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专利名称：The betagurukanpepuchido derivative which displays harmful matter erasure operation 发明人：小林 和則,二村 芳弘申请号：JP2007325798申请日：20071218公开号：JP5280672B2公开日：20130904专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a beta-glucan peptide derivative having weak side effects and exhibiting excellent toxic substance-eliminating activity, and to provide a method for producing the beta-glucan peptide derivative.SOLUTION: The beta-glucan peptide derivative having the weak side effects and exhibiting the excellent toxic substance-eliminating activity has an oxidation-reduction potential of from -1 mV to -500 mV, and exhibits the toxic substance-eliminating activity. The derivative has a tripeptide consisting of isoleucine, cysteine and cysteine ester-bonded to a hydroxy group of the beta-glucan. The derivative also has lactic acid ester-bonded thereto. The production method thereof includes a step for alkali-reducing a fermented liquid obtained by adding Monascus anka, Bacillus natto, baker's yeast and lactic acid bacteria to rice bran and soybean flour, and subjecting them to mixed fermentation, and has a fermentation step and a reducing step as main steps.COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT申请人：株式会社 ＴＩＥＮＳ ＪＡＰＡＮ地址：東京都中央区銀座八丁目８番８号国籍：JP更多信息请下载全文后查看。

戈那瑞林化学结构全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：戈那瑞林是一种常用的农药，其化学结构具有特殊的特点，对于了解其性质和作用机制具有重要意义。

下面将介绍戈那瑞林的化学结构及其相关信息。

戈那瑞林的化学名称是（2R）-2-（4-（3-氯-5-三氯甲基-2-吲哚基）-2-氟苯氧基）丙酸。

2R表示这是一个立体异构体，2-（4-（3-氯-5-三氯甲基-2-吲哚基）-2-氟苯氧基）丙酸是其主要结构。

戈那瑞林的分子式为C17H14Cl3FNO4，相对分子质量为375.6。

戈那瑞林的结构中含有三氯甲基吲哚基、氟苯氧基和丙酸基团，这些基团的相互作用赋予了戈那瑞林独特的生物活性。

三氯甲基吲哚基是戈那瑞林的活性中心，能够与植物生长调节剂的受体结合，从而阻断植物生长激素的合成和传递，抑制植物生长发育，达到杀虫、除草或促进植物长势等作用。

与传统化学农药相比，戈那瑞林具有微量高效、低毒性和环境友好等优点，被广泛应用于农业生产中。

在农业灌溉、施肥和植物生长调控等领域发挥着重要作用，提高了农作物产量和质量，保障了粮食安全和农业生产的持续发展。

戈那瑞林的化学结构与其生物活性密切相关，通过合理设计和改进分子结构，可以提高农药的效果和安全性。

未来，随着绿色农药的需求增加和技术的发展，戈那瑞林及其衍生物将在农业领域发挥更大的作用，为粮食生产和环境保护作出贡献。

戈那瑞林化学结构的研究对于理解其生物活性、毒性和环境行为具有重要意义，有助于指导其合成和应用，推动农业生产的绿色可持续发展。

希望这篇文章能够帮助大家了解戈那瑞林的化学结构及其意义，为相关研究和生产提供参考。

第二篇示例：戈那瑞林是一种著名的天然植物化合物，其化学结构复杂而独特。

它被广泛应用于药物和药物研究领域，具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒和抗炎等多种药理作用。

