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外⽂参考⽂献翻译-中⽂基于4G LTE技术的⾼速铁路移动通信系统KS Solanki教授，Kratika ChouhanUjjain⼯程学院，印度Madhya Pradesh的Ujjain摘要：随着时间发展，⾼速铁路（HSR）要求可靠的，安全的列车运⾏和乘客通信。
为了实现这个⽬标，HSR的系统需要更⾼的带宽和更短的响应时间，⽽且HSR的旧技术需要进⾏发展，开发新技术，改进现有的架构和控制成本。
为了满⾜这⼀要求，HSR采⽤了GSM的演进GSM-R技术，但它并不能满⾜客户的需求。
因此采⽤了新技术LTE-R，它提供了更⾼的带宽，并且在⾼速下提供了更⾼的客户满意度。
本⽂介绍了LTE-R，给出GSM-R与LTE-R之间的⽐较结果，并描述了在⾼速下哪种铁路移动通信系统更好。
关键词：⾼速铁路，LTE，GSM，通信和信令系统⼀介绍⾼速铁路需要提⾼对移动通信系统的要求。
随着这种改进，其⽹络架构和硬件设备必须适应⾼达500公⾥/⼩时的列车速度。
HSR还需要快速切换功能。
因此，为了解决这些问题，HSR 需要⼀种名为LTE-R的新技术，基于LTE-R的HSR提供⾼数据传输速率，更⾼带宽和低延迟。
LTE-R能够处理⽇益增长的业务量，确保乘客安全并提供实时多媒体信息。
随着列车速度的不断提⾼，可靠的宽带通信系统对于⾼铁移动通信⾄关重要。
HSR的应⽤服务质量（QOS）测量，包括如数据速率，误码率（BER）和传输延迟。
为了实现HSR的运营需求，需要⼀个能够与 LTE保持⼀致的能⼒的新系统，提供新的业务，但仍能够与GSM-R长时间共存。
HSR系统选择合适的⽆线通信系统时，需要考虑性能，服务，属性，频段和⼯业⽀持等问题。
4G LTE系统与第三代（3G）系统相⽐，它具有简单的扁平架构，⾼数据速率和低延迟。
在LTE的性能和成熟度⽔平上，LTE- railway（LTE-R）将可能成为下⼀代HSR通信系统。
⼆ LTE-R系统描述考虑LTE-R的频率和频谱使⽤，对为⾼速铁路（HSR）通信提供更⾼效的数据传输⾮常重要。
TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere中英对照GSM词汇移动通讯词汇（中英）数字、英文1/4比特数 quarter bit numberAGC恢复时间 AGC recovery timeAGC启动时间 AGC attack timeATM技术 asynchronous transfer technics, 异步转移模式，为多种速率信息的情况下研究的一种合适的传输与交换方式。
GSM 泛欧数字蜂窝移动通信系统GSM PLMN接入能力 GSM PLMN access capabilityGSM PLMN连接类型属性 GSM PLMN connection type attributeGSM公共陆地移动网 GSM PLMN用户身份模块：SIMJ-K触发器 J-K flip-flopM-序列 M-sequenceN进制数字信号 n-ary digital systemRS-232总线 RS-232 busA安全地线 safe ground wire安全特性 security feature安装线 hook-up wire按半周进行的多周期控制 multicycle controlled by half-cycle按键电话机 push-button telephone set按需分配多地址 demand assignment multiple access(DAMA)按要求的电信业务 demand telecommunication service按组编码 encode by groupB八木天线 Yagi antenna白噪声 white Gaussian noise白噪声发生器 white noise generator半波偶极子 halfwave dipole半导体存储器 semiconductor memory半导体集成电路 semiconductor integrated circuit半双工操作 semi-duplex operation半字节 Nib包络负反馈 peak envelop negative feed-back包络延时失真 envelop delay distortion薄膜 thin filmTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere薄膜混合集成电路 thin film hybrid integrated circuit保护比（射频） protection ratio (RF)保护时段 guard period保密通信 secure communication报头 header报文分组 packet报文优先等级 message priority报讯 alarm备用工作方式 spare mode背景躁声 background noise倍频 frequency multiplication倍频程 actave倍频程滤波器 octave filter被呼地址修改通知 called address modified notification被呼用户优先 priority for called subscriber本地PLMN local PLMN本地交换机 local exchange本地移动用户身份 local mobile station identity ( LMSI)本地震荡器 local oscillator比功率(功率密度) specific power比特 bit比特并行 bit parallel比特号码 bit number (BN)比特流 bit stream比特率 bit rate比特误码率 bit error rate比特序列独立性 bit sequence independence必要带宽 necessary bandwidth闭环电压增益 closed loop voltage gain闭环控制 closed loop control闭路电压 closed circuit voltage边瓣抑制 side lobe suppression边带 sideband边带非线性串扰 sideband non-linear crosstalk边带线性串扰 sideband linear crosstalk边带抑制度 sideband suppression边角辐射 boundary radiation编号制度 numbering plan编解码器 codec编码 encode编码律 encoding law编码器 encoderTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere编码器输出 encoder output编码器总工作时间 encoder overall operate time编码效率 coding efficiency编码信号 coded signal编码约束长度 encoding constraint length编码增益 coding gain编译程序 compiler鞭状天线 whip antenna变频器 converter变频损耗 converter conversion loss变容二极管 variable capacitance diode变形交替传号反转 modified alternate mark inversion便携电台 portable station便携设备 portable equipment便携式载体设备 portable vehicle equipment标称调整率（标称塞入率） nominal justification rate (nominalstuffing rate)标称值 nominal value标称呼通概率 nominal calling probability标准码实验信号 standard code test signal (SCTS)标准模拟天线 standard artificial antenna标准频率 standard frequency标准时间信号发射 standard-time-signal emission标准实验调制 standard test modulation标准输出功率 standard power output标准输入信号 standard input signal标准输入信号电平 standard input-signal level标准输入信号频率 standard input-signal frequency标准信躁比 standard signal to noise表面安装 surface mounting表示层 presentation layer并串变换器 parallel-serial converter (serializer)并馈垂直天线 shunt-fed vertical antenna并行传输 parallel transmission并行终端 parallel terminal拨号错误概率 dialing mistake probability拨号后延迟 post-dialing delay拨号交换机 dial exchange拨号线路 dial-up line拨号音 dialing tone拨号终端 dial-up terminal波动强度（在给定方向上的） cymomotive force (c. m. f)TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere波段覆盖 wave coverage波峰焊 wave soldering波特 baud泊送过程 Poisson process补充业务 supplementary service (of GSM)补充业务登记 supplementary service registration补充业务询问 supplementary service interrogation补充业务互连 supplementary service interworking捕捉区（一个地面接收台） capture area (of a terrestrial receivingstation)捕捉带 pull-in range捕捉带宽 pull-in banwidth捕捉时间 pull-in time不连续发送 discontinuous transmission (DTX)不连续干扰 discontinuous interference不连续接收 discontinuous reception (DRX)不确定度 uncertainty步谈机 portable mobile stationC采样定理 sampling theorem采样频率 sampling frequency采样周期 sampling period参考边带功率 reference side band power参考差错率 reference error ratio参考当量 reference equivalent参考点 reference point参考结构 reference configuration参考可用场强 reference usable fiend-strength参考灵敏度 reference sensibility参考频率 reference frequency参考时钟 reference clock参考输出功率 reference output power残余边带调制 vestigial sideband modulation残余边带发射 vestigial-sideband emission操作维护中心 operation maintenance center (OMC)操作系统 operation system (OS)侧音消耗 sidetone loss层2转发 layer 2 relay (L2R)插入组装 through hole pachnology插入损耗 insertion loss查号台 information deskTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere差错控制编码 error control coding差错漏检率 residual error rate差分脉冲编码调制（差分脉码调制） differential pulse codemodulation (DPCM)差分四相相移键控 differential quadrature phase keying (DQPSK)差分相移键控 differential phase keying (DPSK)差模电压，平衡电压 differential mode voltage, symmetrical voltage差拍干扰 beat jamming差频失真 difference frequency distortion长期抖动指示器 long-term flicker indicator长期频率稳定度 long-term frequency stability场强灵敏度 field intensity sensibility场效应晶体管 field effect transistor (FET)超长波通信 myriametric wave communication超地平对流层传播 transhorizon tropospheric超地平无线接力系统 transhorizon radio-relay system超高帧 hyperframe超帧 superframe超大规模集成电路 very-large scale integrated circuit (VLSI)超再生接收机 super-regenerator receiver车载电台 vehicle station撤消 withdrawal成对不等性码（交替码、交变码）paired-disparity code (alternative code, alternating code)承载业务 bearer service城市交通管制系统 urban traffic control system程序设计技术 programming technique程序设计环境 programming environment程序优化 program optimization程序指令 program command充电 charge充电率 charge rate充电效率 charge efficiency充电终止电压 end-of charge voltage抽样 sampling抽样率 sample rate初级分布线路 primary distribution link初始化 initialization处理增益 processing gain传播时延 propagation delay传播系数 propagation coefficient传导干扰 conducted interferenceTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere2004-12-17 11:27[TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere 等级：TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere单元增音段，单元中继段 elementary repeater section当被呼移动用户不回答时的呼叫转移 call forwarding on no reply(CFNRy)当被呼移动用户忙时的呼叫转 calling forwarding on mobile subscriberbusy (CFB)当漫游到原籍PLMN国家以外时禁止所有入呼 barring of incoming callswhen roaming outside the home PLMN country (BIC-Roam)当前服务的基站 current serving BS当无线信道拥挤时的呼叫转移calling forward on mobile subscriber not reachable (CENRc)刀型天线 blade antenna导频 pilot frequency导频跌落pilot fall down倒L型天线 inverted-L antenna等步的 isochronous等幅电报 continuous wave telegraph等权网（互同步网） democratic network (mutually synchronizednetwork)等效比特率 equivalent bit rate等效地球半径 equivalent earth radius等效二进制数 equivalent binary content等效全向辐射功率 equivalent isotropically radiated power (e. i. r.p.)等效卫星线路躁声温度 equivalent satellite link noise temperature低轨道卫星系统 LEO satellite mobile communication system低气压实验 low atmospheric pressure test低时延码激励线性预测编码 low delay CELP (LD-CELP)低通滤波器 low pass filter低温实验 low temperature test低躁声放大器 low noise amplifier地-空路径传播 earth-space path propagation地-空通信设备 ground/air communication equipment地波 ground wave地面连线用户 land line subscriber地面无线电通信 terrestrial radio communication地面站（电台） terrestrial station第N次谐波比 nth harmonic ratio第二代无绳电话系统 cordless telephone system second generation(CT-2)第三代移动通信系统 third generation mobile systems点波束天线 spot beam antenna点对地区通信 point-area communication点对点通信 point-point communicationTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere点至点的GSM PLMN连接 point to point GSM PLMN电报 telegraphy电报电码 telegraph code电波衰落 radio wave fading电池功率 power of battery电池能量 energy capacity of battery电池容量 battery capacity电池组 battery电磁波 electromagnetic wave电磁波反射 reflection of electromagnetic wave电磁波饶射 diffraction of electromagnetic wave电磁波散射 scattering of electromagnetic wave电磁波色射 dispersion of electromagnetic wave电磁波吸收 absorption of electromagnetic wave电磁波折射 refraction of electromagnetic wave电磁场 electromagnetic field电磁发射 electromagnetic field电磁辐射 electromagnetic emission电磁干扰 electromagnetic interference (EMI)电磁感应 electromagnetic induction电磁环境 electromagnetic environment电磁兼容性 electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)电磁兼容性电平 electromagnetic compatibility level电磁兼容性余量 electromagnetic compatibility margin电磁脉冲 electromagnetic pulse (EMP)电磁脉冲干扰 electromagnetic pulse jamming电磁敏感度 electromagnetic susceptibility电磁能 electromagnetic energy电磁耦合 electromagnetic coupling电磁屏蔽 electromagnetic shielding电磁屏蔽装置 electromagnetic screen电磁骚扰 electromagnetic disturbance电磁噪声 electromagnetic noise电磁污染 electromagnetic pollution电动势 electromotive force (e. m. f.)电话机 telephone set电话局容量 capacity of telephone exchange电话型电路 telephone-type circuit电话型信道 telephone-type channel电离层 ionosphere电离层波 ionosphere waveTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere电离层传播 ionosphere propagation电离层反射 ionosphere reflection电离层反射传播 ionosphere reflection propagation电离层散射传播 ionosphere scatter propagation电离层折射 ionosphere refraction电离层吸收 ionosphere absorption电离层骚扰 ionosphere disturbance电流探头 current probe电路交换 circuit switching电屏蔽 electric shielding电视电话 video-telephone, viewphone, visual telephone电台磁方位 magnetic bearing of station电台方位 bearing of station电台航向 heading of station电文编号 message numbering电文队列 message queue电文格式 message format电文交换 message switching电文交换网络 message switching network电文结束代码 end-of-message code电文路由选择 message routing电小天线 electronically small antenna电信管理网络 telecommunication management network (TMN)电信会议 teleconferencing电压变化 voltage change电压变化持续时间 duration of a voltage change电压变化的发生率 rate of occurrence of voltage changes电压变化时间间隔 voltage change interval电压波动 voltage fluctuation电压波动波形 voltage fluctuation waveform电压波动量 magnitude of a voltage fluctuation电压不平衡 voltage imbalance, voltage unbalance电压浪涌 voltage surge电压骤降 voltage dip电源 power supply电源电压调整率 line regulation电源抗扰性 mains immunity电源持续工作能力 continuous operation ability of the power supply电源去耦系数 mains decoupling factor电源骚扰 mains disturbance电子干扰 electronic jamming电子工业协会 Electronic Industries Association (EIA)TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere电子系统工程 electronic system engineering电子自动调谐 electronic automatic tuning电子组装 electronic packaging电阻温度计 resistance thermometer跌落试验 fall down test顶部加载垂直天线 top-loaded vertical antenna定长编码 block code定期频率预报 periodical frequency forecast定时 clocking定时超前 timing advance定时电路 timing circuit定时恢复（定时抽取） timing recovery (timing extration)定时截尾试验 fixed time test定时信号 timing signal定数截尾试验 fixed failure number test定向天线 directional antenna定型试验 type test动态频率分配 dynamic frequency allocation动态信道分配 