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Table of ContentsUuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） 2Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量） 6Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量） 10Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） 14Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量） 18Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法） 22Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪） 26Unit 8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差） 30Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors 34Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度） 37Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment 40Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts 42Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid 44Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions 46Unit 15 Map Projection 48Unit 16 Gravity Measurment 51Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network 53Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样） 56Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture 59Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识 GPS） 62Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识 GPS(II) 65Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争） 68Unit 23 GIS Basics（GIS 的基础） 73Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 79 Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling（数字地面模型） 83Unit 26 Applications of GIS 88Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry 92Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing （遥感的基础） 95Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS 99Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology（机载激光测图技术） 104Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) 108Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics 110Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization 112Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization 115Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics 118Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies 123Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and ScientificFormulsa 124Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing 128Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST 136Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？） GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and – MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者 geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学） It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解） The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or“surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academicdiscipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学” 或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和 GIS 方向【或“基于GIS”】的课程后重新命名的。
工程建设地方标准编号：DBJ ××××—2020 建设工程施工现场远程视频监控系统建设应用标准（征求意见稿）Construction and application standard for remote video monitoring system of construction site2020—××—××发布 2020年—××—××实施福建省工程建设地方标准建设工程施工现场远程视频监控系统建设应用标准（征求意见稿）Construction and application standard for remote video monitoringsystem of construction site工程建设地方标准编号：DBJ ×××—2020住房和城乡建设部备案号：JXXX—2020主编单位：XXXXXXXX批准部门：福建省住房和城乡建设厅实施日期：2020年月2020 福州前言根据福建省住房和城乡建设厅XXX的文件要求，编制组经过深入调查研宄，认真总结实践经验，参考国内相关标准，在广泛征求意见的基础上，制定了本标准。
本标准主要技术内容有：1总则、2术语、3基本规定、4系统设计要求、5施工现场部署与设备要求、6监控设备安装与维护、7远程视频监控系统应用要求。
本标准由福建省住房和城乡建设厅负责管理，由主编单位XXX公司、XXX公司负责具体技术内容的解释。
在执行过程中如有意见或建议，将有关意见或建议反馈给福建省住房和城乡建设厅（地址：福州市北大路242号，邮编：350001）或XXX公司（地址：XXX，邮编：XXX）本标准主编单位：XXXXXX本标准参编单位：本标准主要起草人：本标准主要审查人员：目录1 总则 (1)2 术语 (2)3 基本规定 (3)4 系统设计要求 (4)4.1 一般规定 (4)4.2 总体架构 (4)4.3 数据采集与存储要求 (5)4.4 数据传输与接口要求 (5)4.5 企业视频监控平台要求 (6)5 施工现场部署与设备要求 (8)5.1监控设备布设要求 (8)5.2主要设备的技术指标 (9)6 监控设备安装与维护 (12)7 远程视频监控系统应用要求 (13)1 总则1.0.1 为加强福建省建设工程重大危险源管控，规范施工现场远程视频监控系统应用，提高施工现场信息化管理水平，特制定本标准。
上海市重点实验室评估指标体系1.实验室建设与管理水平是重点评估指标之一。
The level of laboratory construction and management is one of the key evaluation indicators.2.实验室科研成果产出能力是重要评估指标之一。
The output capacity of laboratory research achievements is an important evaluation indicator.3.实验室团队创新能力是评估指标之一。
The innovative ability of laboratory teams is one of the evaluation indicators.4.实验室资金使用效率是评估指标之一。
The efficiency of laboratory fund utilization is one of the evaluation indicators.5.实验室设备运行维护情况是评估指标之一。