本文将从戈那瑞林的历史、结构、生物合成和药理作用等方面进行详细探讨。

一、戈那瑞林的历史戈那瑞林是由加拿大科学家罗伯特·诺贝尔于1964年首次从小叶茶科植物格林农斗树中分离出来的。

TARGET国际翻译研究杂志目录Target 1:1（1989） (2)Target 1:2（1989） (3)Target 2:1（1990） (3)Target 2:2（1990） (4)Target 3:1（1991） (5)Target 3:2（1991） (6)Target 4:1（1992） (7)Target 4:2（1992） (9)Target 5:1（1993） (10)Target 5:2（1993） (11)Target 6:1（1994） (12)Target 6:2（1994） (14)Target 7:1（1995） (15)Target 7:2（1995） (16)Target 8:1（1996） (18)Target 8:2（1996） (19)Target 9:1（1997） (20)Target 9:2（1997） (21)Target 10:1（1998） (23)Target 10:2（1998） (25)Target 11:1（1999） (26)Target 11:2（1999） (28)Target 12:1（2000） (29)Target 12:2（2000） (30)Target 13:1（2001） (31)Target 13:2（2001） (32)Target 14:1（2002） (34)Target 14:2（2002） (35)Target 15:1 （2003） (37)Target 15:2（2003） (38)Target 16:1 （2004） (40)Target 16:2（2004） (41)Target 17:1 （2005） (42)Target 17:2（2005） (44)Target 18:1 （2006） (45)Target 18:2 （2006） (46)Target 19:1（2007） (47)Target 19:2（2007） (49)Target 20:1（2008） (50)Target 20:2（2008） (51)Target 21:1（2009） (53)Target 21:2（2009） (54)Target 1:1（1989）On Target's Targets 1 Articles9 In Search of a Target Language: The Politics of Theatre Translation inQuebecAnnie Brisset29 Genre Analysis and the TranslatorCarl James43 Models of the Translation Process: Claim and RealityWolfgang Lörscher69 Wittgenstein, Translation, and SemioticsDinda L. GorléePlato, Bacon and the Puritan Apothecary: The Case of Nicholas95 CulpeperL.G. KellyForum111 Extending the Theory of Translation to Interpretation: Norms as aCase in PointMiriam ShlesingerReview Article117 Bibliographie: Traductions et CulturesJoséLambertReview 123 Paul Chavy. Traducteurs d'autrefois: Moyen âge et RenaissanceReviewed by Theo HermansMary Snell-Hornby (ed.) ZüriLEX '86 ProceedingsReviewed by R.R.K. HartmannTarget 1:2（1989）Articles129 Towards a Multi-facet Concept of Translation BehaviorWolfram WilssTranslation and Original: Similarities and Dissimilarities, I151 Kitty van Leuven-Zwart183 On Aboriginal Sufferance: A Process Model of Poetic TranslatingFrancis R. Jones201 Assessing Acceptability in Translated Children' BooksTiina Puurtinen215 La traduction, les langues et la communication de masse: Lesambiguïtés du discours internationalJoséLambertReview Article239 Verb Metaphors under TranslationGideon TouryReviews 249 James S. Holmes. Translated!: Papers on Literary Translation andTranslation StudiesReviewed by Hendrik van GorpYishai Tobin and Edna Aphek. Word Systems in Modern Hebrew:Implications and ApplicationsReviewed by Hannah Amit-KochaviPaul Nekemann (ed.). Actes du XIe Congrès mondial de la FIT: LaTraduction, notre avenirReviewed by Lieven D’hulstAlan Duff. TranslationReviewed by Francis R. JonesRevue de littérature comparée, numéro spécial: Le Texte étranger.L‘œuvre littéraire en traductionReviewed by Clem RobynsTarget 2:1（1990）Articles1 Typological Aspects of Translating Literary Japanese into German, I:Lexicon and MorphologyGötz WienoldThe Normative Model of Twentieth Century Belles Infidèles:23 Detective Novels in French TranslationClem RobynsA Statistical Method for Translation Quality Assessment43 Shouyi Fan69 Translation and Original: Similarities and Dissimilarities, IIKitty van Leuven-Zwart‗Die Seefahrt an den Nagel hängen‘? Metaphern beim Übersetzen und97 in der ÜbersetzungswissenschaftFrank G. KönigsForumNorms in Interpretation115 Brian HarrisReviews 121 Albrecht Neubert. Text and TranslationReviewed by Christina SchäffnerErika Fischer-Lichte, Fritz Paul Brigitte Schultze Horst Turk, eds.Soziale und theatralische Konventioinen als Problem derDramenübersetzungReviewed by Frank PeetersMary Snell-Hornby Translation Studies: An Integrated ApproachReviewed by Lieven D’hulstTarget 2:2（1990）ArticlesA Theoretical Account of Translation: Without a Translation Theory135 Ernst-August Gutt165 Linguistic Interference in Literary Translations from English intoHebrew of the 1960s and 1970sRachel Weissbrod183 Typological Aspects of Translating Literary Japanese into German, II:Syntax and Narrative TechniqueGötz Wienold199 Surely There Must Exist a Polish Equivalent: On the Inadequacy ofDictionary ExplicationsElżbieta TabakowskaTexttheorie und Translatorisches Handeln 219Hans J. VermeerReviews 243 Harald Kittel, ed. Die literarische Übersetzung: Stand undPerspektiven ihrer ErforschungReviewed by Dirk De GeestReiner Arntz, ed. Textlinguistik und Fachsprache: Akten desInternationalen übersetzungswissenschaftlichen AILA-SymposionsHildesheim, 13.-16 April 1987Reviewed by Wolfgang LörscherValerie Worth. Practising Translation in Renaissance France: TheExample of Étienne DoletReviewed by Paul ChavySherry Simon. L'inscription sociale de la traduction au QuébecReviewed by Clem RobynsNew Books at a Glance 255 Henry G. Schogt. Linguistics, Literary Analysis, and LiteraryTranslationLieven D’hulstMaarten Steenmeijier. De Spaanse en Spaans-Amerikaanse literatuurin Nederland (1946-1985)Ilse LogieTarget 3:1（1991）Articles1 World Knowledge in the Process of TranslationChristina SchäffnerCoincidence in Translation: Glory and Misery Again17 Robert de Beaugrande55 Computer-aided Translation: Where are the Problems?Albrecht Neubert65 Translation Anthologies: An Invitation to the Curious and a CaseStudyHelga Essman and Armin Paul Frank91 Scopos, Loyalty, and Translational ConventionsChristiane NordReviews 111 Candace Séguinot ed. The Translation ProcessReviewed by Hannah Amit-KochaviSusan Bassnett and André Lefevere, eds. Translation, History andCultureReviewed by Theo d’HaenHenri Van Hoof. Traduire l'anglais: Théorie et PratiqueReviewed by Michel BallardDanica Seleskovitch et Marianne Lederer. Pédagogie raisonnée del'interprétationReviewed by Jean DelisleBrian T. Fitch. Beckett and Babel: An Investigation into the Status ofthe Bilingual WorkReviewed by Rainier GrutmanNew Books at a Glance 129 La traduction plurielle. Textes réunis et présentés par Michel BallardLieven D’hulstDaniel Göske. Herman Melville in deutscher SpracheNorbert GreinerKlaus Martens. Die ausgewanderte ―Evangeline‖: Longfellowsepische Idylle im übersetzerischen TransferNorbert GreinerJean Delisle. The Language Alchemists: Société des traducteurs duQuébec (1940-1990)Rainier GrutmanAmparo Hurtado Albir. La notion de fidélité en traductionTarget 3:2（1991）ArticlesA False Opposition in Translation Studies: Theoretical versus/and137 Historical ApproachesDirk Delabastita153 Methodological Aspects of