dynamic channel allocation动态重组 dynamic regrouping动态自动增益控制特性 dynamic AGC characteristic抖动 jitter独立边带 independent sideband独立故障 independent fault端到端业务 teleservice短波传播 short wave propagation短波通信 short wave communication短路保护 short-circuit protection短期抖动指示器 short-term flicker indicator短期频率稳定度 short-term frequency stability短时间中断（供电电压） short interruption (of supply voltage)段终端 section termination对称二元码 symmetrical binary code对地静止卫星 geostationary satellite对地静止卫星轨道 geostationary satellite orbit对地同步卫星 geosynchronous satellite对讲电话机 intercommunicating telephone set对空台 aeronautical station对流层 troposphere对流层波道 troposphere duct对流层传播 troposphere propagation对流层散射传播 troposphere scatter propagationTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere多次调制 multiple modulation多点接入 multipoint access多电平正交调幅 multi-level quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)多分转站网 multidrop network多服务器队列 multiserver queue多工 multiplexing多工器 nultiplexer多功能系统 MRS多级处理 multilevel processing多级互连网络 multistage interconnecting network多级卫星线路 multi-satellite link多径 multipath多径传播 multipath propagation多径传播函数 nultipath propagation function多径分集 multipath diversity多径时延 multipath delay多径衰落 multipath fading多径效应 multipath effect多路复接 multiplexing多路接入 multiple access多路信道 multiplexor channel多脉冲线性预测编码 multi-pulse LPC (MPLC)多频信令 multifrequency signalling多普勒频移 Doppler shift多跳路径 multihop path多信道选取 multichannel access (MCA)多信道自动拨号移动通信系统multiple-channel mobile communication system with automaticdialing多优先级 multiple priority levels多帧 multiframe多址呼叫 multiaddress call多址联接 multiple access多重时帧 multiple timeframe多用户信道 multi-user channelE额定带宽 rated bandwidth额定射频输出功率 rated radio frequency output power额定使用范围 rated operating range额定音频输出功率 rated audio-frequency output powerTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere[2004-12-1711:27等级：TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere发射余量 emission margin发送 sending发送响度评定值 send loudness rating (SLR)繁忙排队/自动回叫 busy queuing/ callback反馈控制系统 feedback control system反射功率 reflection power反射卫星 reflection satellite反向话音通道 reverse voice channel (RVC)反向控制信道 reverse control channel (RECC)泛欧数字无绳电话系统 digital European cordless telephone方舱 shelter方向性系数 directivity of an antenna防爆电话机 explosion-proof telephone set防潮 moisture protection防腐蚀 corrosion protection防霉 mould proof仿真头 artificial head仿真耳 artificial ear仿真嘴 artificial mouth仿真天线 dummy antenna放大器 amplifier放大器线性动态范围 linear dynamic range of amplifier放电 discharge放电电压 discharge voltage放电深度 depth of discharge放电率 discharge rate放电特性曲线 discharge character curve非等步的 anisochronous非归零码 nonreturn to zero code (NRZ)非均匀编码 nonuniform encoding非均匀量化 nonuniform quantizing非连续干扰 discontinuous disturbance“非”门 NOT gate非强占优先规则 non-preemptive priority queuing discipline非受控滑动 uncontrolled slip非线性电路 nonlinear circuit非线性失真 nonliear distortion非线性数字调制 nonlinear digital modulation非占空呼叫建立 off-air-call-set-up (OACSU)非专用控制信道 non-dedicated control channel非阻塞互连网络 non-blocking interconnection network分贝 decibel (dB)TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere分辨力 resolution分布参数网络 distributed parameter network分布式功能 distributed function分布式数据库 distributed database分别于是微波通信系统 distributed microwave communicationsystem分布式移动通信系统 distributed mobile communication system分布路线 distribution link分段加载天线 sectional loaded antenna分机 extension分集 diversity分集改善系数 diversity improvement factor分集间隔 diversity separation分集增益 diversity gain分集接收 diversity reception分接器 demultiplexer分频 frequency division分散定位 distributed channel assignment分散控制方式 decentralized control分散式帧定位信号 distributed frame alignment signal分同步（超同步）卫星 sub-synchronous (super-synchronous)satellite分谐波 subharmonic分组交换 packet switching分组码 block code分组无线网 packet radio network分组循环分散定位 block cyclic distributed channel assigment分组组装与拆卸 packet assembly and disassembly封闭用户群 closed user group (CUG)峰包功率 peak envelop power峰值 peak value峰值-波纹系数 peak-ripple factor峰值包络检波 peak envelop detection峰值功率 peak power峰值功率等级（移动台的） peak power class (of MS)峰值检波器 peak detector峰值限制 peak limiting蜂窝手持机 cellular handset蜂窝系统 cellular system缝隙天线 slot antenna服务基站 serving BS服务访问点 service access point (SAP)TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere服务弧 service arc服务可保持性 service retainability服务可得到性 service accessibility服务提供部门 service provider服务完善性 service integrity服务小区 serving cell服务易行性 service operability服务支持性 service supportability服务质量 quality of service服务准备时间 service provisioning time符号率 symbol rate幅度检波 amplitude detection幅度量化控制 amplitude quantized cntrol幅度失真 amplitude distortion幅度调制 amplitude modulation (AM)幅频响应 amplitude-frequency response幅相键控 amplitude phase keying (APK)辐射 radiation辐射单元 radiating element辐射方向图 radiation pattern辐射干扰 radiated interference辐射近场区 radiating near-field region辐射能 radiant energy辐射强度 radiation intensity辐射区 radiated area辐射实验场地 radiation test site辐射效率 radiation efficiency辐射源（电磁干扰） emitter (of electromagnetic disturbance)辐射杂散发射 radiated spurious emission辐射阻抗 radiation impedance俯仰角 pitch angle负极 negative electrode负离子 negative ion负荷容量（过荷点） load capacity (overload point)负逻辑 negative logic负码速调整（负脉冲塞入） negative justification (negative pulsestuffing)负载调整率 load regulation负阻放大器 negative resistance amplifier负阻效应 negative resistance effect负阻振荡 negative resistance oscillation附加符号 additional characterTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere附加位 overhead bit复合音 complex sound复接器 multiplexer复节-分接器 muldex复接制 multiple connection system复位 reset复用转接器 transmultiplexer复帧 multiframe副瓣 minor lobe副瓣电平 minor level覆盖区（一个地面发射台的） coverage area (of a terrestrialtransmitting station)G概率 probability概率分布 probability distribution概率信息 probabilistic information概率译码 probabilistic decoding干扰 interference干扰参数 interference parameter干扰限值 limit of interference干扰信号 interfering signal干扰抑制 interfering suppression干扰源 interfering resource干线 trunk line感应近场区 reactive near-field region港口操作业务 port operation service港口电台 port station港口管理系统 harbor management system港口交通管理系统 harbor traffic control system高[低]电平输出电流 high (low)-level output current高[低]电平输出电压 high (low)-level output voltage高波 high-angle ray高层功能 high layer function高层协议 high layer protocol高级数据链路控制规程 high level data link control (HDLC) procedure高级通信业务 advanced communication service高级研究计划署 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)高级移动电话系统 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)高频放大器 high frequency amplifier高频提升 high frequency boost高频增益控制 high frequency gain controlTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere高斯信道 Gauss channel (AWG)高斯最小频移键控 Guassian minimum shift keying (GMSK)高频制频率时的发射频偏 transmitting frequency deviation of highfrequency高通滤波器 highpass filter高温高湿偏置试验 high temperature high humidity biased testing(HHBT)高温功率老化 burning高温试验 high temperature test告警接收机 warning receiver告警指示信号 alarm indication signal (AIS)戈莱码 Golay code戈帕码 Goppa codes格码调制 trellis codes modulation schemes (TCM)隔离放大器 isolation amplifier个人数字助理 personal digital assistant (PDA)个人电台 personal station (PS)个人电台系统 personal radio system个人识别号码 personal identification number (PIN)个人通信 personal communications个人通信网 personal communication networks (PCN)个人携带电话 personal handy phone (PHP)个人移动性 personal mobility个体接收（在卫星广播业务中） individual reception跟踪保持电路 track and hold circuit跟踪带宽 tracking bandwidth更改地址插入 changed address interception工科医用（的） ISM工科医用频段 ISM frequency band工业干扰 industrial interference工作最高可用频率 operational MUF工作比 duty cycle工作范围 working range工作频率范围 operating frequency range工作站 work station (WS)工作周期 cycle of operation公共分组交换网 public packet switched network公共耦合点 point of common coupling (PCC)公开密匙体制 public key system公路交通管制系统 highway traffic control system公用数据网 public data network公众陆地移动电话网 public land mobile network (PLMN)TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere功能键 function key功能群，功能群令 function group, function grouping功率合成 power synthesis功能控制报文 power control message功率控制电平 power control level功率谱密度 power spectrum density功率损耗 power loss功率因子 power factor供电系统阻抗 supply system impedance共道抑制 co-channel suppression共道信令 co-channel signalling共模电压，不平衡电压 common mode voltage, asymmetricalvoltage共模电流 common mode current共模转换 common code conversion共模干扰 common code interference共模抑制比 common code rejection ratio (CMRR)共模增益 common mode gain共模阻抗 common code impedance共信道再用距离 co-channel re-use distance贡献路线 contribution link固定电台 fixed station固定基地电台 fixed base station固定信道指配 fixed channel assignment固态发射机 solidstate transmitter固有可靠性 inherent reliability固有频差 inherent frequency error故障 fault故障安全 fault safe故障保护 fault protection故障弱化 failsoft故障修复 fault correcting故障原因 fault cause故障准则 fault criteria挂机信号 hang-up signal管理中心 administration center (ADC)广播控制信道（BCCH）划分 BCCH allocation (BA)广播寻呼系统 broadcast paging system广域网 wide area network (WAN)归零码 return to zero code (RZ)归一化的偏置 normalized offset规程 protocolTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere[2004-12-1711:28TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere等级：五星级贴子：626 积分：65E币：10注册：2004-11-01 汉明距离 Hamming distance汉明码 Hamming code汉明重量 Hamming weight航空地球站 aeronautical earth station航空电台 aeronautical station航空器地球站 aircraft earth station航空器电台 aircraft station航空移动业务 aeronautical mobile service航天器（宇宙飞船） spacecraft毫米波 millimeter wave黑格巴哥码 Hagelbarger code恒比码 constant ratio code恒步的 homochronous恒流电源 constant current power supply恒温恒湿试验 constant temperature and humid test恒压充电 constant voltage charge恒压电源 constant voltage power supply恒电磁波小室 transverse electromagnetic wave cell (TEM cell) 喉式传声器 throat microphone后瓣 back hole厚模电路 thick-film circuit呼叫 call呼叫支持 call hold (HOLD)呼叫存储 call store呼叫等待 call waiting (CW)呼叫改发 call redirection呼叫建立 call establishment呼叫建立时间 call set-up time呼叫接通率 percept of call completed呼叫控制信号 call control signal呼叫清除延时 call clearing delay呼叫释放 call release呼叫序列 calling sequence呼叫转移 call transfer (CT)呼救 distress call呼救系统 distress system呼损率 percept of call lost呼通概率 calling probability互补金属氧化物半导体集成电路complementary MOS integrated circuit (COMOS-IC)互连 interworking互连的考虑 interworking considerationTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere互连功能 interworking function (IWF)互调 intermodulation互调产物（一个发射台的） intermodulation products (of atransmitting stastion)互调抗扰性 intermodulation immunity互调失真 intermodulation distortion互通性 interoperability互同步网 mutually synchronized network话路输入电平 voice circuit input level话路输入电平差异 voice circuit input level difference话务量 telephone traffic话音活动检测 voice activity detection (VAD)话音激活 voice exciting话音激活率 speech activity话音数字信令 speech digit signalling话音突发 speech spurt环境试验 environment test环境系数 environment factor环境应力筛选 environment stress screening (ESS)环境躁声 ambient noise环路传输 loop transmission环路高频总增益 loop RF overall gain环路可锁定最底（最高）界限角频率loop lockable minimum (maximum) margin angular frequency环路滤波器比例系数 loop filter proportion coefficient环路躁声带宽 loop noise bandwidth环路增益 loop gain环路直流总增益 loop DC overall gain环路自然谐振角频率 loop natural resonant angular frequency环形波 ring wave环形混频器 ring mixer环行器 circulator环行延迟 rounding relay恢复 recovery恢复规程 restoration procedure汇接交换 tandem switching汇接局 tandem office会话（在电信中） conversation (in telecommunication)会话层 session layer会议电话 conference telephone混合ARQ hybrid ARQ混合差错控制 hybrid error