四级语法应用法讲义
一、什么是长难句&划分长难句的方法：
1.长难句定义：
2.长难句划分方法：连动切割法（摘自《考研英语语法真经》第九章）
·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础，断开主句和从句。
·长难句划分的具体步骤：
【第一步】断开主句和从句：
通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而
言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主
语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如
果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。
）
【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词：
A．识别介词短语：
B．识别非谓语动词：
二、总结复习句子的主要成分
1、主语
（1）定义：
（2）位置：
（3）什么可以充当主语：
2、谓语
（1）定义：
（2）位置：
（3）什么可以充当谓语：
（2）位置：
（3）什么可以充当宾语：
4、表语
（1）定义：
（2）位置：
（3）什么可以充当表语：
5、定语
（1）定义：
（2）位置：
（3）什么可以充当定语：
6、状语
（1）定义：
（2）位置：
（3）什么可以充当状语：
7、补足语
（1）定义：
（2）位置：
（3）什么可以充当补足语：
8、同位语：
（1）定义：
（2）位置：
（3）什么可以充当同位语：
二、真题实战
1.选词填空
I①Just because they can’t sing opera or ride a bicycle doesn’t mean that animals don’t have culture.
②There’s no better example of this than killer whales. ③As one of the most __26__ predators（食肉动物），killer whales may not fit the __27__ of a cultured creature. ④However, these beasts of the sea do display a vast range of highly __28__ behaviors that appear to be driving their genetic development.
II①The word “culture” comes from the Latin “colere,” which __29__ means “to cultivate.” ②In other words, it refers to anything that is __30__ or learnt, rather than instinctive or natural. ③Among human populations, culture not only affects the way we live, but also writes itself into our genes, affecting
who we are. ④For instance, having spent many generations hunting the fat marine mammals of the Arctic, the Eskimos of Greenland have developed certain genetic __31__ that help them digest and utilize this fat-rich diet, thereby allowing them to __32__ in their cold climate.
III①Like humans, killer whales have colonized a range of different __33__ across the globe, occupying every ocean basin on the planet with an empire that __34__ from pole to pole. ②As such, different populations of killer whales have had to learn different hunting techniques in order to gain the upper hand over their local prey（猎物）. ③This, in turn, has a major effect on their diet, leading scientists to __35__ that the ability to learn population-specific hunting methods could be driving the animals’genetic development.
2.长难句
例1.In one the focus could be on building financial success and personal achievement, in another on creating a better work/life balance, still another on exploring and understanding options more fully, or becoming an independent producer, yet another on making a social Contribution.
【参考译文】某个阶段的目标可能是获得财富成功和个人成就，另一个阶段的目标可能是更好地平衡工作与生活，若还有另一个阶段的话，其目标可能是更加充分地探索和理解各种选择，或变成独立生产商，如果还有另外一个
例2.These stages will span sectors, take people to different cities, and provide Foundation for building a wide variety of skills.
【参考译文】这些阶段将涵盖多个领域，将人们带到不同的城市，为培养各种各样的技能打下基础。
例 3.The three-stage life of full-time education, followed by continuous work, and then complete retirement may have worked for our parents or even grandparents, but it is not relevant today.
【参考译文】三个阶段的人生（即，全日制教育，接着是持续工作，然后是完全退休）可能适用于我们的父辈甚至最父辈，但却不适用于今天。
例4."Married women diagnosed with a serious health condition may find themselves struggling with the impact of their disease while also experiencing the stress of divorce," said researcherAmelia Karraker.
【参考译文】“被确诊身患重疾的已婚女性可能会发现自己在努力对抗疾病侵袭的同时也在经历着离婚的压力，”研究员阿米莉亚·卡拉克说。
例5. But it's also important to recognize that the pressure to divorce may be health-related and that sick ex-wives may need additional care and services to prevent worsening health and increased health costs.
【参考译文】“但是同样重要的是，要认识到离婚压力可能与健康有关，患病的前妻可能需要额外的照顾和服务，以防止健康状况恶化和医疗费用的增加。
”
例6. The study did not examine the possibility of deep psychologicalsignificance to the mistake, says psychologist David Rubin, "but it does tell us who's in and who's out of the group."
【参考译文】这项研究并没有探讨深层心理对这一错误产生影响的可能，“但它确实告诉我们，谁在这个群体里，谁不在这个群体里，”心理学家戴维·鲁宾表示。
例7. The study also found that within that group, misnamings occurred where the names shared initial or internal sounds, like Jimmy and Joanie or John and Bob.
