2013年湖南省长沙市高三年级高考模拟试卷

长沙市一中2013届高三第一次模拟考试语文试卷及答案解析一、语言文字运用（12分，每小题3分）1．下列词语中加点的字，读音全都相同的一组是( )A．凑合蹙额猝不及防一蹴而就B. 块垒市侩脍炙人口快马加鞭C．饶恕妖娆干戈扰攘抓耳挠腮D．旨意福祉咫尺天涯苦心孤诣答案B（B项全读kuai;A项，“凑”读cou，其它读“cu”；C项“饶”“娆”读rao，“扰”读rao，“挠”读noo;D项“诣”渎yi，其它读zhi）2．下列各句中，有错别字的一句是( )A．温家宝对香港特首梁振英说：我们相信，你一定能不辱使命，不辜负香港市民对你的信任，不辜负中央政府对你的厚望B.生死有命，富贵在天，令尊活到如今，已是高寿，再加上你们都很效顺，我想老人家在天有灵当感欣慰，请节哀顺便吧！C．幸福，对于贫困山区的孩子来说出奇简单，也许只是一餐热腾腾的午饭，然而这顿午饭完全可能成为一个梦想的助推器。

D．最近，国台办发言人范丽青表示，中国对南海诸岛及其附近海域拥有无可争辩的主权，所以两岸同胞都有责任加以维护。

答案B（“效顺”应改为“孝顺”；“节哀顺便”中的“便”应改为“变”。

节哀顺变：节制悲哀，顺应变故。

用于吊唁慰问。

）3．下列各句中，加点的成语使用不恰当的一句是( )A．在上世纪的五四新文化运动中，一批头角峥嵘的年轻人，认真思考民族的命运，勇敢地站出来探索救国救民的道路。

B．现在有些学生想尽办法到国外去留学，却又不能利用好的教育条件，真正去刻苦攻读，结果所费不赀，却学无所成。

C．心理学家研究表明，人们对直接批评的接受率只有20%，如果采用旁敲侧击式的批评，反而能收到意想不到的效果。

D．欧洲主权债务危机持续恶化，欧洲各国社会中下阶层的失业人口大幅增长，人们对于这种人浮于事的状况日益不满。

答案D（D项人浮于事：指人员的数最多于一r作所需，人多事少。

不适用于指失业找不到工作。

A项头角峥嵘：形容年轻有为，气概不凡。

B项所费不赀：花费的钱财无法计算，形容耗资极大。

2013年长沙市高考模拟试卷数学（文科）参考答案及评分标准一、选择题（本大题共9小题，每小题5分，共45分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是二、填空题：本大题共8小题，考生作答7小题，每小题5分，共35分，把答案填在答题卡中对应题号后的横线上． 10.2． 11.2312.3 13. 15314(1)4±(2)[]5,5-15.(1)0 (2)1093三、解答题：本大题共6小题，共75分，解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤． 16．（本小题满分12分）解：（1）3,2,13,7163==∴==a d a a ， ……2分()12213+=⨯-+=∴n n a n ，()()22123+=++=n n n n S n……6分 （2）()()⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+-=+=+=-=111411412221112n n n n n n a b n n ……8分所以数列{}n b 的前项的和()1411141111312121141+=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+-++-+-=n nn n n T n ……12分17．（本小题满分12分）解：（1）根据共调查了40人，其中男生25人，女生15人．男生中有15人爱好体育，另外10人爱好文娱．女生中有5人爱好体育，另外10人爱好文娱，得到列联表．()()()()()()072.2667.238152520205015040222>≈=⨯⨯⨯-⨯=++++-=d b c a d c b a bc ad n K ，而()15.0072.22=>K p ，∴有85%的把握可以认为性别与是否更喜欢体育有关系． （2）从男生中选出3人记为C B A ,,，从女生中选出2人记为b a ,，从这5人中选出2人的基本事件为 ()B A ,、()C A ,、()a A ,、()b A ,、()C B ,、()a B ,、()b B ,、()a C ,、()b C ,、()b a ,共10种，两人性别相同的情形有()B A ,、()C A ,、()C B ,、()b a ,共4种，故概率.52104==P 18．（本小题满分12分）解：⑴因为⊥PA ABCD ，⊂DE ABCD ，所以⊥PA DE ，取AD 的中点F ，连接EF ，则EF 是梯形ABCD 的中位线，所以AB EF //且22=+=CDAB EF ， ……2分 在ADC Rt ∆和DEF Rt ∆中，090=∠=∠ADC EFD ，2==DCAD DF EF ， 所以EFD ∆∽ADC ∆，DAC FED ∠=∠，所以DE AC ⊥ ……5分 因为A AC PA = ，所以⊥DE 平面PAC ． ……6分 ⑵由⑴知平面⊥PDE 平面PAC ， ……7分 设G AC DE = ，连接PG ，在PAG Rt ∆中作PG AH ⊥，垂足为H ， 则⊥AH 平面PDE ，所以APH ∠是PA 与平面PDE 所成的角， ……9分由⑴知，在ADG Rt ∆中，2=AD ，21tan ==∠AD CD CAD ， 所以54cos =∠⨯=CAD AD AG ，因为⊥PA ABCD ，所以56=PG ，32sin sin ==∠=∠PG AG APG APH ，即为PA 与平面PDE 所成角的正弦值.……12分 19．（本小题满分13分）解：（1）过O 作H BC OH ,⊥为垂足． 当04π≤∂≤时，E 在边AB 上，F 在线段BH 上，（如图1），此时2tan ,2tan ,4AE FH π⎛⎫=∂=-∂⎪⎝⎭……2分-4-2tan -2tan -4OAE OHF OABH S S S S π∆∆⎛⎫∴=-=∂∂ ⎪⎝⎭正方形……4分当04π≤∂≤时，E 在线段BH 上， F 在线段CH 上，此时22,,3tan tan 4EH FH π==∂⎛⎫-∂ ⎪⎝⎭……5分，综上所述，42tan 2tan ,044112,3tan 42tan 4S πππππ⎧⎛⎫⎛⎫-∂--∂≤∂< ⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎪⎪⎛⎫=⎨ ⎪⎛⎫⎪ ⎪+≤∂< ⎪⎪∂⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭-∂⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎩ ……7分(2)当04π≤∂≤时，24-2t a n -2t a n-821t a n 41t a n S π⎛⎫⎛⎫=∂∂=-+∂+⎪ ⎪+∂⎝⎭⎝⎭，9分200tan 1,11tan 2,1tan 41tan π≤∂≤≤∂≤≤+∂≤∴+∂+≥+∂，2211,,233tan tan tan tan 44EOFEF S S ππ∆⎛⎫⎪ ⎪∴=+∴==+∂∂⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪-∂-∂ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭24≤∴S ,当tan ∂=时，S 取得最大值为24-8． ……13分20．（本小题满分l3分）解：（1）设椭圆C 的方程为：22221x y a b+=（a ＞b ＞0），则a 2－b 2=1．①∵当l 垂直于x 轴时，A ，B 两点坐标分别是（1，2b a ）和（1，－2b a ），∴ OA OB =（1，2b a ）•（1，－2b a ）=1－42b a ，则1－42b a＝12，即a 2=2b 4．②由①，②消去a ，得2b 4－b 2－1=0．∴b 2=1或b 2=－12． 当b 2=1时，a 2=2 ．因此椭圆C 的方程为2212x y +=． ……5分（2）当直线斜率不存在时，易求A （1，B （1，P （0,1），所以PA ＝（1－1），PB ＝（1－1），PF ＝（1，－1）， 由t PA PB tPF +=使，得t ＝2，直线l 的方程为x ＝1 ……7分 当直线斜率存在时，设直线l 的方程为y ＝k （x －1），A ＝（x 1，y 1），B ＝（x 2，y 2）， 所以，PA ＝（x 1，y 1－1），PB ＝（x 2，y 2－1），PF ＝（1，－1）， 由t PA PB tPF +=使，得121211x x t y y t +=⎧⎨-+-=-⎩即12122x x ty y t+=⎧⎨+=-⎩因为y 1＝k （x 1－1），y 2＝k （x 2－1），所以，y 1＋y 2＝k （x 1＋x 2－2），解得k ＝－1 此时，直线l 的方程为y ＝－x ＋1， ……9分联立22121x y y x ⎧+=⎪⎨⎪=-+⎩，得3x 2－4x ＝0，t ＝x 1＋x 2＝43，所以，当直线斜率存在时，t ＝43，直线l 的方程为y ＝－x ＋1，综上所述，存在实数t 且t ＝2时，直线方程为x ＝1，当t ＝43时，直线l 的方程为y ＝－x ＋1，……13分 21．（本小题满分l3分）解：由2e k =得()()=-=x g x f y ,2x e e x -所以2'e e y x -=，……2分……5分……7分……9分……11分……13分倚窗远眺，目光目光尽处必有一座山，那影影绰绰的黛绿色的影，是春天的颜色。