control (HEC)TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere混合分集 hybrid diversity混合集成电路 hybrid integrated circuit混合扩频 hybrid spread spectrum混合路径传播 mixed-path propagation混合信道指配 hybrid channel assignment混频器 mixer混频器的寄生响应 mixer spurious response活动模式 active mode“或”门 OR gate“或非”门 NOR gateJ机壳辐射 cabinet radiation机载电台 aircraft station基本传输损耗（无线线路的） basic transmission loss (of a radio link)基本接入 basic access基本业务（GSM的） basic service (of GSM)基本越区切换规程 basic handover procedure基本最高可用频率 basic maximun usable frequency基波（分量） fundamental (component)基波系数 fundamental factor基带 baseband基地（海岸）（航空）设备 base (coast)(aeronautical) equipment基地电台 base station (BS)基站控制器 base station controller (BSC)基站识别码 base station identity code (BSIC)基站收发信台 base transceiver station (BTS)基站系统 base station system (BSS)基站区 base station area基准条件 reference condition基准阻抗 reference impedance奇偶校验码 parity check code奇偶校验位 parity bit激活 activation吉尔伯特码 Gilbert code级联码 concatenated code即时业务 demand service急充电 boost charge急剧衰落 flutter fading集成电路 integrated circuit集成电路卡 integrated circuit card集群电话互连 trunked telephone connectTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere集群电话互连器 trunked telephone connector集群基站 trunked base station集群效率 trunking efficiency集群移动电话系统 trunked mobile communication system集体呼叫 group call集体接收（在卫星广播业务中） community reception集中控制方式 centralized control集中式帧定位信号 bunched frame alignment signal计费信息 advice of charge计算机病毒 computer virus计算机辅助测试 computer-aided test (CAT)计算机辅助工程 computer-aided engineering (CAE)计算机辅助管理 computer-aided management (CAM)计算机辅助教学 computer-aided instruction (CAU)计算机辅助设计 computer-sided design (CAD)寄生反馈 parasitic feedback寄生调制 parasitic modulation寄生振荡 parasitic oscillation加密 encipherment加密保护 encipherment protection加密方案 encipherment scheme加权（互同步）网 hierarchic (mutually synchrohous) network假负载 dummy load假设参考电路 hypothetical reference circuit尖峰信号 spike间接分配 indirect distribution间接调频 indirect frequency modulation监测音峰频偏 supervisory audio tone peak deviation监测音频单音 supervisory audio tone (SAT)兼容话 compatible telephone兼容性 compatibility检波器的充电时间常数 electrical charge time constant of a detector检波器的电流灵敏度 detector current sensitivity检波器的电压灵敏度 detector voltage sensitivity检波器的放电时间常数 electrical discharge time constant (of adetector)检波失真 detection distortion检波效率 detection efficiency检错 error detection检错反馈系统 error-detecting and feedback system检错码 error detecting code检错能力 error-detecting capacityTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere减载波单边带发射 reduced carrier SSB emission减载波发射 reduced carrier emission减振器 damper, antivibrator剪音 clipping建筑物穿透损耗 building penetration loss鉴定测试 characterization test鉴权中心 authentication center (AUC)鉴频器 frequency discriminator鉴相鉴频器 phase detection discriminator鉴相灵敏度 discriminator sensitivity鉴相器 phase discriminator鉴相器输出误差电压 discriminator output error voltage键控 keying键盘 keyboard降额 derating降级 degradation降灵 desensitization降落物散射传播 precipitation scatter propagation交变温热试验 alternate humid heat test交叉干扰 cross interference交叉失真 cross-over distortion交换机无线接口 exchange radio interface交换局 exchange交换连接 switched connection交换区 switched area交流声 hum交替代号反转码 alternate mark inversion code (AMI code)交替信号反转破坏点（双极性破坏点）alternate mark inversion violation (bipolar violation)交调 cross-modulation角度分集 angle diversity角度调制 angle modulation角反射天线 corner reflector antenna校验位 check bit校验字符 check character校准 calibration接地 grounding接地电感线圈 earth inductor接口标准 interface standard接口集成电路 interface integrated circuit接口结构 interface structure接入能力 access capabilityTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere接入争用 access contention接入信道 access channel接收机 receiver接收机保护装置 receiver protector接收机的过载系数 overload factor of receiver接收机动态范围 receiver dynamic range接收机分路器 receiver multi-coupler接收机门限电平 receiver threshold-signal level接收机前端 front-end of receiver接收至发射的回波耗损 receive to transmit echo loss (RTEL)接收至发射的稳定耗损 receive to transmit stability loss (RTSL)接收响度评定值 receive loudness rating (RLR)接线信号 connect signal接续（连接） connection结点 node解码 decoding解码器 decoder解码器保护时间 decoder required protection time解码器报讯时间 decode alarm time解码器的选择性 decoder selectivity解码器工作电平范围 decoder operate level range解码器恢复时间 decoder recovery time解码器启动时间 decoder attack time解码器假码虚报 decoder false code falsifying解码器噪声虚报 decoder noise falsifying解密 decipher解扰器 descrambler解调 demodulation解调载频控制 demodulation carrier frequency control紧急呼叫 emergency call紧急指位无线信标台 emergency position-indicating rediobeaconstation近场区 near field region禁止对国际的呼叫 barring of outing international calls (BOIC)禁止所有对外呼叫 barring of all outgoing calls (BAOC)禁止所有呼入呼叫 barring of all incoming calls (BAIC)紧密度 precision静电放电 electrostatic discharge (ESD)静噪 squelch静噪开启电平和闭锁电平 squelch opening level and closing level静噪开启时延和闭锁时延 squelch opening delay and closing delay静噪失谐门限 squelch detuning threshold。
美国科罗拉多州大学关于在噪声环境下对大量连续语音识别系统的改进---------噪声环境下说话声音的识别工作简介在本文中，我们报道美国科罗拉多州大学关于噪声环境下海军研究语音词汇系统方面的最新改进成果。
特别地,我们介绍在有限语音数据的前提下，为了了解不确定观察者和变化的环境的任务(或调查方法)，我们必须在提高听觉和语言模式方面努力下工夫。
在大量连续词汇语音识别系统中,我们将展开MAPLR自适应方法研究。
它包括单个或多重最大可能线形回归。
当前噪声环境下语音识别系统使用了大量声音词汇识别的声音识别引擎。
这种引擎在美国科罗拉多州大学目前得到了飞速的发展，本系统在噪声环境下说话声音系统(SPINE-2)评价数据中单词错识率表现为30.5%，比起2001年的SPINE-2来,在相关词汇错识率减少16%。
1.介绍为获得噪声环境下的有活力的连续声音系统的声音，我们试图在艺术的领域做出计算和提出改善，这个工作有几方面的难点：依赖训练的有限数据工作；在训练和测试中各种各样的军事噪声存在；在每次识别适用性阶段中，不可想象的听觉溪流和有限数量的声音。
在2000年11月的SPIN-1和2001年11月SPIN-2中，海军研究词汇通过DARPT在工作上给了很大的帮助。
在2001年参加评估的种类有：SPIIBM,华盛顿大学，美国科罗拉多州大学，AT&T,奥瑞哥研究所，和梅隆卡内基大学。
它们中的许多先前已经报道了SPINE-1和SPLNE-2工作的结果。
在这方面的工作中不乏表现最好的系统.我们在特性和主模式中使用了自适应系统，同时也使用了被用于训练各种参数类型的多重声音平行理论(例如MFCC、PCP等)。
其中每种识别系统的输出通常通过一个假定的熔合的方法来结合。
这种方法能提供一个单独的结果，这个结果的错误率将比任何一个单独的识别系统的结果要低。
美国科罗拉多州大学参加了SPIN-2和SPIN-1的两次评估工作。
我们2001年11月的SPIN-2是美国科罗拉多州大学识别系统基础上第一次被命名为SONIC(大量连续语音识别系统)的。
Gsm and ApplicationGSM is Global System for Mobile Communications acronym, which means Global System for Mobile Communications is the world's leading cellular systems in the world. GSM is based on narrowband TDMA standard that allows radio frequency in a group call at the same time 8. GSM80 during the rise in Europe, put into use in 1991. The end of 1997, has operations in more than 100 countries, Europe and Asia has become the standard in fact, that by 2001, the world's 162 countries have already built a 400 GSM communications network. But the GSM system capacity is limited, users in the network overload, it had to construct additional network facilities. What is gratifying is that GSM performance in other areas, which in addition to providing a standardized list and signaling systems, but also opened up some of the more intelligent of the business such as international roaming and so on. The convenience of GSM mobile phone is that it provides a smart card, known as SIM cards, and card could be separated, so that the replacement of mobile phone users and custom personal information in this area are facilitated.GSM network to improve after years of development, is now very mature, less blind spots, signal stability, automatic roaming, and the communication distance from the impact of the surrounding environment. GSM short message in particular, flexible and convenient, you can cross-market, inter-provincial and even cross-border transmission, and each send a short message as long as one dime, very reliable and affordable. In addition, the mobile phone SIM card in recent years can apply for 0, some packages use lower cost than fixed. Therefore the use of mobile phone message to achieve alarm, ultra long-range remote control for industrial equipment, transmission of data is a very good choice.GSM module, is a similar mobile communication module, integrates a number of mobile phone functions on a single small circuit board, it can send SMS messages, calls and so on, the module is small, but it has a lot of mobile phone functionality, with its have equal is the core of the mobile phone, and it is in a lot of applications have a wide range of applications, GSM module through the use of AT commands to control it, modules can be connected to computer RS232 serial port, can also be used to carry out single-chip control . Below we cite some typical applications:1, mobile phone access control system:GSM Access Control System used to control the electric lock control, if you need to enter, as long as the cell phone call using GSM modules mobile number, will automatically open the door, and only you can set up cell phone numbers to open the door, and no costs.2, three billboard over the weather disaster emergency turn off:Over three billboards are constantly flip through the motor to achieve a number of ads displayed, because installed in the outdoors, when there is wind, hail and other weather disasters, billboards could easily be blown bad or damaged card die, when in need of emergency shut down, You can normally closed relay contact to control the power of advertising, when you need to do is send "turn off" control message, the billboard will automatically turn off, and automatically after a certain time delay automatically return to normal job (generally disastrous weather will not continue for a long time) in advance if you want to open a billboard, you can send "Open" control message.3, engineering system balance reminders:Some works are safe after the completion of the normal operation after a period of time tosettle the balance, if the encounter malicious clients the outstanding purchase price, often installed side very headache, because equipment has been installed, if the loss of a great come back down, particularly in the field customer very costly when the client system can be installed in the GSM module, use it all the way to control system or the way some of the key points, when the customer paid in arrears when the malicious message can turn off some features, forcing customers to pay the purchase price then immediately open message, if you have a smooth recovery of the purchase price can also be the name of system maintenance by the GSM module removed from the client system.4, monitoring systems or Web servers and reset the alarm:Monitoring system or web server running after a long period after death may be wrong, this time to power on reset is the only solution at this time through the GSM module can control system power, and set to open automatically after 3 seconds turn off mode, can achieve power reduction, in addition, GSM module in some special application areas also played a very large role, such as: the disappearance of the main power supply, memory errors, fan shutdown, fuel depletion, it was the invasion and other information, are not people the ideal choice for monitoring the engine room.5, the remote control of home appliances:Through the message can easily achieve the remote control to open rice cookers, water heaters and other appliances by remote control or switch to repair mode can also control the air-conditioningGSM global wireless mobile communication network control alarm host, using the global GSM short message data transmission mode and voice-enabled platform for the completion of intelligent data transmission and remote control alarm, set the host family, shops, office safety, electrical