刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库-第四章至第七章【圣才出品】

二、选择题1. Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the _____ while the latter does not.（北二外2017研）A. meaningB. word classC. formD. speech sound【答案】B【解析】morpheme语素，分为自由语素和黏着语素，其中黏着语素包括词根和词缀两种类型，词缀分为派生词缀（derivational affixes）和屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）。

派生词缀黏附在词根语素上构成新词，也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。

屈折词缀只能改变一个词的形式，不能构成新词。

也即屈折词缀增加的是表示句法范畴的意义，并且总是不改变词的类别归属。

即两者重要区别在于是否改变了词的类别，故B为正确答案。

2. The branch of linguistics that studies the systems and patterns of speech soundsin a language is called _____.（对外经贸2017研）A. acousticsB. phonologyC. phoneticsD. articulation【答案】B【解析】音位学是研究人类语言中的语音模块系统和模式的方法。

3. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence.（南京大学2007研）A. resolutionB. residentC. restartD. resignation【答案】C【解析】/s/ 在restart中位于清辅音前，所以被轻音化。

第6章语用学I. Fill in the blanks.1. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the ______ of, or the _____the utterance.（人大2004研）【答案】consequence, change brought about by【解析】言外行为指说话的效果。

2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult”, the sentence would have an _____force.（清华2001研，清华2000研）【答案】illocutionary【解析】言外行为，表达说话人的意图。

3. H. P. Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of ______: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words, speak truthfully; do not lie.【答案】quality【解析】质量原则的内容。

4. In the light of the______ principle, four maxims are specified. They are the maximof quantity, maxim of______, maxim of______ and the maxim of______.（中国人民大学2005年、吉林大学2004年研）【答案】cooperative; quality; relation; manner【解析】考查合作原则及四条次则：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。

第1章导言1.1复习笔记本章要点：1.The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究的范围2.The definition and the origins of language语言的定义与起源3.The design feature and the function of language语言的特征和功能4.Some major concepts in linguistics语言学中重要的概念本章考点：1.有关语言学的常考考点(1)语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的区别。

(2)语言学中几组重要概念，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。

(3)普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。

(4)宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。

2.有关语言的常考考点(1)语言的定义；语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、互换性、专门性和文化传递性)；(2)语言的功能(寒暄、指示、信息、疑问、表达、劝说和施为)；(3)语言的起源(叮咚说、唱歌说、哒哒说、汪汪、噗噗、哟嘿吼理论等。

)本章内容索引：I.Definition of linguisticsII.Linguistics vs.traditional grammarIII.Scope of linguistics1.Microlinguistics2.MacrolinguisticsIV.Definition of languageV.Origins of language1.Ding-Dong Theory2.Sing-Song Theory3.Pooh-Pooh Theory4.Yo-He-Ho Theory5.Ta-Ta Theory6.Bow-Wow TheoryVI.Design features of language1.Arbitrariness2.Duality3.Productivity4.Interchangeability5.Displacement6.Specialization7.Cultural transmissionVII.Functions of language1.Phatic function/communion2.Directive functionrmative function4.Interrogative function5.Expressive function6.Evocative function7.Performative functionVIII.Some major concepts in linguistics1.Descriptive and prescriptive grammar2.Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsngue and parolepetence and performance5.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations6.Functionalism and formalismI.Definition of linguistics(语言学的定义)【考点：名词解释】The scientific or systemic study of language,which is always guided by the-three canons ofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency and economy.语言学是对语言的科学或系统的研究。

第7章语篇分析7.1复习笔记本章要点：1.Discourse and discourse analysis语篇及语篇分析2.Given and new information已知信息与新信息3.Cohesion and coherence衔接与连贯4.Conversational analysis对话分析常考考点：语篇及语篇分析的定义；已知信息与新信息的异同；衔接手段包括指称、替代、省略、连接与词汇衔接；语篇标记的定义与特征；对话分析中的配组会话、偏好结构及前序列；批判性语篇分析。

本章内容索引：I.Definition of discourse and discourse analysisrmation structure1.Given and new information2.Topic and comment3.ContrastIII.Cohesion and coherence1.Cohesion.(1)Reference(2)Substitution(3)Ellipsis(4)Conjunction(5)Lexical cohesion2.CoherenceIV.Discourse markers1.Definition2.Functional-pragmatic nature3.Features of discourse markersV.Conversational analysis1.Adjacency pairs2.Preference structure3.PresequencesVI.Critical discourse analysisI.Definition of discourse and discourse analysis(语篇及语篇分析的定义)1.Discourse(语篇)A general term for examples of language use,nguage which has been produced as the result of an act of communication.It refers to the larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations,and interviews.泛指语言的运用，也就是说，语篇是人们进行交流的产物。

