大学英语专业八级之人文知识: 英国地理3
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1.Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors except __D___. 英国之所以能成为世界上最早开始工业化的国家, 原因有很多。
但英国是从17世纪以后逐步开始对海外贸易和开拓海外殖民地产生浓厚兴趣的。
A Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade.B Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport.C British engineers had sound training and the inventors were respected.D British government was increasingly interested in overseas and colonies after the 17th century.2.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The has very little power. 英国是君主立宪制国家,国王或女王(君主)几乎没什么实质性的权力。
3. has always had strong links with the trade unions and received financial support from them? 层阶级的党,它得到大公司财政上的支持;而工党主要得到工会的支持,它的支持者主要是中产阶级和知识分子。
4.On accepting , the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament, began.《权利法案》的签署,标志着英国进入了君主立宪制时代,一个君主几乎没有什么实质性权力并受制于议会的时代。
第一章英语国家概括第一节英国概括Ⅰ地理有四个部分组成great Britain(England,Wales,Scotland)and northern IrelandⅡ地理特征最短的海峡strait of Dover 多佛海峡1 England the pennies 英格兰最主要的山脉2 Scotland three natural zone :the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ,首都是Edinburgh ,river Clyde 克莱德河3 Wales Cardiff 最大的城市和首府4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是内伊湖(Lough Neagh)5 Rivers and lakes最长的是Severn river(赛文河),第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河,(Thames river),典型的海洋性气候(maritime climate)Ⅲ人口60million ,英国人是Anglo-Saxons,苏格兰人hospitable and generous,Wales are emotional and cheerful people,北爱尔兰的官方语言是爱尔兰语,其次才是英语ethic groups 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区ⅣHistory:1 first settlers are Lberians (伊利比亚人)2 1066(Norman conquer)1215 (大宪章)1337—1453(英法百年战争)1381(农民起义)1458(玫瑰战争,1350-1650(Renaissance)1642-1646(first civil war ),1658(the restoration 王朝复辟)1688(the glorious revolution)Ⅴ教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习ⅥReligionEstablished churches分为the Church of England(official church ,英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定)and the Church of Scotland(Presbyterian,长老教会)Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会,the free churches 自由教,the roman catholic church 天主教Ⅶ主要节日Christmas day December 25th Easter 复活节(主要的天主教节日)whit Sunday(圣灵降临节,复活节后的第7个周日)Gay Fawkes day (盖伊福克斯之夜,11月5日,燃放烟火的节日)Ⅷsports ,足球是最受欢迎的(职业足球从August 到May),最典型的英国运动是cricket,板球)网球(annual Wimbledon fortnightⅨArts 博物馆(the British museum,the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national gallery)Music (甲壳虫乐队,the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the most famous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and dramaⅩmedia (BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,financial times ,the Guardian, the times (泰晤士报)the observer (the first Sunday newspaper)ⅪPoliticalconstitutional monarchy,没有宪法,全靠惯例,parliament (the house of lord and the house of commons,任期为五年)political party :labor party(Whigs 辉格党) and conservative party(Tories 托利党)第二节美国概括Ⅰyellow National park(大平原地带),大峡谷(the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is the largest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California )ⅡAlaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着Inuits,also called