control, remote monitoring, such as Intelligent home functions, because of the global GSM wireless mobile communication network signal coverage area of Canton, and truly realize the low-cost high-quality ultra-long-distance convenient and flexible intelligent wireless control and alarm, to solve the fixed-line telephone or cable broadband network wired alarm limitations. GSM global wireless mobile communications network in popularity all over the world, the GSM global wireless mobile communication network control alarm can be widely used in a single host family, community property, electricity, transportation, petroleum, coal, railway, municipal and public security departments of the security industry prevention devices, data monitoring and remote monitoring system. Wireless Road, with 11 defense areas, 2-way Cable Standoff, different defense area alarm, alarm and message control, separate from a defended position, remote control, home appliance control, linkage to take photographs with the latest alarm center network characteristics.Features:1. Wireless suspects under strict surveillance, no wiring, and ease of installation.2. Cable suspects under strict surveillance, safe and reliable.3. Wireless remote control security / from a defended position, easy to operate.4. Adaptability widely used global-band wireless mobile networks.5. Password settings, confidentiality stronger.6. Alarm, the high-decibel alarm sound to deter thieves.7. Host automatically to six groups of mobile numbers to send SMS alerts. Alarm message and a telephone can be set up8. Host automatically dial the six groups of mobile or fixed telephone warning, start-site monitoring.9. Preset scene alarm and alarm message10. With emergency alarm function, can prevent thieves burglary, detection of gas leaks and smoke fire.11. Communicate electric missing Detect and alarm, to prevent the intentional destruction of the power system and power failure monitoring.12. Communicate after the loss of electricity automatically switch to a back-up battery.13. Available through GSM network platform and networking alarm center.14. Supported message in Chinese or English instructions.15. Handset intercom mode: Matching intercom calls, and alarm can be two-way intercom, real-time clear police intelligence to prevent unnecessary alarm.16. Appliance control: matching wireless relay control panel, available through remote control command message, such as electrical appliancesGSM及应用GSM是Global System for Mobile Communications的缩写，意为全球移动通信系统，是世界上主要的蜂窝系统之一。
ABSTRACTGSM is Global System for Mobile Communications acronym, which means Glob al System for Mobile Communications is the world's leading cellular systems in the w orld. GSM is based on narrowband TDMA standard that allows radio frequency in a gr oup call at the same time. GSM rised in Europe, put into use in 1991. In the end of 19 97, it has operationed in more than 100 countries, 162 countries have already built m ore than 400 GSM communications network until 2001. But the capacity of GSM s ystem is limited, users of the network are overload, it had to construct additional net work facilities. What is gratifying is that GSM performance in other areas, which in ad dition to providing a standardized list and signaling systems, but also opened up som e of the more intelligent business such as international roaming and so on. The conven ience of GSM mobile phone is that it provides a smart card, known as SIM cards, an d card could be separated, so that the replacement of mobile phone users and custom p ersonal information in this area are facilitated. GSM network have improved after year s of development, is now very mature, less blind spots, signal stability, automatic roam ing, and the communication distance from the impact of the surrounding environment.GSM（Global System for Mobile Communication）The success of mobile systems across the world is a sign that communication is moving towards a more personalized, convenient system. People who have to use a mobile phone on business soon begin to realize that the ability to phone any time, any place in one's personal life rapidly becomes a necessity, not a convenience.The speed and rapidity with which the personal communications revolution takes place is, unlike fixed transmission systems, highly dependent on technology and communication standards.For mobile the three key elements to achieving service take-up are the cost, the size and the weight of the phone, and the cost and quality of the link. If any of these are wrong, especially the first two, then market growth is liable to be severely restricted. The fixed telephone service is global and the interconnection varies from coaxial cable to optical fiber and satellite.The national standards are different, but with common interfaces and interface conversion, interconnection can take place. For mobile the problem is far more complex, with the need to roam creating a need for complex networks and systems. Thus in mobile the question of standards is far more crucial to success than fixed systems. In addition, there is also the vexed question of spectrum allocation in the mobile area.Mobile systems originally operated in analog mode in the 450 MHz band, moving later to 900 MHz with digital GSM and then to 1800 MHz with personalcommunication systems. The history of mobility can split into generations. The first generation systems were the advanced mobile phone systems (AMPS) in the US, total access communication system (TACS) in most of Europe and Nordic mobile telephone system (NMT); which were all analogue systems. The second generation is vary much dominated by the standard first set out in Europe by the group special mobile (GSM) committee, which was designed as a global mobile communication system.The GSM system is based on a cellular communications principle which was first proposed as a concept in the 1940s by Bell System engineers in the US. The idea came out of the need to increase network capacity and got round the fact that broadcast mobile networks, operating in densely populated areas, could be jammed by a very small number of simultaneous calls. The power of the cellular system was that it allowed frequency reuse.The cellular concept is defined by two features, frequency reuse and cell splitting. Frequency reuse comes into play by using radio channels on the same frequency in coverage areas that are far enough apart not to cause co-channel interference. This allows handling of simultaneous calls that exceed the theoretical spectral capacity. Cell splitting is necessary when the traffic demand on a cell has reached the maximum and the cell is then divided into a micro-cellular system. The shape of cell in a cellular system is always depicted as a hexagon and the cluster size can be seven, nine or twelve.The GSM system requires a number of functions to be created for a fully operational mobile system.The cell coverage area is controlled by a base station which is itself made up of two elements. The first element is the transmission system which communicates out to the mobile and also receives information from it to set up and maintain calls when actually in operation. The base station transceiver (BST) is controlled by the base station controller (BSC), which communicates with the mobile switching center (MSC) ---- the essential link to the local public switched telephone network (PSTN), and to the subscriber data which is stored in registers within the system. The subscriber registers allow the GSM system to check a subscriber who requests the use of the network, allow access and then set up the charging function, etc.The GSM system was allocated part of the 900 MHz band at the 1978 World Administration Conference (W AC), the actual bands being 890 to 915 MHz for the uplink transmission and 935 to 960 MHz for the downlink. The access method is time division multiple access (TDMA).The GSM system operates in a burst transmission mode with 124 radio channels in the 900 MHz band, and these bursts can carry different types of information. The first type of information is speech, which is coded at 6.5 kbit/s or 13 kbit/s. The second type is data, which can be sent at 3.6 kbit/s, 6 kbit/s or 12.6kbit/s. These two forms of transmission are the useful parts of the transmission, but have to be supported by overhead information which is sent in control channels (CCH).The use of digital radio transmission and the advanced handover algorithms between radio cells in GSM network allows for significantly better frequency usage than in analogue cellular systems, thus increasing the number of subscribers that canbe served. Since GSM provides common standard, cellular subscribers will also be able to use their telephones over the entire GSM service area. Roaming is fully automatic between and within all countries covered by GSM system. In addition to international roaming, GSM provides new services, such as high-speed data communication, Facsimile and short message service. The GSM technical specifications are designed to work in concert with other standards, e. g. ISDN. Interworking between the standards is in this way assured. In the long term perspective cellular systems, using a digital technology, will become the universal method of telecommunication.The third generation mobile communication system being developed in Europe is intended to integrate all the different services of second generation systems and cover a much wider range of broadband services (voice, data, video and multimedia) consistent and compatible with technology developments taking place within the fixed telecommunication networks.。
