CATTI二级笔译英译汉真题2016年5月

2016年上半年笔译二级综合能力真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. V ocabulary and Grammar 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze TestPART 1 V ocabulary and Grammar (25 points)This part consists of three sections. Read the directions for each section before answering the questions. The time for this part is 25 minutes.SECTION 1 V ocabulary SelectionIn the section, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A,B,C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentences. There is only ONE right answer.1．Scientists are pushing known technologies to their limits in an attempt to______more energy from the earth.A．detractB．protractC．extractD．retract正确答案：C解析：本题考查动词语义搭配。

题干大意为“科学家们正在推进现有技术的发展，以更多的能源”，本题四个选项均以-tract结尾，但其中只有extract(提取，获取)的语义能与energy(能源)构成符合上下文逻辑的搭配，故C选项符合题意。

英译汉 passage1Along a rugged, wide North Sea beach here on a recent day, children formed teams of eight to 10,taking their places beside mounds of sand carefully cordoned by tape. They had one hour for their sand castle competition. Some built fishlike structures, complete with scales. Others spent their time on elaborate ditch and dike labyrinths. Each castle was adorned on top with a white flag.近日，北海沿岸崎岖而宽广的海滩上，孩子们八人一组，十人一队，在用隔离带精心围起来的沙堆旁各就各位。

他们要在一个小时内完成堆沙堡的比赛。

有些人打造鱼形的主体建筑，再配上鳞片。

其余的人修建复杂的沟渠和迷宫式的堤坝。

每个沙堡的顶部都插有一面白旗。

1.“taking their places/ beside mounds of sand /carefully cordoned by tape.”这句话划分一下知道了大概意思是这些小朋友各就各位在自己的沙堆旁边，这些沙堆被隔离带精心的围着。

mound of [something]一堆某物A. noun警戒线to throw a cordon around [something]在某物周围设置警戒线B. transitive verbcordon off[cordon off something], [cordon something off]封锁4.ditchA. noun沟B. transitive verb①(get rid of)抛弃‹partner, friend›; 丢弃‹car, machinery›to ditch one's boyfriend甩掉男友②Aviation(crash-land)«pilot, crew» 使…在海上迫降‹plane›Then they watched the sea invade and devour their work, seeing whose castle could with stand the tide longest. The last standing flag won.然后，孩子们等待着大海涨潮，吞没沙堡，看谁的沙堡在潮水中持续的时间最久。

