Agency Problems, Auditing, and the Theory of the Firm Some Evidence 1983 Watts Zimmerman

记帐:Bookkeeping Service对帐:Auditing Service联行:Associated Banks Service 或Affiliated Banks Service(我还是不明白这与5有何区别,但Associated和Affiliated不是动词原形,是形容词)代理业务: Agency Service银行卡接柜:Inter-Bank Bankcard Business Service现金审批:Cash Approval Service开销户: Account Opening/Closing Service开户的标牌还可以用:New Account/New Clientbig macs, big/large-cap stock, mega-issue 大盘股offering, list 上市bourse 证交所Shanghai Exchange 上海证交所pension fund 养老基金share 股票valuation 股价underwriter 保险商government bond 政府债券saving account 储蓄账户equity market 股市shareholder 股东delist 摘牌inventory 存货traded company, trading enterprise 上市公司market fundamentalist 市场经济基本规则damage-control machinery 安全顾问efficient market 有效市场opportunistic practice 投机行为entrepreneur 企业家cook the book 做假账regulatory system 监管体系portfolio 投资组合money-market 短期资本市场capital-market 长期资本市场volatility 波动diversification 多元化real estate 房地产option 期权call option 看涨期权put option 看跌期权merger 并购arbitrage 套利Securities and Exchange Commission 〈美〉证券交易委员会dollar standard 美元本位制budget 预算deficit 赤字bad debt 坏账macroeconomic 宏观经济fiscal stimulus 财政刺激a store of value 保值transaction currency 结算货币forward exchange 期货交易intervention currency 干预货币Treasury bond 财政部公债pickup in price 物价上涨Federal Reserve 美联储inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩tighter credit 紧缩信贷monetary policy 货币政策foreign exchange 外汇spot transaction 即期交易forward transaction 远期交易quote 报价常见银行英语词汇account number 帐目编号depositor 存户pay-in slip 存款单a deposit form 存款单a banding machine 自动存取机to deposit 存款deposit receipt 存款收据private deposits 私人存款certificate of deposit 存单deposit book, passbook 存折credit card 信用卡principal 本金overdraft, overdraw 透支to endorse 背书endorser 背书人to cash 兑现to honor a cheque 兑付to dishonor a cheque 拒付to suspend payment 止付cheque,check 支票cheque book 支票本crossed cheque 横线支票blank cheque 空白支票rubber cheque 空头支票cheque stub, counterfoil 票根cash cheque 现金支票traveler's cheque 旅行支票cheque for transfer 转帐支票outstanding cheque 未付支票canceled cheque 已付支票forged cheque 伪支票Bandar's note 庄票，银票banker 银行家president 行长savings bank 储蓄银行Chase Bank 大通银行National City Bank of New York 花旗银行Hongkong Shanghai Banking Corporation 汇丰银行Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China 麦加利银行Banque de I'IndoChine 东方汇理银行central bank, national bank, banker's bank 中央银行bank of issue, bank of circulation 发行币银行commercial bank 商业银行，储蓄信贷银行member bank, credit bank 储蓄信贷银行discount bank 贴现银行exchange bank 汇兑银行requesting bank 委托开证银行issuing bank, opening bank 开证银行advising bank, notifying bank 通知银行negotiation bank 议付银行confirming bank 保兑银行paying bank 付款银行associate banker of collection 代收银行consigned banker of collection 委托银行clearing bank 清算银行local bank 本地银行domestic bank 国内银行overseas bank 国外银行unincorporated bank 钱庄branch bank 银行分行trustee savings bank 信托储蓄银行trust company 信托公司financial trust 金融信托公司unit trust 信托投资公司trust institution 银行的信托部credit department 银行的信用部commercial credit company(discount company) 商业信贷公司（贴现公司）neighborhood savings bank, bank of deposit 街道储蓄所credit union 合作银行credit bureau 商业兴信所self-service bank 无人银行land bank 土地银行construction bank 建设银行industrial and commercial bank 工商银行bank of communications 交通银行mutual savings bank 互助储蓄银行post office savings bank 邮局储蓄银行mortgage bank, building society 抵押银行industrial bank 实业银行home loan bank 家宅贷款银行reserve bank 准备银行chartered bank 特许银行corresponding bank 往来银行merchant bank, accepting bank 承兑银行investment bank 投资银行import and export bank (EXIMBANK) 进出口银行joint venture bank 合资银行money shop, native bank 钱庄credit cooperatives 信用社clearing house 票据交换所public accounting 公共会计business accounting 商业会计cost accounting 成本会计depreciation accounting 折旧会计computerized accounting 电脑化会计general ledger 总帐subsidiary ledger 分户帐cash book 现金出纳帐cash account 现金帐journal, day-book 日记帐，流水帐bad debts 坏帐investment 投资surplus 结余idle capital 游资economic cycle 经济周期economic boom 经济繁荣economic recession 经济衰退economic depression 经济萧条economic crisis 经济危机economic recovery 经济复苏inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货收缩devaluation 货币贬值revaluation 货币增值international balance of payment 国际收支favourable balance 顺差adverse balance 逆差hard currency 硬通货soft currency 软通货international monetary system 国际货币制度the purchasing power of money 货币购买力money in circulation 货币流通量note issue 纸币发行量national budget 国家预算national gross product 国民生产总值public bond 公债stock, share 股票debenture 债券treasury bill 国库券debt chain 债务链direct exchange 直接（对角）套汇indirect exchange 间接（三角）套汇cross rate, arbitrage rate 套汇汇率foreign currency (exchange) reserve 外汇储备foreign exchange fluctuation 外汇波动foreign exchange crisis 外汇危机discount 贴现discount rate, bank rate 贴现率gold reserve 黄金储备money (financial) market 金融市场stock exchange 股票交易所broker 经纪人commission 佣金bookkeeping 簿记bookkeeper 簿记员an application form 申请单bank statement 对帐单letter of credit 信用证strong room, vault 保险库equitable tax system 等价税则specimen signature 签字式样banking hours, business hours 营业时间(Consumer Price Index) 消费者物价指数business 企业商业业务financial risk 财务风险sole proprietorship 私人业主制企业partnership 合伙制企业limited partner 有限责任合伙人general partner 一般合伙人separation of ownership and control 所有权与经营权分离claim 要求主张要求权management buyout 管理层收购tender offer 要约收购financial standards 财务准则initial public offering 首次公开发行股票private corporation 私募公司未上市公司closely held corporation 控股公司board of directors 董事会executove director 执行董事non- executove director 非执行董事chairperson 主席controller 主计长treasurer 司库revenue 收入profit 利润earnings per share 每股盈余return 回报market share 市场份额social good 社会福利financial distress 财务困境stakeholder theory 利益相关者理论value (wealth) maximization 价值（财富）最大化common stockholder 普通股股东preferred stockholder 优先股股东debt holder 债权人well-being 福利diversity 多样化going concern 持续的agency problem 代理问题free-riding problem 搭便车问题information asymmetry 信息不对称retail investor 散户投资者institutional investor 机构投资者agency relationship 代理关系net present value 净现值creative accounting 创造性会计stock option 股票期权agency cost 代理成本bonding cost 契约成本monitoring costs 监督成本takeover 接管corporate annual reports 公司年报balance sheet 资产负债表income statement 利润表statement of cash flows 现金流量表statement of retained earnings 留存收益表fair market value 公允市场价值marketable securities 油价证券check 支票money order 拨款但、汇款单withdrawal 提款accounts receivable 应收账款credit sale 赊销inventory 存货property,plant,and equipment 土地、厂房与设备depreciation 折旧accumulated depreciation 累计折旧liability 负债current liability 流动负债long-term liability 长期负债accounts payout 应付账款note payout 应付票据accrued espense 应计费用deferred tax 递延税款preferred stock 优先股common stock 普通股book value 账面价值capital surplus 资本盈余accumulated retained earnings 累计留存收益hybrid 混合金融工具treasury stock 库藏股historic cost 历史成本current market value 现行市场价值real estate 房地产outstanding 发行在外的a profit and loss statement 损益表net income 净利润operating income 经营收益earnings per share 每股收益simple capital structure 简单资本结构dilutive 冲减每股收益的basic earnings per share 基本每股收益complex capital structures 复杂的每股收益diluted earnings per share 稀释的每股收益convertible securities 可转换证券warrant 认股权证accrual accounting 应计制会计amortization 摊销accelerated methods 加速折旧法straight-line depreciation 直线折旧法statement of changes in shareholders’equity 股东权益变动表source of cash 现金来源use of cash 现金运用operating cash flows 经营现金流cash flow from operations 经营活动现金流direct method 直接法indirect method 间接法bottom-up approach 倒推法investing cash flows 投资现金流cash flow from investing 投资活动现金流joint venture 合资企业affiliate 分支机构financing cash flows 筹资现金流cash flows from financing 筹资活动现金流time value of money 货币时间价值simple interest 单利debt instrument 债务工具annuity 年金future value 终至present value 现值compound interest 复利compounding 复利计算pricipal 本金mortgage 抵押credit card 信用卡terminal value 终值discounting 折现计算discount rate 折现率opportunity cost 机会成本required rate of return 要求的报酬率cost of capital 资本成本ordinary annuity普通年金annuity due 先付年金financial ratio 财务比率deferred annuity 递延年金restrictive covenants 限制性条款perpetuity 永续年金bond indenture 债券契约face value 面值financial analyst 财务分析师coupon rate 息票利率liquidity ratio 流动性比率nominal interest rate 名义利率current ratio 流动比率effective interest rate 有效利率window dressing 账面粉饰going-concern value 持续经营价值marketable securities 短期证券liquidation value 清算价值quick ratio 速动比率book value 账面价值cash ratio 现金比率marker value 市场价值debt management ratios 债务管理比率intrinsic value 内在价值debt ratio 债务比率mispricing 给……错定价格debt-to-equity ratio 债务与权益比率valuation approach 估价方法equity multiplier 权益乘discounted cash flow valuation 折现现金流量模型long-term ratio 长期比率undervaluation 低估debt-to-total-capital 债务与全部资本比率overvaluation 高估leverage ratios 杠杆比率option-pricing model 期权定价模型interest coverage ratio 利息保障比率contingent claim valuation 或有要求权估价earnings before interest and taxes 息税前利润promissory note 本票cash flow coverage ratio 现金流量保障比率contractual provision 契约条款asset management ratios 资产管理比率par value 票面价值accounts receivable turnover ratio 应收账款周转率maturity value 到期价值inventory turnover ratio 存货周转率coupon 息票利息inventory processing period 存货周转期coupon payment 息票利息支付accounts payable turnover ratio 应付账款周转率coupon interest rate 息票利率cash conversion cycle 现金周转期maturity 到期日asset turnover ratio 资产周转率term to maturity 到期时间profitability ratio 盈利比率call provision赎回条款gross profit margin 毛利润call price 赎回价格operating profit margin 经营利润sinking fund provision 偿债基金条款net profit margin 净利润conversion right 转换权return on asset 资产收益率put provision 卖出条款return on total equity ratio 全部权益报酬率indenture 债务契约return on common equity 普通权益报酬率covenant 条款market-to-book value ratio 市场价值与账面价值比率trustee 托管人market value ratios 市场价值比率protective covenant 保护性条款dividend yield 股利收益率negative covenant 消极条款dividend payout 股利支付率positive covenant 积极条款financial statement财务报表secured deht担保借款profitability 盈利能力unsecured deht信用借款viability 生存能力creditworthiness 信誉solvency 偿付能力collateral 抵押品collateral trust bonds 抵押信托契约debenture 信用债券bond rating 债券评级current yield 现行收益yield to maturity 到期收益率default risk 违约风险interest rate risk 利息率风险authorized shares 授权股outstanding shares 发行股treasury share 库藏股repurchase 回购right to proxy 代理权right to vote 投票权independent auditor 独立审计师straight or majority voting 多数投票制cumulative voting 积累投票制liquidation 清算right to transfer ownership 所有权转移权preemptive right 优先认股权dividend discount model 股利折现模型capital asset pricing model 资本资产定价模型constant growth model 固定增长率模型growth perpetuity 增长年金mortgage bonds 抵押债券。