科目：数学（文科）（试题卷）注意事项：1. 答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号写在答题卡和该试题卷的封面上，并认真核对条形码的姓名、准考证号和科目。

2. 选择题和非选择题均须在答题卡上作答，在本试题卷和草稿纸上作答无效。

考生在答题卡上按答题卡中注意事项的要求答题。

3. 本试题卷共5页。

如缺页，考生须及时报告监考老师，否则后果自负。

4. 考试结束后，将本试题卷和答题一并交回。

姓名准考证号2013年长沙市高考模拟试卷（一）数 学（文科）长沙市教科院组织名优教师联合命制 满分：150分 时量：120分钟说明：本卷为试题卷，要求将所有试题答案或解答做在答题卷指定位置上.一、选择题（本大题共9小题，每小题5分，共45分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的） 1．已知z 是复数，i 是虚数单位，()z i -1在复平面中对应的点为P ，若P 对应的复数是模等于2的负实数，那么=zA ．i --1B ．i +-1C ．i -1D ．i -2．已知不等式b ax x +-2>0的解集为(-1，2)，m 是a 和b 的等比中项，那么33223b a a m +=A ．3B ．-3C ．-1D ．13．以双曲线15422=-y x 的离心率为首项，以函数()24-=xx f 的零点为公比的等比数列的前n 项的和=n SA ．()23123--⨯nB ．n 233-C ．32321-+nD ． 3234n-4．当()x f y =是下列的( )时，f ′(x)一定是增函数。

A ．二次函数B ．反比例函数C ．对数函数D ．指数函数5．已知几何体M 的正视图是一个面积为2π的半圆，俯视图是正三角形，那么这个几何体的表面积和体积为 A ．6π和334πB ．6π+43和338π C ．6π+43和334πD ．4(π+3)和334π侧视俯视7．与抛物线x y 82=相切倾斜角为0135的直线l 与x 轴和y 轴的交点分别是A 和B ，那么过A 、B 两点的最小圆截抛物线x y 82=的准线所得的弦长为 A ．4B ．22C ．2D ．28．已知直线l 与平面α平行，P 是直线l 上的一点，平面α内的动点B 满足：PB 与直线l 成060。