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Happy people work differently.They’re more productive,more creative,and willing to take greater risks.And new research suggests that happiness might influence___1___firms work,too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more,according to a recent research paper.___2___,firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development).That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking___3___for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the___4___and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would ___5___the way companies invested.So they compared U.S.cities’average happiness___6___by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.___7___enough,firms’investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were___8___.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment,or could something else about happier cities___9___ why firms there spend more on R&D?To find out,the researchers controlled for various___10___that might make firms more likely to invest–like size,industry,and sales–and for indicators that a place was___11___to live in,like growth in wages or population.The link between happiness and investment generally___12___even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms,which the authors ___13___to“less codified decision making process”and the possible presence of“younger and less___14___managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.”The relationship was___15___stronger in places where happiness was spread more___16___.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy,rather than in places with happiness inequality.___17___this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view,the authors believe it at least___18___at that possibility.It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help___19___ how executives think about the future.“It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and___20___R&D more than the average,”said one researcher.1.[A]why[B]where[C]how[D]when2.[A]In return[B]In particular[C]In contrast[D]In conclusion3.[A]sufficient[B]famous[C]perfect[D]necessary4.[A]individualism[B]modernism[C]optimism[D]realism5.[A]echo[B]miss[C]spoil[D]change6.[A]imagined[B]measured[C]invented[D]assumed7.[A]Sure[B]Odd[C]Unfortunate[D]Often8.[A]advertised[B]divided[C]overta x ed[D]headquartered9.[A]explain[B]overstate[C]summarize[D]emphasize10.[A]stages[B]factors[C]levels[D]methods11.[A]desirable[B]sociable[C]reputable[D]reliable12.[A]resumed[B]held[C]emerged[D]broke13.[A]attribute[B]assign[C]transfer[D]compare14.[A]serious[B]civilized[C]ambitious[D]experienced15.[A]thus[B]instead[C]also[D]never16.[A]rapidly[B]regularly[C]directly[D]equally17.[A]After[B]Until[C]While[D]Since18.[A]arrives[B]jumps[C]hints[D]strikes19.[A]shape[B]rediscover[C]simplify[D]share20.[A]pray for[B]lean towards[C]give away[D]send outSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college.Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses,said Tom Cortina,the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.However,Cortina said,early e x posure is beneficial.When younger kids learn computer science,they learn that it’s not just a confusing,endless string of letters and numbers–but a tool to build apps,or create artwork,or test hypotheses. It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal.Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap,Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college,where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim,which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School,where people pay to learn programming,started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change.The high-schoolers get the same curriculum,but“we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,”said Victoria Friedman,an instructor.For instance,one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook.Programming languages have a quick turnover,so the“Ruby on Rails”language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market.But the skills they learn–how to think logically through a problem and organize the results–apply to any coding language,said Deborah Seehorn,an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed,the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all.But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes.These kids are going to be surrounded by computers—in their pockets,in their offices,in their homes—for the rest of their lives,The younger they learn how computers think,how to coax the machine into producing what they want —the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that—the better.21.Cortina holds that early e x posure to computer science makes it easier to________.[A]complete future job training[B]remodel the way of thinking[C]formulate logical hypotheses[D]perfect artwork production22.In delivering lessons for high-schoolers,Flatiron has considered their________.[A]experience[B]interest[C]career prospects[D]academic backgrounds23.Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will________.[A]help students learn other computer languages[B]have to be upgraded when new technologies come[C]need improving when students look for jobs[D]enable students to make big quick money24.According to the last paragraph,Flatiron students are expected to________.[A]bring forth innovative computer technologies[B]stay longer in the information technology industry[C]become better prepared for the digitalized world[D]compete with a future army of programmers25.The word“coax”(Line4,Para.6)is closest in meaning to________.[A]persuade[B]frighten[C]misguide[D]challengeText2Biologists estimate that as many as2million lesser prairie chickens—a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States.But just some22,000birds remain today,occupying about16%of the species'historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service(USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened.“The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,”said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe.Some environmentalists,however,were disappointed.They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as“endangered”,a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats.But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened”tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new,potentially less confrontational conservations approaches.In particular,they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments,which are often uneasy with federal action,and with the private landowners who control an estimated95%of the prairie chicken's habitat.Under the plan,for example,the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm,or disturb the bird,as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states,the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with2new acres of suitable habitat.The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside FWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of67,000birds over the next10years.And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies(WAFWA),a coalition of state agencies,the job of monitoring progress.Overall,the idea is to let“states”remain in the driver's seat for managing the species,”Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric.Some Congress members are trying to block the plan,and at least a dozen industry groups,four states,and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court.Not surprisingly,industry groups and states generally argue it goes too far;environmentalists say it doesn’t go far enough.“The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,”says biologist JayLininger.26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie chicken as threatened is.________.[A]its drastically decreased population[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists[D]the insistence of private landowners27.The“threatened”tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it________.[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure[B]would involve fewer agencies in action[C]granted less federal regulatory power[D]went against conservation policies28.It can be learned from Paragraph3that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they________.[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29.According to Ashe,the leading role in managing the species is________.[A]the federal government[B]the wildlife agencies[C]the landowners[D]the states30.Jay Lininger would most likely support________.[A]industry groups[B]the win-win rhetoric[C]environmental groups[D]the plan under challengeText3That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché.But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully:There's never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient.The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read:“Give up TV”or“Carry a book with you at all times.”But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd30minutes doesn't work.Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning—or else you're so e x hausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need.The modern mind,Tim Parks, a novelist and critic,writes,“is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted;it is that one is actually inclined to interruption.”Deep reading requires not just time,but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact,“becoming more efficient”is part of the problem.Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal.Immersive reading,by contrast,depends on being willing to risk inefficiency,goallessness,even time-wasting.Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading—useful,sometimes,but not the most fulfilling kind.“The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,”writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time,and“we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles(days,hours,minutes)as they pass,for if they get by without being filled,we will have wasted them.”No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work?Perhaps surprisingly,scheduling regular times for reading.You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set,but in fact,Eberle notes,such ritualistic behavior helps us“step outside time's flow”into“soul time”. You could limit distractions by reading only physical books,or on single-purpose e-readers.“Carry a book with you at all times”can actually work,too—providing you dip in often enough,so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business,before dropping back down.On a really good day,it no longer feels as if you're“making time to read,”but just reading,and making time for everything else.31.The usual time-management techniques don’t work because________.[A]what they can offer does not ease the modern mind[B]what challenging books demand is repetitive reading[C]what people often forget is carrying a book with them[D]what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32.The“empty bottles”metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to________.[A]update their to-do lists[B]make passing time fulfilling[C]carry their plans through[D]pursue carefree reading33.Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps________.[A]encourage the efficiency mind-set[B]develop online reading habits[C]promote ritualistic reading[D]achieve immersive reading34.“Carry a book with you at all times”can work if________.[A]reading becomes your primary business of the day[B]all the daily business has been promptly dealt with[C]you are able to drop back to business after reading[D]time can be evenly split for reading and business35.The best title for this text could be________.[A]How to Enjoy Easy Reading[B]How to Find Time to Read[C]How to Set Reading Goals[D]How to Read E x tensivelyText4Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure,younger Americans are drawing a new21st-century road map to success,a latest poll has found.Across generational lines,Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married,having children,owning a home,and retiring in their sixties.But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life,they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work,to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs,to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life,to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children,and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home,the survey found.From career to community and family,these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life,from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point:Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations.While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today,big majorities in both groups believe those“just getting started in life”face a tougher climb than earlier generations in reaching such signpost achievements as securing a good-paying job,starting a family,managing debt,and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.Schneider,a27-year-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs, says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college.Even now that he is working steadily,he said.”I can’t afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own,so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.”Looking back,he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young.“I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,”Schneider said.“I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”36.One cross-generation mark of a successful life is________.[A]trying out different lifestyles[B]having a family with children[C]working beyond retirement age[D]setting up a profitable business37.It can be learned from Paragraph3that young people tend to________.[A]favor a slower life pace[B]hold an occupation longer[C]attach importance to pre-marital finance[D]give priority to childcare outside the home38.The priorities and e x pectations defined by the young will________.[A]become increasingly clear[B]focus on materialistic issues[C]depend largely on political preferences[D]reach almost all aspects of American life39.Both young and old agree that________.[A]good-paying jobs are less available[B]the old made more life achievements[C]housing loans today are easy to obtain[D]getting established is harder for the young40.Which of the following is true about Schneider?[A]He found a dream job after graduating from college.[B]His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.[C]His parents’good life has little to do with a college degree.[D]He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.Part BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)[A]Be silly[B]Have fun[C]Express your emotions[D]Don't overthink it[E]Be easily pleased[F]Notice things[G]Ask for helpAct Your Shoe Size,Not Your Age.As adults,it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness,often with mixed results.Yet children appear to have it down to an art—and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy.Instead,they look after their wellbeing instinctively,and usually more effectively than we do as grownups.Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.41.________________What does a child do when he's sad?He cries.When he's angry?He shouts.Scared?Probably a bit of both.As we grow up,we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours,which is in many ways a good thing.But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions,especially negative ones.That’s about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill.What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately,and then—again,like children—move on.42.________________A couple of Christmases ago,my youngest stepdaughter,who was nine years old at the time,got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas.It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed,and couldn't stop talking about it.Too often we believe that a new job,bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content,but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels.Instead,being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43.________________Have you ever noticed how much children laugh?If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling,we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies,increase good hormones like endorphins,improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off infection.All of which would,of course,have a positive effect on our happiness levels.44.________________The problem with being a grownup is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with—work,mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner.But as adults we also have the lu x ury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love.Those things might be social,sporting,creative or completely random(dancing around the living room,anyone?)——it doesn't matter,so long as they're enjoyable,and not likely to have negative side effects,such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.45.________________Having said all of the above,it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy.Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing.As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said:“Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.”And in that,once more,we need to look to the example of our children,to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.SectionⅢTranslation46.Direction：Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET.(15points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors.The reason for this is simple:The longer you stay in the store,the more stuff you'll see,and the more stuff you see,the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff.The average supermarket,according to the Food Marketing Institute,carries some 44,000different items,and many carry tens of thousands more.The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload.According to brain-scan experiments,the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us.After about40minutes of shopping,most people stop struggling to be rationally selective,and instead begin shopping emotionally—which is the point at which we accumulate the50percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.SectionⅣWritingPart A47.Directions：Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend,Jack,wrote an email to congratulate you and ask for advice on translation.Write him a reply to1)thank him,and2)give advice.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own e Li Ming instead.Do not write your address.(10points)Part B48.Directions：Write an essay based on the following chart.In your writing,you should1)interpret the chart,and2)give your comments.You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)2016年英语二真题答案Section I Use of English1．C2．B3．D4．C5．D6．B7．A8．D9．A10．B 11．A12．B13．A14．D15．C16．D17．C18．C19．A20．BSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText121—25BBACAText226—30ACADCText331—35DBDABText436—40BCDDCPart B41—45CEABDSectionⅢTranslation超市设计的目的就是为了吸引顾客花尽可能多的时间在卖场选购。

