CHAPTER 7P7.1. Assume that all nodes start at 0V. The first row outputs will be at DD T V V -. Since thesenodes are also the gate nodes of the second row of transistors, their source nodes will be at 2DD T V V -. Likewise, the last row of transistors have voltages of 3DD T V V -. However, this value is below 0V so we leave them at 0V.1.2V1.2V0.73V 0.73V 0.73V0.33V0.33V0.33V0V0V0VP7.2. (a)(b)(c)(d)P7.3. (a) First calculate V Q .()01.80.51.15Q DD T DD T V V V V V Vγ=-=-+=--=Since this is slightly below 1.3V (voltage at which the PMOS turns on), we assume that the PMOS is slightly on. Since the PMOS’s V GS is quite low (because Q is high) and its V DS is quite high (because Q is low), the transistor is very likely in saturation. Similarly for the NMOS, because its V GS is high and its V DS is low, it’s likely in the linear region. Equating the two currents:()()()()()()()()22,,222211DSNDSN CN NQ Q CN NSDP sat DSN linV N N OX GSN T DSN P sat OX GSP T V GSP T CP PN V N N OX Q T Q P sat OX DD Q T V DD Q T CP PE L N I I W C V V V W v C V V V V E L L W C V V V W v C V V V V V V E L L μμ=---=-++----=--++For simplicity we shall assume that 11Q CN NV E L +≈ and220QV ≈.()()()2N N OX Q T QP sat OX DD Q T DD Q T CP P NW C V V V W v C V V V V V V E L L μ---≈--+Solve to produce:0.0080V Q V ≈When the CLK goes low, the intermediate output suffers from clock feedthough. To calculate the effects of clock feedthrough, let us first compute the capacitances involved. The capacitance from the clock signal to Q is:(.2/)(.2)0.0.4fF GS OL C C fF um um ===The capacitance from the Q to ground is:()()()(),310.2320.2 1.4fF Q DN IN inv d g C C C C W C W =+=+=+=The capacitive feedthrough equation is:()210.04 1.80.05V 0.04 1.41.150.05 1.1VGS CLK Q GS Q Q Q Q C V V C C V V V -∆∆===-++=+∆=-=To get the new value of Q V , first determine the determine the regions of operation of the transistors in the inverter by calculating V S . Then, once again, use the currentequations to determine Q V .Since the new voltage of V Q is still greater than the switching voltage, the transistors are in the same regions:()()()()()()2000460.4100.2810P N sat OX DD Q T Q N N OX Q T DD Q T CP P OXW L v C V V V V W C V V V V V E L C μ---≈---+⨯⨯≈()()()21.8 1.10.50.2270OX C --()()0.016V1.10.5 1.8 1.10.5 4.8≈---+(b) In this case 1.8Q DD V V V == and 0Q V =. Clock feedthrough has no effect since the transmission gate CLK signals cancel each other out.()()()()()()()(),3151515315(23)312.5102100.2110(2)0.23(210)(0.2)312.5101100.2257.532.5pass pass inv d inv eqn g eff g eqn d t R C R C R C W C W C W R C Wps ps ps----=+=+++⎡⎤=⨯⨯+⨯+⨯+⎣⎦⨯⨯=+=P7.4.a. Out A BC =+BBOutb. Out AB BC C =++Outc. ()Out A B C AB ABC AB =+++=+BBOutd. ()()1Out A B C AB ABC AB AB C AB A B =+++=+=+==+OutP7.5.a. ()Out A B C =+b. ()()Out A B C D E =+++ P7.6.a. Out A BC =+c bclkclkV DDb. Out AB BCC =++a bclkclkV DDc.()Out A B C AB ABC AB =+++=+V DDd.()()()Out A B C AB A B C A B AB=+++=+++=+aclkclkV DDP7.7.Assuming that one of the transistors in each transmission gate is being driven by a min-sized inverter:a.()()()()122333passinvRC R R RLERC R R+====b.()()()()()()()()313133313133AAinvCCinvRRC RLERC R RRRC RLERC R R========()()()()339333BBinvRRC RLERC R R====P7.8.a. Out A sel B sel =⋅+⋅b.R inv 6.25k ΩC inv,diff 1.2fF C pass,gate 0.8fF C pass,diff0.8fFR pass 6.25k ΩCpass,diff0.8fFCpass,gate0.8fFfC inv,gate2.4f fFCpass,diff0.8fFc. ()()(),,,,,,2A C inv inv diff pass gate pass diff inv pass inv gate pass gate pass diff t R C C C R R fC C C -=++++++ d. (),,inv inv LOADC out inv diff LOAD inv inv diffR R C t fC C R C f f-=+=+ e.