Eskimos)Hawaii (Mauna Loa ,莫纳罗亚山,the world’s largest active volcano,盛产sugar cane and pineapple,首府是Honolulu)Ⅲ地理特征1 两大主要山脉是,Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ,2 the Mississippi river (greatest continental rivers,American Ruhr ),Ohio river(俄亥俄河)3 the great lakes:lake Michigan(唯一一个在美国境内),lake superior(世界上最大的淡水湖),the lake Huron(休伦湖)lake Erie(伊利湖)and lake Ontario(安大略湖)Ⅳhistory1620,201 pilgrim,mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, (英国承认其独立,签署停火协议),1789(established federal government),1812(和英国开战,认识到强大的联邦政府的重要)1861-1865(civil war),gilded age (镀金时代,国内战争到20世纪初),1949(north Atlantic treaty),1950s (civil rights movement)1950-1975(the Vietnam war),1972(Watergate scandal)1972 (访华),1979(中美建交)ⅤAmerican political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法,(1789讨论成立,国会两院,三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。
人文知识讲义2004年2月全国英语考试专业教学指导委员会修订专八考试大纲,2005年正式实施,开始新增人文知识的内容。
主要包括:英语国家概括、英语语言文学知识、和英语语言学知识。
测试要求:1 英语国家地理、历史、文化、教育等等。
4题。
主要考察英国、美国必有(地理、历史、文化和政治),加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰概括,爱尔兰没有出现,2 英语文学知识。
3题。
文学部分英美文学作家作品,流派、文学贡献也会出现,及格律3 英语语言学知识。
3题。
语言学基本概念,及其代表理论、代表著作注意:人文一般不会考很偏的知识第一章英语国家概况第一节美国地理:东南西北地理位置、人口3亿(人口最多的是加州、德州、纽约州、佛罗里达州等,主要为印第安人,首先移民到此是英国人和荷兰人)、星条旗为国旗(13和50)、国徽白头鹰、国歌《星条旗永不落》(1931年通过)、首都华盛顿哥伦比亚特区,属于中央政府管理。
50州,最大阿拉斯加,最小罗得岛州,美国本土最大德克萨斯州。
美国又称为Uncle Sam(1961年美国国会正式承认),国花为玫瑰Rose。
美国本土共分为6大地区:New England:6州,最重要为马萨诸塞州(波士顿)、罗德岛州(普罗维登斯)和新罕布什尔(康科德)。
总统大选初选开始于新罕布什尔。
1 美国诞生地和独立战争的主要战场。
2 波士顿美国最古老的城市,有麻省理工学院和哈佛。
波士顿的龙虾很有名3 新英格兰人又称为yankees.the Middle Atlantic States: 7州、最重要的为纽约州、宾州、新泽西州和马里兰州。
1 白宫和国会山在华盛顿特区。
2 纽约是美国最大的城市,联合国大厦等等著名建筑在此。
共有5个区:分别是曼哈顿、皇后、布鲁克林、布朗克斯和斯塔滕岛。
有帝国大厦和自由女神像。
哥伦比亚大学和康奈尔大学。
纽约称为big apple。
3 尼亚加拉大瀑布在纽约州的水牛城。
4 葛底斯堡位于宾州,林肯曾在此发表过演讲。
Part 1 英语国家概况第一章英国第一节概述1 英国四部分首都英格兰(England)首都London,苏格兰(Scotland)首都爱丁堡(Edinburgh),威尔士(Wales)首都加的夫(Cardiff)北爱尔兰(Northern Ireland)首都贝尔法斯特(Belfast)2 英格兰占地面积为整个岛屿的60%(13万平方公里)3 南面的(south)的英吉利海峡(English channel)与东面的(east)的北海(North sea)将英国与欧洲其他部分隔开。
4 爱尔兰的官方语言(official language)是Irish,第二语言是English5 Scotland 位于北部(northernmost part)6 主要作物是大麦(wheat)和小麦(barley)7 最佳农业区是英格兰的东南部(northeast)8 70%的劳动力集中在服务业(service)9 农民仅占人口2%,管理70%的土地。
10 运输业,家庭取暖系统(domestic heating system),食品供应(food supply)很大程度上依赖于石油(oil )11 在19世纪造船业(shipbuilding)中世界领先12 England 的人口最多第二节地理1 本尼维斯山(Ben Nevis)是英国最高的山(highest mountain)2 斯克菲尔峰(Scafell)是英格兰最高峰(highest peak)3 塞文河(Severn River)是英国最长的河(longest river)4 泰晤士河(Thames River)是英国第二大河和最重要的河流(second and most important river)5 内伊湖(Lough Neagh)是英国最大的湖(largest lake),位于北爱尔兰6 英吉利海峡(The English Channel)是分隔England和France的狭窄海道,连接大西洋(Atlantic ocean)与北海(North Sea)7 英国是海洋性气候(the maritime type),由于受墨西哥湾流(the Gulf Stream)的影响,比同纬度其他地方温度高(warmer),温和适中,冬天温和,夏天凉爽,天气多变(changeable),有时会在一天经历四季变化。
——参考范本——
【资格考试】2019最新整理-
大学英语专业八级人文知识小总结
______年______月______日____________________部门
在研究完专八历年试卷的人文知识部分后,我总结出以下几点:
1、英语国家地理概况 4分
2、英美文学部分 3分
3、词汇部分 3分
这十分分值虽然相对较小,但覆盖面挺大,比如地理概况就包括
六个英语国家的基本知识,复习起来似乎有点力不从心,其实不然。
I、先拿第一个来说,地理概况无非是注重英美两国方面,在复习
其他四个国家时不用那么深入,只要知其一二即可(首都/首府总得记吧?),而英美方面的知识对于我们英语专业的学生来说应该有所了解,只是没有系统地去整理,如果在整理一遍之后,我想会柳暗花明!当然如果你本身一直以来对各个国家都相当了解,那我说你已吃定这4分。
II、英美文学方面就有点头疼了,特别对于那些在平时对它忽略
不计的朋友们此时根本不知道从何下手,不用慌,你慌也没用,只有