CATTI二级笔译英译汉真题2016年5月(总分60, 做题时间60分钟)English-Chinese Translation (60 points)This part consists of two sections: SECTIONA 1 “Compulsory Translation” and SECTION 2 “Optional Translation” **prises “Topic 1” and “Topic 2”. Translate the passage in SECTION 1 and your choic1.【Passage 1】Jane Goodall was already on a London dock in March 1957 when she realized that her passport was missing. In just a few hours, she was due to depart on her first trip to Africa. A school friend had moved to a farm outside Nairobi and, knowing Goodall’s childhood dream was to live among the African wildlife, invited her to stay with the family for a while. Goodall, then 22, saved for two years to pay for her passage to Kenya: waitressing, doing secretarial work, temping at the post office in her hometown, Bournemouth, on England’s southern coast. Now all this was for naught, it seemed.It’s hard not to wonder how subsequent events in her life — rather consequential as they have turned out to be to conservation, to science, to our sense of ourselves as a species — might have unfolded differently had someone not found her passport, along with an itinerary from Cook’s, the travel agency, folded inside, and delivered it to the Cook’s office. An agency representative, documents in hand, found her on the dock. “Incredible,” Goodalltold me last month, recalling that day. “Amazing.”Within two months of her arrival, Goodall met the paleontologist Louis Leakey — Nairobi was a small town for its white population in those days — and he immediately offered her a job at the natural-history museum where he was curator. He spent much of the next three years testing her capacity for repetitive work.He believed in a hypothesis first put forth by Charles Darwin that humans and chimpanzees share an evolutionary ancestor. Close study of chimpanzees in the wild, he thought, might tell us something about**mon progenitor. He was, in other words, looking for someone to live among Africa’s wild animals. One night, he told Goodall that he knew just the place where she could do it: Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve, in the British colony of Tanganyika (now Tanzania).In July 1960, Goodall boarded a boat and after a few hours motoring over the warm, deep waters of Lake Tanganyika, she stepped onto the pebbly beach at Gombe.Her finding, published in Nature in 1964, that chimpanzees use tools — extracting insects from a termite mound with leaves of grass —drastically and forev er altered humanity’s understanding of itself; man was no longer the natural world’s only user of tools.After two and a half decades of living out her childhood dream, Goodall made an abrupt career shift, from scientist to conservationist.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI分值: 30答案:1957年3月，当珍妮•古道尔（Jane Goodall）在伦敦码头候船时，她发现护照不见了。

2016年考研英语二翻译真题及答案考研网为你收集整理带来的2016考研英语二翻译真题及答案。

2016考研英语二的考试已经结束了，你觉得2016年考研英语翻译题的难易度如何，你是不是想知道自己是否翻译正确或者翻译准确了？下面为你带来的是考研英语二翻译的真题及答案。