mobile and cellular radio移动和细胞广播in comparison to the relative stability and modest technical developments which are occurring in long haul wideband microwave communication systems there is rapid development and expanding deployment of new mobile personal communication system. These rang from wide coverage area pagers,for simple data message transmission,which employ common standards and hence achieve contiguous coverage over large geographical areas,such as all the major urban centres and transport routes in Europe,Asia or the continental USA.This chapter discusses the special channel characteristics of mobile systems and examines the typical cellular clusters adopted to achieve continuous communication with the mobile user.It then highlights the important properties of current,and emerging,TDMA and code division multiple access(CDMA), mobile digital cellular communication systems.Private mobile radioTerrestrial mobile radio works best at around 250 MHz as lower frequencies than this suffer from noise and interference while higher frequencies experience multipath propagation from buildings,etc,section 15.2.In practice modest frequency bands are allocated between 60MHz and 2GHz. Private mobile radio(PMR) is the system which is used by taxi companies,county councils,health authorities,ambulance services,fire services,the utility industries,etc,for mobile communications.PMR has three spectral at VHF,one just below the 88 to 108 MHz FM broadcast band and one just above this band with another allocation at approximately 170MHz.There are also two allocations at UHF around 450MHz. all these spectral allocations provide a total of just over 1000 radio channels with the channels placed at 12KHz channel spacings or centre frequency offsets. Within the 12khz wide channal the analogue modulation in PMR typically allows 7khz of bandwidth for the signal transmission.when further allowance is made for the frequency drift in the oscillators of these systems a peak deviation of only 2 to 3 khz is available for the speech traffic. Traffic is normally impressed on these systems by amplitude modulation or frequency modulation and again the receiver is of the ubiquitous superheterodyne design,Figure 1.4. A double conversion receiver with two separate local oscillator stages is usually required to achieve the required gain and rejection of adjacent channel signals.One of the problems with PMR receiver is that they are requiredto detect very small signals,typically—120dBm at the antenna output,corresponding to 0.2 uV,and,after demodulating this signal,produce ann output with perhaps 1W of audio equipment, the first IF is normally at10.7MHz and the second IF is very orten at 455KHz . unfortunately,with just over 1000 available channels for the whole of the UK and between 20000and30000issued licences for these systems,it is inevitable that the average busuness user will have to share the allocated channel with other companies in their same geographical area.There are various modes of operation for mobile radio communications networks, the simplest of which is singal frequency simplex. In simplex communication, traffic is broadcast, or one way. PMR uses half duplex(see later Table 15.3) where, at the end of each transmission period, there is a handover of the single channel to the user previously receiving, in order to permit them to reply over the same channel. This is efficient in that it requires only one frequency allocation for the communication link but it has the disadvantage that all units canhear all transmissions provided they are within rage of the mobile and frequencies are allocated for the transmissions. One frequency is used for the forward or downlink, namely base-to-mobile communications. This permits simultaneous two-way communication and greatly reduces the level of interference, but it halves other’s transmissions, which can lead to contention with two mobiles attempting to initiate a call, at the same time, on the uplink in a busy syetem.Although PMR employs relatively simple techniques with analogue speech transmission there have been many enhancements to these systems over the years . Data transmission is now in widespread use in PMR systems using FSK modulation. Data transmission also allows the possibility of hard copy graphics output and it gives direct access to computer services such as databases, etc. Data prembles can also be used, in a selective calling mode, when initiating a transmission to address a special receiver and thus obtain more privacy within the system.15.4.5 Trunked radio for paramilitary use集群无线电的军事使用Another related TDMA mobile radio standard is the European trunked radio(TETRA)network which has been developed as part of the public safety radio communications service(PSRCS) for use by police, utilities, customs office, etc. TETRA in fact is part of wider international collaborations for paramilitary radio use.In these portable radios there is a need for frequency hopping (FH) to give an antieavesdropping capability and encryption for security of transmission to extend military mobile radio capabilities to paramilitary use, i.e. for police, customs and excise offices, etc. these capabilities are included in the multiband interteam radio for the associated public safety communications office in the USA while Europe has adopted the TETRA standard.TETRA is essentially the digital TDMA replacement of the analogue PMR systems. The TETRA standard has spectrum allocations of 380 to 400 and 410 to 430MHz, with the lower band used for mobile transmissions and the upper band for base station use. TETRA mobile have 1 W output power and the base stations 25 W using error with the data throughput rate varying, to meet the required quality of service. TETRA can accommodate up to four users each with a basic speech or data rate of 7.2kbit/s. with coding and signaling overheads, the final transmission rate for the four-user slot is 36 kbit/s. this equipment is large and more sophisticated than a commercial cell phone, and it sells for a very much higher price becase the production runs are much small. However, its advanced capabilities are essential for achieving paramilitary communications which are secure from eavesdropping.15.5 Code division multiple accessAnalogue communication systems predominantly adopt frequency division multiple access (FDMA), where each subscriber is allocated a narrow frequency slot within the available channel. The alternative TDMA(GSM) technique allocates the entire channel bandwidth to a subscriber but constrains the subscriber but constrains the subscriber to transmit only regular short bursts of wideband signal. Both these accessing techniques are well established for long haulterrestrial, satellite and mobile communications as they offer very good utilization of the available bandwidth.15.5.1The inflexibility of these coordinated accessing techniques has resulted in the development of new systems based on the uncoordinated spread spectrum concept. In these systems the bits of slow speed data traffic from each subscriber are deliberately multiplied by a high chip rate spreading code, forcing the low rate (narrowband data signal) to fill a wide channel bandwidth.15.7.2 3G systemsThe evolution of the third generation (3G)system began when the ITU produce the initial recommendations for a new universal mobile telecommunications system(UMTS)[www.] The 3G mobile radio service provides higher data rate services ,with a maximum data rate in excess of 2Mbit/s, but the achievable bit rate is linked to mobility. Multimedia applications encompass services such as voice, audio/video, graphics, data, Internet access and e-mail. These packet and circuit switched services have to be supported by the radio interface and the network subsystem.Several radio transmission technologies(RTT) were evaluated by the ITU and adopted into the new standard, IMT-2000. the European standardization body for 3G, the ETSI Special Mobile Group, agreed on a radio access scheme for 3G UMTS universal terrestrial radio access(UTRA) as an evolution of GSM. UTRA consists of two modes : frequency division duplex(FDD) where the uplink and downlink are transmitted on different frequencies; and time division duplex(TDD) where the uplink and downlink are time multiplexed onto the same carrier frequency. The agreement assigned the unpaired bands (i.e. for UTRA TDD ). TD-CDMA is a pure CDMA based system. Both modes of UTRA have been harmonised with respect to basic system parameters such as carrier spacing, chip rate and frame length to ensure the interworking of UTRA with GSM.The 3G proposal were predominantly based wideband CDMA(WCDMA) and a mix of FDD and TDD access techniques. WCDMA is favoured for 3G in poor propagation environments with a mix of high modest speed data traffic. It is generally accepted that CDMA is the preferred accesstechnique and, with the increase in the data rate, then the spreading modulation needs to increase to wideband transmission.WCDMA is based on 3.84Mchip/s spreading codes with spreading ratio, i.e. , K values, of 4-256 giving corresponging data ratas of 960-15 kbit/s. the upper FDD uplink band I from 1920-1980 MHz is paired with a 2110-2170 MHz downlink. In addition uplink bands II & III at 1850-1910 MHz and 1710-1785 MHz are also paired, respectively, with 1930-1990 MHz and 1805-1880 MHz allocations. the system is configured on a 10 ms frame with 15 individual slots to facilitate TDD as well as FDD transmissions. TDD is more flexible as time-slots can be dynamically reassigned to uplink and downlink functions, as required for asymmetric transfer of large files or video on demand traffic. 3G WCDMA systems use an adaptive multirate speech coder with encoded rates of 4.75-12.2 kbit/s. receivers commonly use the easily integrated direct conversion design, in place of the superheterodyne design . receiver sensitivities are typically -155dBm.The 3GPP2 standard aims to achieve a wide area mobile wireless packet switched capability with CDMA2000 1×EV DO revision A (sometimes called IS-856A). Here 1×refers to the single carrier 1.25 Mchip/s system. It achieves a 3.1 Mbit/s downlink and a delay sensitive services. The 3GPP standard has gone through many release with R4 in 2001 which introduced packet data services and R6 in 2005 to further increase the available data transmission rate . R6 pioneers the use of high-speed downlink packet access and multimedia broadcast multicast services which offer reduced delays and increased uplink data rates approaching 6 Mbit/s.In parallel with the European activities extensive work on 3G mobile radio was also performed in Japan. The Japanese standardisation body also chose WCDMA, so that the Japanese and European proposals for the FDD mode were already aligned closely. Very similar concepts have also been adopted by the North American standardization body.In order to work towards a global 3G mobile radio standard, the third generation partnership project(3GPP), consisting of members of the standardization bodies in Europe, the USA, Japan, Korea and China, was formed. It has merged the already well harmonized proposals of the regional standardization bodies to work on a common 3G international mobile radio standard, still called UTRA. The 3GPP Project 2(3GPP2), on the other hand, works towards a 3G mobile radio standard based on cdmaOne/IS-95 evolution, originally called CDMA2000.比起相对稳定、适度的技术发展是发生在宽带微波通信系统,有长期快速发展和扩大部署的新的移动个人通讯系统。