拿起课本,将一个个作家对应他们最有名的著作(最简单的复习方式)列在一起,进行归类,即可。
如果想全部拿下这3分就要再关注一些
他们的写作特点,作品中的主人公等。
III、这部分在我看来是最容易拿分的,复习的时候只要将sytax, semantics, pragmatics,等概念弄清楚,把Chomski和另外有名的语
言学家对应的理论记一下就可。
当然这是对那些平时不鸟语言学的朋
友说的。
对于平时认真听讲也想稳拿这3分的还要系统的总结一下,
做到疏而不漏。
希望对赴考途中的朋友们有所帮助!。
专业英语八级英国国家概况(英国地理)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有: 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1.Which of the following is not a political division on the island of Great Britain?A.England.B.Scotland.C.Northern Ireland.D.Wales.正确答案:C解析:大不列颠岛上共有三个政治分区,分别为England(位于南部,面积最大、人口最稠密),Scotland(位于北部,拥有三大自然区:北部高地、中部低地和南部丘陵)和Wales(位于西部)。
Ireland是大不列颠岛之外的另一个岛屿,包含英国的Northern Ireland和the Republic of Ireland。
知识模块:英国地理2.Which of the following is not one of the 3 largest cities of the U.K.?A.London.B.Edinburgh.C.Glasgow.D.Birmingham.正确答案:B解析:伦敦(London)是英国第一大城市及第一大港,欧洲最大的都会区之一兼世界三大金融中心之一。
人口751.24万,面积1,577.3平方公里,是世界十大都市之一。
伯明翰(Birmingham)是英国的第二大城市,面积266平方公里,人口103万,是英国的煤铁主要产地。
格拉斯哥是英国第三大城市。
知识模块:英国地理3.Mt. Ben Nevis, the highest mountain of the U.K., stands in______.A.Scottish HighlandsB.WalesC.EnglandD.Northern Ireland正确答案:A解析:本内维斯山(Ben Nevis)是不列颠群岛最高的山峰。
人文知识英国:概述简称:UK,Britain(英国,不列颠), United Kingdom (联合王国);全称: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国) .地理位置:位于欧洲大陆临近西北海岸线的国家 a state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe ; surrounded by (被…包围)the Atlantic Ocean(大西洋),the North Sea(北海),the English Channel(英吉利海峡)and the Irish Sea(爱尔兰海)。
Four parts: EnglandScotlandWalesNorthern Ireland 与爱尔兰共和国(The Republic of Ireland)接壤:the only part of UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state.国旗(National Flag): Union Flag, Union Jack.Made up of the individual Flags of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland.国歌(National Anthem): God Save the Queen/King(天佑女王/吾王)A patriotic song first performed in 1745; became known as the National Anthem from the beginning of the nineteenth century.国庆日(National Day): 无正式国庆日;the Queen’s Official Birthday(the second Saturday of June)英女王的官方诞辰即6月第二个星期六。
英国位于欧洲大陆西北部,是一个由英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰四个地区组成的联合王国。
以下是英国的自然地理特征和人文特征简介:
自然地理特征:
1. 英国是一个岛国,位于欧洲大陆和爱尔兰海之间,由大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛组成。
2. 英国的气候温和湿润,受大西洋暖流的影响,冬季较温暖,夏季较凉爽,雨水分布均匀。
3. 英国地形多样,包括高山、丘陵、平原、河流和海岸线等。
苏格兰高地是英国最高的山脉,威尔士有许多山地和山谷,英格兰和北爱尔兰则以平原为主。
4. 英国的自然资源丰富,包括煤炭、石油、天然气、水力、林木等。
人文特征:
1. 英国是一个具有悠久历史和文化的国家,拥有许多著名的文化遗产和历史古迹,如巨石阵、巴斯泉、温莎城堡等。
2. 英国是英语的发源地和主要使用国家,英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一。
3. 英国是一个高度发达的经济体,拥有世界上最大的金融服务业和工业生产体系。
4. 英国的文化和艺术氛围浓厚,有许多著名的文学作品、音乐作品、电影和艺术品。
5. 英国的社会结构比较复杂,包括贵族、中产阶级和工人阶层等多个社会群体。
第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotl3. About a hundred years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 19315. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising,7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the centr10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Norther11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides 苏格兰有800座岛屿,包括奥克内群岛,谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
大学英语专业八级之人文知识: 英国地理3
1.12. What is the directive function?
The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer to