审题人：刘松李秀琴黄笑宇彭桂湘Part I Listening Comprehension (30 marks)Section A (22.5 marks)Directions: In this section, you will hear six conversations between two speakers. For each conversation, there are several questions and each question is followed by three choices marked A, B and C. Listen carefully and then choose the best answer for each question.You will hear each conversation TWICE.Conversation 11. What time is it now?A. 9:26B. 9:46C. 9:112. What are they doing now?A. Getting readyB. Watching TVC. Cleaning the house Conversation 23. Why was Tommy so hungry?A. Because he played footballB. Because he didn’t have lunch.C. Because he had not anything to eat4. What will Tommy eat?A. some applesB. some pearsC. some cakes Conversation 35. What’s wrong with the shirt?A. It’s a little small.B. It’s a little large.C. The color ran easily6. Why does the man have to change it for another one?A. The manager is out.B. He is very busyC. He like this fashion Conversation 47. What does the woman think of the man’s house?A. ModernB. TraditionalC. Beautiful and friendly8. What does the man think of living in the city?A. Comfortable and convenientB. Beautiful and friendlyC. Too hot and noisy.9. What does the woman want her house built with?A. Steel, concrete and glassB. Earth, wood or bambooC. Steel, earth and plastic Conversation 510. What’s the relationship between the two speakers?A. Mother and sonB. Teacher and studentC. Classmates11. What do you think of the boy?A. An old student thereB. A new student thereC. A teacher there12. When should they get to school?A. At 7:30B. At 8:00C. At 8:10Conversation 613. Why does the girl want to make money?A. Because she wants to go on a trip.B. Because she wants to support her family.C. Because she wants to get rich.14. What will the girl do to earn money?A. To deliver newspapers.B. To collect old news papers.C. To walk dogs for others.15. Why do people have their dogs walked?A. Because they want their dogs to be fierce enough.B. Because they are busy working themselves.C. Because their dogs have to be fedSection B (7.5 marks)Directions: In this section, you will hear a short passage. Listen carefully and then fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Fill in each blank with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.Part ⅡLanguage Knowledge (45 marks)Section A (15 marks)Directions: For each of the following unfinished sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Example:The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket _____ the desert.A. coveringB. coveredC. coverD. to coverThe answer is A.21.Chinese President Xi Jinping promised on Sunday, “We’ll make great efforts the Chinese dream.”A. achievingB. achievedC. to achieveD. to have achieved22.—Professor Smith, can I meet you at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning?—Oh, I’m sorry. I a lecture at Hunan Normal University.A. giveB. am givingC. will giveD. will be giving23.More than 200 dead pigs in the waterways have raised urgent concern.A. foundB. being foundC. to be foundD. having found24.Nowadays, Chinese consumers are increasingly aware of their rights. , safety and quality issues remain top concerns.A. ThereforeB. InsteadC. HoweverD. Anyhow25.Micro-letters (Weixin) will be charged has not been decided yet.A. ThatB. WhetherC. WhichD. Since26.Missing in Thailand, a comedy about two rival Chinese businessmen and a simple-minded pancake maker, box offices records since Dec 12.A. is breakingB. are breakingC. has brokenD. have broken27.No driving after drinking is a rule that every driver _______ obey in our country.A. willB. shallC. mayD. can28.It was with great joy the couple found their missing son after 18 years.A. whenB. thatC. whatD. which29.I lunch when I learned that former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher had passed away.A. ateB. had eatenC. was eatingD. were eating30.out of the high school, he had difficulty in finding a job and led a tough life.A. DroppedB. DroppingC. To dropD. Being dropped31.Is it He Long Sports Centre you are going to watch the football match?A. whereB. thatC. whichD. when32.The school will have a kite flying competition next Saturday, and all the students to bring a kite with them.A. expectB. expectedC. are expectedD. have been expected33.you are so eager to join the school basketball team, why not try out for it?A. WhileB. Now thatC. ThoughD. Unless34.By the side of the Bird’s Nest , completed in 2008.A. there standing the Water CubeB. stands the Water CubeC. does the Water Cube standD. the Water Cube stands35.—Our train to Shenzhen didn’t leave until 14:30 because of something wrong with the railway.—Such a long delay! This train at 13:00.A. leftB. will leaveC. leavesD. has leftSection B (18 marks)Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, Cand D. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.My partner and I were staying in Beruwela on the Southwest coast of Sri Lanka when the tsunami(海啸) hit. We 36 from the first floor of our hotel. At that time, a wall of water swept in and tore the ground floor apart underneath us. 37 to be moved out to Colombo was very frightening because everyone was afraid that another and possibly bigger 38 would come. At one stage we heard that another wave was coming and there was 39 . Surprisingly, a fleet of small vehicles driven by local people arrived outside the hotel and we just 40 a minibus.We were taken up a hill to a place of 41 where we were welcomed by a family who told us that we could stay as 42 as we needed to. Among all this death and 43 , these people were trying to help us! We were shown to the local Mosque where hundreds of locals were cooking, collecting and distributing food and supplies for those less 44 . In the three days we were waiting to leave, we saw many examples of ordinary Sri Lankans, many of whom had lost friends, 45 and livelihoods（生计，谋生方式）, trying to help others who were worse off. It was a very moving experience.We have since been 46 the family who took us in and they are saying that what their country needs most urgently is practical help, doctors, nurses and medicines, helping to 47 roads and rebuilding electricity and water supplies. These people would have done anything to help us, it is time for the British Government to do more to help them.36. A. heard B. watched C. learnt D. moved37. A. Telling B. Forcing C. Waiting D. Ordering38. A. wave B. flood C. hurricane D. water39. A. panic B. peace C. silence D. violence40. A. looked into B. turned to C. jumped into D. broke into41. A. safety B. warmth C. goodness D. dreams42. A. well B. far C. soon D. long43. A. kindness B. happiness C. love D. destruction44. A. careful B. fortunate C. dependent D. energetic45. A. children B. experts C. family D. relatives46. A. in honor of B. by way of C. in contact with D. on behalf of47. A. make B. clear C. clean D. buildSection C (12 marks)Directions: Complete the following passage by filling in each blank with one word that best fits the context.Now it is becoming more and more popular to chat over the Internet, because you can find it48. _______ expensive to do that than to make a long distance call. This makes Internet chatting49. _______ attractive option if you live far away from family and friends, 50. ______ you are ona budget.You can also complete 51. _______ tasks while chatting over the Internet. For example, you can read and reply to emails, finish typing a document, or have a conversation 52. ______ someone who is in the room. This can be an advantage 53. ______ you are busy and don’t have much time for personal chatting. This can also be a disadvantage because you aren’t giving the other person or task your full attention.Because you can do kinds of tasks 54. _______ chatting on the Internet, it can become easy to lose track of time. You can end up chatting longer than you intended to, 55. ______ can make it difficult to complete other tasks.PartⅢReading Comprehension (30 marks)Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one thatfits best according to the information given in the passage.AA 34-year-old mother has spoken of how she woke up thinking she was 15 years old and living in 1992.Naomi Jacobs, from Manchester, was convinced she was still a teenager. In her mind, John Major was Prime Minister and George Bush Sr. was running the White House. She also showed how she screamed when a boy appeared and called her “Mum”. Mobile phones an d e-mails were puzzling and Google, Facebook and YouTube sounded like made-up words, she said.Ms. Jacobs, who had no memory of the years, was told by doctors that she had Transient Global Amnesia (TGA). She has now written a book about the experience which happened in 2008.“I fell asleep in 1992 as a brave, very confident know-it-all-15-year-old, and woke up as a 32-year-old single mum living in a rented house,” Ms. Jacobs said. “The last thing I remember was falling asleep in my bed, dreaming about a boy in my class. When I woke up, I looked in themirror and had the fright of my life when I saw an old woman with wrinkles staring back at me. Then a little boy appeared and started calling me Mum. That’s when I started to scream. I didn’t know who he was. I didn’t think he was much younger than I was, and I certainly didn’t remember giving birth to him. I began sobbing uncontrollably. I just wanted my mum. I couldn’t get my head around going to bed one night and waking up in a different century.”TGA is a rare type of amnesia which can occur suddenly, affecting around three people per 100,000 each year. Fortunately, permanent memory loss is rare. Ms. Jacobs’ memory started to return after eight weeks.Some people who often suffer from migraines (偏头痛) also appear to be more likely to have TGA. The cause of TGA is unknown. Some think that it may be caused by a temporary cut of blood flow to parts of the brain involved in memory.56. When a little boy came to call her “Mum”, Naomi Jacobs was _____.A. excitedB. frightenedC. worriedD. embarrassed57. What was the last thing Naomi Jacobs could remember?A. She was a brave and confident girl.B. She met an old woman with wrinkles.C. George Bush Sr. was elected President.D. She fell asleep dreaming of a boy in her class.58. According to the text, TGA _____.A. is quite commonB. is caused by brain injuriesC. results in permanent memory lossD. causes people to lose part of their memory59. What’s the main idea of the text?A. Naomi Jacobs has a poor memory.B. Naomi Jacobs gets an amazing career