人工智能伦理学英文Ethical Considerations in Artificial IntelligenceThe rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have revolutionized various aspects of our lives, from healthcare to transportation, and have the potential to shape the future of humanity. As AI systems become more sophisticated and integrated into our daily lives, it is crucial to address the ethical implications of these technologies. The field of AI ethics explores the moral and philosophical considerations surrounding the development, deployment, and impact of artificial intelligence.One of the primary concerns in AI ethics is the issue of algorithmic bias. AI systems are trained on data that often reflects the biases inherent in human-generated information. This can lead to the perpetuation and amplification of societal biases based on factors such as race, gender, or socioeconomic status. For instance, facial recognition algorithms have been shown to perform less accurately for individuals with darker skin tones, potentially leading to discriminatory outcomes. Addressing algorithmic bias requires a concerted effort to diversify the data used to train AI systems and to implement rigorous testing and auditing procedures.Another critical aspect of AI ethics is the question of transparency and accountability. As AI algorithms become increasingly complex and opaque, it becomes challenging to understand the decision-making processes that underlie their outputs. This raises concerns about the ability to hold AI systems and their developers accountable for their actions. Proponents of AI ethics argue that there should be clear mechanisms in place to ensure that AI systems are transparent, explainable, and subject to human oversight and intervention.The issue of privacy and data protection is also a significant concern in the context of AI. The vast amounts of data required to train and operate AI systems can potentially infringe on individual privacy rights. AI-powered surveillance, targeted advertising, and automated decision-making can all raise privacy concerns. Ethical AI frameworks emphasize the importance of obtaining informed consent, protecting sensitive personal information, and ensuring that data collection and usage practices are aligned with individual privacy rights.Another crucial aspect of AI ethics is the impact of AI on employment and the workforce. As AI systems become more capable of performing tasks traditionally carried out by humans, there is a growing concern about job displacement and the need to address the societal and economic implications. Ethical considerations in thisdomain include ensuring fair and equitable transitions for workers, investing in reskilling and education programs, and exploring waysto distribute the benefits of AI-driven productivity gains more equitably.The development of autonomous systems, such as self-driving cars or autonomous weapons, also raises significant ethical concerns. These systems have the potential to make decisions that can have life-or-death consequences, and it is crucial to ensure that they are designed and deployed in a manner that prioritizes human safety and well-being. Ethical frameworks for autonomous systems often emphasize the need for robust safety measures, clear accountability, and the preservation of human agency and control.Finally, the existential risks posed by the potential development of superintelligent AI systems are a subject of intense debate within the field of AI ethics. The prospect of an AI system that surpasses human-level intelligence and capabilities raises concerns about the ability of humanity to maintain control and ensure that such systems are aligned with human values and interests. Addressing these risks requires a multifaceted approach that includes research into AI safety, the development of ethical guidelines for advanced AI systems, and ongoing collaboration between policymakers, researchers, and the AI industry.In conclusion, the ethical considerations surrounding artificial intelligence are complex and multifaceted. As AI technologies continue to evolve and become more ubiquitous, it is crucial that we address the moral and philosophical implications of these advancements. By developing robust ethical frameworks, promoting transparency and accountability, and ensuring that AI systems are designed with human values and well-being in mind, we can work towards the responsible and beneficial development of artificial intelligence.。