()()()()(),,,,,,,,220inv inv diff pass gate pass diff inv pass inv gate pass gate pass diff inv LOADinv inv diff inv LOAD inv pass inv gate t R C C C R R fC C C R C R C fR C dtR R C df f f =++++++++=+-===3.2=P7.9. In both of these cases, the logical effort is the same due to the fact that the longest pathfrom output to ground is three transistors long. Assume that the CLK arrives ahead of the signals. Then,12()26663R R LE R λλ+== P7.10. We will use 0.18um technology and the node names below:W=4W=4OutFor the two inverter inputs:()()()3230.2 1.2fF inv g C C W ===For the pass gate inputs:()0.4fF pass g C C W ==At node x:()(3)(2) 1.4x eff eff g C C W C W C W fF =++=At node y:()2((2))(2)2y eff g eff C C W C W C W fF =++=At node Out:()((2))(2) 1.2out eff g eff C C W C W C W fF =++=The shortest path is through the one of the G ND input nodes to the output:()()()()min 212.5 1.4212.5 1.247.5x out t RC RC k fF k fF ps =+=+=The longest path is through one of the inverters to the output.()()()()()()max 2312.5 1.4212.52312.5 1.2112.5sx y out t RC RC RC k fF k fF k fF p =++=++=P7.11. At 0t =: DD F V =0X =?Y =.When the a goes high the first time, the voltage at X would be computed using the charge-sharing formula:()101.21V 210F DDX X F C V V C C ===++But because the maximum allowable voltage at node x is 0.734V, set 0.734V X V = Then recomputed V F :()()()()10 1.220.734 1.05V 10F DD X X F F C V C V V C --===When Phi goes down, F DD V V = and V X and V Y remains the same. The next time the Phi goes up, all the internal nodes are 0. When Phi goes down, F DD V V = and V X and V Y remains at 0. P7.12.P7.13.a. The input settings that give you the worst-case charge sharing are any of 1a c e === and both of 0b d ==. Essentially, what you are doing it trying to create the greatest amount of parasitic capacitances without creating a path to G ND .b. Assuming that transistors share nodes to reduce capacitance.()()()()()()()12*11125(3)(5) 5.2fF 333190.2 1.8fF 5.2 1.8 1.34V 5.2 1.8g d g d C C W C W C W C C W W W C V V C C =++==++=====++ The actual voltage would be larger than this since the internal node cannot rise above V DD -V T .c. This circuit fails if the worse case voltage falls below the switching voltage which can be computed to be V S =0.92V. Therefore, the circuit will operate properly. P7.14. Both of these circuits act as latches. When EN is on, there is a path from the output toeither V DD or G ND . The first latch is better than the second because the second latch suffers from charge sharing. When EN is off, there is no path from the output to either of the sources, if IN is switching it is possible for whatever charge that is held on OUT to be shared with the internal nodes between the two NMOS’s or the two PMOS’s. Therefore, the second one is not as good as the first one. P7.15.a.OUT OL X DD TV V V V V ==-b. First, let ’s find the required change in voltage:()()2OUT DD OLX DD T DD T TV V V V V V V V V ∆=-∆=+--=Now, let’s set up the clock feedthrough equation and solve for C b :22b OUT X b XX X T Xb OUT X DD OL TC V V C C V C V C C V V V V V ∆∆=+∆==∆-∆--。
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