详情如下。

46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple:The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,00 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally - which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.超市设计的目的就是为了使消费者花尽可能多的时间在店内逛。

2016年5月翻译资格考试三级英语笔译真题及答案试题部分：Section 1: English-Chinese Translation (英译汉) Translate the following passage into Chinese.LECCO, Italy — Each morning, about 450 students travel along 17 school bus routes to 10 elementary schools in this lakeside city at the southern tip of Lake Como. There are zero school buses.In 2003, to confront the triple threats of childhood obesity, local traffic jams and —most important —a rise in global greenhouse gases abetted by car emissions, an environmental group here proposed a retro-radical concept: children should walk to school.They set up a piedibus (literally foot-bus in Italian) —a bus route with a driver but no vehicle. Each morning a mix of paid staff members and parental volunteers in fluorescent yellow vests lead lines of walking students along Lecco’s twisting streets to the schools’ gates, Pied Piper-style, stopping here and there as their flock expands.At the Carducci School, 100 children, or more than half of the students, now take walking buses. Many of them were previously driven in cars. Giulio• Greppi, a 9-year-old with shaggy blond hair, said he had been driven about a third of a mile each way until he started taking the piedibus. “I get to see my friends and we feel special because we know it’s good for the environment,” he said.Although the routes are each generally less than a mile, the town’s piedibuses have so far eliminated more than 100,000 miles of car travel and, in principle, prevented thousands of tons of greenhouse gases from entering the air, Dario Pesenti, the town’s environment auditor, estimates.The number of children who are driven to school over all is rising in the United States and Europe, experts on both continents say, making up a sizable chunk of transportation’s contribution to greenhouse-gas emissions. The “school run” made up 18 percent of car trips by urban residents of Britain last year, a national survey showed.In 1969, 40 percent of students in the United States walked to school; in 2001, the most recent year data was collected, 13 percent did, according to the federal government’s National Household Travel Survey. Lecco’s walking bus was the first in Italy, but hundreds have cropped up elsewhere in Europe and, more recently, in North America to combat the trend.Towns in France, Britain and elsewhere in Italy have created such routes, although few are as extensive and long-lasting as Lecco’s.Section 2: Chinese-English Translation (汉译英) Translate the following passage into English.全球气候变化深刻影响着人类生存和发展，是各国共同面临的重大挑战。

2016年5⽉⼈事部翻译资格考试⼝译真题完整回忆版武聊：今天⼝译考试落下⼤幕，总体难度⽐去年秋天简单，⼆⼝还是以政府报告为主，专业词汇还需加强，三⼝倒是很接地⽓，“⼴场舞”等等新兴词汇，数字翻译的不多，这就说明简单嘛，哈哈哈！感谢⼏位同学的整理，转载时请说明出处，谢谢！2016年5⽉⼆⼝真题回忆英译汉⼀联合国预防性（还是防御性当时懵逼了卧槽）安全战略。

联合国和中国共同倡导预防性外交战略，我⾮常⾼兴。

中国坚持⾛和平发展的道路，对于维护世界和平起到了⾮常重要的作⽤。

然⽽针对国际问题中的众多冲突，我们需要通过沟通和外交的⽅式进⾏解决，在此，我们能够看到中国在处理国际和平与安全中所扮演的重要⾓⾊。

在维护国际和平与安全的过程中，我们需要采取⼀下的措施。

⾸先遇到冲突，我们不能激化⽭盾，需要⽭盾⽅坐下来进⾏谈判。

第⼆，需要通过persuade way来处理⽭盾。

第三，充分运⽤外交⼿段和平处理。

第四，忘却了。

差不多⼀共四点，然后最后呼吁了⼀下，我们要咋地咋地，创造⼀个更好的国际环境！英译汉⼆教育为我们提供了丰富的资源，让我们能够实现教学和求学的活动。

教育为⼈类的发展有重要的作⽤。

但是现在，教育的形式不再满⾜于填鸭式的教育，仅仅是为学⽣获得⼀份⼯作，⽽是需要开发学⽣们的思维，激发和满⾜学⽣们的好奇⼼。

⼩型的讲座(seminar)是⼤学⽣和研究⽣常见的⼀种学习形式，通过这样的形式，我们可以让学⽣们提出并捍卫⾃⼰的观点，同时要求他们去说服⽼师和同学，这样⼀来，创造性和批判性思维都能得到提升。