官僚制度英文解释一、“官僚制度”的英文表达1. “bureaucracy”- 这是最常用的表示“官僚制度”或者“官僚体系”“官僚作风”的名词。

例如：“The bureaucracy in that country is very complex.”（那个国家的官僚制度非常复杂。

）2. “bureaucratic system”- 这是比较完整的表达，明确指出是一种“制度”。

例如：“The bureaucratic system has both advantages and disadvantages.”（官僚制度有优点也有缺点。

）二、详细解释1. 起源与发展- In different countries, the bureaucratic system has different origins. In ancient China, for example, the bureaucratic system was developed over a long period. It had a hierarchical structure with officials at different levels responsible for various administrative tasks. In the West, the development of bureaucracy was also related to the growth of states and the need for more organized governance.（在不同的国家，官僚制度有不同的起源。

例如在中国古代，官僚制度经过了长期的发展。

它有一个等级结构，不同级别的官员负责各种行政任务。

在西方，官僚制度的发展也与国家的发展以及对更有组织的治理的需求有关。

）2. 特征- Hierarchy- One of the main features of a bureaucratic system is hierarchy. There are clear levels of authority, from the top - level administrators to the lower - level clerks. For example, in a government department, the director is at the top, followed by deputy directors, section chiefs, and ordinary staff. Each level has its own responsibilities and powers.（官僚制度的一个主要特征是等级制度。