第10章认知语言学I. Fill in the blanks.1. ______ is the mental process of classification, while ______ is the products of the preceding process.【答案】Categorization; category【解析】范畴化是人类对经验进行分类的过程。

范畴是范畴化的产物。

2. ______ is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.【答案】Cognitive linguistics【解析】认知语言学是一种研究自然语言的方法，集中研究语言组织，处理与传达信息的作用。

3. There are three aspects in basic-level categories: ______, ______ and ______.【答案】perception; communication; knowledge organization【解析】基本层次范畴的三方面：感知，交流和知识系统。

Ⅱ. Multiple Choices.1. In the following sentences, which is not a metonymy?A. The sax has the flu today.B. Watergate changed American politics.C. Wall Street is in a panic.D. She is the apple in her parents’eyes.【答案】D【解析】其他三句为转喻，D为暗语。

第7章语篇分析7.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Discourse and discourse analysis语篇及语篇分析2. Given and new information已知信息与新信息3. Cohesion and coherence衔接与连贯4. Conversational analysis对话分析常考考点：语篇及语篇分析的定义；已知信息与新信息的异同；衔接手段包括指称、替代、省略、连接与词汇衔接；语篇标记的定义与特征；对话分析中的配组会话、偏好结构及前序列；批判性语篇分析。

本章内容索引：I. Definition of discourse and discourse analysisII. Information structure1. Given and new information2. T opic and comment3. ContrastIII. Cohesion and coherence1. Cohesion.(1) Reference(2) Substitution(3) Ellipsis(4) Conjunction(5) Lexical cohesion2. CoherenceIV. Discourse markers1. Definition2. Functional-pragmatic nature3. Features of discourse markersV. Conversational analysis1. Adjacency pairs2. Preference structure3. PresequencesVI. Critical discourse analysisI. Definition of discourse and discourse analysis (语篇及语篇分析的定义)1. Discourse (语篇)A general term for examples of language use, i.e. language which has been produced as the result of an act of communication. It refers to the larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations, and interviews.泛指语言的运用，也就是说，语篇是人们进行交流的产物。

第2章语音I. Fill in the blanks.1. The sound B. can be described with “_____, bilabial, stop”.（北二外2004研）【答案】voiced【解析】/b/是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。

2. Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of _____ and manner of articulation.（北二外2004研）【答案】place【解析】辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。

3. ______ are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.（中山大学2006研）【答案】Consonants【解析】发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞而产生的音叫做辅音。

4. Voicing refers to the _____ of the vocal folds.（北二外2016研）【答案】vibration【解析】本题考查辅音发音过程中的清浊特征的定义。

若发音过程中，声带振动，则为浊辅音，反之则为清辅音。

5. Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of place and _____ of articulation.（北二外2008研）【答案】manner【解析】辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。

第4章句法I. Fill in the blanks.1. IC is the short form of immediate _____ used in the study of syntax.（北二外2003研）【答案】constituent【解析】直接成分分析法是一种句法分析方法。

它指先把句子分析为直接成分——词组（或短语），再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。

2. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研）【答案】Cohesion【解析】衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之间存在的一种形式上的联系。

3. A ______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word，such as “and”, “but”, “or”.【答案】coordinate【解析】并列从句是指一个句子由两个分句组成，这两个分句通常是由如but, and ,or 这些并列连词来连接的。

4. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a______ clause.【答案】finite【解析】限定性从句通常有一个主语和一个限定性动词，且在结构上是独立的。

5. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _____ rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.【答案】transformational【解析】句法移位是一种转换规则，指一个句子的任意成分从原来的位置移到另一个新位置。