要实现这样的结果，⾸先，我们要让同学们进⾏批判性的阅读，⽽不仅仅是阅读并记忆书中的观点。

⽽是需要通过阅读来建⽴⾃⼰的观点。

其次，我们需要让学⽣们进⾏创作型的写作，让他们把⾃⼰的观点体现在⾃⼰的作业或论⽂中，⽽不是仅仅去重复或者输出他们从书中看到的观点。

同样，很多科学领域，商界⼈⼠和政府官员都⽤创造性和批判性思维解决了我们⾯临的很多问题。

全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试英语2级笔译综合能力真题2016年度下半年Section1Vocabulary and Grammar（60pionts)This section consists of3parts.Read the directions for each part before answering the questions.Part1Vocabulary SelectionIn this part,there are20incomplete sentences.Below each sentence,there are4choices marked by letters A,B,C and D respectively.Choose the word which best completes each sentence.There is only ONE right answer.Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.(20pionts)1、She______through the pages of a magazine,not really concentrating on them.A．curved B．flippedC．tumbled D．switched2、The republication of the poet's most recent work will certainly______ his national reputation.A．enhance B．enchantC．entertain D．enshrine3、It is a wonderful surprise to find out that other people perceive you as having the______you thought you were missing.A．standards B．levelsC．qualities D．grades4、Every street in that neighborhood has a different______of building boasting a combination of different angles and shapes.A．class B．flairC．style D．glamor5、Statistics convince us that in about one-third of this world today,survivalis still the leading industry;all else is______.A．logo B．luxuryC．lyric D．loss6、Maria became increasingly______,so she fled to her hometown in Austria.A．hasty B．horrifiedC．hateful D．homesick7、The nonverbal______communicated in business interactions through facial expressions and the movements of arms,legs and hands are very important.A．marks B．signalsC．labels D．hints8、In this hero of the film,you see a new image of the Chinese man,quite different from the______portrayed in popular Hollywood movies.A．example B．formalityC．stereotype D．category9、Traffic speed zones with a limit of60kilometers per hour reduce the death ______by45.6percent,with the greatest reduction in child casualties.A．sum B．quantityC．number D．toll10、This region may have as many as5million cases of AIDS in2016if the ______is not taken seriously.A．disease B．virusC．bacterium D．gene11、The protesters oppose building a high-rise in their neighborhood,stating that it will stand too close to their apartments and______the sunlight.A．obscure B．diluteC．alleviate D．lighten12、The president has got to provide a______overview of what he is trying to do throughout this explosive region of the world.A．controversial B．compellingC．consistent D．competing13、Jobs which require speed,accuracy,reliability or______can be performed far better by a robot than a human.A．insurance B．guidanceC．assistance D．endurance14、In the course of preparing his speech,he should be clearly aware of how to make effective use of statistics and examples to______one's point of view.A．blot B．blurC．bolster D．blunt15、Pessimistic procrastinators feel______and are afraid that their involvement in the task will prove this in the end.A．incompetent B．inconvenientC．inconstant D．incredible16、A simple microscope consists of a double convex lens and magnifying glass, while a______one,on the other hand,will contain more than one of these lenses.A．portable B．adaptableC．sophisticated D．movable17、Until______of the body clock has occurred,individuals suffering fromthe jet lag feel tired in the daytime and fail to sleep at night.A．amendment B．adjustmentC．assessment D．announcement18、According to CNN news,Oscar Menjivar-Herrera assaulted a girl with the help of the12-year-old boy.Police were shocked that this12-year-old has such a total lack of______.A．energy B．empathyC．endowment D．embarrassment19、The increasing popularity of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is attributed to the savings in fuel costs compared with______ internal-combustion engine vehicles.A．convenient B．competitiveC．customary D．controversial20、Early in September each year,the population of Ann Arbor,Michigan, suddenly increases by about25,000as students arrive for the new academic year.This______changes the character of the town in a number of ways.A．input B．influxC．inflation D．insertionPart2Vocabulary ReplacementThis part consists of20sentences.In each of them one word is underlined, and below each,there are4choices marked by letters A,B,C and D respectively. Choose the word that can replace the underlined part without causing any grammatical error or changing the basic meaning of the sentence.There is only ONE right answer.Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.(20pionts）21、Comparison and contrast are rhetorical devices often employed deliberately in advertisements.A．derivatives B．figuresC．skills D．components22、World leaders unequivocally condemned the latest terrorist attack on civilians in several countries.A．undeniably B．unmistakablyC．unbelievably D．unbearably23、The vice president tried to wave aside these considerations as inconsequential details that could be settled later.A．trivial B．arrogantC．intentional D．preliminary24、Radar is used to extend the competence of man's senses for observing his environment,especially the sense of vision.A．validity B．liabilityC．capability D．intensity25、Its success was instantaneous,though neither the host nor Mr.Pepys could quite see the joke.A．insistent B．initialC．imperceptible D．immediate26、Some of the employees of the company are just interested in getting the job done,and going home on time,and others have no sense of allegiance yet.A．contribution B．loyaltyC．urgency D．pressure27、The cloud has come to present the bright future of computing,a world where processing and storage become as ubiquitous and cheap as electricity.A．pervasive B．feasibleC．continuous D．obvious28、After the boss announced that he would move the company to Los Angeles,all the employees begrudgingly accepted the plan as they were afraid of losing their jobs.A．briskly B．purposelyC．willingly D．reluctantly29、There was no one to tell Scarlett that her own personality,frighteningly vital though it was,was more attractive than any masquerade she might adopt.A．distinction B．dissentC．dissemblance D．disagreement30、He is lucky because he has a fastidious girlfriend who always keeps the closets and the house sparklingly clean.A．picky B．reliableC．tidy D．fashionable31、They try to be assiduous and earnest and see to it that they finish their work smoothly;they never give any thought to personal fame and position.A．diligent B．insistentC．patient D．efficient32、The federal district court issued a preliminary injunction,finding thatthe law likely was unconstitutional in imposing an impermissible undue burden on a woman's right to abortion.A．inadequate B．insignificantC．inappropriate D．indefensible33、Hours after my24th birthday,my life began to change with strangely related events that make me wonder today whether they did not spring from the fictional leanings of my mind.A．invented B．coinedC．aligned D．generated34、Their sketches on Victorian manners and a Polite Victorian House are ahilarious way to introduce students to the many strictures placed upon the middle and upper classes.A．images B．structuresC．constraints D．