The operation and maintenance of laboratory equipment is one of the evaluation indicators.6.实验室管理规范程度是重要评估指标之一。
The standardization of laboratory management is an important evaluation indicator.7.实验室成果转化能力是重点评估指标之一。
The ability of laboratory achievement transformation is one of the key evaluation indicators.8.实验室人才培养质量是评估指标之一。
The quality of talent training in the laboratory is one of the evaluation indicators.9.实验室国际交流合作水平是重要评估指标之一。
建筑环境与能源应用工程英语英文回答：Building Environment and Energy Application Engineering is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses the design, construction, and operation of buildings with a focus on energy efficiency and sustainability. It combinesprinciples from architecture, engineering, and environmental science to create buildings that are comfortable, healthy, and environmentally responsible. Building Environment and Energy Application Engineering professionals work on a wide range of projects, from small-scale residential homes to large-scale commercial and industrial buildings. They are responsible for designing and implementing systems that control the indoor environment, including heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, and acoustics. They also work to reduce energy consumption and emissions, and to improve the overall sustainability of buildings.Building Environment and Energy Application Engineering is a growing field due to the increasing demand for energy-efficient and sustainable buildings. Building professionals who are trained in this field are in high demand, and they have the opportunity to work on a wide range of projects that make a real difference in the world.Here are some of the key challenges facing Building Environment and Energy Application Engineers:Designing buildings that are energy-efficient and sustainable.Reducing energy consumption and emissions.Improving occupant comfort and health.Creating buildings that are resilient to climate change.Developing new technologies and materials for building construction.Building Environment and Energy Application Engineers are working to meet these challenges by developing new and innovative solutions. They are also working to educate building professionals about the importance of energy efficiency and sustainability.中文回答：建筑环境与能源应用工程是一个多学科领域，涵盖了建筑物的规划、建造和运行，重点是能源效率和可持续性。
建设有中国特色的社会主义邓小平现在的世界是开放的世界。
中国在西方国家产业革命以后变得落后了，一个重要原因就是闭关自守。
建国以后，人家封锁我们，在某种程度上我们也还是闭关自守，这给我们带来了一些困难。
三十几年的经验教训告诉我们，关起门来搞建设是不行的，发展不起来。
关起门有两种，一种是对国外；还有一种是对国内，就是一个地区对另外一个地区，一个部门对另外一个部门。
两种关门都不行。
我们提出要发展得快一点，太快不切合实际，要尽可能快一点，这就要求对内把经济搞活，对外实行开放政策。
从中国的实际出发，我们首先解决农村问题。
中国有百分之八十的人口住在农村，中国稳定不稳定首先要看这百分之八十稳定不稳定。
城市搞得再漂亮，没有农村这一稳定的基础是不行的。
所以，我们首先在农村实行搞活经济和开放政策，调动了全国百分之八十的人口的积极性。
我们是在一九七八年底制定这个方针的，几年功夫就见效了。
不久前召开的第六届全国人民代表大会第二次会议决定，改革要从农村转到城市。
城市改革不仅包括工业、商业，还有科技、教育等，各行各业都在内。
总之，我们内部要继续改革，对外进一步开放。
我们开放了十四个沿海城市，都是大中城市。
我们欢迎外资，也欢迎国外先进技术，管理也是一种技术。
这些会不会冲击我们的社会主义呢？我看不会的。
因为我国是以社会主义经济为主体的。
社会主义的经济基础很大，吸收几百亿、上千亿外资，冲击不了这个基础。
吸收外国资金肯定可以作为我国社会主义建设的重要补充，今天看来可以说是不可缺少的补充。
当然，这会带来一些问题，但是带来的消极因素比起利用外资加速发展的积极效果，毕竟要小得多。
危险有一点，不大。
如果说构想，这就是我们的构想。
我们还要积累新经验，还会遇到新问题，然后提出新办法。
总的来说，这条道路叫做建设有中国特色的社会主义的道路。
我们相信，这条道路是可行的，是走对了。
走了五年半，发展得不错，速度超过了预期。
这样发展下去，到本世纪末翻两番的目标一定能够实现。
structural system of concrete building混凝土建筑结构体系Load transfer schemes荷载转移方式reinforced concrete buildings are three-dimensional structures ; however,they are generally constructed as an assemblage of more or less two-dimensional or planar subsystems lying primarily in the horizontal and vertical planes(e.g. floors,roofs,walls,plane frames,etc.).钢筋混凝土建筑物是三维结构；然而，他们通常被构造为更多或更少的二维或平面方向主要放在水平和垂直平面的组合（例如，楼板，屋顶，墙壁，平面框架，等等).As an integrated system,the structure must carry and transfer to the foundation and the ground below all gravity loads on it as well as all horizontal loads and associated overturning moments resulting from wind or earthquake or asymmetry.作为一个完整的体系，结构必须能承担并传递重力荷载、由风荷载或地震荷载或（结构）不对称引起的水平荷载和相关倾覆力矩到基础及其下的土体。
The structural system can,for the sake of convenience,be separated into gravity load resisting schemes and lateral load resisting schemes,although these two are mutually interacting and complementary.结构体系，为方便起见，可分为重力荷载抵抗方案以及抗侧力方案，虽然这两种相互作用和互补。