after TGA.C. Naomi Jacobs wakes up with the memory of her youth.D. Naomi Jacobs succeeds in overcoming the disease.60. According to the passage, we know _______.A. Ms. Jacobs’ memory returned to normal nowB. Ms. Jacobs often doesn’t remember thingsC. Ms. Jacobs has not got married yetD. Ms. Jacobs is very young now in deedBIf English is not your first language, it is a good idea to take English language classes to improve your written and spoken communication skills. There are many ways to learn English. You can learn from a book, a DVD, on the Internet or by attending classes. One of the most successful ways to improve your English is to join a course in a country where English is widely spoken. The more you practice, the more you will learn. But why learn the English language? English is an important language for anyone who is planning to travel or become involved in business.Many people love travelling, but if their English is poor, it can be difficult to understand signs, read directions and make themselves understood. Before travelling, it is important to understand the culture and customs of the places you visit. Learning basic English before youtravel will help you to understand these customs and avoid mistakes that could be embarrassing. When you are travelling, you will also enjoy meeting new people. If you can speak English, you will have a better chance of being able to communicate with the people you meet. Many of your new friends will speak English and others will have English as a second language. Without English, your friendships will be limited as you travel around the world.If you are involved in business, it is important to be able to communicate in English. The Internet, world travel and modern communication systems have made the world seem like a much smaller place. These days business people interact with customers and other business people from all over the world. That makes your English language skills more important than ever. There are many English language courses that major in business communications. Improving your English skills is one of the best things you could ever do to increase your chances of business success.61. What kind of people is English important to according to the passage?A. Travelers.B. Teachers.C. Students.D. Language experts.62. Which of the following is the best way to learn English well?A. Travelling around the world with English-speakers.B. Taking a course in an English-speaking country.C. Learning from all kinds of books or DVDs.D. Learning on the Internet by yourselves.63. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT the aim of learning basic English?A. To research the causes of cultural differences.B. To understand the customs of your destination.C. To avoid embarrassing mistakes on your journey.D. To have more opportunities to communicate with others.64. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?A. The more you practice, the more you will learn.B. Doing business helps to improve your communication skills.C. English is important for anyone who is involved in business.D. The Internet has made the world become smaller and smaller.65. We can infer from the passage that _____.A. learning English well will make you achieve goals more easilyB. learning English only aims at achieving business successC. without learning English, your friendships will be limited wherever you areD. you needn’t learn English if you don’t want to travelCMandara seemed to know something big was about to happen. So she let out a yell, caughthold of her 2-year-old daughter Kibibi and climbed up into a tree. She lives at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.And on Tuesday, August 23rd, witnesses say she seemed to sense the big earthquake that shook much of the East Coast before any humans knew what was going on. And she’s not the only one. In the moments before the quake, an orangutan (猩猩) let out a loud call and then climbed to the top of her shelter.“It’s very different from their normal call,” said Brandie Smith, the zookeeper. “The lemurs (monkey-like animals of Madagascar) will sound an alarm call if they see or hear something highly unusual.”But you can’t see or hear an earthquake 15 minutes before it happens, can you? Maybe you can —if you’re an animal. “Animals can hear above and below our range of hearing,” said Brandie Smith. “That’s part of their special abilities. They’re more sensitive to the environment, which is how they survive.”Primates weren’t the only animals that seemed to sense the quake before it happened. One of the elephants made a warning sound. And a huge lizard (蜥蜴) ran quickly for cover. The flamingoes (a kind of bird) gathered before the quake and stayed together until the shaking stopped.So what kind of vibrations were the animals picking up in the moments before the quake? Scientist Susan Hough says earthquakes produce two types of waves —a weak “P” wave and then a much stronger “S” wave. The “P” stands for “primary”. And the “S” st ands for “secondary”. She said she thinks the “P” wave might be what set the animals off.Not all the animals behaved unusually before the quake. For example, Smith says the zoo’s giant pandas didn’t jump up until the shaking actually began. But many of the other animals seemed to know something was coming before it happened. “I’m not surprised at all,” Smith said.66. Why did Mandara act strangely one day?A. Because it sensed something unusual would happen.B. Because its daughter Kibibi was injured.C. Because it heard an orangutan let out a loud call.D. Because an earthquake had happened.67. According to Brandie Smith, _____.A. many animals’ hearing is sharpB. earthquakes produce two types of wavesC. primates usually gather together before a quakeD. humans can also develop the ability to sense a quake68. Which word in the passage has a close meaning to the underlined word “cover”?A. vibrationB. shelterC. quakeD. range69. Which animal seems unable to sense a quake?A. A giant panda.B. A flamingo.C. A lemur.D. A lizard.70. What is the best title for the passage?A. How animals survive a quake.B. How animals differ from humans.C. How animals behave before a quake.D. How animals protect their young in a quake. Part ⅣWriting (45 marks)Section A (10 marks)Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in the numbered by using the information from the passage.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Many of us suffer needlessly when it comes to our well-being or physical health. In most cases this can be attributed to a lack of knowledge about our lifestyle to include our eating habits along with physical activity. If we learn how to keep healthy, our lives would be so much more enjoyable.With so many places to find a fast meal, it is hard to maintain control of your eating habits when coupled with a fast pace lifestyle. We do need food to provide the energy our bodies need, but it is our choices that ultimately help or harm us. From increasingly large burgers to fried chicken, we are attacked with endless quick meals. However, we must give our body what it needs to get healthy and not what our taste buds want.The other key component to keeping healthy is regular exercise. You don’t have to be a gym rat or anything of that nature, but you must develop some type of workout. It can be something as little as walking. Exercising just 30 minutes of your day is all you really need if you want to stay healthy. You can do as little as 3 to 4 days a week or make it a daily routine.Our bodies are not equipped to deal with stress on a routine basis. Constant stress can lead to a rise in blood pressure which increases your chance for a stroke or a heart attack. It also affects the blood cells that aid in fighting infections. These weaken cells leave you helpless against common colds, other illnesses, and medical conditions. Therefore, you should learn to relax yourself by spending some time every day chatting with your family, playing with your friends or just watching a film or listening to some soft music.There is no big secret on how to keep healthy. If you take care of your body, it will do the same for you in return. It is best that you take every measure possible to lead a healthy lifestyle. Keep healthy by treating your body right.Title: On 71. _________Section B (10 marks)Directions: Read the following passage. Answer the questions according to the information given in the passage.Not long ago, many people believed that babies only wanted food and to be kept warm and dry. Some people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six months old. But doctors in the United States now say babies begin learning on their first day of life.A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregiver. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other people.The researchers say this ability to learn exists in a baby even before birth. They say newborn babies can recognize and understand sounds they heard while they were still developing inside their mothers.Experts say the first three years of a child’s life are the most intensive period of language and speech development. This is the time when the brain is developing. Language and communication skills are believed to develop best in an environment that is rich with sounds and sights. Experts say babies should repeatedly hear the speech and language of other people.Americ a’s National Institutes of Health says evidence suggests there are important periods of speech and language development in children. The ability to learn a language will be more difficult if these periods pass without early contact with a language.The first signs of communication happen during the first few days of life, when a baby learns that crying will bring food and attention. Research shows that most children recognize the general sounds of their native language by six months of age. By that time, a baby usually begins to makesounds. These sounds become a kind of nonsense speech over time.81. When does the author think babies begin to learn? (no more than 9 words, 2 marks)82. Why do babies smile to please her mother or other caregiver? (no more than 9 words, 2 marks)83. According to experts, how can babies’ language and communication skills develop? (nomore than 8 words, 3 marks)84. What does the author mainly tell us? (no more than 8 words, 3 marks)Section C (25 marks)Directions: Write an English composition according to the instructions given below in Chinese.生活中，公交车上让座的事情时有发生。