联合国主要机构的名称英汉对照International Court of Justice 国际法院Security Council 安全理事会General Assembly 联合国大会Secretariat 秘书处Office of the Secretary General 秘书长办公室Office of Legal Affairs 法务局Department of Political and Security Council Affairs 证治安全局Department of Economic and Social Affairs 经济社会局Office of Public Information 公共资料处Department of Conference Services 会议局Office of General Services 总务处United Nation Conference on Trade and Development Secretariat 联合国贸易开发事物局Unite Nation Industrial Development Organization 联合国工业开发机构United Nations Administrative Tribunal 联合国行政裁判所International Law Commission 国际法委员会United Nation s Commission on International Trade Law 国际贸易法委员会Committee on the peaceful Uses of the Seabed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction 公海海底海床和平利用特别委员会Enlarged Committee for Program and Coordination,ECPC 扩大计划调整委员会Economic and Social Council 经济社会理事会Statistical Commission 统计委员会Population Commission 人口委员会Commission for Social Development 社会开发委员会Commission on Human Rights 人权委员会Commission on the Status of Women 妇女地位委员会Commission on Narcotic Drugs 麻醉药委员会Council Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations 民间机构委员会Committee on Housing, Building and Planning 住宅建筑企划委员会Committee for Development Planning 开发计划委员会Special Committee on Peace-Keeping Operations 维护和平活动特别委员会United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 联合国贸易开发会议Trade and Development Board,TDB 联合国开发委员会United Nations Development Program,UNDP 联合国开发计划处United Nation Children's Fund,UNICEF 联合国儿童基金会United Nations Industrial Development Organization,UNIDO 联合国工业开发组织United Nations Capital Development Fund,UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金会United Nations Institute for Training and Research,UNITR 联合国调查训练研究所United Nations FAO Intergovernmental Committee of the World Food Program 联合国FAO世界粮食计划国际委员会International Narcotics Control Board,INCB 国际麻醉药管制委员会Trusteeship Council 信托投资理事会International Labor Organization,ILO 国际劳工组织Food and Agriculture Organization,FAO 联合国粮食农业组织United Nation Educational Scientific and Culture Organization,UNESCO 联合国教育科学文化组织International Civil Aviation Organization,ICAO 国际民间航空组织World Health Organization,WHO 世界卫生组织International Telecommunications Union,ITU 国际电信同盟World Meteorological Organization,WMO 世界气象组织Universal Postal Union,UPU 万国邮政联盟International Maritime Consultative Organzation,IMCO 国际海事协议组织International Finance Corporation,IFC 国际金融组织International Monetary Fund,IMF 国际货币基金会International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,IBRD 世界银行International Development Association,IDA 国际开发协会General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,GATT 有关关税贸易一般规定International Atomic Energy Agency,IAEA 国际原子能组织World Federation of Trade Unions,WFTU 世界劳工组织International Confederation of Free Trade Unions,ICFTU 国际自由劳工联盟International Chamber of Commerce,ICC 国际工农商会International Federation of Agricultural Producers,IFAC 国际农业生产联盟Inter-Parliamentary Union,IPU 诸国会议同盟International Organization of Employers,IOE 国际雇佣者组织World Veterans Federation,WVF 世界退伍军人联盟International Union of Local Authorities,IULA 世界地方自治联盟United Towns Organization,UTO 姊妹市团体联盟重要机构名称A类National Party Congress 全国代表大会Fifteenth National Congress 第十五次全国代表大会(十五大)First Plenary Session 第一届中央全会(一中全会)Central Committee 中央委员会member of the Central Committee 中央委员alternate member of the Central Committee 候补中央委员Political Bureau 政治局member of the Political Bureau 政治局委员alternate member of the Political Bureau 政治局候补委员Standing Committee of the Political Bureau 政治局常务委员会member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau 政治局常委Secretariat of the Central Committee 中央书记处General Secretary 总书记Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 中央纪律检查委员会Military Commission of the Central Committee 中央军事委员会International Liaison Department 对外联络部Organization Department 组织部United Front Work Department 统战部Propaganda Department 宣传部State President 国家主席President of PRC 中华人民共和国主席Vice President of PRC 中华人民共和国副主席National People’s Congress 全国人民代表大会Standing Committee 常务委员会Chairman 委员长Vice Chairpersons 副委员长Members of the NPC Standing Committee 常务委员会委员Central Military Committee 中央军事委员会Chairman 主席Vice Chairman 副主席CMC Members 委员Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院President 最高人民法院院长Supreme People’s Procuratorate 最高人民检察院Procurator-General 最高人民检察院检察长State Council 国务院Premier 总理Vice Premier 副总理State Councillors 国务委员Ministry of Foreign Affairs 外交部Ministry of National Defense 国防部State Development Planning Commission 国家发展计划委员会State Economic and Trade Commission 国家经济贸易委员会Ministry of Education 教育部Ministry of Science and Technology 科学技术部Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense 国防科学技术工业委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission 国家民族事务委员会Ministry of Public Security 公安部Ministry of State Security 安全部Ministry of Supervision 监察部Ministry of Civil Affairs 民政部Ministry of Justice 司法部Ministry of Finance 财政部Ministry of Personnel 人事部Ministry of Labor and Social Security 劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Land and Natural Resources 国土资源部Ministry of Construction 建设部Ministry of Railways 铁道部Ministry of Communications 交通部Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications 信息产业部Ministry of Water Resources 水利部Ministry of Agriculture 农业部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation 对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Culture 文化部Ministry of Health 卫生部State Family Planning Commission 国家计划生育委员会People’s Bank of China 中国人民银行Auditing Administration 审计署Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference 中国人民政治协商会议National Committee 全国委员会Standing Committee 常务委员会Chairman 主席Vice-Chairpersons 副主席democratic party 民主党派Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang 中国国民党革命委员会（民革）China Democratic League 中国民主同盟（民盟）China Democratic National Construction Association 中国民主建国会（民建）China Association Promoting Democracy 中国民主促进会（民进）Chinese Peasants’ and Workers’ Democratic Party 中国农工民主党China Zhi Gong Dang 中国致公党Jiu San Society 九三学社Taiwan Democratic Self-Government 台湾民主自治同盟（台盟）people’s organization 人民团体All-China Federation of Trade Unions 中华全国总工会（全总）Communist Youth League of China 中国共产主义青年团（共青团（All-China Federation of Youth 中华全国青年联合会（全国青联）All-China Students’ Federation 中华全国学生联合会（全国学联）China Young Pioneers 中国少年先锋队（少先队）All-China Women’s Federation 中华全国妇女联合会（全国妇联）China Association for Science and Technology 中国科学技术协会（中国科协）China Federation of Literary and Art Circles 中国文学艺术界联合会（文联）All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese 中华全国归国华侨联合会（全国侨联）China Welfare Institute 中国福利会Red Cross Society of China 中国红十字会Chinese People’s Liberation Army 中国人民解放军Headquarters of the General Staff 总参谋部General Political Department 总政治部General Logistics Department 总后勤部General Armament Department 总装备部B类Security Council 安全理事会General Assembly 联合国大会Secretariat 秘书处Office of the Secretary General 秘书长办公室Office of Legal Affairs 法务局Department of Political and Security Council Affairs 证治安全局Department of Economic and Social Affairs 经济社会局Office of Public Information 公共资料处Department of Conference Services 会议局Office of General Services 总务处United Nation Conference on Trade and Development Secretariat 联合国贸易开发事物局Unite Nation Industrial Development Organization 联合国工业开发机构United Nations Administrative Tribunal 联合国行政裁判所International Law Commission 国际法委员会United Nation s Commission on International Trade Law 国际贸易法委员会Committee on the peaceful Uses of the Seabed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction 公海海底海床和平利用特别委员会Enlarged Committee for Program and Coordination,ECPC 扩大计划调整委员会Economic and Social Council 经济社会理事会Statistical Commission 统计委员会Population Commission 人口委员会Commission for Social Development 社会开发委员会Commission on Human Rights 人权委员会Commission on the Status of Women 妇女地位委员会Commission on Narcotic Drugs 麻醉药委员会Council Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations 民间机构委员会Committee on Housing, Building and Planning 住宅建筑企划委员会Committee for Development Planning 开发计划委员会Special Committee on Peace-Keeping Operations 维护和平活动特别委员会United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 联合国贸易开发会议Trade and Development Board,TDB 联合国开发委员会United Nations Development Program,UNDP 联合国开发计划处United Nation Children’s Fund,UNICEF 联合国儿童基金会United Nations Industrial Development Organization,UNIDO 联合国工业开发组织United Nations Capital Development Fund,UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金会United Nations Institute for Training and Research,UNITR 联合国调查训练研究所United Nations FAO Intergovernmental Committee of the World Food Program 联合国FAO世界粮食计划国际委员会International Narcotics Control Board,INCB 国际麻醉药管制委员会Trusteeship Council 信托投资理事会International Labor Organization,ILO 国际劳工组织Food and Agriculture Organization,FAO 联合国粮食农业组织United Nation Educational Scientific and Culture Organization,UNESCO 联合国教育科学文化组织International Civil Aviation Organization,ICAO 