3. The terrain [təˈreɪn]（地形）, rivers and mountains of the countryRoughly two kinds of terrain---highland and lowland.The highland area --- in the northern part of the country, comprising the mountainousregions of Scotland, Northern Ireland, northern England and north Wales.The lowland area --- especially in the Midland, southern and eastern England.The longest river in the UK is River Severn（塞文河）.Among the most important rivers is the Thames（泰晤士河）, which is second longest but is the deepest river in the county.Ben Nevis（本·尼维斯）is the highest peak of the UK.（大不列颠境内的最高山峰，海拔1，343.8米，位于苏格兰西部的格兰扁山脉)Lough Neagh (396km2)(內伊湖): the largest lake in the whole country4. The natural resources of the countryCoal 煤●Britain has a rich deposit of coal with major coal mines in central and southwest of England.●For the last decades, there has been a steady decline in both coal production and number of coal mines.Petroleum [pəˈtrəuliəm] 石油●1965 saw discovery of big oil and oil fields under the North Sea, east of Britain.5. The climate of the countryTemperate maritime climate（温带海洋性气候）What are the characteristics of the climate in Great Britain?FoggyRainyUncertain and changeable6. Major citiesLondon ;Edinburgh [ˈednˌbɜ:rə] 爱丁堡;Cardiff [ˈkɑ:dɪf] 加地夫（威尔士的主要海港）;Belfast [ˈbelˌfæst] 贝尔法斯特（北爱尔兰首府）;Birmingham ['bɜ:mɪŋˌhæm] 伯明翰市（英国中部城市，第二大城市）Manchester: the Guardian（卫报）Glasgow：[ˈɡlɑ:sɡəu] 格拉斯哥（苏格兰最大城市，第三大城市）7. Population Density and Population Distribution⏹Population density: 248 persons per square kilometer.The Population of the UK is the 3rd largest in Europe.⏹Population distribution: high urbanization (7 conurbations)7 conurbations：Greater London大伦敦区, W. Midlands西密德兰都市郡, South Yorkshire 南约克都市郡, W. Yorkshire西约克郡都市郡, Greater Manchester大曼切斯特都市郡, Merseyside默西赛德都市郡(England), Tyne& Wear泰恩及威尔都市郡(Scotland) （了解）8. Nations and the Languages Spoken1) Nations: English, Scottish, Welsh and IrishEnglish (80%): descendants [dɪ'sendənts] 后裔of Anglo-SaxonsWelsh, Irish & Scottish:：descendants of Celts2）Languages：A) English (official language):B) Gaelic [ˈgælɪk] 盖尔语: Scotland & Northern IrelandC) Welsh [welʃ] 威尔士语: Wales [weɪlz]3) T he history and development of the English language(p.7)⏹Old English (450AD-1100 AD) influenced by Old Norse (古斯堪的纳维亚语) spoken by Vikings (北欧海盗) and was closely related to the German and Dutch (荷兰) languages. The introduction of Christianity added the first wave of Latin and Greek words to the language and ended with the Norman Conquest.⏹Middle English (1100AD-1500AD) French replaced English as the official language in England. Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary and ended with the Black Death (黑死病).⏹Modern English (1500AD- present) Assimilating(吸收) words from Latin and Greek words throughout the Renaissance (文艺复兴) such as William Shakespeare and the King James Bible.⏹Standard English= the Queen’s Englis h= BBC English⏹Explanation of Standard EnglishStandard English is based on the speech of the upper class of the southeastern England.It is preferred by the educated andit is widely used in media and taught at schools. Is has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct British English. It is also the norm（标准）carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.9. Religion⏹ 1. Britain is a multi-faith society in which everyone has the right to religious freedom.⏹ 2. Christianity is the dominant religion of the country. Most of citizens are eitherProtestant ['prɒtɪstənt]新教徒or Catholic.⏹ 3. English nation: The church of England（英格兰圣公会）is the established church of theEnglish nation.