do something. Most imperative sentences perform this function, e. g., “Tell me the
result when you finish.” Other syntactic structures or sentences of other sorts can,
according to J.Austin and J.Searle’s “indrect speech act theory”(see Hu Zhuanglin
et al.,pp271-278) at least, serve the purpose of direction too, e.g., “If I were
you, I would have blushed to the bottom of my ears!”
1.13.What is the informative function?
Language serves an “informational function” when used to tell something,
characterized by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often
labelled as true(truth) or false(falsehood). According to P.Grice’s “Cooperative
Principle”(see Hu Zhuanglin et al., pp282-283), one ought not to violate the “Maxim
of Quality”, when he is informing at all.
1.14.What is the interrogative function?
When language is used to obtain information, it serves an “interrogative
function”. This includes all questions that expect replies, statements, imperatives
etc., according to the “indirect speech act theory”, may have this function as well,
e.g., “I’d like to know you better.” This may bring forth a lot of personal
information. Note that rhetorical questions make an exception, since they demand no
answer, at least not the reader’s/listener’s answer.
1.15.What is the expressive function?
The “expressive function”is the use of language to reveal something about the
feelings or attitudes of the speaker. Subconscious emotional ejaculations are good
examples, like “Good heavens!” “My God!” Sentences like “I’m sorry about the
delay” can serve as good examples too, though in a subtle way. While language is
used for the informative function to pass judgement on the truth or falsehood of
statements, language used for the expressive function evaluates, appraises or asserts
the speaker’s own attitudes.
1.16.What is the evocative function?
The “evocative function” is the use of language to create certain feelings in
the hearer. Its aim is , for example, to amuse, startle, antagonize, soothe, worry
or please. Jokes(not practical jokes, though) are supposed to amuse or entertain the
listener; advertising to urge customers to purchase certain commodities; propaganda
to influence public opinion. Obviously, the expressive and the evocative functions
often go together, i.e., you may express, for example, your personal feelings about
a political issue but end up by evoking the same feeling in, or imposing it on, your
listener. That’s also the case with the other way round.
1.17.What is the performative function?
This means people speak to “do things” or perform actions. On certain occasions
the utterance itself as an action is more important than what words or sounds
constitute the uttered sentence. When asked if a third Yangtze bridge ought to be
built in Wuhan, the mayor may say “OK”, which means more than speech, and more than
an average social individual may do for the construction. The judge’s imprisonment
sentence, the president’s war or independence declaration, etc., are performatives
as well(see J.Austin’s speech Act Theory, Hu Zhuanglin, ecal.,pp271-278).
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