国际民间航空组织World Health Organization,WHO 世界卫生组织International Telecommunications Union,ITU 国际电信同盟World Meteorological Organization,WMO 世界气象组织Universal Postal Union,UPU 万国邮政联盟International Maritime Consultative Organzation,IMCO 国际海事协议组织International Finance Corporation,IFC 国际金融组织International Monetary Fund,IMF 国际货币基金会International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,IBRD 世界银行International Development Association,IDA 国际开发协会General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,GATT 有关关税贸易一般规定International Atomic Energy Agency,IAEA 国际原子能组织World Federation of Trade Unions,WFTU 世界劳工组织International Confederation of Free Trade Unions,ICFTU 国际自由劳工联盟International Chamber of Commerce,ICC 国际工农商会International Federation of Agricultural Producers,IFAC 国际农业生产联盟Inter-Parliamentary Union,IPU 诸国会议同盟International Organization of Employers,IOE 国际雇佣者组织World Veterans Federation,WVF 世界退伍军人联盟International Union of Local Authorities,IULA 世界地方自治联盟United Towns Organization,UTO 姊妹市团体联盟国际与区域机构名称《A》阿拉伯共同市场Arab Common Market (ACM)阿拉伯国家联盟(阿盟)League of Arab States (Arab League; LAS)阿拉伯货币基金组织Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)阿拉伯经济统一委员会Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)阿拉伯联盟教科文组织Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO)阿拉伯马格里布联盟Union de Maghreb Arabe (UMA); Union of the Arab Maghreb阿拉伯石油输出国组织Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)安第斯共同市场Andean Common Market (ANCOM)安第斯共同体Andean Community安第斯条约组织Andean Pact Organization (APO); Pacto Andino (PA)《B》八国集团Group of Eight (G8)巴黎俱乐部Paris Club (Group of Ten)巴黎联盟(国际保护工业产权联盟)Paris Convention (International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property)巴黎统筹委员会(巴统)Coordinating Committee on Export Control (COCOM); Coordinating Committee for Export to Communist Countries北大西洋公约组织(北约)North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)北大西洋合作理事会North Atlantic Cooperation Council北美自由贸易区North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA)北南核控制联合委员会North-South Nuclear Joint Committee北欧理事会Nordic Council北欧邮政联盟Nordic Postal Union (NPU)北太平洋海洋科学组织North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES)伯尔尼(国际保护文学艺术作品)联盟Berne Union (for he Protection of Literary and Artistic Works)不结盟运动Non-Aligned Movement (NPU)《C》朝鲜半岛能源开发组织Korea Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO)船长协会国际联合会International Federation of Shipmasters' Association (IFSMA)促进种族平等公民协会Citizens' Association for Racial Equality《D》大陆架界限委员会Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf大气科学委员会Commission of Atmospheric Sciences (CAS)大气污染管制委员会Air Pollution Control Commission (APCC)大气污染控制管理局Air Pollution Control Administration (APCA)大赦国际Amnesty International大西洋自由贸易区Atlantic Free Trade Area (AFTA)第三世界科学院Academy of Sciences for the Third World东非共同体East African Community (EAC)东加勒比共同市场East Caribbean Common Market (ECCM)东加勒比组织Organization of the Eastern Caribbean States东盟各国议会组织ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Organization东盟自由贸易区ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)东南非共同市场Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)东南亚国家联盟(东盟)Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)《F》发展工业产权和有关权利合作常设委员会Permanent Committee for Development Cooperation Related to Industrial Rights发展中国家间经济合作委员会Committee on Economic Cooperation Among Developing Countries发展著作权和邻接权利合作常设委员会Permanent Committee for Development Related to Copyright and Neighbouring Rights法语国家首脑会议Somet de la francophonie; Summit of Francophone Countries反对原子弹氢弹会议Conference Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs泛非电信联盟Pan African Telecommunication Union (PATU)泛非妇女组织Organization Panafricaine des Femmes (OPF); Pan-African Women's Organization (PAWO)防止空气污染协会国际联合会International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Association (IUAPPA)防止歧视和保护少数小组委员会Sub-committee on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities防止外层空间军备竞赛特设委员会Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of Arms Race in Outer Space非殖民化委员会(24国委员会)Commission on Decolonisation (Committee of 24)非洲，加勒比和太平洋地区国家集团(非加太集团)Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific Region Countries (ACP Group) 非洲经济共同体African Economic Community非洲人权和民族权委员会African Committee on Human and People's Right非洲统一组织(非统组织)Organization of African Unity (OAU)非洲邮政联盟African Postal Union (APU)扶轮社国际Rotary International《G》各国议会联盟Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)国际奥林匹克委员会International Olympic Committee (IOC)国际版权协会International Copyright Society国际保护工业产权联盟(即巴黎联盟)International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Union)国际保护工业产权协会International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property (IAPIP)国际保护知识产权联合局United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI)国际保护自然资源联盟International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)国际笔会(国际诗人，剧作家，编辑，散文家和小说家协会)International PEN (International Association of Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists and Novelists)国际标准化知识International Standardization Organization (ISO)国际标准协会International Standard Association (ISA)国际材料物理中心International Center for Materials Physics (ICMP)国际船东协会International Shipping Federation (ISP)国际船级社协会International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)国际纯粹和应用化学联盟International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)国际纯粹和应用生物物理学联盟International Union of Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB)国际大坝委员会International Commission on Large Dam (ICOLD)国际大学生体育联合会Federation Internationale du Sport Universitaire (FISU)国际地球科学信息网络集团Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN)国际地球学联盟International Geographical Union (IGU)国际地震中心International Seismological Centre (ISC)国际地质大会International Geological Congress (IGC)国际地质科学联盟International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)国际冻土协会International Permafrost Association (IPA)国际独立油船东协会International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (INTERTANKO)国际度量衡局International Bureau of Weight and Measurements (IBWM)国际儿童福利联合会International Union for Child Welfare (IUCW)国际法官联合会International Union of Judges国际法协会International Law Association国际法学家委员会International Commission of Jurists (ICJ)国际法学协会International Association of Legal Science (IALS)国际纺织学会International Textile Institute (ITI)国际辐射防护协会International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA)国际妇女同盟International Alliance of Women (IAW)国际妇女协会International Women Society国际港口协会International Association of Ports and Harbours (IAPH)国际公务员协会联合会Federation of International Civil Servants Associations (FICSA)国际公务员制度委员会International Civil Service Commission (ICSC)国际古生物协会International Palaeontological Association (IPA)国际雇主知识International Organization of Employers (IOE)国际广播协会International Association of Broadcasting (IAB)国际海道测量知识International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)国际海底管理局International Sea-Bed Authority国际海事卫星知识International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT)国际海运联盟International Shipping Federation国际航标协会International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA)国际航空科学理事会International Council of Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS)国际航空联合会Aeronautic International Federation (FAI)国际航空运输协会International Air Transport Association (IATA)国际航运会议常设协会Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses (PIANC) 国际航运协会International Chamber of Shipping国际和平利用原子能会议International Conference on the Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy国际和平学会International Peace Academy (IPA)国际核数据委员会International Nuclear Data Committee (INDC)国际红十字International Red Cross (IRC)国际环境法理事会International Council of Environmental Law国际环境事务研究所International Institute for Environmental Affairs国际计划生育联合会International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF)国际建筑师协会International Union of Architects (IUA)国际救济联合会International Relief Union (IRU)国际军事体育理事会International Military Sports Council (IMSC)国际开发委员会Commission on International Development (CID)国际科学基金会International Foundation of Sciences (IFS)国际科学联盟理事会International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)国际空间研究委员会International Committee on Space Research (ICSR)国际空运协会International Air Transport Association (IATA)国际理论和应用力学联盟International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics国际理论物理中心International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)国际律师协会International Bar Association (IBA)国际毛纺知识International Wool Textile Organization (IWTO)国际民主妇女联合会Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF)国际难民知识International Refugee Organization (IRO)国际能源机构International Energy Agency (IEA)国际殴亚科学院International Academy for Europe and Asia (IAEA)国际清算银行Bank for International Settlements (BIS)国际人口问题科学研究联合会International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) 