⏹ 4. The major non-Christian communities in Britain are the Jews, the Moslems and theBuddhists.10. Character and manners of British people⏹Conservatism⏹Talking about the Weather⏹Punctuality11. Traditions and custom●Trooping the Color英国皇家军队阅兵仪式around the Bucking Place in London（P.62）to celebrate the Queen’s Birthday Parade. (The Changing Guard ceremony)●Religious FestivalsChristmas ( Three Christmas Traditions )①Christmas pantomime [ˈpæntəmaɪm] (童话剧)②Queen's Christmas message③Boxing Day（节礼日）Easter纪念耶稣复活Halloween12. MediaNewspaperTraditionally British newspapers have been divided into "quality", serious-minded newspapers (usually referred to as "broadsheets宽幅印刷品" because of their large size) and the more populist ['pɒpjəlɪst] 平民化, "tabloid" varieties.Quality Press: The Times（泰晤士报）, The Guardian（卫报）, The Daily Telegraph（每日电讯报）Tabloid [ˈtæblɔɪd] 通俗小报: The Sun on SundayTelevision and BroadcastBBC（the British Broadcasting Corporation）, ITV(Independent Television) 英国独立电视台, BSkyB（the British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC）英国天空广播集团TV programs done well by the BBC (P.60)Unit 4. British Economy1. The Relative Decline of British Economy (Why?)⏹1) The country suffered a great loss in the two World Wars.⏹2) The era[ˈɪərə]时代of the British Empire was over.⏹3) Britain was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence.⏹4) Britain failed to invest in industry after WWII.₤However, the decline is not an absolute one. The UK is not poorer than before. In fact, it iswealthier and more productive than before. The only thing is that other countries develop faster than the UK. So, the UK has experienced a relative decline.2. Recent History of British Economy⏹1970 - high Inflation rate, strikes⏹1979 - Reformation Program（改革方案）by Thatcher government→去国有化privatization [ˌpraɪvətaɪ'zeɪʃn]⏹What was the content of the program?Thatcherism [ˈθætʃə(r)zəm] 撒切尔主义：Throughout the 1980s an extensive program of privatization was carried out.---Denationalization [ˌdi:ˌnæʃnəlaɪ'zeɪʃn] 非国有化①Government expenditure [ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)] 花费was reduced；②Taxation reformed；③Foreign exchange controls lifted外汇管制解除④Rules governing banks loosened；⑤Worker strikes restricted.⏹What was the long-term results?①Inflation(通货膨胀) has been controlled②Unemployment rate falling③Encouraged by low interest rates, investment has increased. It is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment. It is also itself a major source of international investment --- it is the second biggest international investor in the world.⏹Policies of Blair Government & Results （P.45）Policies: ①Blair made the Bank of England independent.②In social policy, the Blair government changed the old Labor Party’s practice of usingtax system, public expenditure[ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)] 花费and price controls to reduce inequality and put an emphasis on the minimum wage and supplementing low incomes. It also emphasized individual responsibility.Results:①limit government spending②keep inflation under control③reduce unemploymentBy the end of the 20th century, British economic growth surpassed that of other major European countries.3. The Current British Economy⏹1) Primary Industries⏹AgricultureA. Features: small population, high mechanization[ˌmekənaɪ'zeɪʃn]机械化and highefficiency; but can not satisfy its domestic needsB. Chief agricultural products：wheat（小麦）,barley [ˈbɑ:li]大麦,sugar beet(甜菜) and potatoes⏹Energy production (5% of national wealth).Main energy resources: coal (Rio Tinto Group力拓集团),oil (Shell 壳牌, British Petroleum and British Gas)⏹ 2) Secondary Industries:P .47⏹ 3) Tertiary Industries: 65% of national wealth1. (P .50)Foreign Trade ---- Lifeline. Britain is both an importer and exporter in the world.2. FinanceThe position of London in the world economyCentral Bank----Bank of EnglandThe Big Four: Lloyds 劳埃德, Barclays 巴克莱银行, Midland 米德兰，the National Westminster Bank Group 国民西敏寺银行3. Currency ：Pound Sterling [paund ˈst ə:li ŋ] 英镑Unit 3 Political System1. Political System : Constitutional Monarchy [ ˌk ɔnst ɪˈtu:ʃən əl ˈm ɔn əki ] 君主立宪制What does it mean by Constitutional Monarchy?⏹ The King or Queen reigns [re ɪn]君主统治and is the head of the country, but dose notrule the country. The country is governed, in the name the Sovereign [ ˈs ɒvr ɪn ] 君主, but by His or Her Majesty ’s [ ˈmæd ʒəsti ]陛下government---- a body of ministers who are responsible to Parliament [ ˈp ɑ:ləm ənt ]议会.2. Parliament议会（最高立法机关）、立法 政府、行政部门 司法机关 [ d ʒuˈd ɪʃəri ]上议院 下议院 君主Parliament:⏹The UK is a unitary [ ˈju:nətri ]中央集权country.