Interpretation (and Translation) ResearchDaniel Gile175 Names and Their Substitutes: Onomastic Observations on Astérix andIts TranslationsSheila Embleton207 Two Traditions of Translating Early Irish LiteratureMaria TymoczkoInstitutional Transmission and Literary Translation: A Sample Case225 Klaus MartensReviews 243 Christiane Nord. Textanalyse und Übersetzen: TheoretischeGrundlagen, Methode und didaktische Anwendung einerübersetzungsrelevanten TextanalyseReviewed by Werner KollerFrederick M. Rener. Interpretatio: Language and Translation fromCicero to TytlerReviewed by Antoine BermanPeter W. Krawutschke, ed. Translator and Interpreter Training andForeign Language PedagogyJean Delisle. Translation: An Interpretive ApproachSonja Tirkkonen-Condit and Stephen Condit, eds. Empirical Studiesin Translation and LinguisticsReviewed by Miriam ShlesingerMary Snell-Hornby and Esther Pöhl, eds. Translation andLexicography: Papers read at the EURALEX Colloquium held atInnsbruck 2-5 July 1987Reviewed by Guy A.J. TopsNew Books at a Glance 261 Bert Westerweel and Theo D'haen, eds. Something Understood:Studies in Anglo-Dutch TranslationDirk DelabastitaMyriam Salama-Carr. La traduction à l'époque abbasside: L'école deHunayn Ibn Ishāq et son importance pour la traductionMichel Ballard261 Andrzej Kątny, Hrsg. Studien zur kontrastiven Linguistik undliterarischen ÜbersetzungGerd FreidhofTarget 4:1（1992）Articles1 The Concept of Function of Translation and Its Application toLiterary TextsRoda P. Roberts17 On Constructing a Transfer Dictionary for Man and MachineJohn Laffling33 Sur le rôle des métaphores en traductologie contemporaineLieven D’hulstFilm (Adaptation) as Translation: Some Methodological Proposals 53Patrick Cattrysse71 Zum Aussagewert motivgeschichtlicher ÜbersetzungsstudienBärbel CzenniaForumNatural Translation: A Reply to Hans P. Krings97 Brian Harris105 Bilinguismus and Übersetzen: Eine Antwort an Brian HarrisHans P. KringsReview ArticleTranslation Theory Revisited111 Raymond van den BroeckReviews 121 Reiner Arntz and Gisela Thome, eds. Übersetzungswissenschaft.Ergebnisse und Perspektiven: Festschrift für Wolfram Wilss zum 65.GeburtstagReviewed by Dirk DelabastitaBasil Hatim and Ian Mason. Discourse and the TranslatorReviewed by Nils Erik EnkvistWolfgang Lörscher. Translation Performance, Translation Process,and Translation StrategiesReviewed by Donald C. KiralyArmin Paul Frank, Hrsg. Die literarische Übersetzung. Der langeSchatten kurzer Geschichten: Amerikanische Kurzprosa in deutschenÜbersetzungenReviewed by Jörn Albrecht and Johannes VolmertPeter Braun, Burkhard Schaeder and Johannes Volmert, eds. Internationalismen: Studien zur interlingualen Lexikologie undLexikographieReviewed by Frank PeetersNew Books at a Glance 139 Jerzy Tomaszczyk and Barbara Lwandowska-Tomaszczyk, eds.Meaning and LexicographyR.R.K. HartmannEija Ventola and Anna Mauranen. Tutkijat ja englanniksikirjoittaminenNils Erik EnkvistMaría Antonia Álvarez Calleja. Estudios de traducción(Inglés-Español): Teoría. Práctica. ApplicationesIlse LogieHenri Van Hoof. Histoire de la traduction en Occident: France,Grande-Bretagne, Allemagne, Russie, Pays-BasLieven D’hulstTarget 4:2（1992）ArticlesGood-bye, Lingua Teutonica? Language, Culture and Science in145 Europe on the Threshold of the 21st CenturyRoland PosnerThe Relations Between Translation and Material Text Transfer171 Anthony Pym191 Translation Policy and Literary/Cultural Changes in Early ModernKorea (1895-1921)Theresa Hyun209 On Two Style Markers of Modern Arabic-Hebrew Prose TranslationsLea Sarig223 The Cloze Technique as a Pedagogical Tool for the Training ofTranslators and InterpretersSylvie LambertReview ArticleA Theoretical Account of Translation: Without Translation Theory?237 Sonja Tirkkonen-ConditReviews 247 J.A. Henderson. Personality and the Linguist: A Comparison of thePersonality Profiles of Professional Translators and ConferenceInterpretersReviewed by Gideon TourySonja Tirkkonen-Condit, ed. Empirical Research in Translation andIntercultural Studies: Selected Papers of the TRANSIF Seminar,Savonlinna 1988Reviewed by Daniel GileAnnie Brisset. Sociocritique de la traduction: Théâtre et altérité auQuébec (1968-1988)Reviewed by Clem RobynsWilliam Luis and Julio Rodríguez-Luis, eds. Translating LatinAmerica: Culture as TextReviewed by Nadia LieNew Books at a Glance 261 Dan Maxwell and Klaus Schubert, eds. Metataxis in Practice:Dependency Syntax for Multilingual Machine TranslationJan DingsPatrice Pavis. Theatre at the Crossroads of Culture261 Sirkku AaltonenTarget 5:1（1993）ArticlesFrom ‗Is‘ to ‗Ought‘: Laws, Norms and Strategies in T ranslation1 StudiesAndrew ChestermanIs There a Special Kind of ―Reading‖ for Translation? An Empirical21 Investigation of Reading in the Translation ProcessGregory M. Shreve, Christina Schäffner,Joseph H. Danks and Jennifer GriffinArab Fatalism and Translation from Arabic into English43 Mohammed Farghal55 Rhetoric and Dutch Translation Theory (1750–1820)Luc Korpel71 Mixed Translation Patterns: The Ladino Translation of Biblical andMishnaic Hebrew VerbsOra (Rodrigue) SchwarzwaldReview Article89 Anthologies et HistoriographeJoséLambertReviews 97 Daniel Gouadec. Le traducteur, la traduction et l'entrepriseReviewed by JoséLambertSusan Bassnett-McGuire. Translation Studies (Revised Edition)Reviewed by John S. DixonGabriele Harhoff. Grenzen der Skopostheorie von Translation undihrer praktischen AnwendbarkeitReviewed by Christiane NordChristian Schmitt, Hrsg. Neue Methoden der SprachmittlungReviewed by Paul KussmaulBarbara Folkart. Le conflit des énonciations: traduction et discoursrapportéReviewed by Reine MaylaertsJelle Stegeman. Übersetzung und Leser: Übersetzung und LeserUntersuchungen zur Übersetzungsäquivalenz dargestellt an derRezeption von Multatulis ‗Max Havelaar‘ und seinen deutschenÜbersetzungenReviewed by Cees KosterSandor Hervey Ian Higgins. Thinking Translation. A Course inTranslation method: French to EnglishReviewed by Hans G. HönigMildred L. Larson, ed. Translation: Theory and Practice. Tension and InterdependenceReviewed by Anthony PymNew Books at a Glance 127 Kitty M. van Leuven Zwart Ton Naaijkens, eds. Translation Studies:The State of the Art. Proceedings of the First James S HolmesSymposium on Translation StudiesMichael SchreiberRainer Schulte John Biguenet, eds. Theories of Translation: AnAnthology of Essays from Dryden to DerridaLieven D’hulstIsabel Pascua Febles and Ana Luisa Peñate Soares. Introducción a losestudios de traducciónAnthony PymTarget 5:2（1993）Articles133 Underpinning Translation TheoryKirsten MalmkjærThe Distinctive Nature of Interpreting Studies149 Heidemarie Salevsky169 The Question of French Dubbing: Towards a Frame for SystematicInvestigationOlivier Goris191 The Grimm Tales in 19th Century DenmarkCay Dollerup215 Das Ende deutscher Romanübersetzungen aus zweiter HandWilhelm GraeberReview ArticleDiscourses on Translation: Recent, Less Recent, and to Come229 AndréLefevereReviews 243 Cay Dollerup and Anne Loddegaard, eds. Teaching Translation andInterpreting: Training, Talent and ExperienceReviewed by Rachel WeissbrodPeter Newmark: About TranslationReviewed by Christina SchäffnerLance Hewson and Jacky Martin. Redefining Translation: TheVariational ApproachReviewed by Michel BallardMarianne Lederer, éd.