外文资料Batchu Spandana et al. / International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering (IJCSE) Security Management System for Oilfield Based on GSMTechnologyBatchu SpandanaM.Tech Student, Department of ECESri Vasavi Engg College, TadepalligudemAddanki Purna RameshAssociate Professor, Department of ECESri Vasavi Engg College, Tadepalliguem.P.Gopala ReddyAsst. Professor, Department of ECESri Vasavi Engg College, TadepalliguemAbstract：Security Management at the industries mainly during the night times at the oil field is a critical task for the security people. Checking for the oil thefting, power failure, temperature range checking, tilt checking of the tanks, leakage of oil by rotating the pump done by the thieves is a critical task for the security people. improve the security level by implantation of wireless embedded technology will solve this problem. By reducing the manual power, at the site locations, and by improving the security level with the help of GSM based wireless technology which consist of transmitter (GSM modem) at the site location and receiver is the GSM mobile. Information transmitted by the GSM modem at the plant location will be sent to the respective person‟s mobile as a text message. Th e security people will take appropriate action according to the problem. For this we are used LPC2148 (ARM7) based microcontroller, which is the current dominant microcontroller in mobile based products and Software development tools as Keil, flash magic for loading hex file into the microcontroller.Keywords：LPC2148 (ARM7); Embedded …C‟; Keil; Flash magic; SIM 300 GSM ModeI. INTRODUCTIONGSM technology has been used worldwide for almost two decades. At the end of first quarter of 2007 there were 2,278,095,380 GSM subscribers, which represent almost 80.5% of all mobile network subscribers (Wireless Intelligence Organization informa tion‟s; Scourias, 1995). With rapid development of national and international economic construction, there is a great demand anddependent on oil products ex: petroleum in various industries. The international price of oil has been kept at a high level in recent years, so improving production efficiency and wastage due to tilt, over flow occur in valves, to protect oil from thefting on domestic oilfield is urgently needed to be improved. For protect and save oil products for 24 hours need huge human power, even also the implementation of safe management for oilfield is very difficult. We overcome these difficulties, by implementing a perfect scheme using GSM Technology. This system can improve the level of oilfield‟ security.GSM is the pan-European cellular mobile standard (Scourias, 1995). Three considered speech coding algorithms are part of this standard. The purpose of these coders is to compress the speech signal before its transmission, reducing the number of bits needed in its digital representation, while keeping an acceptable perceived quality of the decoded output speech signal. Spectrum efficiency of the GS M transmission system is increased through the use of DTX (Discontinuous Transmission), switching the transmitter on only during speech activity periods. V AD (V oice Activity Detection) is used to decide upon presence of active speech. To reduce the annoying modulation of the background noise at the receiver (noise contrast effects), CNG (Comfort Noise Generation) is used, inserting a coarse reconstruction of the background noise at the receiver (Scourias, 1995). Additionally, GSM incorporates also non-standard modules such as Echo Cancellation, Noise Reduction, Speech Preemphasis and Automatic Gain Control. As mentioned earlier, there exist three different GSM speech coders, which are referred to as the FR (full rate), HR (half rate) and EFR (enhanced full rate). Their corresponding European telecommunications standards are the GSM 06.10 (1996), GSM 06.20 (1998) and GSM 06.60 (1997). These coders work on a 13 bit uniform PCM speech input signal, sampled at 8 kHz. The input is processed on a frame-by-frame basis, with a frame size of 20 ms (160 samples).II. SYSTEM STRUCTUREThe security management system for oil field based on GSM Technology design is divided in to two sub systems (1) Transmitting section and (2) Receiving section.The transmitting system consists of (1) Sensor Unit, (2) LPC2148 (ARM7) Microcontroller, (3) SIM300 GSM Modem. Further the sensor unit is divided into five categories (a) TSOP1738 -IR transmitter and receiver as a tank over flow sensor (b) L7805 as a power failure indication unit (c) Limit switch as a Valve rotation unit (d) Mercury tilt switch as a Tilt sensor (e) LM-35Temperature sensor.The receiving section consists of GSM based Mobiles. Fig.1shows the Block diagram of the securitymanagement system for oil field based on GSM Technology.Fig.1 Block diagram of security management system for oil field based on GSM Technology The TSOP1738 -IR transmitter and receiver, L7805, Limit switch, Mercury tilt switch, LM-35 modules are interfaced to I/O ports of the LPC2148 (ARM7) Microcontroller. The LPC 2148 controller continuously monitors the tank level, tilt of the valve, angle of the valve rotation. If any change of parameters occurs at the corresponding modules the controller turns on buzzer, displays the message on LCD display and at the same time the controller activates the GSM Modem and GSM Modem sends the message to the two authorized persons by using GSM basedwireless technology.Fig.2 Main circuit board without chassisFig.3 Main circuit board with chassisFig.4 Ir transmitter and receiverFig.5 LCD displaying Tilt (Tilt occurred at the position of valve)Fig.6 LCD displaying TheftFig.7 LCD displaying oil over flowFig.8 Schematic viewIII ALGORITHMStep1: The user has to initialize the microcontroller and GSM modem.Step2: Microcontrollers continuously check the conditions one after the other.Step3: First chek for the power failure condition. If yes send message to mobile as”power failure”.Step4: Same message will display on LCD and buzzer sound will also occur.Step5: If the condition is no, go for the next conditionStep6: Check for the overflow. if the condition is yes send message to mobile as “overflow ” repeat the step4.if condition no repeat step5.Step7: Check for the. V olve rotation if the condition is yes send message to mobile as “theft alert”. Repeat the step4.if condition no repeat step5.Step8: Check for tilt. If the condition is yes send message to mobile as “tilt”. Repeat the step4.if condition no repeat step5.Step9: Check for temperature. . if the condition is yes send temperature value to the mobile and buzzer sound will also occur.Step10: This process repeats continuouslyIV SYSTEM FLOW CHARTV CONCLUSIONThe security management system for oilfield adopted GSM technology and Embedded System. It provides better security compared with human and free cost of maintenance. There is possibility for extending security for more parameters.REFERENCES[1] Cao Liting,”Distributed Security System for Intell igent Building Based OnWireless Communication Network”, Proceedings of 2006 IEEE International Conference on Information Acquisition, Weihai, Shandong, China, 177-182[2] Agranat I D,”Engineering web technologies for embedded applications”, IEEEInternet Computing, vol.2no.3, 1998[3] Yougjun Xu, Lingyi Liu, and Peifu Shen,”Low Power Processor Design WirelessSensor Network Application”, International Conference on Wireless Communication, Networking and Mobile(WCNM2005), Wuhan Chian, September 23-26,2005[4] LIU Chong, and XIAO Nanfeng,”Design and implementation of home servicerobot and home intelligent security control”, Information of Micro-computer, vol.22, no,pp.212-214,2006[5] “The specification of chip”, Princeton Technology Corp. http://www. p rinceton.Com. tw中文翻译：Batchu Spandana 等人/国际期刊计算机科学与工程（IJCSE）基于GSM的油田安全管理技术Batchu SpandanaM.Tech 学生, 欧洲经委会斯瓦萨维工程学院, TadepalligudemAddanki Purna Ramesh副教授, 教育部Sri Vasavi Engg College, Tadepalliguem.P.Gopala Reddy副教授, 教育部斯瓦萨维工程学院, Tadepalliguem摘要：在工业上，油田夜间安全管理对于安全人员来说是一个关键性的任务。
计算机网络中英翻译ACK (ACKnowledgement) 确认帧ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数字用户线AN (Access Network ）接入网ANSI (American National Standards Institute) 美国国家标准协会AP (Access Point) 接入点API (Application Programming Interface) 应用编程接口APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Center) 亚太网络信息中心ARP （ Address Resolution Protocol ）地址解析协议ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency)美国国防部远景研究规划局（高级研究计划署）ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) 自动请求重发ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 异步传递方式ATU (Access Termination Unit) 接入端接单元ATU-C (Access Termination Unit Central Office ）端局接入端接单元ATU-R (Access Termination Unit Remote) 远端接入端接单元AUI (Attachment Unit Interface ）连接接口单元AWT （ Abstract Window Toolkit ）抽象窗口工具箱BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification) 反向显式拥塞通知BER (Basic Encoding Rule) 基本编码规则BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) 边界网关协议BSA (Basic Service Area) 基本服务区BSS (Basic Service Set) 基本服务集BNA 宝来网络体系结构CAC (Connection Admission Control) 连接准许控制CAP (Carrierless Amplitude Phase) 无载波振幅相位调制CATV (Community Antenna TV, CAble TV) 有线电视CBR （ Constant Bit Rate ）恒定比特率CCIR (Consultative Committee，International Radio) 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT (Consultative Committee, International Telegraph and Telephone)国际电报电话咨询委员会CCP 通信控制处理机CDM (Code Division Multiplexing) 码分复用CDMA (Code Division Multiplex Access) 码分多址CNNIC (Network Information Center of China) 中国互联网络信息中心CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) 循环冗余检验CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access ／ Collision Detection)载波监听多点接入/碰撞检测CSU/DSU （ Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) 信道服务单元／数据服务单元CTD (Cell Transfer Delay) 信元传送时延DACS (Digital Access and Cross-connect System) 数字交接系统DCA 数据通信体系结构DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) 数据电路端接设备DE (Discard Eligibility) 丢弃指示DES (Data Encryption Standard) 数据加密标准DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 动态主机配置协议DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) 数据链路连接标识符DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) 离散多音（调制）DNS (Domain Name System) 域名系统DNA 数据网络系统结构DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) 数字用户线DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) 数字用户线接入复用器DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 直接序列扩频DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) 数据终端设备DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) 距离向量多播路由选择协议DWDM (Dense WDM) 密集波分复用EGP (External Gateway Protocol) 外部网关协议EIA (Electronic Industries Association ）美国电子工业协会ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) 封装安全有效载荷ESS 伍 xtended Service Set) 扩展的服务集FCS (Frame Check Sequence) 帧检验序列FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface ）光纤分布式数据接口FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) 频分复用FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) 转发等价类FEC (Forward Error Correction) 前向纠错FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) 跳频扩频FIFO （ First In First Out) 先进先出FQ (Fair Queuing) 公平排队FR (Frame Relay) 帧中继FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) 移频键控FTP (File Transfer Protocol ）文件传送协议FTTB (Fiber To The Building) 光纤到大楼FTTC (Fiber To The Curb ）光纤到路边FTTH (Fiber To The Home) 光纤到家FTTD (Fiber To The Desk) 光纤到桌面FTTZ(Fiber To The Zone ）光纤到小区FTTO (Fiber To The Office) 光纤到办公室FTTF (Fiber To The Floor) 光纤到楼层GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) 图形交换格式GII (Global Information Infrastructure) 全球信息基础结构，全球信息基础设施GFC （ Generic Flow Control) 通用流量控制GSM (Group Special Mobile) 群组专用移动通信体制HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) 面向比特的链路控制规程HDSL (High speed DSL) 高速数字用户线HEC (Header Error Control) 首部差错控制HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax) 光纤同轴混合（网）HTML (HyperText Markup Language) 超文本置标语言HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) 超文本传送协议IAB (Internet Architecture Board) 因特网体系结构委员会IAC （ Interpret As Command ）作为命令解释IAHC (Internet International Ad Hoc Committee ）因特网国际特别委员会ICMP （ Internet Control Message Protocol ）因特网控制报文协议IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm) 国际数据加密算法IEEE电气和电子工程师协会IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) 因特网工程指导小组IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) 因特网工程部IFS (Inter Frame Space) 帧间间隔IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) 因特网组管理协议IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) 内部网关协议IM (Instant Messaging) 即时传信IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) 因特网报文存取协议IMP （ Interface Message Processor) 接口报文处理机IP (Internet Protocol ）网际协议IR (InfraRed ）红外技术IRTF （ Internet Research Task Force ）因特网研究部ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 综合业务数字网ISO （ International Organization for Standardization ）国际标准化组织ISOC (Internet Society) 因特网协会ISP （ Internet Service Provider) 因特网服务提供者ITU （ International Telecommunication Union ）国际电信联盟ITU-T （ ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector) 国际电信联盟电信标准化部门JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) 联合图像专家组标准KDC (Key Distribution Center) 密钥分配中心LAN (Local Area Network ）局域网LANE (LAN Emulation ）局域网仿真LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced) 链路接入规程（平衡型）LCP (Link Control Protocol) 链路控制协议LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) 标记分配协议LLC (Logical Link Control) 逻辑链路控制LSP (Label Switched Path) 标记交换路径LSR (Label Switching Router) 标记交换路由器MAC (Medium Access Control) 媒体接入控制MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) 城域网MAU (Medium Attachment Unit) 媒体连接单元MBONE (Multicast Backbone On the InterNEt ）多播主干网MBS (Maximum Burst Size ）最大突发长度MCR (Minimum Cell Rate ）最小信元速率 MCU (Multipoint Control Unit)多点控制单元MD (Message Digest) 报文摘要MDI (Medium Dependent Interface ）媒体相关接口MIB (Management Information Base) 管理信息库MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) 通用因特网邮件扩充location Vector) 网络分配向量NCP (Network Control Protocol) 网络控制协议NFS (Network File System) 网络文件系统NGI 下一代因特网计划NIA 网络适配器NIC (Network Interface Card) 网络接口卡、网卡NII (National Information Infrastructure) 国家信息基础结构，国家信息基础设施NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) 网络层可达性信息NNI (Network-Node Interface) 网络结点接口NSF (National Science Foundation) （美国）国家科学基金会NVT (Network Virtual Terminal ）网络虚拟终端ODBC （Open Database Connection）开放数据库互连OSF （Open Software Fundation ）开放软件基金会OSI （Open System Interconnection ）开放系统互联PBX （Private Branch eXchange ）用户交换机PCM (Pulse Code Modulation ) 脉冲编码调制PCN (Personal Communications Network ) 个人通信网络PCR （Peak Cell Rate ）峰值信元速率PCS 个人通信服务 Personal Communications ServicePDH 准同步数字系列PDA 个人数字助理 Personal Digital AssistantPDN 公用数据网 Public Data NetworkPDU 协议数据单元 Protocol Data UnitPER 分组差错率 packet error ratePIR 分组插入率 packet insertion ratePLCP 物理层会聚协议 Physical Layer Convergence ProtocolPLR 分组丢失率 packet loss ratePMD 物理媒体相关（子层） Physical Medium DependentPPP 点到点协议 Point to Point ProtocolPPTP 点对点隧道协议PRM 协议参考模型 Protocol Reference ModelPRN 分组无线网 Packet Radio NetworkPSN 分组交换节点 Packet Switch NodePSTN 公用电话交换网 Public Switched Telephone NetworkRARP 逆向地址解析协议 Reverse Address Resolution ProtocolRAS 远程访问服务器RFC 请求评注 Request for CommentsRMON 远程网络管理Router 路由器RPC 远程过程调用 Remote Procedure CallRSVP 资源重复利用协议RTP 接收和发送端口RTS 往返样本 Round Trip SampleRTS 剩余时间标签SAP 业务接入点 Service Access PointSAP 服务公告协议 Service Advertising ProtocolSAR 分段和重组(子层) Segmentation and ReassemblySDH 同步数字系列 Synchronous Digital HierarchySDLC 同步数据链路控制(协议) Advanced Data Communication Control ProcedureSDTV 标准数字电视SDU 业务数据单元 Service Data UnitSIPP 增强的简单因特网协议 Simple Internet Protocol PlusSLIP 串行线路IP Serial Line Interface ProtocolSMDS 交换式多兆比特数据业务 Switched Multimegabit Data Services SMF 单模光纤 Single-mode FiberSMT 站点管理 Station ManagementSMTP 简单邮件传输协议 Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolSNA 系统网络体系结构 System Network ArchitectureSNMP 简单网络管理协议 Simple Network Management ProtocolSNR 信噪比 Signal-Noise ratioSONET 同步光纤网络 Synchronous Optical NetworkSTM 同步传输方式 Synchronous Transfer ModeSTP 屏蔽双绞线 Shielded Twisted PairSTS 同步传输信号 Synchronous Transport SignalSVC 交换虚电路 Switched Virtual CircuitSwitch 交换机TCP 传输控制协议 Transmission Control ProtocolTDM 时分多路复用 Time Division MultiplexingTFTP 单纯文件传输协议 Trivial File Transfer protocolTelnet 远程登录协议TIP 终端接口处理机 Terminal Interface ProcessorTP 双绞线 Twisted PairTSAP 传输层服务访问点 Transport Service Access PointUDP 用户数据报协议 User Datagram ProtocolUSB 通用串行总线 Universal Serial BusUTP 非屏蔽双绞线 Unshielded Twisted PairVAN 增值网 Value Added NetworkVBR 可变比特率 Variable Bit RateVCC 虚信道连接 Virtual Channel ConnectionVLAN 虚拟局域网 Virtual LANVLSI 超大规模集成电路VOD 点播图像 Video on DemandVPC 虚路径连接 Virtual Path ConnectionVPI 虚路径标识 virtual path identifierVPN 虚拟专用网络 Virtual Private NetworkVRML 虚拟现实造型语言 Virtual Reality Modeling LanguageVTP 虚拟隧道协议WAN 广域网 Wide Area NetworkWDM 波分多路复用 Wavelength Division MultiplexingWWW 万维网 World Wide Web。
计算机网络中英翻译ACK (ACKnowledgement) 确认帧ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数字用户线AN (Access Network ）接入网ANSI (American National Standards Institute) 美国国家标准协会AP (Access Point) 接入点API (Application Programming Interface) 应用编程接口APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Center) 亚太网络信息中心ARP （ Address Resolution Protocol ）地址解析协议ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency)美国国防部远景研究规划局（高级研究计划署）ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) 自动请求重发ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 异步传递方式ATU (Access Termination Unit) 接入端接单元ATU-C (Access Termination Unit Central Office ）端局接入端接单元ATU-R (Access Termination Unit Remote) 远端接入端接单元AUI (Attachment Unit Interface ）连接接口单元AWT （ Abstract Window Toolkit ）抽象窗口工具箱BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification) 反向显式拥塞通知BER (Basic Encoding Rule) 基本编码规则BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) 边界网关协议BSA (Basic Service Area) 基本服务区BSS (Basic Service Set) 基本服务集BNA 宝来网络体系结构CAC (Connection Admission Control) 连接准许控制CAP (Carrierless Amplitude Phase) 无载波振幅相位调制CATV (Community Antenna TV, CAble TV) 有线电视CBR （ Constant Bit Rate ）恒定比特率CCIR (Consultative Committee，International Radio) 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT (Consultative Committee, International Telegraph and Telephone)国际电报电话咨询委员会CCP 通信控制处理机CDM (Code Division Multiplexing) 码分复用CDMA (Code Division Multiplex Access) 码分多址CNNIC (Network Information Center of China) 中国互联网络信息中心CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) 循环冗余检验CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access ／ Collision Detection)载波监听多点接入/碰撞检测CSU/DSU （ Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) 信道服务单元／数据服务单元CTD (Cell Transfer Delay) 信元传送时延DACS (Digital Access and Cross-connect System) 数字交接系统DCA 数据通信体系结构DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) 数据电路端接设备DE (Discard Eligibility) 丢弃指示DES (Data Encryption Standard) 数据加密标准DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 动态主机配置协议DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) 数据链路连接标识符DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) 离散多音（调制）DNS (Domain Name System) 域名系统DNA 数据网络系统结构DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) 数字用户线DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) 数字用户线接入复用器DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 直接序列扩频DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) 数据终端设备DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) 距离向量多播路由选择协议DWDM (Dense WDM) 密集波分复用EGP (External Gateway Protocol) 外部网关协议EIA (Electronic Industries Association ）美国电子工业协会ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) 封装安全有效载荷ESS 伍 xtended Service Set) 扩展的服务集FCS (Frame Check Sequence) 帧检验序列FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface ）光纤分布式数据接口FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) 频分复用FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) 转发等价类FEC (Forward Error Correction) 前向纠错FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) 跳频扩频FIFO （ First In First Out) 先进先出FQ (Fair Queuing) 公平排队FR (Frame Relay) 帧中继FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) 移频键控FTP (File Transfer Protocol ）文件传送协议FTTB (Fiber To The Building) 光纤到大楼FTTC (Fiber To The Curb ）光纤到路边FTTH (Fiber To The Home) 光纤到家FTTD (Fiber To The Desk) 光纤到桌面FTTZ(Fiber To The Zone ）光纤到小区FTTO (Fiber To The Office) 光纤到办公室FTTF (Fiber To The Floor) 光纤到楼层GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) 图形交换格式GII (Global Information Infrastructure) 全球信息基础结构，全球信息基础设施GFC （ Generic Flow Control) 通用流量控制GSM (Group Special Mobile) 群组专用移动通信体制HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) 面向比特的链路控制规程HDSL (High speed DSL) 高速数字用户线HEC (Header Error Control) 首部差错控制HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax) 光纤同轴混合（网）HTML (HyperText Markup Language) 超文本置标语言HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) 超文本传送协议IAB (Internet Architecture Board) 因特网体系结构委员会IAC （ Interpret As Command ）作为命令解释IAHC (Internet International Ad Hoc Committee ）因特网国际特别委员会ICMP （ Internet Control Message Protocol ）因特网控制报文协议IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm) 国际数据加密算法IEEE电气和电子工程师协会IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) 因特网工程指导小组IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) 因特网工程部IFS (Inter Frame Space) 帧间间隔IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) 因特网组管理协议IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) 内部网关协议IM (Instant Messaging) 即时传信IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) 因特网报文存取协议IMP （ Interface Message Processor) 接口报文处理机IP (Internet Protocol ）网际协议IR (InfraRed ）红外技术IRTF （ Internet Research Task Force ）因特网研究部ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 综合业务数字网ISO （ International Organization for Standardization ）国际标准化组织ISOC (Internet Society) 因特网协会ISP （ Internet Service Provider) 因特网服务提供者ITU （ International Telecommunication Union ）国际电信联盟ITU-T （ ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector) 国际电信联盟电信标准化部门JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) 联合图像专家组标准KDC (Key Distribution Center) 密钥分配中心LAN (Local Area Network ）局域网LANE (LAN Emulation ）局域网仿真LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced) 链路接入规程（平衡型）LCP (Link Control Protocol) 链路控制协议LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) 标记分配协议LLC (Logical Link Control) 逻辑链路控制LSP (Label Switched Path) 标记交换路径LSR (Label Switching Router) 标记交换路由器MAC (Medium Access Control) 媒体接入控制MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) 城域网MAU (Medium Attachment Unit) 媒体连接单元MBONE (Multicast Backbone On the InterNEt ）多播主干网MBS (Maximum Burst Size ）最大突发长度MCR (Minimum Cell Rate ）最小信元速率 MCU (Multipoint Control Unit)多点控制单元MD (Message Digest) 报文摘要MDI (Medium Dependent Interface ）媒体相关接口MIB (Management Information Base) 管理信息库MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) 通用因特网邮件扩充modem 调制解调器MOTIF (Message Oriented Text Interchange System) 面向报文的电文交换系统MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) 活动图像专家组标准MPOA (MultiProtocol Over ATM) 多协议在 ATM 上运行MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) 多协议标记交换MRU (Maximum Receive Unit) 最大接收单元MSS (Maximum Segment Size) 最长报文段MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) 最大传送单元NAK (Negative AcKnowlegement) 否认帧NAP （ Network Access