【参考译文】研究还发现，在这个群体内部，开头或中间读音相同的名字会出现叫错现象，比如Jimmy和Joanie，或者John和Bob。
例8. Some asked subjects about incidents where someone close to them—family or friend—had called them by another person's name.
【参考译文】一些询问调查对象被亲近的人换错名字的时刻。
例9. All the surveys found that people mixed up names within relationship groups such as grandchildren, friends and siblings but hardly ever crossed these boundaries
【参考译文】所有调查发现，人们在孙辈、朋友、兄弟姐妹等关系群中容易将名字搞混，但几乎从未跨越这些界限。
例10. Older people and women made the mistake slightly more often, but that may be because grandparents have more grandchildren to mix up than parents have children.
【参考译文】老人和女性犯这种错误的频率略高，但这可能是因为较之父母仅有子女会混淆，祖父母还有孙辈会混淆。
例11. There was no evidence that errors occurred more when the misnamer was frustrated, tired or angry. 【参考译文】没有证据表明，叫错名字的人感到沮丧、疲倦或愤怒时，叫错几率会更高。
例12. Broad demographic shifts is marital status, educational attainment and employment have transformed the way young adults in the U.S. are living, and a new Pew Research Center analysis highlights the implications of these changes for the most basic element of their lives—where they call
【参考译文】美国人口在婚姻状况、教育成就以及就业形势等方面的广泛变化已经彻底改变了年轻人的生活方式。
皮尤研究中心的一项最新分析突显了这些变化对于其生活中最基本要素——他们称之为“家”的地方——的诸多影响。
例13. This type of arrangement peaked around 1960, when 62% of the nation’s 18-to 34-year-olds were living with a spouse or partner in their own household, and only one-in-five were living with their parents.
【参考译文】这种方式在1960年前后达到顶峰，当时美国18到34岁的人中，62%的人和配偶或伴侣住在自己家中，仅有五分之一和父母同住。
例14. What has changed, instead, is the relative share adopting different ways of living in early adulthood, with the decline of romantic coupling pushing living at home to the top of a much less uniform list of living arrangements.
【参考译文】相反，发生改变的是年轻人不同居住安排的相对占比：恋人结合率的降低将“住在（父母）家”这种方式推到了“一系列愈发多元化的居住安排”的首位。
例15. Young adults with a college degree have fared much better in the labor market than their less-educated counterparts, which has in turn made it easier to establish their own households.
（2019年6月四级第二套：信息匹配K段5句）
【参考译文】拥有大学学位的年轻人在劳动力市场上的表现远优于教育程度较低的同龄人，着相应地使他们更容易建立自己的家庭。
【解析】which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰整个主句。
例16. And according to a new Pew Research Center survey on women and leadership, most Americans find women indistinguishable from men on key leadership traits such as intelligence and capacity for innovation, with many saying they’re stronger th an men in terms of being passionate and organized
【参考译文】而根据皮尤研究中心一份关于女性及领导力的最新调查，大多数美国人也认为，女性和男性在才智和创新能力等关键性领导力特质方面不相上下；有不少人说，女性比男性更擅长担任富有激情而有条理的领导者。
例17. Although economic research and previous survey findings have shown that career interruptions related to motherhood may make it harder for women to advance in their careers and compete for top executive jobs, relatively few adults in the recent survey point to this as a key barrier for women seeking leadership roles.
【参考译文】虽然经济学研究和此前的调查发现已经表明，生养孩子给工作造成的中断可能让女性更加难以在事业上进一步发展并竞争高层领导职位，但最近这项调查中只有少数受访者提出这对寻求领袖地位的女性而言是一个重大障碍。
例18. Instead, topping the list of reasons, about four-in-ten Americans point to a double standard for women seeking to climb to the highest levels of either politics or business, where they have to do more than their male counterparts to prove themselves.
【参考译文】高居榜首的反而是这个原因：大约有4成美国人指出，寻求获得政坛和商界高位的女性面临双重标准，她们想要证明自己，就必须比男性竞争者有更多的作为。
例19. The results reveal that while Swedes were the tallest people in the world in 1914, Dutch men have risen from 12th place to claim top spot with an average height of 182.5cm.
【参考译文】研究结果显示，虽然1914年瑞典人身高畏惧全球第一，但是荷兰男性现已凭182.5厘米的平均身高从第12位跃居榜首。
例20. The nutritional and health crises that followed the policy of structural adjustment, he says, led to many children and teenagers failing to reach their full potential in terms of height.
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