⏹The British Parliament is often referred to assupreme legislative authority（最高立法机关）of the UK.⏹The Main functions are making laws and supervising（监督）government and finance.⏹The life of Parliament is fixed at five years.Sovereign: Theoretically[ ˌθɪə'retɪklɪ ]理论上, the Queen has all the power. In reality, she does everything on the advice of the Prime Minister.The significance of the Queen? P.32It represents the continuity and adaptability of the whole political system and is a symbol of British unity, an indissoluble [ ˌɪndɪˈsɒljəbl ] (牢不可破的) bond among people who retain many regional and cultural difference.( 它代表了整个政治体系的连续性和适应性，是英国团结的象征，人们保留了许多地区和文化差异的不解之缘。

英语国家概况复习笔记 Final approval draft on November 22, 2020英语国家概况复习笔记Chapter1LandandPeople英国的国土与人民DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographicalnames:theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰.2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.3.TheBritishIslesare madeupof twolargeislands—GreatBritain(thelargerone)and Ireland,and hundredsofsmallones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛［大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛］及成千上万个小岛组成.4.Three politicaldivisions ontheislandofGreatBritain:England,Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政区:英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士.①EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区.②ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Ithasthreenat uralzones(theHighlandsinthenorth;theCentrallowlands;t hesouthUplands)Capital:Edinburgh.苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区：北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府：爱丁堡.③WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部.首府：加的夫④NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府：贝尔法斯特5.The Commonwealth(ofnations)isafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membe rnationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingagreements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers. ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.Itwasfoundedin1931,andhas50membercountrie suntil1991.英联邦是一个自由联合体,由曾是英国殖民地而现在已经独立的国家构成.成员国之间实行经济合作,有一定的贸易协议.英联邦没有特别的权利,是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定.它成立于1931年,到1991年止已有50个成员国.Chapter2TheOriginsofaNation(5000BC-1066)英国的起源1.ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts Atabout700BC theCeltsbegantoarriveinBritainandkeptcomingun tilthearrivaloftheRomans.TheymaycomeoriginallyfromeasternandcentralEurope,now France,Belgium and southernG ermany.约公元前700年,凯尔特人来到不列颠岛并一直陆续到来直到罗马人的入侵.他们可能源自东欧和中欧,即现在的法国,比利时和德国南部.Theycameinthreemainwaves:the Gaels~about600BC;the Brythons~about400BC;the Belgae~about150BC.凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮:第一次是约公元前600年的盖尔人;第二次是约公元前400年的布立吞人;第三次是约公元前150年的贝尔盖人.TheCeltictribesaretheancestorsofthe HighlandScots,the Irish andthe Welsh,andtheirlanguagesarethebasisofb oth Welsh and Gaelic.凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人,爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先,他们的语言是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础.TheCelts’religionwas Druidism.凯尔特人的宗教为德鲁伊德教.The Belgae werethemost industrious and vigorous oftheCeltictribes.贝尔盖人是最勤奋,最精力充沛的.TheCeltswere practisedfarmers.凯尔特人是有经验的农民.2.BasisofmodernEnglishrace:theAnglo-Saxons现代英国人的基础:盎格鲁—萨克逊(446-871)Inthemid-5th century Jutes,Saxons,and Angles cametoBritain.Theywerethree Teutonic tribes.TheJutes,whofishedandfarmedinJ utland(now southernDenmark),cametoBritainfirst.ThentheSaxonscame.Theycamefrom northernGermany,established theirkingdomsin Essex,Sussex and Wessex.Inthesecondhalfofthe6th century,the Angles whoalsocamefromnorthernGerm anyandwereto givetheirnametotheEnglishpeople,settledin EastAnglia,Mercia and Northumbria.