兰州交通大学电气工程及其自动化专业英语UNIT 13 Construction and Applicationof D.C. MachinesA D.C. Machines is made up of two basic components:一个直流电机是由两个基本元素组成：—The stator which is the stationary part of the machine. It consists of the following elements: a yoke inside a frame; excitation poles and winding; commutating pole (compoles) and winding; end shield with ball or sliding bearing; brushes and brush holders; the terminal box.－定子是电机固定的部分。
它由以下基础组成；在结构中有一个磁轭；励磁磁极和绕组；换向极和绕组；有滑动轴承的端罩；电刷和电刷固定器；出线盒。
—The rotor which is the moving part of the machine. It is made up of a core mounted on the machine shaft. This core has uniformly spaced slots into which the armature winding is fitted. A commutator, and often a fan, are also located on the machine shaft.－转子是电机旋转的部分。
它构成了一个中心，这个中心是安放在设备轴上并且已经平均地隔开，把电枢绕组放入槽中。
还有一个换向器和一个风扇组成，被放在设备的轴上。
The frame is fixed to the floor by means of a bedplate and bolts. On low-power machine the frame and yoke are one and the same components, through which the magnetic flux produced by the excitation poles closes. The frame and the yoke are built of cast iron or cast steel or sometimes from welded steel plates.它用螺栓和底座固定在地板上。
低压电机的磁轭和本身的结构是一体的，穿过励磁磁极闭合而产生的磁通量。
它的结构和磁轭是用生铁和铸钢制造成的，有时候也用焊接的钢板。
In low-power and controlled rectifier-supplied machine the yoke is built up of (0.5～1mm) laminated iron sheets. The yoke is usually mounted inside a non-ferromagnetic frame(usually made of alumininum alloys, to keep down the weight). To either side of the frame there are bolted two end shields, which contain the ball or sliding bearing.在低压和可控补偿整流器电机中，磁轭是由0.5～1毫米的薄铁板制成的。
磁轭经常被安放在一个非铁磁性的结构内（通常是由铝合金制成，为了缩减重量）。
在内部有两个端盖并且都包含球体和滑动轴承。
The (main) excitation poles are built from 0.5～1mm iron sheets held together by riveted bolts. The poles are fixed into the frame by means of bolts. They support the windings carrying the excitation current.励磁磁极由用0.5～1mm的铁片通过用螺栓钉牢互相支撑。
磁极被放入结构内的依靠螺栓固定。
它们支撑绕组，让它运送励磁流动。
On the rotor side, at the end of the pole core is the so-called pole-shoe which is meant to facilitate a given distribution of the magnetic flux through the air gap. The winding is placed inside an insulated frame mounted on the core, and secured by the pole-shoe.在电枢上，磁极铁心的末端是极靴，它通过气隙有助于磁通量的分布。
绕组被放置在一个绝缘结构内的中心处，被极靴保护。
The excitation winding are made of insulated round or rectangular conductors, and are connected either in series or in parallel. The windings are linked in such a way that the magnetic flux of one pole crossing the air gap is directed from thepole-shoe towards the armature (north pole ) , which the flux of the next pole is directed from the armature to the pole-shoe (south pole) .励磁绕组是由绝热的圆形物或矩形的导体制成，并且和另一个连续或平行的相连接。
绕组是以一个磁极的磁通量穿过气隙，然后被指引由极靴向电枢（北极），下一个磁极的磁通量由电枢到极靴（南极）。
The commutating poles, like the main poles, consist of a core ending in the pole-shoe and a winding wound round the core. They are located on the symmetry (neutral) axis between two main poles, and bolted on the yoke. Commutating poles are built either of cast-iron or iron sheets.换向极的磁极就像主磁极，它组成了一个中心，末端在极靴中并且一个绕组绕在中心周围。
它们被放在两个主磁极中间的对称轴，拴在磁轭上。
换向极的磁极是由生铁或铸铁制成。
The windings of the commutating poles are also made from insulated round or rectangular conductors. They are connected either in series or in parallel and carry the machine’s main current.换向极的绕组是由周围绝缘的或垂直的导线制成。
它们相互平行或首尾连接，带动设备的主电流。
The rotor core is built of 0.5-1mm silicon-alloy sheets. The sheets are insulated from one another by a thin film of varnish or by an oxide coating, both some 0.03-0.05mm thick. The purpose is to ensure a reduction of the eddy currents which arise in the core when it rotates inside the magnetic field. These currents cause energy losses which turn into heat. In solid cores, these losses could become very high, reducing machine efficiency and producing intense heating.转子的中心是由0.5～1毫米硅合金薄板制成。
薄板是通过清漆薄膜或氧化物涂层和其他物质绝缘。
绝缘物质厚度为0.03～0.05毫米。
目的是当它在磁场中旋转时涡流升高时，减少涡流。
它变得很热将导致能量损失。
在实心物的中心，它损失得很高，减少电机的效率和产生剧烈的热量。
The rotor core consists of a few packets of metal sheet. Redial or axial cooling ducts (8-10mm inside) are inserted between the packets to give better cooling. Pressure is exerted to both sides of the core by pressing devices foxed on to the shaft. The length of the rotor usually exceeds that of the poles by 2-5mm on either side－the effect being to minimize the variations in magnetic permeability caused by axial armature displacement. The periphery of the rotor is provided with teeth and slots into which the armature winding is inserted.转子的中心包含了一些金属薄片。