国际人权法院International Court of Human Rights国际人权联合会International Federation of Human Rights国际人与生物圈保护区网络International Man and Biosphere Reserve Network国际商会International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)国际商事仲裁协会International Commercial Arbitration Association国际商业仲裁会International Council for Commercial Arbitration国际生态学协会International Association for Ecology国际生物化学与分子生物学联盟International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB)国际生物科学联合会International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS)国际圣经协会International Bible Society (IBS)国际世界语协会Universala Esperanto-Asocio; Universal Esperanto Association (UEA)国际数学联盟International Mathematical Union (IMU)国际水资源协会International Water Resources Association (IWRA)国际丝绸协会International Silk Association (ISA)国际体操联合会Federation Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG); International Federation of Gymnastics国际天文学联合会International Astronomical Union (IAU)国际通讯卫星知识International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT)国际投资银行International Investment Bank (IIB)国际土壤协会International Society of Soil Science (ISSS)国际细胞生物学联合会International Federation for Cell Biology (IFCB)国际心理科学联盟International Union of Psychological Science国际新闻工作者协会International Federation of Journalists国际信息和文献联合会International Federation for Information and document．tion国际刑法协会International Association of Penal Law (IAPL)国际刑警组织International Criminal Police Organization (INERPOL; ICPO)国际刑事学会International Association of Criminal Science国际宣教协会International Missionary Council (IMC)国际学生联合会International Union of Student (IUS)国际移民组织International Organization for Migration (IOM)国际遗传学联合会International Genetics Federation (IGF)国际译联International Federation of Translators国际音乐理事会International Music Council (IMC)国际应用心理学协会International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP)国际有线发行联盟International Alliance for Distribution by Cable国际宇航科学院International Academy of Astronautics (IAA)国际植物生理学家协会International Association for Plant Physiologists (IAPP)国际自动控制联合会International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC)国际自由工会联合会(自由工联)International confederation of Free Trade Union (ICFTU)国际足球联合会International Football Federation (FIFA)《H》海湾(阿拉伯国家)合作委员会Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf; Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) 海洋研究科学委员会Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)海洋研究气象委员会Commission on Maritime Meteorology (CMM)海洋资源研究咨询委员会Advisory committee on Marine Resources Research和平利用外层空间委员会Committee of Peaceful Uses of Outer Space和平利用原子能国际会议咨询委员会Advisory Committee of the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy和平利用原子能委员会Committee on the Use of Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes (CUAEPP)红十字与红月会国际联合会International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)环境问题科学委员会Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)环境与发展国际研究中心(环发中心) Centre for International Research of Environment and Development (CIRED) 环太平洋论坛Pacific Rim Forum (PRF)《J》基督教会联合会World Council of Churches (WCC)基督教女青年会Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA)基督教青年会Young men's Christian Association (YMCA)计划生育- 世界人口组织Planned Parenthood – World Population加勒比共同体和共同市场Caribbean community and Common Market (CARICOM)经济合作与发展组织(经合组织) organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)《K》孔塔多拉集团Contadora Group《L》拉丁美洲共同市场Latin America Common Market (LACM)拉丁美洲和加勒比禁止核武器组织Organization for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean拉丁美洲货币同盟Latin American Monetary Union拉丁美洲经济体系Latin American Economic System (LAES)拉丁美洲经济委员会Economic Commission of Latin America (ECLA)拉丁美洲发展金融机构协会Latin American Association of Development of Financing Institutions拉丁美洲能源组织Latin American Energy Organization (OLAE)拉丁美洲社会学会Association of Latin American Sociology (ALAS)拉丁美洲协调特别委员会Special Committee on Latin American Coordination拉丁美洲一体化协会Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)拉丁美洲自由贸易区Latin American Free Trade Area (LAFTA)拉丁美洲自由贸易市场Latin American Free Trade Market拉丁美洲自由贸易协会Latin American Free Trade Association联合国协会世界联合会World Federation of United Nations Associations (WFUNA)伦敦核供应国俱乐部London Suppliers' Club《M》马格理布联盟Union du Maghreb (UMA)美洲出口贸易促进中心Inter-American Export Promotion Centre美洲储蓄和贷款银行Inter-American Saving and Loans Banks美洲国家间人权委员会Inter-American Commission on Human Rights美洲国际组织Organization of American States (OAS)美洲经济及社会理事会Inter-American Economic and Social Council美洲开发银行Inter-America Development Bank美洲人权委员会Inter-America Commission on Human Rights (IACHR)《N》南北协调委员会North-South Coordinating committee南部非洲发展共同体Southern African Development Community (SADC)南部非洲关税同盟Southern African Customs Union (SACU)南方共同市场South Common Market南南会议South-South Conference南太平洋论坛South Pacific Forum (SPF)南亚区域合作联盟South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)《O》欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织，原欧洲安全与合作会议) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE, formerly known as Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe)欧洲裁军会议Conference on Disarmament in Europe (CDE)欧洲复兴开发银行European Bank of Reconstruction and Development欧洲经济合作组织Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)欧洲联盟(欧盟) European Union (EU)欧洲人权法院European Court of Human Rights欧洲人权委员会European Commission of Human Rights欧洲原子能委员会European Atomic Commission (EAC)欧洲原子能学会European Atomic Energy Society (EAES)欧洲自由贸易联盟European Free Trade Association (EFTA)《S》三边委员会(日美欧委员会) Trilateral Commission of Japan, North America and Europe (TC)社会党国际Socialist International石油输出国组织(欧佩克) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)世界残疾人组织理事会Council of World Organizations Interested in the Handicapped (CWOIH)世界动物保护联合会World Federation for the Protection of Animals世界佛教徒联谊会World Fellowship of Buddhists (WFB)世界工会联合会(世界工联) World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)世界海关组织World Customs Organization世界和平理事会World Peace Council (WPC)世界基督教联合会World Council of Churches (WCC)世界教师工会协进会World Federation of Teachers' Unions世界科学工作者联合会World Federation of Scientific Worker (WFSW)世界劳工联合会World Confederation of Labour (WCL)世界旅游组织World Tourism Organization (WTO)世界贸易组织World Trade Organization (WTO)世界穆斯林大会World Muslim Congress世界穆斯林联盟Muslim World League (MWL)世界青年大会World Assembly of Youth (WAY)世界人权大会World Conference on Human Rights世界野生动物基金会World Wildlife Fund (WWF)世界伊斯兰大会World Islamic Congress世界医学学会World Medical Association世界艺术与科学学会World Academy of Art and Science世界犹太人大会World Jewish Congress世界幼儿教育组织World Organization for Early Children's Education世界针灸学会联合会World Federation of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Societies世界自然保护联盟World Conservation Union世界宗教和平大会World Conference on Religion and Peace (WCRP)《T》太平洋经济合作理事会Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC)《X》西方七国首脑会议Seven-Nation Economic Summit; Group of Seven Summit (G7 Summit)西非国际经济共同体Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)西欧联盟Western European Union (WEU)《Y》亚大邮联Asian-Oceanic Postal Union (AOPU; UPAO)亚非法律协商委员会Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee (AALCC)亚非会议Asian-African Conference亚非拉人民团结组织Organization of Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America (OSPAALA)亚非人民团结组织Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization (AAPSO)亚非新闻工作者协会Afro-Asian Journalists' Association (AAJA)亚欧合作理事会Council for Asia-Europe Cooperation (CAEC)亚欧环境技术中心Asia-Europe Environmental Technology Center亚太安全合作理事会Council on Security Cooperation in Asia and Pacific Region (CSCAP)亚太经合组织Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)亚太空间技术应用多边合作会议Asia-Pacific Conference on Multilateral Cooperation in Space Technology and Applications (APC-MCSTA conference)亚太大洋洲邮政联盟Asian-Oceanic Postal Union (AOPU; UPAO)亚洲化学学会联合会Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS)亚洲环境问题协会Asian Environmental Society (AES)亚洲基督教会议Christian Conference of Asia (CCA)亚洲及太平洋和平与裁军区域中心Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific亚洲及太平洋理事会Asian and Pacific Council (ASPAC)亚洲开发银行Asian Development Bank (ADB)亚洲科学联合会Federation of Asian Scientific Academies and Societies亚洲青年理事会Asian Youth Council (AYC)亚洲生产力组织Asian Productivity Organization亚洲太平洋广播联盟Asian-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU)亚洲-太平洋通讯社组织Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies (OANA)亚洲-太平洋邮政联盟Asian-Pacific Postal Union亚洲遥感协会Asian Association on Remote Sensing (AARS)《Y》伊斯兰会议组织Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)伊斯兰教事务最高理事会Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs印度洋特设委员会Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean英联邦British Commonwealth of Nations (Commonwealth)《Z》中非国家经济共同体Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)中非国家联盟Union of Central African States (UEAC)中美洲共同市场Central American Common Market中美洲国家组织Organization of Central American States。