Études traductologiques en hommage à DanicaSéleskovitchReviewed by Annie BrissetJohn Laffling. Towards High-Precision Machine Translation : Basedon Contrastive TextologyReviewed by Anne-Marie Loffler-LaurianMichel Ballard. De Cicéron à Benjamin: Traducteurs, traductions,réflexionsReviewed by Jean DelisleMats Larsson Från tjeckiska till svenska: Översättningsstrategier förlitterärt talspråkReviewed by Werner KollerJames Hardin, ed. Translation and Translation Theory inSeventeenth-Century GermanyReviewed by Frederick M. RenerNew Books at a Glance 273 Werner Koller. Einführung in die Übersetzungswissenschaft, 4.,Völlig neu bearbeitete AuflageWolfram WilssBrigitte Schultze, Erika Fischer-Lichte, Fritz Paul and Horst Turk,eds.Literatur und Theater. Traditionen und Konventionen als Problem derDramen übersetzungFrank PeetersPhilip C. Stine, ed. Bible Translation and the Spread of the Church:The Last 200 YearsTheo HermansRosa Rabadán. Equivalencia y traducción: Problemática de laequivalencia translémica inglés-españolIlse LogieTarget 6:1（1994）ArticlesSemantic Models and Translating 1Paul KussmaulDid Adapa Indeed Lose His Chance for Eternal Life? A Rationale for15 Translating Ancient Texts into a Modern LanguageShlomo Izre'el43 Twelfth-Century Toledo and Strategies of the Literalist Trojan HorseAnthony PymForum67 Übersetzung * Translation * Traduction: An InternationalEncyclopedia of Translation StudiesReview Article81 Ideological Purity: Machine Translation's Pride or Pitfall?John LafflingReviews 95 Anthony Pym. Translation and Text Transfer: An Essay on thePrinciples of Intercultural CommunicationReviewed by Andrew ChestermanMarcel Thelen and Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, eds.Translation and Meaning: Proceedings of the 1990 Maastricht-ŁódźDuo Colloquium I-IIReviewed by Franz PöchhackerHeidemarie Salevsky, Hrsg. Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen derSprachmittlungReviewed by Andreas PoltermannRadegundis Stolze. Hermeneutisches Übersetzen: LinguistischeKategorien des Verstehens und Formulierens beim ÜbersetzenReviewed by Frank G. KönigsRita Copeland. Rhetoric, Hermeneutics and Translation in the MiddleAges: Academic Traditions and Vernacular TextsReviewed by Douglas A. KibbeeCarmela Nocera Avila. Studi sulla traduzione nell'Inghilterra delSeicento e del SettecentoReviewed by Holger KleinChristiane Nord. Einführung in das funktionale Übersetzen: AmBeispiel von Titeln und ÜberschriftenReviewed by Katharina ReissPatrick De Rynck et Andries Welkenhuysen. De Oudheid in hetNederlands: Repertorium en bibliografische gidsReviewed by Arnoud WilsNew Books at a Glance 121 Cecilia Wadensjö. Interpreting as Interaction: OnDialogue-interpreting in Immigration Hearings and MedicalEncountersRuth MorrisCees W. Schoneveld, ed. ‗t Word grooter plas: maar niet zo ‗t was.Nederlandse beschouwingen over vertalen (1670-1760)Patrick De RynckChristiane Beerbom. Modalpartikeln als Übersetzungsproblem: Einekontrastive Studie zum Sprachenpaar Deutsch-SpanischReiner ArntzOther Books Received 127Target 6:2（1994）ArticlesA Framework for Decision-Making in Translation131 Wolfram WilssTranslation Studies in China: Retrospect and Prospect151 Fan ShouyiTranslating Allusions: When Minimum Change Is Not Enough177 Ritva Leppihalme195 Translating Literary Dialogue: A Problem and Its Implications forTranslation into HebrewRina Ben-ShaharReview Article223 Focus on the Pun: Wordplay as a Special Problem in TranslationStudiesDirk DelabastitaReviews 245 Wolfram Wilss. Übersetzungsfertigkeit: Annäherungen an einenkomplexen übersetzungspraktischen BegriffReviewed by John LafflingJean Delisle. La traduction raisonnéeReviewed by Robert LaroseJusta Holz-Mänttäri und Christiane Nord, Hrsg. TRADUCERENAVEM: Festschrift für Katharina Reiβ zum 70. GeburtstagReviewed by Luise Lieflander-KoistinenJohn Newton, ed. Computers in Translation: A Practical AppraisalReviewed by Frank Van EyndeAndré Lefevere, ed. Translation/History/Culture: A SourcebookReviewed by Luc KorpelLuc G. Korpel. Over het nut en de wijze der vertalingen: Nederlandse vertaalreflectie (1750-1820) in een Westeuropees kaderReviewed by Patrick De RynckNew Books at a Glance265 Tejaswini Niranjana. Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralismand the Colonial ContextGurbhagat SinghWilliam A. Smalley.Translation as Mission: Bible Translation in theModern Missionary MovementAnneke de VriesMichael Hann. The Key to Technical Translation, 1-2Bruce W. Irwin and Erhard EydamClem Robyns, ed. Translation and the (Re)production of Culture:Selected Papers of the CERA Research Seminars in TranslationStudies 1989-1991John S. DixonOther Books Received 273Target 7:1（1995）Mirror Mirror on the Wall: An Introduction1 Daniel GilleArticles7 Stranger in Paradigms: What Lies Ahead for SimultaneousInterpreting Research?Miriam ShlesingerInterpreting Research and the ‗Manipulation School‘ of Translation29 StudiesAnne Schjoldager―Those Who Do…‖: A Profile of Research(ers) in Interpreting47 Franz PöchhackerUne approche asymptotique de la recherche sur l‘interprétation65 Birgit StrolzLa recherche en interprétation dans les pays d‘Europe de l‘Est: un e75 perspective personnelleIvana Čeňková91 Interpretation Research in JapanMasaomi Kondo and Akira Mizuno107 Development of Research Work at SSLM, Trieste (Italy)Laura Gran and Maurizio ViezziA Review of Conference Interpretation: Practice and Training119 