2013年长沙市高考模拟试卷历史本试卷分选择题、材料解析题两部分。

考试时量90分钟，满分100分第Ⅰ部分选择题本大题有25小题，每题2分，共50分。

每题所列的四个选项中，只有一项是最符合题目的要求。

1、恩格斯说：“在新的设防城市的周围屹立着高峻的城墙并非无故：它们的壕沟深陷为氏族制度的墓穴，而它们的城楼已经耸入文明时代了。

”其含义是A．这些城址体现了政治权力已经形成凌驾于社会之上的强制性力量B．早期国家尚未形成C．氏族制度处在父系阶段D．这些城址明显体现了等级制森严2、《隋书·杨尚希传》记载：“当今郡县，倍多于古。

或地无百里，数县并置；或户不满千，二郡分领；具僚以众，资费日多；吏卒又倍，租调岁减；清干良才，百分无二……所谓民少官多，十羊九牧。

”产生上述历史现象的根本原因是A．滥设郡县等官僚机构B．官吏的委任越制超编，官员数量越来越多C．封建君主专制中央集权制度发展和强化的必然产物D．官民之比畸形发展，官多民少3、德国历史学家西格弗里德·劳菲尔（Siegfried Lauffer）曾强调：“这两条原则，即所有公民都应该享有平等权利，所有决定必须以大多数人的意志为基础，是古代民主政治和现代民主政治相似的特征。

从古代到现代，它们都被迅速接受……所以现代政治思想起源于古代雅典，而不是其他任何过去的政治形式。

”下列说法对材料理解正确的是A．雅典民主为人类提供了一种集体管理的新形式，是人类政治文明史上的伟大创造B．雅典的民主政治是建立在奴隶制基础上的C．民主是具有阶级性和时代性的，是一定历史条件和具体国情的产物D．雅典的民主是奴隶主自由民的特权民主4、对于英国资产阶级革命，马克思认为，“只有经过残酷的斗争和通过共和国的政府形式才能从君主专制过渡到君主立宪”。

对这种观点的理解不正确的是A．反映了英国资产阶级革命过程的曲折和反复及其发展的必然趋势B．英国资产阶级革命没有实现预定的目标C．英国资产阶级革命高潮中曾建立的共和国实际上只是夺取胜利的途径D．君主立宪制才是英国资产阶级革命的最终归宿5、太平天国领导人曾对在华的外国使节说：“尔等如帮助满人，真是大错，但即令助之，亦是无用的。

科目：生物（试题卷）注意事项：1. 答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号写在答题卡和该试题卷的封面上，并认真核对条形码的姓名、准考证号和科目。

2. 选择题和非选择题均须在答题卡上作答，在本试题卷和草稿纸上作答无效。

考生在答题卡上按答题卡中注意事项的要求答题。

3. 本试题卷共15页。

如缺页，考生须及时报告监考老师，否则后果自负。

4. 考试结束后，将本试题卷和答题一并交回。

姓名________________________________________准考证号_____________________________________2013年长沙市高考模拟试卷生物长沙市教科院组织名优教师联合命制I卷选择题（共40 分）下列各题均有四个选项，其中只有一个选项是最符合题意要求的。

1.下图表示观察DNA和RNA在细胞中的分布实验基本实验步骤，对该实验基本步骤的叙述错误的是口腔用显上皮 * 细胞①---------------------------------- 1微镜②③④ 观察A. ①表示制片，首先应在洁净的载玻片上滴一滴质量分数为0.9%的NaCI溶液B. ②表示解离，需要用质量分数8%的盐酸处理烘干后的装片C. ③表示用缓水流冲洗，以免影响染色D. ④表示用甲基绿和吡罗红对标本先后进行染色2 •研究发现，由于自由水含量多少不同，所以细胞质有两种不同的状态：一种是含水较多的溶胶；另一种是含水较少的凝胶。

下列细胞中细胞质最可能呈凝胶状态的是A. 休眠的种子细胞B.黑藻叶肉细胞C.人体癌细胞D.人体衰老细胞3 •细胞膜的功能之一是进行细胞间的信息交流，下列物质不属于动物细胞间信息交流时的信号分子的是A. 甲状腺激素B.乙酰胆碱C.抗体D.糖被4 •下图为化学渗透学说解释线粒体内膜上ATP形成的机理：线粒体内膜上通过呼吸链进行电子传递使NADH脱下H+进入到内膜外的腔中，造成内膜内外的质子浓度差，然后质子顺梯度从膜间隙经内膜上的通道（ATP合成酶）返回到线粒体基质中，在ATP酶的作用下，所释放的能量使ADP与磷酸结合生成了ATP。