六、论述题1. Please state what a morpheme is and how many types of morphemes there are in English.（厦门大学2012研）【答案】Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.We can further classify morphemes into different types on different dimensions:(1) Free morphemes, which can stand by themselves as single words, and bound morphemes, which cannot normally stand alone, but which are typically attached to another form.(2) Lexical morphemes and functional morphemes. Both of these two types of morphemes fall into the “free”category. The first category is that set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs that carry the “content”of message we convey. The second category consists largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.(3) Derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes. These two types of morphemes fall into the bound category. The derivational morphemes are used to make new words in the language and are often employed to produce words of adifferent grammatical category from the stem. In contrast, inflectional morphemes never change the grammatical category of a word, but indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.2. The Australian linguist Halliday considers language as having three main functions. Please specify these three functions.（华南理工2018研）【答案】Halliday proposes a theory of meta-functions of language, that is, language has ideational, interpersonal and textual functions.The ideational function is to convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer. It is a meaning potential, because whatever specific use one is making of language he has to refer to categories of his experience of the world. It mainly consists of “transitivity”and “voice”. This function not only specifies the available options in meaning but also determines the nature of their structural realizations.The interpersonal function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. This includes the various ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act. It is realized by mood and modality. Mood shows what role the speaker selects in the speech situation and what role he assigns to the addressee. If the speaker selects the imperative mood, he assumes the role of one giving commands and puts the addressee in the role of one expected to obey orders. Modality specifies if the speaker is expressing hisjudgement or making a prediction. For example, “Give me that teapot!”The textual function refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences. Although two sentences may have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they may be different in terms of textual coherence. It fulfills the requirement that language should be operationally relevant, having texture in a real context of situation that distinguishes a living passage from a mere entry in a grammar or a dictionary. It provides the remaining strands of meaning potential to be woven into the fabric of linguistic structure.3. Study the following conversation from Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. Discuss it in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle. Is there any maxim that is being flouted? What conversational implicature is communicated by such deliberate breach?（南京大学2009研）“What is his name?”“Bingley.”“Is he married or single?”“Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”【答案】The four maxims of the Cooperative Principles proposed by Grice are themaxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.In this conversation: A: “What is his name?”B: “Bingley.”, B obeys the maxim of quantity and quality, and in conversation: A: “Is he married or single?”B: “Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”in the utterance B, “Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure”, the speaker is particularly careful about the maxim of quality, which rules that do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence; however, in the rest part of utterance B, “A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”the speaker violates the maxim of relations and quantity. The speaker tries to convey conversational implicatures and the hearer can comprehend them on the basis of previous information, so from this conversation, it implies that Bingley is not only single but also very rich, and he will be the sharp target for one of the speaker’s single daughters to get married with.（本题主要考查格莱斯的合作原则以及由于违反合作原则产生的会话含义。

刘润清《新编语⾔学教程》笔记和课后习题（语⽤学）【圣才出品】第6章语⽤学6.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech act theory⾔语⾏为理论2. Cooperative principle and its maxims合作原则及其准则3. Politeness principle礼貌原则常考考点：语⽤学的定义；语法分析与语⽤学的区别；微观语⽤学中的基本概念；宏观语⽤学中⾔语⾏为理论(发话⾏为、⾏事⾏为和取效⾏为)；合作原则；实例分析⾔语⾏为、合作原则的违反和会话含义；礼貌原则。

本章内容索引：I. Pragmatics1. Definition of pragmatics2. Difference between pragmatics analysis and grammatical analysis3. Definition of micropragmatics and macropragmaticsII. Micropragmatics1. Reference2. Deixis3. Anaphora4. PresuppositionIII. Macropragmatics1. Speech Act Theory(1) Theory of the Illocutionary Act①Locutionary act②Illocutionary act③Perlocutionary act(2) Classification of Illocutionary Act①Representatives②Directives③Commissives④Expressives⑤Declarations(3) Indirect speech acts2. The Cooperative Principle (CP)(1) Cooperative Principle and Its Maxims(2) Violation of the Maxims3. Politeness Principle (PP)I. Pragmatics（语⽤学）【考点：名词解释】1. Definition of pragmatics（定义）Pragmatics is the study of speakers’intended meaning, or even the “invisible”meaning, that is, how hearers recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said or written.语⽤学是研究语⾔实际运⽤的学科，集中研究说话⼈意义、话语意义或语境意义。

第6章语用学6.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech act theory言语行为理论2. Cooperative principle and its maxims合作原则及其准则3. Politeness principle礼貌原则常考考点：语用学的定义；语法分析与语用学的区别；微观语用学中的基本概念；宏观语用学中言语行为理论(发话行为、行事行为和取效行为)；合作原则；实例分析言语行为、合作原则的违反和会话含义；礼貌原则。