Jennifer MackintoshOn The Relevance of Signed Languages to Research in Interpretation135 William P. IshamFidelity Assessment in Consecutive Interpretation: An Experiment151 Daniel Gille165 Interdisciplinary Research — Difficulties and BenefitsIngrid KurzReviews181 Sylvie Lambert and Barbara Moser-Mercer, eds. Bridging the Gap:Emperical Research in Simultaneous InterpretationFranz Pöchhacker181 Franz Pöchhacker. Simultandolmetschen als komplexes HandelnDaniel GilleOther Books Received 189Target 7:2（1995）Articles191 The Concept of Equivalence and the Object of Translation StudiesWerner KollerCorpora in Translation Studies: An Overview and Suggestions for223 Future ResearchMona Baker245 Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Corpus Selection inTranslation StudiesLuc van Doorslaer261 Text-Functions in Translation: Titles and Headings as a Case in PointChristiane Nord285 Headlining in Translation: English vs. Greek PressMaria SidiropoulouA Pragmatic Classification of LSP Texts in Science and Technology305 Susanne Göpferich327 Retranslation of Children's Books as Evidence of Changes of NormsMyriam Du-NourForumIntuition in Translation347 Vilen N. KomissarovReviews 355Dinda L. Gorlée. Semiotics and the Problem of TranslationReviewed by Elda WeizmanYves Gambier Jorma Tommola, eds. Translation and Knowledge:SSOTT IV — Scandinavian Symposium on Translation Theory (Turku,4–6.6.1992)Reviewed by Kirsten MalmkjærMary Snell-Hornby, Franz Pöchhacker and Klaus Kaindl, eds.Translation Studies: An InterdisciplineReviewed by Anthony PymRomy Heylen .Translation, Poetics, and the StageReviewed by Sirkku AaltonenCandace Whitman-Linsen. Through the Dubbing Glass: TheSynchronization of American Motion Pictures into German, Frenchand SpanishReviewed by Aline RemaelThomas O. Beebee. Clarissa on the Continent: Translation andSeductionReviewed by Wilhelm GraeberHelga Essmann. Übersetzungsanthologien: Eine Typologie und eine Untersuchung am Beispiel der amerikanischen Versdichtung indeutsch-sprachigen Anthologien, 1920–1960Reviewed by Hannah Amit-KochaviHans J. Vermeer. Skizzen zu einer Geschichte der Translation, Bd:1:Anfäange:von Mesopotamien bis GriechenlandRom und das frühe Christentum bis HieronymusReviewed by Heidemarie SalevskyKitty M. van Leuven-Zwart. Vertaalwetenschap: Ontwikkelingen en perspectievenReviewed by Theo HermansNew Books at a Glance 389 André Lefevere. Translation, Rewriting & the Manipulation ofLiterary FameHannah Amit-KochaviChristine Pagnoulle, éd. Les gens du passageMichel BallardPalma Zlateva Translation as Social Action: Russian and BulgarianPerspectivesAnikóSohárSiegfried Meurer, Hrsg. Die vergessenen Schwestern: FrauengerechteSprache in der BibelübersetzungAnneke de VriesTarget 8:1（1996）Articles1 There Is Always a Teller in a TaleGiuliana SchiaviThe Translator‘s Voice in Translated Narrative23 Theo Hermans49 Directionality in Translation Processes and PracticesSophia S.A. Marmaridou75 Some Thoughts About Think-Aloud ProtocolsCandace SéguinotThe Translation of English Passives into Arabic: An Empirical97 PerspectiveMohammed Farghal and Mohammed O. Al-Shorafat119 Translations, Paratextual Mediation, and Ideological ClosureUrpo KovalaForum149 A Case for Linguistics in Translation TheoryVladimir IvirOn Similarity159 Andrew ChestermanReview Article165 Venuti's VisibilityAnthony PymReviews 179 Elżbieta Tabakowska. Cognitive Linguistics and Poetics ofTranslationReviewed by Vladimir IvirMichel Ballard, dir. La traduction à l‘université: Recherches etpropositions didactiquesReviewed by Robert LaroseHeidrun Gerzymisch-Arbogast. ÜbersetzungswissenschaftlichesPropädeutikumReviewed by Hans G. HönigJuan C. Sager. Language Engineering and Translation: Consequencesof AutomationReviewed by Christina SchäffnerGideon Toury. Descriptive Translation Studies and beyondReviewed by Andrew ChestermanSherry Simon. Le Trafic des langues: Traduction et culture dans lalittérature québécoiseReviewed by Reine MeylaertsRadegundis Stolze. Übersetzungstheorien: Eine EinführungReviewed by Nelleke de Jong-van den BergTarget 8:2（1996）ArticlesLanguage, Translation and the Promotion of National Identity: Two211 Test CasesJudith Woodsworth239 Implicit Information in Literary Translation: A Relevance-TheoreticPerspectiveErnst-August Gutt257 Affective and Attitudinal Factors in Translation ProcessesJohanna LaukkanenA Translator' Reference Needs: Dictionaries or Parallel Texts?275 Ian A. Williams301 Translation of Modifications: About Information, Intention and EffectChunshen ZhuTowards a Model of Translation Proficiency325 Deborah CaoWhat Translators of Plays Think About Their Work341 Marja JänisForum365 Assumed Translation: Continuing the DiscussionVilen N. KomissarovReviews 375 Daniel Gile. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter andTranslator TrainingReviewed by Donald C. Kiraly and David B. SawyerJeanne Dancette. Parcours de traduction: étude expérimentale duprocessus de compréhensionReviewed by Wolfgang LörscherGeorges Mounin. Les Belles InfidèlesReviewed by Yves GambierPaul Kussmaul. Training the TranslatorReviewed by Jeanne DancetteHans G. Hönig Konstruktives ÜbersetzenReviewed by Luc van DoorslaerAntoine Berman. Pour une critique des traductions: John DonneReviewed by Reine MeylaertsNew Books at a Glance 395 Deanna L. Hammond, ed. Professional Issues for Translators andInterpretersPeter JansenMichael Schreiber. Übersetzung und Bearbeitung: ZurDifferenzierung und Abgrenzung des ÜbersetzungsbegriffsJuliane HouseAnneke de Vries. Zuiver en onvervalscht?: Een beschrijving voor bijbelvertalingen, ontwikkeld en gedemonstreerd aan de PetrusCanisius VertalingPaul GillaertsOther Books Received 403Target 9:1（1997）ARTICLES‗Acceptability‘ and Language-Specific Preference in the Distribution1 of InformationMonika Doherty25 Translating a Poem, from a Linguistic PerspectiveElżbieta Tabakowska43 Translat ing the Untranslatable: The Translator‘s Aesthetic,Ideological and Political ResponsibilityGillian Lane-Mercier69 Who Verbalises What: A Linguistic Analysis of TAP TextsSonja Tirkkonen-ConditCréativité et traduction85 Michel Ballard111 Cultural Agents and Cultural Interference: The Function of J.H.Campe in an Emerging Jewish CultureZohar ShavitLanguage and Translation in an International Business Context:131 Beyond an Instrumental ApproachChris Steyaert and Maddy JanssensFORUM。