2013年湖南省长沙市高考数学一模试卷（理科）一、选择题（本大题共8小题，每小题5分，共40分．在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的）1. 已知z 是复数，i 是虚数单位，(1−i)z 在复平面中对应的点为P ，若P 对应的复数是模等于2的负实数，那么z =( )A −1−iB −1+iC 1−iD −i2. 已知不等式x−2ax+b >0的解集为(−1, 2)，m 是二项式(ax −bx 2)6的展开式的常数项，那么ma a +2b =( )A −15B −5C −5aD 5 3. 以双曲线x 24−y 25=1的离心率为首项，以函数f(x)=4x −2的零点为公比的等比数列的前n 项的和S n =( )A 3×(2n −1)−32 B 3−32n C2n+13−23 D 43−2n 34. 已知几何体M 的正视图是一个面积为2π的半圆，俯视图是正三角形，那么这个几何体的表面积和体积为（ ） A 6π和4√33π B 6π+4√3和8√33π C 6π+4√3和4√33π D 4(π+√3)和4√33π 5. 执行下列的程序框图，输出的s =( )A 9900B 10100C 5050D 49506. 与抛物线y 2=8x 相切倾斜角为1350的直线l 与x 轴和y 轴的交点分别是A 和B ，那么过A 、B 两点的最小圆截抛物线y 2=8x 的准线所得的弦长为（ ）A 4B 2√2C 2D √27. 已知直线与平面α平行，P 是直线上的一定点，平面α内的动点B 满足：PB 与直线成60∘．那么B 点轨迹是（ ）A 双曲线B 椭圆C 抛物线D 两直线8. 使得函数f(x)=15x 2−45x −75(a ≤x ≤b)的值域为[a, b](a <b)的实数对(a, b)有（ ）对．A 1B 2C 3D 无数二．填空题：（每大题共4小题，考生作答7小题，每小题5分，共35分，把答案填在题中的横线上）选做题（从13题、14题和15题中选两题作答，全做则按前两题记分） 9. G(x)表示函数y =2cosx +3的导数，在区间[−π3，π]上，随机取值a ，G(a)<1的概率为________．10. 已知向量a →=(x, y)，b →=(x −2, 1)，设集合P ={x|a →⊥b →}，Q ={x||b →|<√5}，当x ∈P ∩Q 时，y 的取值范围是________． 11. 计算：∫(21x 2−1x )dx =________．12. 从正方体的各表面对角线中随机取两条，这两条表面对角线成的角的度数的数学期望为________．选做题：极坐标和参数方程4-4（共1小题，每小题5分，满分5分）13. 极坐标系中，质点P 自极点出发作直线运动到达圆：ρ+4cosθ=0的圆心位置后顺时针方向旋转60∘后直线方向到达圆周ρ+4cosθ=0上，此时P 点的极坐标为________．选做题：几何证明4-1（共1小题，每小题5分，满分5分）14. 已知⊙O 1和⊙O 2交于点C 和D ，⊙O 1上的点P 处的切线交⊙O 2于A 、B 点，交直线CD于点E ，M 是⊙O 2上的一点，若PE ＝2，EA ＝1，∠AMB ＝30∘，那么⊙O 2的半径为________．选做题：不等式4-5（共2小题，每小题0分，满分5分） 15. 已知x >0，y >0，z >0，x +2y +3z =3，那么(x +14y)2+(2y +16z)2+(3z +12x)2的最小值为________． 16. 方程x 2a +y 2b=1(a, b ∈{1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 2013})的曲线中，所有圆面积的和等于________，离心率最小的椭圆方程为________．三、解答题：（前三题各12分，后三道题各13分，满分75分．解答应写出文字说明，证明过程或演算步骤）17. 函数f(x)=6cos 2ωx 2+√3sinωx −3(ω>0)在一个周期内的图象如图所示，A 为图象的最高点，B ．C 为图象与x 轴的交点，且△ABC 为正三角形． （1）若x ∈[0, 1]，求函数f(x)的值域； （2）若f(x 0)=8√35，且x 0∈(−103, 23)，求f(x 0)+1的值．18. 如图一，△ABC 是正三角形，△ABD 是等腰直角三角形，AB =BD =2．将△ABD 沿边AB 折起，使得△ABD 与△ABC 成30∘的二面角D −AB −C ，如图二，在二面角D −AB −C 中． （1）求D 、C 之间的距离；（2）求CD 与面ABC 所成的角的大小；（3）求证：对于AD 上任意点H ，CH 不与面ABD 垂直．19. 某地政府鉴于某种日常食品价格增长过快，欲将这种食品价格控制在适当范围内，决定对这种食品生产厂家提供政府补贴，设这种食品的市场价格为x 元/千克，政府补贴为t 元/千克，根据市场调查，当16≤x ≤24时，这种食品市场日供应量p 万千克与市场日需量q 万千克近似地满足关系：p =2(x +4t −14)，(x ≥16, t ≥0)，q =24+8ln 20x ，(16≤x ≤24)．当p =q 市场价格称为市场平衡价格．（1）将政府补贴表示为市场平衡价格的函数，并求出函数的值域；（2）为使市场平衡价格不高于每千克20元，政府补贴至少为每千克多少元？ 20. 设命题p ：函数f(x)=(a+5)x+b x+1在(0, +∞)上是增函数，命题q ：方程x 2−ax +b −2=0有两个不相等的负实数根．求使得p ∧q 是真命题的实数对(a, b)为坐标的点的轨迹图形及其面积．21.已知A(14, 0)，点B 是y 轴上的动点，过B 作AB 的垂线l 交x 轴于点Q ，若AP →+AQ →=2AB →，M(4, 0)．（1）求点P 的轨迹方程；（2）是否存在定直线x =a ，以PM 为直径的圆与直线x =a 的相交弦长为定值，若存在，求出定直线方程；若不存在，请说明理由．22. （1）已知a+b+c=1，a，b，c∈(0, +∞)，求证：alog3a+blog3b+clog3c≥−1；（2）已知a1+a2+...+a3n=1，a i>0(i=1, 2, 3,…,3n)，求证：a1log3a1+a2log3a2+a3log3a3+...