Point) 网络接入点N.ISDN (Narrowband-ISDN) 窄带综合业务数字网NAT (Network Address Translation ）网络地址转换NAV (Network Al location Vector) 网络分配向量NCP (Network Control Protocol) 网络控制协议NFS (Network File System) 网络文件系统NGI 下一代因特网计划NIA 网络适配器NIC (Network Interface Card) 网络接口卡、网卡NII (National Information Infrastructure) 国家信息基础结构，国家信息基础设施NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) 网络层可达性信息NNI (Network-Node Interface) 网络结点接口NSF (National Science Foundation) （美国）国家科学基金会NVT (Network Virtual Terminal ）网络虚拟终端ODBC （Open Database Connection）开放数据库互连OSF （Open Software Fundation ）开放软件基金会OSI （Open System Interconnection ）开放系统互联PBX （Private Branch eXchange ）用户交换机PCM (Pulse Code Modulation ) 脉冲编码调制PCN (Personal Communications Network ) 个人通信网络PCR （Peak Cell Rate ）峰值信元速率PCS 个人通信服务 Personal Communications ServicePDH 准同步数字系列PDA 个人数字助理 Personal Digital AssistantPDN 公用数据网 Public Data NetworkPDU 协议数据单元 Protocol Data UnitPER 分组差错率 packet error ratePIR 分组插入率 packet insertion ratePLCP 物理层会聚协议 Physical Layer Convergence ProtocolPLR 分组丢失率 packet loss ratePMD 物理媒体相关（子层） Physical Medium DependentPPP 点到点协议 Point to Point ProtocolPPTP 点对点隧道协议PRM 协议参考模型 Protocol Reference ModelPRN 分组无线网 Packet Radio NetworkPSN 分组交换节点 Packet Switch NodePSTN 公用电话交换网 Public Switched Telephone NetworkRARP 逆向地址解析协议 Reverse Address Resolution ProtocolRAS 远程访问服务器RFC 请求评注 Request for CommentsRMON 远程网络管理Router 路由器RPC 远程过程调用 Remote Procedure CallRSVP 资源重复利用协议RTP 接收和发送端口RTS 往返样本 Round Trip SampleRTS 剩余时间标签SAP 业务接入点 Service Access PointSAP 服务公告协议 Service Advertising ProtocolSAR 分段和重组(子层) Segmentation and ReassemblySDH 同步数字系列 Synchronous Digital HierarchySDLC 同步数据链路控制(协议) Advanced Data Communication Control Procedure SDTV 标准数字电视SDU 业务数据单元 Service Data UnitSIPP 增强的简单因特网协议 Simple Internet Protocol PlusSLIP 串行线路IP Serial Line Interface ProtocolSMDS 交换式多兆比特数据业务 Switched Multimegabit Data ServicesSMF 单模光纤 Single-mode FiberSMT 站点管理 Station ManagementSMTP 简单邮件传输协议 Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolSNA 系统网络体系结构 System Network ArchitectureSNMP 简单网络管理协议 Simple Network Management ProtocolSNR 信噪比 Signal-Noise ratioSONET 同步光纤网络 Synchronous Optical NetworkSTM 同步传输方式 Synchronous Transfer ModeSTP 屏蔽双绞线 Shielded Twisted PairSTS 同步传输信号 Synchronous Transport SignalSVC 交换虚电路 Switched Virtual CircuitSwitch 交换机TCP 传输控制协议 Transmission Control ProtocolTDM 时分多路复用 Time Division MultiplexingTFTP 单纯文件传输协议 Trivial File Transfer protocolTelnet 远程登录协议TIP 终端接口处理机 Terminal Interface ProcessorTP 双绞线 Twisted PairTSAP 传输层服务访问点 Transport Service Access PointUDP 用户数据报协议 User Datagram ProtocolUSB 通用串行总线 Universal Serial BusUTP 非屏蔽双绞线 Unshielded Twisted PairVAN 增值网 Value Added NetworkVBR 可变比特率 Variable Bit RateVCC 虚信道连接 Virtual Channel ConnectionVLAN 虚拟局域网 Virtual LANVLSI 超大规模集成电路VOD 点播图像 Video on DemandVPC 虚路径连接 Virtual Path ConnectionVPI 虚路径标识 virtual path identifierVPN 虚拟专用网络 Virtual Private NetworkVRML 虚拟现实造型语言 Virtual Reality Modeling Language VTP 虚拟隧道协议WAN 广域网 Wide Area NetworkWDM 波分多路复用 Wavelength Division MultiplexingWWW 万维网 World Wide Web。
欢迎共阅计算机网络中英翻译ACK(ACKnowledgement)确认帧ADSL(AsymmetricDigitalSubscriberLine)非对称数字用户线AN(AccessNetwork）接入网ANSI(AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute)美国国家标准协会AP(AccessPoint)接入点API(ApplicationProgrammingInterface)应用编程接口APNIC(AsiaPacificNetworkInformationCenter)亚太网络信息中心ARP（AddressResolutionProtocol）地址解析协议AWT（BNACBR（CCPCSMA/CD(CarrierSenseMultipleAccess／CollisionDetection)载波监听多点接入/碰撞检测CSU/DSU（ChannelServiceUnit/DataServiceUnit)信道服务单元／数据服务单元CTD(CellTransferDelay)信元传送时延DACS(DigitalAccessandCross-connectSystem)数字交接系统DCA数据通信体系结构DCE(DataCircuit-terminatingEquipment)数据电路端接设备DE(DiscardEligibility)丢弃指示DES(DataEncryptionStandard)数据加密标准DHCP(DynamicHostConfigurationProtocol)动态主机配置协议DLCI(DataLinkConnectionIdentifier)数据链路连接标识符DMT(DiscreteMulti-Tone)离散多音（调制）DNS(DomainNameSystem)域名系统DNA数据网络系统结构DSL(DigitalSubscriberLine)数字用户线DSLAM(DSLAccessMultiplexer)数字用户线接入复用器DSSS(DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum)直接序列扩频DTE(DataTerminalEquipment)数据终端设备DVMRP(DistanceVectorMulticastRoutingProtocol)距离向量多播路由选择协议DWDM(DenseWDM)密集波分复用EGP(ExternalGatewayProtocol)外部网关协议EIA(ElectronicIndustriesAssociation）美国电子工业协会ESS伍FCS(FrameFIFO（FR(FrameGFC（HDSL(HighspeedDSL)高速数字用户线HEC(HeaderErrorControl)首部差错控制HFC(HybridFiberCoax)光纤同轴混合（网）HTML(HyperTextMarkupLanguage)超文本置标语言HTTP(HyperTextTransferProtocol)超文本传送协议IAB(InternetArchitectureBoard)因特网体系结构委员会IAC（InterpretAsCommand）作为命令解释IAHC(InternetInternationalAdHocCommittee）因特网国际特别委员会ICMP（InternetControlMessageProtocol）因特网控制报文协议IDEA(InternationalDataEncryptionAlgorithm)国际数据加密算法IEEE电气和电子工程师协会IESG(InternetEngineeringSteeringGroup)因特网工程指导小组IETF(InternetEngineeringTaskForce)因特网工程部IFS(Inter Frame Space)帧间间隔IGMP(InternetGroupManagementProtocol)因特网组管理协议IGP(InteriorGatewayProtocol)内部网关协议IM(InstantMessaging)即时传信IMAP(InternetMessageAccessProtocol)因特网报文存取协议IMP（InterfaceMessageProcessor)接口报文处理机IP(InternetProtocol）网际协议IR(InfraRed）红外技术IRTF（ISO（ISP（ITU（ITU-T（MIB(ManagementInformationBase)管理信息库MIME(MultipurposeInternetMailExtensions)通用因特网邮件扩充modem调制解调器MOTIF(MessageOrientedTextInterchangeSystem)面向报文的电文交换系统MPEG(MotionPictureExpertsGroup)活动图像专家组标准MPOA(MultiProtocolOverATM)多协议在ATM上运行MPLS(MultiProtocolLabelSwitching)多协议标记交换MRU(MaximumReceiveUnit)最大接收单元MSS(MaximumSegmentSize)最长报文段MTU(MaximumTransferUnit)最大传送单元NAK(NegativeAcKnowlegement)否认帧NAP（NetworkAccessPoint)网络接入点N.ISDN(Narrowband-ISDN)窄带综合业务数字网NAT(NetworkAddressTranslation）网络地址转换NAV(NetworkAl location Vector)网络分配向量NCP(NetworkControlProtocol)网络控制协议NFS(NetworkFileSystem)网络文件系统NGI下一代因特网计划NIA网络适配器NIC(NetworkInterfaceCard)网络接口卡、网卡NII(NationalInformationInfrastructure)国家信息基础结构，国家信息基础设施ODBC（OSF（OSI（PBX（PCR（PCSPDHPDAPDNPDUPERPIRPLCPPLRPMDPPPPPTPPRMPRNPSN分组交换节点PacketSwitchNodePSTN公用电话交换网PublicSwitchedTelephoneNetworkRARP逆向地址解析协议ReverseAddressResolutionProtocolRAS远程访问服务器RFC请求评注RequestforCommentsRMON远程网络管理Router路由器RPC远程过程调用RemoteProcedureCallRSVP资源重复利用协议RTP接收和发送端口RTS往返样本RoundTripSampleRTS剩余时间标签SAP业务接入点ServiceAccessPointSAP服务公告协议ServiceAdvertisingProtocolSAR分段和重组(子层)SegmentationandReassemblySDH同步数字系列SynchronousDigitalHierarchySDLC同步数据链路控制(协议)AdvancedDataCommunicationControlProcedure SDTV标准数字电视SDU业务数据单元ServiceDataUnitSIPP增强的简单因特网协议SimpleInternetProtocolPlusSLIP串行线路IPSerialLineInterfaceProtocolSMDSSMFSMTSMTPSNASNMPSNRSONETSTMSTPSTSSVCTCPTDMTFTPVCC虚信道连接VirtualChannelConnectionVLAN虚拟局域网VirtualLANVLSI超大规模集成电路VOD点播图像VideoonDemandVPC虚路径连接VirtualPathConnectionVPI虚路径标识virtualpathidentifierVPN虚拟专用网络VirtualPrivateNetworkVRML虚拟现实造型语言VirtualRealityModelingLanguageVTP虚拟隧道协议WAN广域网WideAreaNetworkWDM波分多路复用WavelengthDivisionMultiplexing WWW万维网WorldWideWeb。
GSM移动通信系统综述GSM的历史在十九世纪八十年代，蜂窝电话系统在欧洲迅速发展起来，特别是在斯堪的纳维亚和联合国，还有法国和德国。
每个国家发展自己的系统，在设备和运营方面和别的其他国家不相同。
这是一个不受欢迎的情况，因为移动设备不仅受国界的限制，（这在统一的欧洲变的越来越不重要），而且还受每种设备类型的市场限制，以至于如此的经济规模和储蓄不能被实现。
欧洲首先认识到这种情况，在1982年欧洲邮电行政大会成立了一个欧洲移动特别小组，简称GSM，形成这个小组为了研究和发展欧洲的移动陆地通信系统，所提出的这个系统必须遵循以下几个标准；●好的话音质量。
●低的终端服务成本。
●支持国际漫游。
●支持手持终端。
●支持新的服务和设备。
●高效的光谱。
●ISDN兼容性。
在1989年，GSM的责任是被欧洲电讯学会标准所接受。
GSM规范的第一阶段于1990年被公布，商业服务在1991年被推行，到1993年，在22个国家有36个GSM网络。
虽然标准定型在欧洲，但GSM不只是欧洲的标准，超过200个GSM 网络（包括DCS1800和PCS1900）在世界上110个国家运营。
在1994年初，世界上有1.3百万个用户，到1997年10月已经超过了55百万个用户。
北美洲进入GSM领域比较晚，而且随之有一个GSM派生物叫PCS1900，GSM在每个大陆存在，而缩写词GSM代表了全球移动通信系统。
GSM 的发展选择了一个（在时间上）被分割的数字系统，相反的是，像美洲的AMPS和联合国TACS 一样标准的模拟的细胞系统。
他们相信那个处于压缩状态的算法和数字信号处理器的进展，允许实现原来的标准和在连续不断改进的系统方面的质量和费用。
超过八千页的GSM系统介绍尽量允许给中间供给者以灵活性和竞争性，但是足够的标准化保证在系统组成部分之间互相交织。
这个被通过为每个在系统中的定义的功能实体提供功能和交织描述。
GSM所提供的服务从开始，GSM的计划者想在提供的服务和信号使用的控制方面考虑ISDN 的兼容性。
然而，无线传输限制，带宽方面和费用，不允许ISDNB标准的通道点率64KPS被实际达到。
使用ITU-T定义，电讯服务被划分为送信人服务，电话服务和其它补充服务。
最基本的电话是被GSM支持的电话。
比如其它通信，语音被进行数字化编码，作为数字流通过GSM网络被传输。
有一种紧急服务，在最近的紧急事件发生处，服务提供者被通知拨打三位电话号码（比如911）。
各种各样的数据服务被提供。
GSM使用者可以发送和接收数据给使用者通过POPTS（普通的老的电话服务）、ISDN、转换公共数据的网络包和转换公共数据网络的电路，使用多样化的接口方法和协议，比如X.25或X.32。
速率可以达到9600bps，由于GSM是一个数字网络，在用户和GSM网之间是不需要调制解调器的，但是调制解调器要求在GSM网和POTS里交织工作。
其他数据服务包括组3传真，作为在ITU-T协议T.30中被描述，这个被传真编剧的使用者所支持，GSM的唯一特性就是在较老的类似系统中找不到，是短信息系统（SMS），SMS是一种字母数字的双向的信息服务。
消息被传输采用一种存储转交的形式。
对于点对点的SMS，一条信息被发送到另一个用户，收到的谢意被提供给发送人。
SMS能被用于细胞—播送模式，用来发送诸如交通更新资料或消息更新资料。
消息能被存储在SIM卡里。
补充的服务被提供在电话服务或送信人服务之上。
在第一阶段的说明中，他们包括若干形式的呼叫转接如呼叫转接当移动用户不能到达网络时），外出呼叫，或入局呼叫，比如在其它国家漫游时。
在第二阶段的规范中许多补充服务将被提供，比如呼叫者识别，呼叫等待，多政党谈话。
信道控制普通的信道模式能被分为两类：专用呼叫信道模式和标明空闲信道模式。
普通的信道被空闲模式使用，从而改变要求变成专用信道的信号信息。
专用信道方式监控周围的基站和其它信息，普通信道被定义在51帧，以及专用信道使用26帧，TCH结构仍然能监控信道，普通信道包括：●广播控制信道（BCCH）连续不断的发送，在下行链路上，消息包括基站识别，频率分配和跳频序列●频率校正信道（FCCH）和同步信道（SCH）同步突发脉冲序列用于移动台的时间同步。
在GSM蜂窝网络中，广播确切的指一个频率校正信道和一个同步信道。
●随机接入信道（RACH）被移动台使用的时隙提出入网。
●寻呼信道(PCH) 对下一个呼叫向移动台发出报警。
●传输基站准许接入信道（AGCH）寻呼移动台的信息。
分配独立专用信道（为了获得一个独立专用信道），对RACH作出应答。
信道编码和调制由于自然的和人为的电磁干扰，语音编码或数据信号通过无线电接口传输必是从差错保护的。
GSM使用编码，并阻塞交错达到这个保护，这个算法使用由于语音和不同的数据率而不同，用于语音的方法块将被描述如下：取消语音编码每20ms产生一个260点块的抽样，从主观测试来看，一些点块感知的语音量比其他人感知的更重要。
这些点被分为3类：●Ia类 50比特对点差错最敏感●Ib类 132比特对点差错适中敏感●II类 78比特对点差错最不敏感Ia类为错误检测出有3比特的循环冗余码，如果一个错误被检测出，侦被判定被损坏，而需要被丢弃。
如果它稍微被削弱而被换以前正确接收到的侦。
这53个比特，和Ib类132比特以及4比特尾巴序列一起（总数189比特）被输入1/2长度为4的译码。
每个输入比特被两个输出比特译码，是基于以前4输入比特的译码。
译码器输出378 比特，在保持II类位的基础上增加了78个比特这是不被保护的。
每20ms语音采样被作为456比特译码。
进一步为了避免无线电接口带来的突发误差，每一个采样被隔行扫描，456比特输出被译码划分为8个点块的，这些点块被8个连续的时间传输，时隙脉冲。
每一个时隙携带两个57点块，每个脉冲从两个不同的语音采样中开始。
话音编码GSM是一个数字系统，所以语音被固定的模拟而且被数字化。
这种方法被ISDN和采用在高速中继线和光纤上的多路复用技术的当前的电话系统所使用，被称作脉幅调制。
从PCM流出的信息流是64KBPS，太高的速率通过无线电线路不是切实可行的。
GSM小组在主观语音质量和复杂性上研究若干语音编码。
（这关系到费用，延迟处理和消费力量的执行）基本上，来自以前的采样信息不会迅速的改变，而是被用来预测当前采样信息。
以前的采样信息的线性结合的系数，再加上剩余的编码形式，以及预测和实际的采样中的不同，来代表信号。
语音被分为50HZ的采样频率间隔，每个间隔被分为260个比特，这就是所谓的呼叫充足率语音编码，近来提高充足率语音编码算法被一些美国GSM1900运营商所执行。
这就是说通过使用现有的13bps的点率改进语音质量。
功率控制有五个不同的移动台被定义，根据它们的高峰传输功率，额定功率分别为20，8，5，2瓦特。
为了最小化次通道干扰和保持功率，移动台和基站收发信台以最小功率运行，这将会保持一个可以接受的信号质量，功率水平能被加强或减弱2dB从最高功率下降到最小功率为13dBm.移动台测量信号强弱和信号质量（主要通过比特差错率），通过发送信息到基站台控制器，这将最终决定功率水平是否被改变。
功率控制应该被细心处理，因为那有可能的不稳定性，这是因为移动台在次通道细胞中不断增加它们的功率来回应由其它移动台在增加功率时造成的次通道干扰。
这在实际中不可能发生但它可以用于理论研究。
跳频移动台已经不得不采用跳频，意味着GSM 可以在一个TDMA帧内接收，传输，监控时隙，这样在不同的频率间改变从而使用频率灵活性来执行慢频率跳变。
这里移动台和收发信台在不同的载波频率上传输TDMA帧。
跳频算法在广播控制通道上进行。
由于多径衰落是依靠载频，缓慢的频率跳跃来提高抗干扰性能的，此外，次通道实际上是干扰随机化。
多路均衡在900MHZ频段，无线电波受建筑物，汽车，飞机等等的影响。
许多反射信号，都有不同的频段，可以到达一个天线。
平等被用来从不需要反映的信号中提取想要得到的信号。
它通过查明一个已知发射的信号怎样通过多径衰落被改进，建造一个反转的滤波器去提取想要得到的信号。
这个已知的信号是26比特点序列在中间所有的时间突发。
这个均衡器的实际执行不是被指定在GSM中。
间断传输最大限度的减少通道干扰是蜂窝系统的目标，由于它允许给一个特定的小区提供更好的服务，或者为更小的小区使用，从而增加系统的容量。
不连续的传输（DTX）是一种方法，利用一个人在正常交谈中讲话不少于40%的时间，通过在无语音信号时关闭发射器。
DTX的另一个增加的好处是功率在移动单元中被保存。
DTX最重要的组成部分是语音激活检测。
它必须在声音和噪音输入时区分开，一个任务就是不和它出现时一样考虑到背景噪音。
如果一个声音信号被作为噪音信号曲解，立即关闭发射机。
一个非常讨厌的称作剪辑的东西被在接收端听到。
如果，另一方面，噪音也会被做为一种声音信号曲解，间断传输的功效就会被减小。
要考虑的另一个因素是当发射机关闭时，在接收端就完全无话音，这是由于数字GSM的性质。
为了保证接收者检测出的是无话音，通过尽力与发射端背景噪声相匹配在接受端建立舒适噪声。
间断接收另一种在移动台上保存功率的办法是间断接收。
寻呼信道通过一个入局的呼叫给基站一个信号，被构造成次通道。
每一个移动台仅仅需要听到自己的次信道。
这时在连续的寻呼次信道中，当没有被使用的功率时，移动台可以进入休眠模式。
在GSM中的信号协议结构在GSM中，信号协议被分为三层，依赖于接口，当时引入了数字3，第一层是物理层，它为物理层提供无线信道，第二层是数据链路层，通过Um接口，数据链路层使用在ISDN中被LAPD协议，叫做LAPDm，通过A接口，7号信令的信息传输层被使用，GSM的第3层，被分为3个子层。
无线资源管理控制建立，维持，终止无线电装置和固定信道，包括转发器。
●连接控制功能●处理呼叫控制与CCITT协议的Q.931相似，管理补充服务和短信息服务。
信号在网络的固定部分的不同实体之间，比如归属位置寄存器和访问位置寄存器，它们通过移动应用部分协议完成。
移动应用协议是被建立在7号信令部分的最高层。
MAP的说明非常复杂，超过了500页，是GSM协议中最长的文件。
无线资源管理无线资源管理层在移动台和移动交换中心之间的一层接口协议。
主要的功能组成部分是移动台，和基站控制器，还有移动交换中心。
无线资源管理层与无线资源管理-会议的管理有关，这里移动台有一个专门的功能，无线通信信道的结构包括无线信道的分配。
一个无线管理层协议总是移动台通过接口协议开始，或者是一次向外的呼叫，或者是调度信息的接口，这个接口和调度程序的细节，如同当一个专用信道被分配在移动台上和调度次信道结构被在无线资源管理层被处理。