Gerber简介Gerber Format 是电子业之间通用的数据格式，而它是被用于设计完成与上线制造PCB的中间媒介，它主要由坐标和D码组成，坐标控制图形的为止及长度，而D码则控制图形的大小和形状！其他的一些光绘指令控制画线还是画焊盘。

在Gerber的反展过程中又出现了RS-274-D和RS-274-X的格式，这两种格式的认识对CAM处理有着至关重要的作用。

下面我详细的介绍一下：1、RS-274-D格式它是早期的Gerber格式，包含坐标文件及D码两部分，下面简单的举例说明坐标的内容和结构:G90*G70*G54D10*G01X0Y0D02*X450Y330D01*X455Y300D03*G54D11*Y250D03*Y200D03*Y150D03*M02*星号（*）是命令的结束符。

这在有些软件和教材中被称为块（Block），大多数机器和软件只是按块处理Gerber命令，而不理会行。

这里可以看出不同命令的相同之处：使用G、D、M等命令和Ｘ、Ｙ对应的数据。

Gerber 文件介绍数据格式D码（D-CODE）D10-D999，说明所光绘图形的大小和形状。

D11 CIRCULAR 40 40 0D12 SQUARE 10 10 0D14 CIRCULAR 12 12 0D15 CIRCULAR 15 15 0D16 SQUARE 20 20 0D17 CIRCULAR 20 20 0G90/G91绝对／相对坐标G70/G71 英寸/毫米G04：注解命令大多数的光绘机都会忽略G04后面的内容G01：画直线命令? D01、D02、D03 画线和画点命令D01 (D1): 打开快门，同时移动桌面到对应的X-Y坐标。