+a3n log3a3n≥−n．2013年湖南省长沙市高考数学一模试卷（理科）答案1. A2. D3. B4. C5. B6. C7. A8. B9. 7810. (−8, 1]11. 73−ln212. 60∘13. (2, 4π3)14. 315. 27416. 2027091π,x22013+y22012=1或y22013+x22012=117. 解：（1）由已知得f(x)=6cos2ωx2+√3sinωx−3=3cosωx+√3sinωx=2√3sin(ωx+π3)又△ABC为正三角形，且高为2√3，可得BC=4．∴ 函数f(x)的最小正周期为8，即2πω=8，解得ω=π4，∴ f(x)=2√3sin(π4x+π3)，∵ x∈[0, 1]，∴ π4x+π3∈[π3, 7π12]，∴ sin(π4x+π3)∈[√32, 1]∴ f(x)∈[3, 2√3]，∴ 函数f(x)的值域为：[3, 2√3]；（2）∵ f(x0)=8√35，∴ f(x 0)+1=8√35+1．18. 解：（1）依题意，∠ABD =90∘，建立如图的坐标系使得△ABC 在yoz 平面上，∵ △ABD 与△ABC 成30∘的二面角，∴ ∠DBY =30∘， 又AB =BD =2，∴ A(0, 0, 2)，B(0, 0, 0)， C(0, √3, 1)，D(1, √3, 0)，|CD|=√12+02+(−1)2=√2，（2）∵ x 轴与面ABC 垂直，∴ (1, 0, 0)是面ABC 的一个法向量． 设CD 与面ABC 成的角为θ， ∵ CD →=(1, 0, −1)，∴ sinθ=|(1,0,0)⋅(1,0．−1)|⋅=√22． ∵ θ∈[0, π2]，∴ θ=π4；∴ CD 与平面ABC 的所成角是π4．（3）设AH →=tAB →=t(1, √3, −2)=(t, √3t, −2t)，∴ CH →=CA →+AH →=(0, −√3, 1)+(t, √3t, −2t)=(t, √3t −√3, −2t +1)， 若CH →⊥BA →，则(t, √3t −√3, −2t +1)⋅(0, 0, 2)=0， 解得t =12，∴ 此时CH →=(12, −√32, 0) ∵ BD →=(1, √3, 0)，∴ CH →⋅BD →=12−32=−1≠0，∴ CH和BD不垂直，即CH不可能同时垂直BD和BA，即对于AD上任意点H，CH不与面ABD垂直．19. 解：（1）由P=Q得2(x+4t−14)=24+8ln20x (16≤x≤24, t>0)．t=132−14x+ln20x(16≤x≤24)．3分∵ t′=−14−1x<0，∴ t是x的减函数．∴ t min=132−14×24+ln2024=12+ln2024=12+ln56；5分t max=132−14×16+ln2016=52+ln54，∴ 值域为[12+ln56, 52+ln54]7（2）由（1）t=132−14x+ln20x(16≤x≤24)．而x=20时，t=132−14×20+ln2020=1.5（元/千克）9分∵t是x的减函数．欲使x≤20，必须t≥1.5（元/千克）要使市场平衡价格不高于每千克20元，政府补贴至少为1.5元/千克．2分20. 解：f(x)=(a+5)x+bx+1，f′(x)=a−b+5(x+1)2；∵ f(x)在(0, +∞)上是增函数，∴ f′(x)>0，∴ a−b+5>0；∵ 方程x2−ax+b−2=0有两个不相等的负实数根；∴ {a2−4b+8>0a<0b−2>0；∵ p∧q为真命题，∴ p，q都为真命题；∴ {a−b+5>0a2−4b+8>0a<0b−2>0∴ 该不等式所表示的区域如图所示：图中阴影部分便是(a, b)为坐标的点的轨迹图形，它的面积计算如下：S =∫(−2−3x +5−2)dx +∫(0−214x 2+2−2)dx =(12x 2+3x)|−3−2+112x 3|−20=76．21. 解：（1）设B(0, t)，设Q(m, 0)，t 2=14|m|，∵ m ≤0，∴ m =−4t 2， ∴ Q(−4t 2, 0)，设P(x, y)，则AP →=(x −14, y)，AQ →=(−4t 2−14, 0)，2AB →=(−12, 2t)，∵ AP →+AQ →=2AB →．∴ (x −14, y)+(−4t 2−14, 0)=(−12, 2t)，∴ x =4t 2，y =2t ，∴ y 2=x ，此即点P 的轨迹方程； （2）存在定直线x =154，以PM 为直径的圆与直线x =154的相交弦长为定值√15．事实上，由（1）知点P 的轨迹方程是y 2=x ． 设P(y 2, y)，∵ M (4, 0)，则以PM 为直径的圆的圆心即PM 的中点T(y 2+42,y 2)，以PM 为直径的圆与直线x =a 的相交弦长： L =2√(y 2+42−4)2+(y 2−0)2−(y 2+42−a)2 =2√(a −4)(y 2−a)+y 24=2√(a −154)y 2−a(a −4) 若a 为常数，则对于任意实数y ，L 为定值的条件是a −154=0，即a =154时，L =√152． ∴ 存在定直线x =154，以PM 为直径的圆与直线x =154的相交弦长为定值√152． 22. 证明：（1）令f(x)=xlog 3x ， 则f′(x)=log 3x +x ⋅1xln3=log 3x +1ln3，f″(x)=1xln3>0，由于a +b +c =1，a ，b ，c ∈(0, +∞)，由琴声不等式（琴生不等式以丹麦数学家约翰•琴生(JoℎanJensen)命名，也称为詹森不等式） 得：alog 3a+blog 3b+clog 3c3≥f(a+b+c 3)，即alog 3a +blog 3b +clog 3c ≥3f(a+b+c 3)=3×(a+b+c 3log 3a+b+c 3)=3×13log 313=−1；（2）因为a1+a2+...+a3n=1，a i>0(i=1, 2, 3,…,3n)，所以，由琴声不等式得：a1log3a1+a2log3a2+a3log3a3+...+a3n log3a3n≥3n(a1+a2+⋯+a3n3n log3a1+a2+⋯+a3n3n)=log33−n=−n．。