本章内容索引：I. Pragmatics1. Definition of pragmatics2. Difference between pragmatics analysis and grammatical analysis3. Definition of micropragmatics and macropragmaticsII. Micropragmatics1. Reference2. Deixis3. Anaphora4. PresuppositionIII. Macropragmatics1. Speech Act Theory(1) Theory of the Illocutionary Act①Locutionary act②Illocutionary act③Perlocutionary act(2) Classification of Illocutionary Act①Representatives②Directives③Commissives④Expressives⑤Declarations(3) Indirect speech acts2. The Cooperative Principle (CP)(1) Cooperative Principle and Its Maxims(2) Violation of the Maxims3. Politeness Principle (PP)I. Pragmatics（语用学）【考点：名词解释】1. Definition of pragmatics（定义）Pragmatics is the study of speakers’intended meaning, or even the “invisible”meaning, that is, how hearers recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said or written.语用学是研究语言实际运用的学科，集中研究说话人意义、话语意义或语境意义。

第12章应用语言学I. Fill in the blanks.1. _____ is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities. 【答案】Grammar-translation Method【解析】语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法.2. _____ is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.【答案】Situational language teaching【解析】情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。

3. There are three principles of language testing: _____, _____ and _____.【答案】validity; reliability; practicality【解析】语言测试的三个原则：效度原则，信度原则及实用性原则。

Ⅱ. Multiple Choices.1. _____ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics【答案】C【解析】应用语言学（Applied linguistics）是研究语言在各个领域中实际应用的语言学分支，尤其是在教学中的应用。

第7章语篇分析I. Fill in the blanks.1. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研）【答案】Cohesion【解析】衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之间存在的一种形式上的联系。

2. ______ is the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee, while ______ is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.【答案】Given information; new information【解析】已知信息是指说话者认为听话者已经知道的信息，而新信息是指说话者认为听话者不知道的信息。

3. ______ represents what the utterance is about; ______ is what is said about it. 【答案】The topic; the comment【解析】话题是谈话的主题，述题是围绕主题所谈论的内容。

Ⅱ. True or False.1. All languages have some differences in verb forms which are used to produce cohesion.（南开大学2005研）【答案】T【解析】语言中的动词会有不同的形式来连接上下文。

2. One of properties of the adjacency pairs is that the form and content of the first part depends on the type of the second part.【答案】F【解析】配租对话的其中一个特征是第二部分的内容与构成取决于第一部分。

第9章心理语言学Ⅰ. Multiple Choices.1. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. CompetenceB. PerformanceC. LearningD. Acquisition【答案】C【解析】在学校里我们会学到第二语言，对第二语言知识的这种有意识的积累，叫做“学习”。

2. _____ is the study of psychological aspect of language.A. Language acquisitionB. Applied linguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Pragmatics【答案】A【解析】语言习得是从心理学的角度来研究语言，主要研究儿童不自觉地自然地掌握母语的过程。

3. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases: _____, one-word, two-word and multiword.A. no-wordB. babblingC. talkingD. uttering【答案】B【解析】婴儿学习母语的过程分为四个阶段：呀呀学语阶段，单语词阶段，双语词阶段和多语词阶段。

4. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______.A. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic【答案】D【解析】语言的变体可以是词法、句法、音位方面的变化。

第5章语义学I. Fill in the blanks.1. ______is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.【答案】Sense【解析】涵义是指语言形式的内在意义。

2. According to G Leech, ______ meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.（北二外2005研）【答案】conceptual【解析】利奇认为概念意义是指逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。

3. According to G. Leech, _____ meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker／writer.（北二外2007研）【答案】affective【解析】利奇认为感情意义是指所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。

4. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the ______ theory.（中山大学2008研）【答案】referential【解析】把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论。

5. ______ is the technical name for the sameness relation.（北二外2007研）【答案】Synonymy【解析】同义关系是相同关系的专业术语，完全的同义关系是很少的。

所谓的同义词都是依赖语境的，它们总是在这方面或那方面有所不同。

6. T erms like “apple”, “banana”and “pear”are ______ of the term “fruit”.（北二外2007研）【答案】hyponyms【解析】上下义关系是指意义内包关系或者说一种类和成员间的关系。

第3章形态学I. Fill in the blanks.1. The _____is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.（北二外2008研）【答案】morpheme【解析】语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。

2. Some morphemes like -ish, -ness, -ly, -dis, trans, un-are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are ______ morphemes. 【答案】bound【解析】粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。

3. ______ is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.（南开大学2007研）【答案】Morphophonology【解析】形态音系学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究形态学与音系学的关系。

4. ______ is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word isformed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from______and ______.（人大2006研）【答案】Blending; smoke; fog【解析】混成法是指一个词由两个单词混合而成，一般把第一个单词的开头部分和第二个单词的最后部分连接起来，或者是把两个单词的开头部分连接起来。