D02 (D2): 关闭快门，同时移动桌面到对应的X-Y坐标。

D03 (D3): 打开快门，同时移动桌面到对应的X-Y坐标。

然后快速地打开、关闭快门，这样就形成一个曝光点。

X,Y 坐标数据，省略小数点的规则：如果Gerber文件是英制2-3，那么您就能清楚地知道00560表示0.56Inch(00.560),00320是0.32Inch(00.320) D码形状列表：Round Circular 圆形Square方型 Rectangle矩型Target靶型 Thermal散热盘 Donut环型Octagon八角型 Oblong椭圆型 Custom自定义Polygon轮廓线（多边形）2、RS-274-X格式GERBER格式是EIA 标准RS-274D的升级版本，它同样包含GERBER文件及D码两部分，一些但是它不像2740-D格式把坐标文件和D码文件分开放置，274-X格式把D码文件和坐标文件整合到一个文件中去了！并且添加了文件的其他参数在其中，增强了处理多边形填充，正负图组合和自定义D码及其它功能。

Package‘rdnb’October14,2022Type PackageTitle R Interface to the'Deutsche Nationalbibliothek(German NationalLibrary)API'Version0.1-5Date2022-05-12Author Christian Graul[aut,cre]Maintainer Christian Graul<*************************>Description A wrapper for the'Deutsche Nationalbibliothek(German NationalLibrary)API',available at<https://www.dnb.de/EN/Home/home_node.html>.The German National Library is the German central archival library,collecting,archiving,bibliographically classifying all German andGerman-language publications,foreign publications about Germany,translations of German works,and the works of German-speaking emigrantspublished abroad between1933and1945.URL https:///chgrl/rdnbBugReports https:///chgrl/rdnb/issuesLicense MIT+file LICENSEVignetteBuilder knitrNeedsCompilation noImports brew,grDevices,httr,methods,utils,stats,stringr,xml2Suggests knitr,markdownRoxygenNote7.1.2Repository CRANDate/Publication2022-05-1221:00:02UTCR topics documented:changes (2)dnb_advanced (2)dnb_search (4)1n_rec (6)print_query (6)rdnb (7)Index8 changes View changes notes.Descriptionchanges brings up the NEWSfile of the package.Usagechanges(pkg="rdnb")Argumentspkg Set to the default"rdnb".Other packages make no sense.Examples##Not run:changes()##End(Not run)dnb_advanced Search the DNB catalogue-advanced searchDescriptiondnb_search exposes a search in the DNB catalogue,expressed in the DNB query language. Usagednb_advanced(query,limit=10,clean=TRUE,print=FALSE)Argumentsquery the search query,expressed in the DNB query language;single string value.limit number and(optional)starting point of results returned;single integer value (number of results),vector of two integer values(number of results andfirstresult,>=1)or"all"for a complete list of results.clean if TRUE(the default),the results are cleaned(see below for details).print if TRUE the search results are printed(default is FALSE).DetailsCleaning of resultsTo harmonise the results,some clutter is deleted and abbreviations frequently used in the dnb cata-logue are replaced by full words.Here is a list of all replacements:Variable Searched Replaced bycomplete dataset\u0098[deleted]complete dataset\u009c[deleted]complete dataset…,complete dataset...complete dataset;;;year[string][numeric]pages S.[deleted]pages Seiten[deleted]pages[[deleted]pages][deleted]publisher Verl.Verlagpublisher verl.verlagpublisher[[deleted]publisher][deleted]edition Aufl.Auflageedition aufl.auflageedition Orig.Originaledition Ed.Editionedition ed.editionedition Ausg.Ausgabeedition ausg.ausgabeedition Nachdr.Nachdruckedition Bibliogr.Bibliografieedition[[deleted]edition][deleted]edition[x].,[x].price kart.Kartoniertprice Gb.Gebundenprice Spiralb.Spiralbindungprice Pb.PaperbackValueA data.frame of results with metadata.Examples##Not run:#german books titled with cat (male or female),#excluding titles containing dogs,since the year2001cats<-dnb_advanced("(tit=katze OR tit=kater NOT tit=hund)AND jhr>2000AND mat=books AND spr=ger") ##End(Not run)dnb_search Search the DNB catalogue-simple searchDescriptiondnb_search exposes a search in the DNB catalogue.Usagednb_search(title,author,year,publisher,keyword,type,language,limit=10,clean=TRUE,print=FALSE)Argumentstitle the title(including subtitle,short title,volume title,etc.);optional single stringvalue or vector of strings.author the author(s);optional single string value or vector of strings.year the year of publishing;optional single integer value or vector of integers.publisher the publisher(publisher name and/or location);optional single string value orvector of strings.keyword one or a set of keywords describing the work(subjects,persons,locations,or-ganisations,etc.);optional single string value or vector of strings.type the type of publication(optional),one or a vector of articles,manuscript,biographicaldoc,letters,bequest,collections,books,brailles,maps,discs,dissertations,online,films,microfiches,multimedia,music,scores,serials,persons,subjects,corperations,works,events,geographics.language the language of the work by ISO639-2/B code(https:///wiki/List_of_ISO_639-2_codes);single string value or vector of strings.limit number and(optional)starting point of results returned;single integer value(number of results),vector of two integer values(number of results andfirstresult,>=1)or"all"for a complete list of results.clean if TRUE(the default),the results are cleaned(see dnb_advanced for details).print if TRUE the search results are printed(default is FALSE).Detailsto doValueA list of results with metadata.Examples##Not run:#title searchsingle.title<-dnb_search(title="katze")multi.title<-dnb_search(title=c("katze","kater","+maus","-hund"))#author searchsingle.author<-dnb_search(author="kern")author.or.author<-dnb_search(author=c("kern","locke"))author.and.author<-dnb_search(author=c("kern","+locke"))author.not.author<-dnb_search(author=c("kern","-locke"))#publication yearsingle.year<-dnb_search(title="katze",year=2015)sequence.of.years<-dnb_search(title="katze",year=2010:2015)set.of.years<-dnb_search(title="katze",year=c(2010:2013,2015))#publisher searchsingle.publisher<-dnb_search(title="katze",publisher="kiepenheuer")set.of.publishers<-dnb_search(title="katze",publisher=c("kiepenheuer","piper"))#keyword searchsingle.keyword<-dnb_search(author="kern")keyword.or.keyword<-dnb_search(keyword=c("katze","hund"))keyword.and.keyword<-dnb_search(keyword=c("katze","+hund"))keyword.not.keyword<-dnb_search(keyword=c("katze","-hund"))#type searchsingle.type<-dnb_search(title="katze",type="books")set.of.types<-dnb_search(title="katze",type=c("books","articles","online"))#language searchnguage<-dnb_search(title="cat",language="eng")nguages<-dnb_search(title=c("cat","katze"),language=c("eng","ger")) #change limit of resultsfirst.result<-dnb_search(title="katze",limit=1)5.results.starting.with.the.21st<-dnb_search(title="katze",limit=c(5,21))all.results<-dnb_search(title="katze",limit="all")##End(Not run)6print_query n_rec Number of recordsDescriptionn_rec returns the number of items in a list of records returned by a DNB-search.Usagen_rec(dnb_obj)Argumentsdnb_obj the DNB-search object returned dnb_search or dnb_advanced.ValueNumber of records found.Examples##Not run:dnb.srch<-dnb_search(title="katze")n_rec(dnb.srch)##End(Not run)print_query Print search queryDescriptionprint_query prints out the query used for a DNB-search request.Usageprint_query(dnb_obj)Argumentsdnb_obj the DNB-serch object returned by dnb_search or dnb_advanced.ValueQuery string.rdnb7Examples##Not run:dnb.srch<-dnb_search(title="katze")print_query(dnb.srch)##End(Not run)rdnb R Interface to the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek(German National Li-brary)APIDescriptionA wrapper for the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek(German National Library)API,available at https://www.dnb.de/EN/Home/home_node.html.The German National Library is the German cen-tral archival library,collecting,archiving,bibliographically classifying all German and German-language publications,foreign publications about Germany,translations of German works,and the works of German-speaking emigrants published abroad between1933and1945.DetailsAll bibliographic data of the German National Library are provided free of charge and can be freely re-used under"Creative Commons Zero"(CC01.0)terms.The metadata and online interfaces are provided with no guarantee of their being continuous,punctual,error-free or complete,or of their not infringing the rights of third parties(e.g.personal rights and copyright).ReferencesAbout the DNB:https://www.dnb.de/EN/Ueber-uns/ueberUns_node.html;about the inter-face:https://www.dnb.de/EN/Professionell/Metadatendienste/Datenbezug/SRU/sru_node.htmlIndexchanges,2dnb_advanced,2,4,6dnb_search,4,6n_rec,6print_query,6rdnb,7rdnb-package(rdnb),78。