2013年长沙市高考模拟试卷语文参考答案及评分标准本试卷共7道大题，21道小题（2道选做题任选l小题）。

时量150分钟，满分150分。

1.D（A应为：“锻炼”，“垂涎xián”；B应为“不计前嫌”，“按捺nà”；C应为“针砭时弊”。

）2．A（矢志不渝：立下誓言或志愿，绝不会改变。

B项“一团和气”，本指态度和蔼可亲，现常指相互之间只讲和气，不讲原则。

C项“龙飞凤舞”：形容书法笔势舒展活泼，此处褒贬失当。

D项“一穷二白”，形容基础差，底子薄。

多指国家工农业不发达，文化科技水平不高）3. C（A项成分残缺，应在句末加上“共同作用的结果”；B项语序不当，把“虽然”放“全国住房价格过快上涨的势头”前；D句式杂糅。

）4．D（原诗共五韵，即首句入韵，则在不押韵的③⑥⑦三句中，必须处于诗的三、五、七句的位置才对。

而在这不押韵的三句中，③⑥平仄相同，故平仄与其它两句不同的⑦句必是第五句。

）5．C（幽：暗地里）6．B（第一个“以”是表目的的连词，相当于“来”；第二个“以”是介词，“依据”的意思。

）7．B（借此说明的是“忏悔下去，可以达到过失消除罪孽灭去的效验”。

）8．（1）或者觉得心旷神怡；或者突然智慧突然大开；或者在繁忙纷乱之际，内心清朗，触类旁通；或者在遇到怨家仇人之时，消除嗔恨，生欢喜心（关键词：“心神恬旷”“冗沓”“触念”“回镇”。

）（2）（像这样）一年一年的努力，一年一年的改过，直到五十岁那年，仍然知道四十九岁的过错。

古人改过的功夫就是这样。

（关键词：“递递”“行年”“非”。

）（3）假如自己有这种表现之一，就必须奋发向上，放弃旧的，谋求新的，改恶向善，千万不要耽误自己啊！（关键词：“类”“舍旧图新”“幸勿”。

）9.D(不可与共乐/子何不去？)10.（1）惜。

表达了当时人们对牡丹的喜爱和尊宠。

（每空1分）（2）（徐夤）：寓情于花，借花写人（写拟人亦对）。

惜牡丹祥瑞难留，即惜人韶华易逝，青春难再。

湖南省长沙县实验中学2013届高三高考模拟（一）文综试题考生注意：本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分，共300分。

第I卷（选择题共140分）本卷共35个小题，每小题4分，共140分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

读图，回答1～2题。

1．若甲、乙分别是四川盆地与珠江三角洲地区，M、N代表的产业要素在区际之间流向合理的是A．M为信息，N为零部件B．M为能源，N为劳动力C．M为技术，N为资金D．M为劳动力，N为技术2．若M为钢铁厂，其转移影响描述合理的是A．甲地就业机会增多B．加快乙地工业化进程C．促进甲地劳动力向第二产业转移D．促进甲地环境质量的改善，带动乙地劳动力导向型产业迅速发展读某类工业的区位因素影响力随时间变化图，回答3～4题。

3．在T1、T2、T3阶段，影响该类工业区位的主导因素分别是A．原料、交通、燃料B．交通、燃料、市场C．燃料、原料、市场D．原料、燃料、市场4．据图推断，该类工业可能是A．纺织工业B．钢铁工业C．电力工业D．电子工业1356．该月可能是A．1月B．3月C．9月D．11月6．下列关于北京气象资料中天气的叙述，正确的是A．1日气压较高，主要因为受暖空气影响B．2日风力较大，主要因为夏威夷高压势力强并且建筑物密度大C．2日白天气温低，主要因为大气削弱作用强并且受冷空气影响大D．3日夜间气温低，主要因为大气逆辐射强右图为“我国西北半干旱区某牧场草场载畜量和实际放牧量变化曲线示意图”。

草场载畜量指在适度利用的原则下，一定的草地面积，一定的利用时期内，能够维持草地良性生态循环并保证家畜正常生长发育、繁殖的情况下，能饲养家畜的最大数量。

读图，完成7～8题。

7．1950年～1975年期间，草场载畜量发生波动的主要影响因素是A．气候B．地形C．市场D．放牧8．该牧场“人地关系”严重对立的年代及原因组合正确的是A．20世纪60年代——降水偏少B．20世纪80年代——过度放牧C．20世纪90年代——牲畜太少D．21世纪初以来——气候变暖海蓬子是生长在海滩、盐碱滩涂沙地，有梗无叶的一年生草本植物，生长期约220天，其中有50～60天可以保持青嫩鲜绿枝茎。

2013届普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖南卷）文综全真模拟试卷答案地理答案：（1）20（2分）M等值线为20℃～24℃等值线之间的闭合等温线（2分）；M等值线内为河流源地，海拔高，气温低（2分）。

（2）大陆（2分），N地冬季气温低，夏季气温高（或N地气温年较差大）（2分），N地年降水量少，季节分配不均匀（2分）。

成因:N地位于中部大平原，冬季受北冰洋寒冷气流影响气温低（2分），夏季受墨西哥湾（大西洋）暖湿气流影响气温高（2分），西部高大山脉（或科迪勒拉山系）阻挡太平洋的暖湿气流（西风），受海洋影响小（2分）。

（任答2点总计4分）（3）为工、农业生产提供了灌溉水源（2分），稠密的河网并与湖海相通，形成了发达的内河航运网，航运价值高（2分），支流流经山地，落差大（或支流水能丰富），有利于发展水电（2分）。

（4）东北部、西部和南部沿海地区人口稠密，内陆人口稀少（2分）；平原人口稠密，高原山地人口稀少（2分）。

37. （20分）（1）自西向东颗粒逐渐减小，自西向东沉积物厚度逐渐变小。

理由是：黄河冲出山口后，流速逐渐降低，颗粒大的先沉积且沉积较多，颗粒小的后沉积且沉积较少。

（ 4 分）（2）土地盐碱化（土地退化或土地荒漠化）（2分）成因：旱涝灾害多发（或春温高，蒸发量大，春旱严重；夏季降水集中，易涝洼地）；地下水位较高；不合理灌溉（或灌溉后不及时排水）（4分，答出2点且言之有理酌情给分）措施：合理灌溉；引淡淋盐（或调节和控制水盐运动，改变农业种植结构，退耕还林）（2分）（3）郑州位于铁路交汇处，交通更便利；郑州是河南省省会城市，政策更优越，政府信息更快捷通畅（或城市基础设施等工业集聚条件更为有利；城市规模较大，劳动力充足且优质；郑州市产业基础雄厚，产业优势明显；人口众多，消费市场更广大（此处其他合理答案也可给分）（8分）42、（10分）【旅游地理】（1）有较好的攀岩场地，岩壁陡峭，直立性好，高度适宜，有利发展攀岩运动；岩壁地处开阔的地带，能容纳较多的游客；攀岩岩壁距离城市较近，客源市场广阔。