专业英语四级（阅读）模拟试卷179(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 5. READING COMPREHENSIONPART V READING COMPREHENSIONSECTION AIn this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are four suggested answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.(1) The international space station is getting a new, inflatable room that resembles a giant spare tire, NASA announced on Wednesday. Slated to launch in mid-2015, the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module, or BEAM, will fly to space deflated before being puffed into a 13-by-10-foot cylinder. Rather than providing new living space for astronauts, the module will test whether inflatable habitats have a future as orbiting laboratories, lunar outposts or living quarters for deep-space missions. And it’s arriving at a bargain price for space hardware. NASA is paying Bigelow Aerospace of Nevada $ 17.8 million for the module. (2) “This is a great way for NASA to utilize private-sector investment, and for pennies on the dollar to expand our understanding of this technology,” said Lori Garver, the agency’s deputy administrator. Station astronauts will periodically enter the BEAM to check whether its thick yet flexible walls, which include layers of Kevlar (凯芙拉合成纤维), adequately block the twin hazards of space travel: radiation and micrometeoroids (微流星体) traveling faster than bullets. “The plan is to have the hatch closed most of the time, with the crew going in and out a few times a year to collect data,” Garver said. The module will stay attached to the station for two years. “We have ambitions to go to the moon someday, have a base there,”said Robert Bigelow, the real estate and hotel magnate who founded Bigelow Aerospace. Inflatables offer two advantages over traditional aluminum-can-like modules. They weigh less per cubic foot of living space, making them cheaper to launch, and they can balloon to diameters far too wide to fit in current rockets. (3) Bigelow licensed the concept from NASA in 1999 after the agency abandoned plans to use inflatable living quarters for a mission to Mars. NASA is Bigelow’s first customer. On Wednesday, Bigelow said he and his wife have invested $ 250 million into developing inflatable space habitats. They hope to attract wealthy tourists, pharmaceutical companies and governments that want affordable space programs to an orbital outpost that Bigelow says will be ready to fly in 2016.(4) Called Alpha, the private space station will offer living space for 12, twice the occupancy of the international space station. Renting one-sixth of Alpha for two months will cost $25 million, Bigelow said, transportation not included. It’s unclear if a market exists for a private space station, said Scott Pace, director of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University. Still, Bigelow has already tasted success. In 2006 and 2007, the company launched two small inflatable satellites atop Russian ballistic missiles. Both operated as planned. (5) Wednesday’sannouncement marks a deepening of NASA’s partnerships with commercial companies. The agency is also funding three companies developing craft to transport astronauts to and from orbit—vehicles also needed to bring customers to Bigelow’s outposts. One of those companies, Space Exploration Technologies, or Space X, will fly the BEAM module to the space station in the “trunk”of one of its uncrewed Dragon capsules. “It sounds like a good deal for both NASA and Bigelow,” said Pace. “Nothing can replace flight-test experience. “(6) The project may also stymie criticism that the 16-nation international space station, which took 13 years to construct, has been underutilized by NASA, said former station commander—Michael Lopez-Alegria, president of the Commercial Spaceflight Federation. “It’s a real step in the right direction. “1．According to the passage, BEAM is used______.A．as a new living space for astronautsB．as an orbiting laboratoryC．as an outpost on the moonD．to test inflatable habitats正确答案：D解析：推断题。