五世纪中叶,朱特人,撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到不列颠岛.这是三支日耳曼部落.居住在朱特兰岛(现丹麦南部)从事打渔农耕的朱特人先到达不列颠;接着是撒克逊人,他们来自德国北部,在埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国;六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部把自己名字给了英国人的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚,麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居.Heptarchy:DuringtheAnglo-Saxon’stime,Britainwasdividedintomanykin gdoms,amongwhichthereweresevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Su ssex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.TheyweregiventhenameforHeptarchy.在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,英国被划分为许多王国,其中有七个主要王国:肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚和诺森伯利来.他们被合称为七王国.TheAnglo-Saxontribeswere constantlyatwarwithoneanother,eachtryingtogettheupperhand,sothatthekingdomswereoftenbrok enupandoftenpiecedtogetheragain.盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间不断交战,彼此都想占上风,因此王国总是分了合,合了又分TheAnglo-Saxons broughttheirownTeutonicreligiontoBritain.盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国.AlthoughtheAnglo-Saxonswere ferocious people,theylaidthe foundations oftheEnglishstate.Firstly,theydividedthecountryinto shir es;Secondly,theydevisedthe narrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystem whichcontinuedtothe18thcentury;Thirdly,theyalsoestablishedthe manorial system.Finally,t heycreatedthe Witan(council/meetingofwisemen)toadvisetheking,thebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststo day.虽然盎格鲁-撒克逊人是凶猛的民族,但他们为英国国家的形成打下了基础.首先他们把国家划分为郡;其次他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪;他们还建立了采邑制;最后他们还创立了议会(贤人会议),向国王提供建议,这是现存的枢密院的基础.3.TheVikingandDanishinvasions The NorwegianVikings andthe Danes attackedvariouspartsofEnglandfr omtheendofthe8th century.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland—the Danelaw.从8世纪末起,挪威海盗和丹麦人就不断袭击英格兰各地方.丹麦人控制英格兰北部和东部丹麦法区.AfterAlfred’sdeath,hissuccessorsreconqueredtheDanelaw.KingEthelredtheUnreadytriedpayingtheinvaderst ostayaway.ButtheDanesdidn’t goawaybutinvadeagain.亚尔弗雷德死后,他的继任者们重新征服了丹麦地区."未准备好者"埃塞尔雷德国王进贡给丹麦人以免被侵略,但丹麦人又再度进犯.AfterEthelred’sdeath,Canute,theDanishleaderwasmadeEnglishkingin1016.Heprovedtobeawiseruler.Afterhis deathin1035,hissons Harold and Hardicanute reignedsuccessively.AfterHardicanute’sdeaththesuccessionpassedt othesuccessor EdwardtheConfessor.埃塞尔雷德死后,丹麦首领喀奴特在1016年成为了英国国王.他是位英明的通知者.1035年他死后,他的儿子哈罗德和哈迪喀奴特先后统治王国.哈迪喀奴特死后,王位传给了"忏悔者"爱德华.4.KingAlfredandhiscontributions亚尔弗雷德国王和他所做出的贡献(849-899)①Alfredwasthe kingofWessex anddefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththemin879亚尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王.他打败了丹麦人,并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议;②Hefoundedastrong fleet andisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”他因为建立了强大舰队,而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世;③He reorganized the Saxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient他改组了撒克逊军队,使之更为高效;④Heissaidtohavetaughthims elf Latin and translated aLatinbookintoEnglish据说他自学了拉丁语并将一本拉丁语书译成英语⑤Heencouragedlearninginothers,establishedschools andformulateda legalsystem.Allthisearnshimthetitle“Alf redtheGreat”他鼓励向他人求知并修建学校,并且制订法律制度.5.TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences诺曼征服及其影响(1066)ItwassaidthatkingEdwardhadpromisedtheEnglishthronetoWilliam,buttheWitanchoseHaroldasking.So Willia m ledhisarmytoinvadeEngland.InOctober1066,William defeatedHarold inthe battleofHastings.OnChristmasDayWilli amwascrownedkingofEnglandin WestminsterAbbey.据说爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉,但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王.公元1066年10月,在哈斯丁斯战役中威廉打败了哈罗德军队.圣诞节这天在威斯敏斯特大教堂,威廉被加冕为英格兰国王.TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers. HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.TheNormanConquestendedtheEnglishhistoryofbeinginv aded,the feudalsystem wascompletelyestablishedinEngland.RelationswiththeContinentwereopened,andcivilizati onandcommercewereextended.Norman-Frenchculture,language,mannersandarchitecturewereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwith Rome,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts.公元1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最着名事件.征服者威廉没收了几乎所有土地,将其分发给他的诺曼追随者.他用强大的诺曼政府取代软弱的撒克逊人统治.诺曼征服结束了被侵略的英国历史,英格兰完全确立了封建制度:扩展了与欧洲大陆的关系;文明和商业都得到发展;引进了诺曼—法国文化、语言、举止和建筑.教会与罗马的联系更为密切,教会法庭从世俗法庭中单独分离出来.Chapter3TheShapingoftheNation英国的形成（公元1066-1381）1.England'sfeudalismundertheruleofWilliamtheConqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished在威廉统治下,英国的封建制度得到完全确立;②Inthissystem,theKingownedallthelandpersonally根据此制度,国王拥有全国所有土地;③WilliamgavehisbaronslargeestatesinEnglandinreturnforapromiseofmilitaryserviceandaproportionoftheland’s produce威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族,条件是贵族保证服役和交租;④Theseestateswerescatteredfarandwideoverthecountry,sothatthosewhoheldthemcouldnoteasilycombinetorebelthe king贵族的这些地产分散于各处,这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王;⑤Thebaronsparceledouthislandtothelessernobles,knightsandfreemen,alsoinreturnforgoodsandservices贵族又把土地分配给小贵族,骑士和自由民,同样要他们交租和服役;⑥Atthe bottom ofthefeudalscalewerethe villeins or serfs 在封建等级底层的是农奴;⑦OnepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEnglandwasthatalllandownersmusttaketheoathofallegiance,notonlytoth eirimmediatelord,butalsototheking英国封建制独有的特色就是,无论是土地承租人还是二佃户,都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主,而且要效忠于国王.William replaced the Witan withthe GrandCouncil.威廉用大议会取代了贤人会议.Inordertohaveareliablerecordofallhislands,histenantsandtheirpossessions,Williamsenthisclerkstocompil eapropertyrecordknownasDomesdayBook,whichwascompletedin1086.为了使所有的土地,佃户和他们的财产记录可靠,威廉派官员编了一本财产清册,称为末日审判书2.ContentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatCharter大宪章的内容及意义AlsoknownastheMagnaCarta,GreatCharterwassignedby KingJohn in1215underthepressofthebarons.大宪章是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的.Itconsistsof63clauses.Itsimportantprovisionsareasfollows大宪章共有63条:①notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovaloftheGrandCouncil没有大议会批准不得征税;②nofreemanshouldbearrested,imprisoned,ordeprivedofhispropertyexceptbythelawoftheland除依照法律,不得随意逮捕,拘禁自由民,不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产;③theChurchshouldpossessallitsrights,togetherwithfreedomofelections教会拥有的权利和选举自由不受侵犯;④Londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirancientrightsandprivileges伦敦和其它城市应保留其古老的权利和特权;⑤thereshouldbethesameweightandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry全国应统一度量衡.AlthoughtheGreatCharterhaslongbeenpopularlyregardedas thefoundationofEnglishliberties,itwasastatement ofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipbetweentheCrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchanda limitat ionofthepowersoftheking.The spirit oftheGreatCharterwasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking,keepingthemwithi ntheboundsofthefeudallawoftheland.尽管长期普遍认为大宪章是英国自由的基础,但它只是国王与贵族之间的封建与法律关系,保证教会的自由,限制国王的权力.大宪章的精神是限制王权,置王权于封建法律的约束下.3.TheoriginsoftheEnglishParliament英国议会的起源In1258,thebarons,under SimondeMontfort,forcedHenryⅢandhissonPrinceEdwardtosweartoacceptthe ter,HenryrefusedtoconfirmtotheProvisionsofO xford,thusacivilwarbrakeoutbetweentheking’ssupportersandthebaronialarmyledby SimondeMontfort.1258年,贵族们在西蒙德孟福尔的领导下迫使国王和他的儿子爱德华王子宣誓接受"牛津协定".亨利拒绝批准牛津协定,国王的支持者和西蒙德孟福尔领导的封建主组成的军队之间爆发了内战.TheGreatCouncilisknowntobetheprototypeofthecurrentBritishParliament.In1265,SimondeMontfortsummonedthe GreatCouncil,togetherwith twoknightsfromeachcountry and twocitizensfromeachtown.,ameetingwhichhasseenasthe earliestparliament.ItlaterdevelopedintotheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommonasaparliament.大议会是当今英国议会的原型.1265年,西门德孟福尔召开大议会,各县有两名骑士,各镇有两名市民参加,此次会议被看作是最早的议会.大议会发展到后来演变成议会.分为上议院和下议院Itsmainrolewastoofferadvice,nottomakedecisions.Therewerestillnoelections,noparties,andthemostimportantp artofParliamentwastheHouseofLords.其作用是咨询而非决定,也没有选举和政党.