praises35、This text is tightly structured around the main theme of researchassessment,scaffolded with a clear introduction and useful concluding summaries at the end of each chapter.A．included B．comprisedC．supported D．mixed36、This bestselling novelist shares the story of how she escaped the curses of her past to make a future of her own,and at the same time she presents a refreshing meditation on the choices,charms,freedoms,and luck that affect us all.A．contemplation B．prophecyC．mirage D．attention37、In fact,more than75percent of all major corporations report that they monitor their employees'use of E-mail and Internet access either by spot-checking or constant surveillance.A．computation B．auditC．survey D．inspection38、The controversy surrounding our English instruction dealt with the desireto protect our linguistic heritage,which may resonate with what happens in other countries.A．recur B．coincideC．harmonize D．echo39、There are two sorts of obscurity that you find in writers who have nevertaken the trouble to learn to write clearly.One is due to negligence,and the other to willfulness.A．unevenness B．capriciousnessC．fogginess D．illegibility40、John Cramer,a researcher at the University of Washington,has created two different expositions of what the big bang might have sounded like based on data from two different satellites.A．renditions B．thesesC．explanations D．inventionsPart3Error CorrectionThis part consists of20sentences.In each of them there is an underlined part that indicates a grammatical error,and below each,there are4choices marked by letters A,B,C and D respectively.Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part so that the error is corrected.There is only ONE right answer.Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.（20pionts）41、It shall be wrong if not consider how much money you have before going abroadto study.A．would...not to consider B．will...to consider not C．shall...if not considering D．should...if not to consider 42、For the scientist,it is useful,and theoretically sound,considering the earth an object in space.A．which considers the earth B．to consider the earth asC．that considers the earth as D．the consideration of the earth43、There never so many foreign guests come to our city as today,so learning English is important.A．Foreign guests who have never B．Never so many foreign visitors haveC．The foreign guests aren't ever D．Never have so many foreign visitors44、I won't be able to see you off at the airport tomorrow,so I will wish you could travel smoothly.A．a good journey B．have a good journeyC．could have a good journey D．having a good journey45、When our coming of the Space Age,a new dimension has been added to the study of the planets in the solar system and beyond.A．By the B．To theC．Along the D．With the46、The project which will cost34million yuan designs to build more than 100homes,restaurants and retail shops around the city.A．is designed B．is designingC．will be designed D．will design47、It is against the law for car drivers to honk their horns except avoid an accident and for garbage trucks to start their rounds before6am.A．besides for avoiding B．except for avoidingC．unless to avoid D．nevertheless to avoid48、Because excessively hunting has depleted many wildlife species,preservation zones for wild animals are being established in some provinces.A．excessive hunting B．excessively being hunting C．to excessively hunting D．to have hunted excessively49、I have redone the homework.Please review it again and return it back how I can further improve it.A．feedback it to me,so I can farther improveB．return it back to me,so I can further improveC．feed me back on how I can improveD．return it back.Then I'll see how I can further improve50、The community is launching a campaign to reduce noise in the areas around apartments,many residents complain that they cannot sleep at night.A．lest many residents complain B．though many residents complain C．because many residents complain D．as many residents complain51、Marriage was one of the first non-biological factors to be identified as improving life expectancy.A．identifying B．identifiedC．being identified D．to identify52、Nathan is afraid to go swimming in the ocean.He refuses to enter the water even the sea is perfectly calm and there are no waves.A．since the sea B．even if the seaC．if the sea D．for the sea53、Though iPads and E-readers have increasingly better screen clarity,the idea that every time a person reads a book,newspaper or magazine,what they will require an energy source is frightening.A．he will require B．and he will requireC．when he will require D．that he will require54、Antique auctions have become popular in this country unless a steadily increasing awareness of the investment value of antiques.A．because of B．in spite ofC．apart from D．with regard to55、The company says the homes are far more efficient than conventional housesand use less power as much as a third.A．less power as a third B．less than a third powerC．less as a third as much power D．less than a third as much power 56、The earth's atmosphere recorded the huge decline in the population of the western hemisphere in the150years as following the arrival of Columbus from Spain in1492.A．for following B．which followingC．when following D．following57、Walk by any Starbucks within several miles of your house,the chances are that you'll see several people sitting at a table,drinking coffee and enjoying the free WiFi.A．your house where the chances are B．your house and chances are C．your house that are chances D．your house are the chances 58、Directed by Benjamin Twist,who,incidentally,is one of the names beingmentioned as a possible successor to Nowozielski,a delightfully theatrical retelling is the production of Dicken's novel.A．the production is a delightfully theatrical retellingB．a delightfully theatrical retelling of the productionC．the production of a delightfully theatrical retellingD．is the production a delightfully theatrical retelling59、All are charged with violating official secrets laws,such is an offense that carries a maximum three-year prison term and fines up to US$27,000.A．an offense B．is an offenseC．is such an offense D．an offense is such60、So the theories of the schools are different from the practice of ordinary businessthat much of which he learned in the former will have to be unlearned in the latter.A．Are the theories of the schools so differentB．Are so different the theories of the schoolsC．So different the theories of the schools areD．So different are the theories of the schoolsSection2Reading Comprehension（30pionts）In this section you will find after each of the passages a number of questions or unfinished statements about the passage,each with4(A,B,C andD.choices to answer the question or complete the statement.You must choose the one which you think fits best.Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.With cloud,mobility,big data and consumerization,companies are in even greater need of technology talent than they were in the late1990s,and that talent is in even shorter puter science enrollments are at an all-time low;baby-boomer workers are retiring and taking all of that legacy—systems knowledge with them;and Silicon Valley is hot again.Would that young,brilliant developer rather join the next Zynga or upgrade the payroll systems at your insurance company?Two weeks ago,I asked the IT executive readership of my weekly newsletter, The Heller Report,to answer the question:If you had a magic wand,which one talent problem would you solve?Responses poured in and addressed challenges around recruiting,developing leaders,and retaining the talent that they currently have.But more than70percent of readers would use their magic wand to do only one thing:give business skills to their technologists. Their people,they worry,are so narrowly focused on the technology that they fail to see the forest for the trees.They do not understand the business context of their technology work,nor can they have meaningful discussions with the leaders of the business areas about their technology support.This lack of business-savvy technology talent is a serious problem for every company that relies on technology to exist(which is,of course,every company).Those beautifully"blended executives,"who can talk technology in one meeting and can talk business in another,are rare birds.Yet with technology moving directly into the revenue stream of your company,you need them,and your need is only going to increase.One option is to spend all of your time and money on recruiting blended executives from the outside.You will be in heated competition with every other company in your market,and if your recruiting function is not a competitive weapon for you,you will find yourself in a losing battle.You would be much better off growing your own.Here are some ideas: Build a rotational program.Encourage your head of human resources to work with your CIO and a few of your other business leaders to build a programthat rotates IT people into different functions of the business.This kind of program is not easy,with your CIO having to survive without a trusted IT leader for a period of time,but the long-term result of a good rotational program can be tremendous.It may well be worth the investment.Involve your business leaders.If a rotational program is too much to take on right now,build a leadership development program for IT that involves your business executives.Encourage your CIO to invite the heads of your major business units to meet regularly with the senior IT team to educate them on their business area.And be sure that you,CFO,are spending enough time with e that interaction to chip away at the long-standing wall that often exists between the business and IT.Embed your IT people in the business.By now,your CIO should have restructured the IT organization so that each major business or functional area has a dedicated IT leader.These positions are called"business relationship executives,"portfolio CIOs,or customer relationship managers, and they often report both to the CIO and to a functional or P&L leader.The more time they spend in"the business,"the more they learn skills beyond IT,and the more valuable they become to you over time.You know you are on the right track when you walk into a business unit meeting,and from the dialogue taking place,you cannot easily distinguish the IT person from everyone else.61、Companies are in greater need of technology talent NOT because of______.A．the accumulation of more dataB．the need to serve consumersC．the rising demand for cloud computationD．the development of medical industry62、______is NOT a cause for the short supply of technology talent.A．Recruitment of IT companiesB．Upgrading payroll systemsC．Retirement of experienced IT technologistsD．Recruiting fewer people in computer programs63、The main idea of Paragraph2is that______.A．profound discussion is requiredB．IT employees should be business-savvyC．technology support is expectedD．there are challenges in recruiting developers64、The target readers of the weekly newsletter in Paragraph2are______.A．IT managerial staff members B．chief developersC．skilled technicians D．recruitment administrators 65、The word"forest"underlined in Paragraph2is a metaphor that refers to______.A．engineering circles B．IT businessesC．industrial leaders D．technological projects 66、The phrase"recruiting function"underlined in Paragraph4refers to ______.A．recruitment of a particular firmB．the functionality of recruitmentC．competitive recruitment strategyD．employment of IT workers for a certain employer67、If a company doesn't have enough time and money to hire executives it needs,it should______.A．achieve long-term results B．devise a training program C．participate in heated competition D．call on all business leaders 68、A rotational program DOESN'T involve______.A．blended IT executives B．CIOC．CEO D．all business leaders69、Following Paragraph5,the passage is intended for______.A．CFO B．CIOC．P&L D．IT professionals70、The phrase"the business"underlined in Paragraph7means______.A．how to recruit IT staff membersB．how to manage and marketC．how to develop new productsD．how to contact other employeesIf there is any endeavor whose fruits should be freely available,that endeavor is surely publicly financed science.Morally,taxpayers who wish to should be able to read about it without further expense.And science advances through cross-fertilization between projects.Barriers to that exchange slow it down.There is a widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated this exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to it. One of the latest converts is the British government.Recently it announced that,the results of taxpayer-financed research would be available,free and online,for anyone to read and redistribute.Britain's government is not alone.Soon the European Union followed suit. In the U.S.,the National Institutes of Health(NIH,the single biggest source of civilian research funds in the world)has required open-access publishing since2008.And the Wellcome Trust,a British foundation that is the world's second-biggest charitable source of scientific money,after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,also insists that those who receive its support should make their work available free.Criticism of journal publishers usually boils down to two things.One is that their processes take months,when the Internet could enable them to take days.The other is that because each paper is like a mini-monopoly,which workers in the field have to read if they are to advance their own research, there is no incentive to keep the price down.The publishers thus have scientists—or,more accurately,their universities,which pay the subscriptions—in an armlock.That,combined with the fact that the raw material (manuscripts of papers)is free,leads to generous returns.In2011,Elsevier, a large Dutch publisher,made a profit of￡768million on revenues of￡2.06 billion—a margin of37percent.Indeed,Elsevier's profits are thought so egregious by many people that12,000researchers have signed up to boycott the company's journals.Publishers do provide a service.They organize peer reviews,in which papers are criticized anonymously by experts(though those experts,like the authors of papers,are seldom paid for what they do).They also sort the scientific sheep