档案中参工时间不一致认定流程1.发现档案中参工时间不一致后，应立即展开调查。

Upon discovering inconsistent work participation dates in the file, an investigation should be immediately initiated.2.向相关员工核实他们的实际参工时间。

Verify the actual work participation dates with the relevant employees.3.梳理公司的人事档案，确认与参工时间相关的文件和记录。

Review the company's personnel files to confirm the documents and records related to work participation dates.4.就档案中的不一致问题，与公司管理层和人力资源部门进行沟通。

Communicate with the company's management and human resources department regarding the inconsistencies in the file.5.根据调查结果，进行档案修订并更新。

Revise and update the file according to the investigation results.6.向相关部门汇报调查的结果和修订的档案内容。

Report the investigation results and revised file content to the relevant departments.7.对于违反公司规定的情况，采取相应的纪律行动。

Take appropriate disciplinary actions for violations of company regulations.8.对于无意的错误，进行教育和指导，避免类似问题再次发生。

商务英语2（科目代码：04010）一、选择填空：阅读下面的对话或句子，从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。

1.—Morning, Daniel. Today I’d like to discuss the promotional events of our products with you.—________A.Hi, I agree with what you have just said.B.Good morning, Kevin. Nice to meet you, too.C.Ok. I think we should draw up a thorough plan, first.正确答案: C2.—As you know, I’m not quite familiar with how to shop online.—It’s a piece of cake! I’ll show you how to do it. ________A.First of all, you should find a good e-commerce site.B.Next, add the items in your shopping cart and place the order.C.Then compare the prices and features of the goods you like.正确答案: A3.—Uh, I think online shopping is very time-consuming.—________A.Why do you want to wait and shop in a long line?B.I somewhat agree with you, but not completely.C.Thank you for your time to be with me for the weekend.正确答案: B4.It can be aimed________individuals with select surfing behavior.A.toB.inC.at正确答案: C5.In my opinion, the first thing________is what tools we should use. (考点：不定式结构的用法)A.to be discussedB.discussedC.discussing正确答案: A6.—But why is it so much higher in this market?—______A.I don’t think I can follow the course.B.Sometimes things don’t go as expected.C.There are many rich people in this area.正确答案: C7.—We are now looking for agents to cover southern China.—Excellent. ______A.I’m very familiar with the market there.B.We are full of confidence in the Chinese market, too.C.Our target markets are large corporations and government agencies.8.—Ok, what are your initial thoughts on our computers in China? Is there a market?—______A.There is a computer shop around the corner to the right.B.Our current agent agreements are broken up into regions.C.I am very optimistic about the market opportunities in China.正确答案: C9.This is one of the main ways ______ a business learns what customers want.A.whichB.ofC.that正确答案: C10.As it is known that the aim of every business is to make ______profit as possible.A.as manyB.as muchC.more正确答案: B11.— _______—It will take at least three weeks.A.How soon will you finish our TV commercial?B.When will you finish our TV commercial？C.How long have you finished our TV commercial？正确答案: A12.— _______—Once a week.A.How soon will your department finish the meeting?B.How often does your department hold a meeting?C.How long will the department meeting last？正确答案: B13.— _______—We would like to get in with the fall publication, if possible.A.How much do you plan to spend on advertisement?B.Which edition would you like your advertisement to appear in?C.What do you want to say about your products in the advertisement?正确答案: B14.The Smart Color Laser Copier is comparable_______ professional editing.A.toB.onC.at正确答案: A15.Our advertising rates are_______ size and location.A.depended onB.put onC.based on16.—Is there any time requirement for registration?—_______within 30 days after we receive our business license.A.Sure. We will register withinB.Of course. We might registerC.Certainly.We should register正确答案: C17.— _______—In most cases, it is the total income received.A.What does taxable income refer to?B.Why do you want to know taxable income?C.When do you start to learn taxable income?18.—You want to know about the value added tax, don’t you?—_______A.Yes, you need to introduce it for me.B.Yes, could you give me a brief overview of it?C.Yes, you must tell it to me.正确答案: B19.Denial, do you know how to register ______ the taxation bureau now?A.onB.orC.with正确答案: C20.Mobile banking functions nearly _______ telephone banking.A.the same asB.as same asC.as the same正确答案: A21.— ______—It’s not bad. I have worked in this bank for two years and I love my current job.A.Could you do me a favor?B.How is everything going?C.What’s going on?正确答案: B22.—How about your friend, Li Yan? Does she work in the same department with you?—______A.She is fine, thank you, and you?B.She is fine, thank you, and she’ll be happy to see you again.C.She is an assistant auditor and works in the Auditing Department.正确答案: C23.—Do you mean that deposits and withdrawals are posted to my account immediately?—______A.Yes, we process cash transactions during the working day.B.Yes, we process cash transactions on the second day.C.Yes, we process cash transactions as soon as they take place.正确答案: C24.I have just ______ some dollars into Renminbi.A.been changedB.changedC.been changing正确答案: B25.Online computer systems help us provide a ______ service to our customers.A.speedB.speedyC.speedily正确答案: B26.—But in your case, we strongly recommend War Risks and WPA.—_________A.OK, then please cover both War Risks and WPA for us.B.Well, that rate is acceptable. Thanks.C.But the extra premium is for buyer’s account.正确答案: A27.—Can we discuss the question of commodity inspection?—_________A.OK. As an integral part of the contract, the inspection of goods is particularly important.B.We would prefer to re-inspect goods at the unloading port.C.But there might be some dispute over the results of inspection.正确答案: A28.—Now shall we move on to the next question?—_________A.Thank you for questions on the commodity inspection.B.Importers must have the right to re-inspect goods upon arrival.C.Sure. Let’s talk about thetime of shipment and payment.正确答案: C29.The sandbags stopped her property from_________A.to be floodingB.being floodedC.being flooding正确答案: B30.Who _________the inspection certificate?A.publishesB.issuesC.suggests正确答案: B31.—So could you make an exception and accept D/P?—__________________________A.I shall tell you frankly it would drastically increase our risk.B.Thanks, we are inclined to accept your price.C.We have already tried our best.正确答案: A32.—Is it possible to find alternative payment terms for this order?—__________________________A.I’m afraid not. We insist on a letter of credit.B.No, I think the price is reasonable.C.I can’t be of any help in this respect.正确答案: A33.—I’m afraid the goods we received yesterday are short of weight.—__________________________A.I’m afraid we really couldn’t accept that.B.I suggest maybe should check it again.C.I’m sorry to say the shipment didn’t turn out to be satisfactory.正确答案: C34.We won’t entertain your claim _______ the inspection certification from the Commodity Inspection Bureau.A.unless you will haveB.unless you don’t haveC.unless you have正确答案: C35.The company owns branches not only in Europe _______ in North America.A.butB.but alsoC.as well as正确答案: B36.—I’d like to have credit information about my corporate partner in Australia.—________A.Well, our department deals with all kinds of consultant service.B.Please call me at any time, if you have any questions.C.I have something wrong with the credit of my cooperate partner.正确答案: A37.—What do I have to do to get the credit information of our corporate partner?—________A.OK, we will pass on the report to you as soon as we get it.B.It’s not complicated. Just fill in a form and sign it.C.For our long-term clients, we only charge some direct fees.正确答案: B38.—How can people avoid food contamination nowadays?—________A.People should have balanced food to get different nutrients they need.B.I agree with you on this point, and we should pay more to attention to food safety.C.The government should set strict rules to standardize the production of food.正确答案: C39.Nowadays, more and more attention is being paid ______ “Business Ethics”.B.forC.of正确答案: A40.______it may lead to, they always pursue the profit maximization.A.No matter whereB.No matter whatC.No matter how正确答案: B二、翻译：从以下A、B、C三个选项中选出与英文最适合的中文翻译。

会计专业博士生经典文献list说明：该list主要侧重于经典文献收录，最新的文献没有收录。

范围限定在财务会计领域，审计等领域没有覆盖，请大家补充。

文献大家可以根据需要下载。

文献分类和收录都是我个人主观决定的，并没有严格的筛选标准。

所以肯定有遗漏和不妥，请大家完善补充。

我就先抛砖引玉吧。

参考资料：书籍（包括但不限于）：财务会计理论，威廉·斯科特，第六版。

实证会计理论，罗斯·瓦茨，杰罗尔德·齐默尔曼。

财务呈报：会计革命，威廉·比弗，第三版。

当代会计研究：综述与评论，S.P. 科塔里等。

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