议会的最重要的部分是上议院4.TheHundredYears'WarwithFranceanditsconsequences百年战争及其结果WhenEdwardIIIclaimedtheFrenchCrownbuttheFrenchrefusedtorecognize,thewarbrokeout.爱德华三世宣布要继承法国王位,但法国人民拒绝承认,于是引发了百年战争.TheHundredYears’WarwithFrancereferstothewarbetweenEnglandandFrancethatlasted intermittentlyfrom1337t o1453.Thecausesofthewarwerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.Theterritorialcauseswererelatedwiththepos sessionbytheEnglishkingsofthelargeduchyofAquitaine,whiletheFrenchkingscovetedthislargeslice.Theeconomic causeswereconnectedwithclothmanufacturingtownsinFlanders,whichweretheimporterofEnglishwool,buttheywerel oyaltotheFrenchkingpolitically.Besides,England'sdesiretostopFrancefromgivingaidtoScotsandagrowingsenseo fnationalismweretheothercauses.百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争.战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素.领土起因尤其是与英国国王拥有法国阿奎丹大片的公爵领地有密切关系,随着法国国王势力日增,他们日益渴望占领这片从他们领土内被分割出去的土地.经济原因则与弗兰德斯有关.弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口地,但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王.其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国帮助苏格兰人,以及不断觉醒的民族意识.Whenthewarended,Calais wastheonlypartofFrancethatstillinthehandsofEnglish.战争结束的时候只有加来港还被英军占领.Consequences:TheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFranceisregardedasablessingforbothcountries:hadtheyremained ,thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldcertainlyhavehinderedthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnationaliden tity,whileFrancewashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.战争的结果:把英国人赶出了法国对两个国家都是幸事:若英国人继续留在法国,那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍英国作为一个独立民族的发展;而法国如被外国势力占领了大量的领土,其民族特性的发展也要长期受阻.HenryⅤrenewedthewarin1415andwonacrushingvictoryat Argencourt.HewasrecognizedtotheFrenchthronein1420.Afterhisde ath,theFrench,encouragedby JoanofArc,finallydrovetheEnglishoutofFrance.亨利五世在1415年重新发动战争.在阿根科特战役中大胜.他在1420年成为法国国王.亨利死后,法国人民在圣女贞德的鼓舞下,最终把英军驱逐出法国. 5.ConsequencesoftheBlackDeath黑死病的影响TheBlackDeathwasthemodernnamegiventothedeadlyepidemicdiseasespreadbyratfleasacrossEurope inthe14th century .ItsweptthroughEnglandinthesummerof1348withoutwarningand,mostimportantly,withoutanycure.ItreducedEnglan d’spopulation from fourmilliontotwomillion(aboutonehalfandonethirdofthepopulation waskilled)bytheendofthe 14th century.黑死病是现代名称,指老鼠身上的跳蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫引起的传染性疾病.14世纪传播了到欧洲.1348年夏天横扫全英国,事先毫无预兆,而更重要的是无药可救.英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万.TheeconomicconsequencesoftheBlackDeathwerefar-reaching.Asaresultoftheplague,ndownersten dedtochangefromarabletosheep-farming,whichrequiredlesslabour.Thesurvivingpeasantshadbetterbargainningpowerandwereinapositiontochange theirserfdomintopaidlabour.Sosomelandlords,unableorunwillingtopayhigherwages,triedtoforcepeasantsbackin toserfdom.In1351thegovernmentissuedaStatuteofLabourerswhichmadeitacrimeforpeasantstoaskformorewagesorfo rtheiremployerstopaymorethantherateslaiddownbytheJusticesofthePeace.黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远.鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏.地主只得把耕地改成对人力需求较少的牧场.幸存的农民处于有利的可以讨价还价的地位,他们从农奴变为雇佣劳动力。

第4章向现代时期的过渡4.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Transition to the Modern Age (1455—1485)Ⅱ. The English ReformationⅢ. Elizabeth Ⅰ (1558—1603)1. Elizabeth and Parliament2. Elizabeth’s Religious Reform3. Elizabeth’s Foreign PolicyⅣ. The English RenaissanceⅤ. James Ⅰ (1603—1625) and the ParliamentⅥ. Charles Ⅰ (1625—1649) and the ParliamentⅦ. The Civil WarsⅧ. The Commonwealth (1649—1660)Ⅸ. The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of 1688Ⅰ. Transition to the Modern Age (1455—1485)1. The name Wars of the Roses as a series of wars between House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. After the war, the great medievalnobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme.2. Henry Tudor became Henry Ⅶ (1485—1509). He gave England very firm rule. Ⅰ. 向现代时期的过渡(1455—1485)1. 玫瑰战争指的是兰开斯特王朝和约克王朝之间从1455年到1485年的一系列战争。