from the goats,by deciding what gets published,and where. That gives the publishers huge power.Since researchers,administrators and grant-awarding bodies all take note of which work has got through this filtering mechanism,the competition to publish in the best journals is intense, and the system becomes self-reinforcing,increasing the value of those journals still further.But not,perhaps,for much longer.Support has been swelling for open-access scientific publishing:doing it online,in a way that allows anyone to read papers free of charge.The movement started among scientists themselves, but governments are paying attention and asking whether they might also benefitfrom the change.Much remains to be worked out.Some fear the loss of the traditional journals'curation and verification of research.Even Sir Mark Walport,the director of the Wellcome Trust and a fierce advocate of open-access publication, worries that the newly liberated papers have ended up in different places rather than being consolidated in the way they want.A revolution,then,has begun.Technology permits it;researchers and politicians want it.If scientific publishers are not trembling in their boots, they should be.71、The first two paragraphs intend to indicate that______.A．taxpayers should make great efforts to exchange ideasB．publishers are regarded as a negative factor in scienceC．the government is liable to pay for research expensesD．the results of research projects are freely available to the public 72、According to Paragraph3,the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation______.A．is a very important provider of research fundingB．argues that researchers make their findings public freelyC．has a monopoly on any research results with its financial support D．follows the example set by the U.S.NIH73、According to the passage,people who are unhappy with publishers of scientific journals______.A．criticize the unfair publication of scientific articlesB．object to their slowness and the high costs of the journalsC．blame them for the slow pace of recent scientific progressD．think that journals should be abolished as an obstacle to freedom of speech74、The word"egregious"underlined in Paragraph4means______.A．somewhat unfavorable B．rather unnecessaryC．strikingly unavailable D．clearly bad75、According to Paragraph4,which of the following is true?______A．Mini-monopoly seems to advance scientific research.B．Subscription is a major source of margins for the journals.C．Publishers make great profits by keeping the price down.D．Researchers subscribe to journals to receive free manuscripts. 76、In the phrase"sort the scientific sheep from the goats"underlined in Paragraph5,the author uses a metaphorical device termed______.A．allusion B．punC．metaphor D．irony77、Before the publication of papers,peer reviews are to______.A．differentiate papers B．evaluate themC．exercise the power of publishers D．add the value of journals 78、The author mentions the concerns of Sir Mark Walport,who______.A．strongly supports current publishing arrangements and modelsB．worries about the poor quality of current scientific publication C．believes that the weaknesses of open-access journals can easily be overcomeD．is afraid that good papers in open-access journals may be neglected 79、What does the author think of the future of open-access journals?______A．Doubtful.B．Unclear.C．Foreseeable.D．Pessimistic.80、The passage intends to______.A．argue that academic journals face a radical shake-upB．illustrate that the publishing formalities need not to changeC．report that the publication of papers faces intense competition D．discuss that scientific research is shifting to free access Declining house prices,rising job layoffs,skyrocketing oil costs and amajor credit crunch have brought consumer confidence to its lowest point in five years.With a relatively long recession looking increasingly likely, many American families may be planning to tighten their belts.Interestingly,restraining our consumer spending,in the short term,may cause us to actually loosen the belts around our waists.What's the connection? The brain has a limited capacity for self-regulation,so exerting willpower in one area often leads to backsliding in others.The good news,however, is that practice increases willpower capacity,so that in the long run,buying less now may improve our ability to achieve future goals—like losing those 10pounds we gained when we weren't out shopping.The brain's store of willpower is depleted when people control their thoughts,feelings or impulses,or when they modify their behaviors in pursuit of goals.Psychologist Roy Baumeister and others have found that people who successfully accomplish one task requiring self-control are less persistent on a second,seemingly unrelated task.In one pioneering study,some people were asked to eat radishes while others received freshly baked chocolate chip cookies before trying to solve an impossible puzzle.The radish-eaters abandoned the puzzle in eight minutes on average,working less than half as long as people who got cookies or those who were excused from eating radishes.Similarly,people who were asked to circle every"e"on a page of text then showed less persistence in watching a video of an unchanging table and wall.Other activities that deplete willpower include resisting food or drink, suppressing emotional responses,restraining aggressive or sexual impulses, taking exams and trying to impress someone.Task persistence is also reduced when people are stressed or tired from exertion or lack of sleep.What limits willpower?Some have suggested that it is blood sugar,which brain cells use as their main energy source and cannot do without for even a few minutes.Most cognitive functions are unaffected by minor blood sugar fluctuations over the course of a day,but planning and self-control are sensitive to such small changes.Exerting self-control lowers blood sugar, which reduces the capacity for further self-control.People who drink a glass of lemonade between completing one task requiring self-control and beginning a second one perform equally well on both tasks,while people who drink sugarless diet lemonade make more errors on the second task than on the first. Foods that persistently elevate blood sugar,like those containing protein or complex carbohydrates,might enhance willpower for longer periods.In the short term,you should spend your limited willpower budget wisely. It can be counterproductive to work toward multiple goals at the same time if your willpower cannot cover all the efforts that are required.Concentrating your effort on one or,at most,a few goals at a time increases the odds of success.Focusing on success is important because willpower can grow in the long term.Like a muscle,willpower seems to become stronger with use.The idea of exercising willpower is seen in military boot camp,where recruits are trained to overcome one challenge after another.No one knows why willpower can grow with practice,but consistently doing any activity that requires self-control seems to increase willpower—and the ability to resist impulses and delay gratification is highly associated with。