You might find this additional info useful...195 articles, 48 of which you can access for free at:This article cites /content/301/2/R297.full#ref-list-1 5 other HighWire-hosted articles: This article has been cited by/content/301/2/R297#cited-by including high resolution figures, can be found at:Updated information and services /content/301/2/R297.full can be found at:and Comparative Physiology American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrativeabout Additional material and information /publications/ajpregu This information is current as of April 17, 2013.Copyright © 2011 the American Physiological Society. ISSN: 0363-6119, ESSN: 1522-1490. Visit our website at 12 times a year (monthly) by the American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20814-3991. levels of biological organization, ranging from molecules to humans, including clinical investigations. It is published investigations that illuminate normal or abnormal regulation and integration of physiological mechanisms at all publishes original American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology by guest on April 17, 2013/Downloaded fromThe therapeutic potential of hydrogen sulfide:separating hype from hopeKenneth R.OlsonIndiana University School of Medicine-South Bend,South Bend,IndianaSubmitted 21January 2011;accepted in final form 28April 2011Olson KR.The therapeutic potential of hydrogen sulfide:separating hype fromhope.Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301:R297–R312,2011.Firstpublished May 4,2011;doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00045.2011.—Hydrogen sulfide(H 2S)has become the hot new signaling molecule that seemingly affects all organsystems and biological processes in which it has been investigated.It has also beenshown to have both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory actions and proapop-totic and anti-apoptotic effects and has even been reported to induce a hypometa-bolic state (suspended animation)in a few vertebrates.The exuberance overpotential clinical applications of natural and synthetic H 2S-“donating”compoundsis understandable and a number of these function-targeted drugs have beendeveloped and show clinical promise.However,the concentration of H 2S in tissuesand blood,as well as the intrinsic factors that affect these levels,has not beenresolved,and it is imperative to address these points to distinguish between thephysiological,pharmacological,and toxicological effects of this molecule.Thisreview will provide an overview of H 2S metabolism,a summary of many of itsreported “physiological”actions,and it will discuss the recent development of anumber of H 2S-donating drugs that show clinical potential.It will also examinesome of the misconceptions of H 2S chemistry that have appeared in the literatureand attempt to realign the definition of “physiological”H 2S concentrations uponwhich much of this exuberance has been established.hydrogen sulfide-donating drugs;vasoactivity;ischemia reperfusion injury;sulfurcycle;gasotransmitterTHE INITIAL DISCOVERY by Hideo Kimura’s group that hydrogen sulfide (H 2S)1was a biologically relevant signaling molecule(reviewed in Ref.74)has heightened interest in the physiology and pharmacology of gaseous mediators.Unlike the first gas-eous signaling molecule,nitric oxide (NO),whose introduction was met with initial skepticism,H 2S has more or less been enthusiastically embraced by the scientific community,and there has been considerable effort to expeditiously imbue this obnoxious smelling gas into medical applications.This wave of exuberance has reheightened interest in the dietary sources of H 2S,and it has spawned the development of a number ofH 2S-“donating”drugs,many of which are in various stages ofclinical trials.However,it is becoming increasingly evident that there is still much to be learned about the basic properties of H 2S measurement,metabolism,and signaling mechanisms.This review will provide an overview of the effects of H 2S on physiological systems,summarize the new H 2S-donating drugs that are showing clinical potential,and take a critical look at the some of the remaining uncertainties surrounding H 2S chemistry and tissue concentrations.Hydrogen Sulfide as a Toxic GasThe toxic effects of H 2S have been known for centuries,and it remains second only to carbon monoxide as the most com-mon cause of gas-related fatalities in the workplace (46,190).H 2S has even gained notoriety in a recent spate of 220suicide cases in less than 3mo in Japan (107).Less is known of the effects of low-level ambient H 2S that are often associated with sewage plants,waste lagoons,natural gas/oil wells,and oil refineries,as well as a variety of other industrial applications.Recent studies on residents of Southeastern New Mexicoexposed to these environments have shown positive correla-tions with H 2S exposure and impaired neurobehavioral func-tions compared with controls (73).This suggests that even “therapeutic”use of H 2S is not without potential hazards.Thresholds for the major effects of H 2S exposure are shown inTable 1.The inhibitory effects of H 2S on mitochondrial cyto-chrome-c oxidase have been well characterized and this is generally assumed to be the focus of H 2S toxicity (34).How-ever,the clinical presentation of poisoning by H 2S and cya-nide,another well-known inhibitor of oxidative phosphoryla-tion that also inhibits cytochrome-c oxidase,are so distinct asto suggest different modes of toxicity (46).Another ratherunusual feature of H 2S toxicity is an extremely steep dose-effect response.Early studies in dogs (47)and other mammals (38,25),and more recent anecdotal information from human cases (46)have shown that H 2S toxicity is closely correlated with H 2S concentration and considerably less dependent upon the duration of exposure.This suggests that animals can 1Unless otherwise noted,H 2S refers to the sum of dissolved H 2S gas andHS Ϫ,often referred to as “sulfide”.At physiological pH,S 2Ϫis assumed to benegligible.Address for reprint requests and other correspondence:K.R.Olson,Indiana Univ.School of Medicine-South Bend,1234Notre Dame Ave.,South Bend,IN 46617(e-mail:kolson.1@).Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301:R297–R312,2011.First published May 4,2011;doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00045.2011.Review by guest on April 17, 2013/Downloaded fromrapidly metabolize H 2S up to a critical level and,as a corollary,this efficient metabolic capacity should keep free H 2S at very low levels.These studies should,but have not often,raisedquestions regarding “physiological”concentrations of H 2S intissues and blood.This point is discussed in detail in a later section.Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis and Metabolism Biosynthesis.Much of the metabolism of sulfides,including H 2S,passes through cysteine (Cys)metabolism (Fig.1).Cys-teine can be oxidized to cysteinesulfinate (Csa),or it can be desulfurated by reducing reactions that generate either H 2S or sulfane sulfur (a persulfide;149).In the oxidative—and gen-erally assumed catabolic—pathway for cysteine,cysteine di-oxygenase (CDO)catalyzes the addition of molecular oxygen to cysteine producing Csa,which may be further oxidized to sulfite or taurine (149).As perhaps a general indication of a broad-spectrum of sulfur-mediated effects on biological sys-tems,both Csa and its metabolites have themselves beenshown to affect a variety of physiological processes (68,100).CDO is found in liver,adipose,intestine,pancreas,and kidney.Because activity of CDO is highly regulated by dietary cys-teine,CDO is a regulator,if not the primary one,of cysteineavailability in vivo.By oxidizing excess and presumably toxiccysteine,CDO provides a constant and low-level background of cysteine for H 2S and sulfane sulfur biosynthesis.This may be important in preventing excessive H 2S production (33).H 2S can be produced from cysteine via a variety of biochem-ical pathways.Early studies indicated that cystathionine ␤-syn-thase (CBS)was the predominant enzymatic pathway for H 2S production in the brain,whereas cystathionine ␥-lyase (CSE,also known as CGL)was responsible for H 2S production inthe Fig.1.Potential pathways for H 2S production and metabolism.Inset shows potential H 2S production from carbonyl sulfide.CA,carbonic anhydrase;CAT,cysteine aminotransferase;CBS,cystathionine ␤-synthase;CDO,cysteine dioxygenase;CLY,cysteine lyase;CSD,cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase;CSE,cystathionine ␥-ligase;MST,3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase;R-SH,thiol.[Modified from Julian et al.(65),Kabil et al.(66),Singh et al.(143),and Stipanuk and Ueki (149).]Table 1.The effects of H 2S exposureAmbient H 2S,ppm Equivalent Total Plasma Sulfide,␮M a Effects0.01–0.30.003–0.1Threshold for detection1–30.3–1offensive odor,headaches10 3.38-h occupational exposure limit in Alberta,Canada15 4.915-min exposure limit in Alberta,Canada20–50 6.5–16.2eye and lung irritation10032.5olfactory paralysis250–50081.1–162.3pulmonary edema500162.3sudden unconsciousness (“knockdown”),death within 4to 8h 1000324.5immediate collapse,breathing ceases within several breaths All except “Equivalent Total Plasma Sulfide”column modified from Guidotti (46).a Equivalent plasma sulfide calculated after Whitfield et al.(186,supplemental information),assuming H 2S equilibrates across the alveolar membranes (169),Henry’s Law constant for H 2S at 37°C,140mM NaCl is 0.0649M·atm Ϫ1(27),and 20%of total sulfide exists as H 2S gas (115).ReviewR298THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF H 2Sby guest on April 17, 2013/Downloaded fromvasculature (75).Recent studies have shown that CBS is present in the endothelium and two enzymes acting in tandem,cysteine aminotransferase (CAT)and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtrans-ferase (MST),are also present in vascular endothelium and brain,whereas MST,but not CAT,is found in vascular smooth muscle(75,119).CAT transfers the amine group from cysteine to an acceptor,such as ␣-ketoglutarate,resulting in 3mercaptopyru-vate,which is then desulfurated by MST.In addition to H 2S,reduced sulfur in the form of sulfane sulfur can also be generated and,in fact,sulfane sulfur appears to be the only product of the CAT-MST pathway (66).Kimura’s group found relatively high levels of CAT-MST in the brain,and they proposed that this is a major pathway for H 2S production in the brain,but they alsosuggested that the H 2S is immediately “stored”as sulfane sulfur,the latter serving as a less labile form of H 2S that may be readilyaccessible during appropriate physiological conditions (60,141).However,reducing conditions and an alkaline environment are necessary for cleavage of this RS-S bond to form H 2S and becausethese conditions may not be routinely encountered intracellularly,the significance of the CAT/MST pathway in H 2S synthesisremains questionable.Both CBS and CSE have recently been shown to circulate in human plasma and to generate H 2S fromcysteine or homocysteine plus cysteine (13).This generation of H 2S has been proposed not only to reduce circulating homocysteine,but also to protect the endothelium from oxidative stress (12).Both CBS and CSE are cytosolic,pyridoxyl-5=-phosphate-dependent,enzymes.CBS activity appears to be controlled by a number of factors.S -adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)is an alloste-ric activator of CBS and when AdoMet levels are low,CBS activity decreases to direct sulfur flow through the transmethyla-tion pathway,thereby conserving methionine.Elevated AdoMet increases CBS activity to produce cysteine via the transsulfuration pathway (148).CBS contains a heme group that,when it binds with carbon monoxide (CO),inhibits the enzyme.CBS is also inhibited by reducing conditions,but contrary to a number of earlier reports,neither NO nor calmodulin appears to be physio-logical regulators of CBS activity (8).Using physiologically relevant substrate concentrations and kinetic simulations,Banerjee’s group (cf.23,66,143)con-cluded that 1)H 2S generation from cysteine is primarily catalyzed by CSE,2)H 2S production by CBS is throughcondensation of cysteine and homocysteine and depending onthe level of AdoMet activation,this may account for 25–70%of the H 2S generated under resting conditions,3)H 2S biosyn-thesis can occur independent of cysteine;condensation of twomolecules of homocysteine,catalyzed by CSE,yields homol-anthionine and H 2S,and may account for as much as 30%ofthe total H 2S biosynthesis,4)CSE activity is substantiallyincreased by elevated homocysteine,whereas CBS activity isunaffected.Condensation of two homocysteine molecules,along with the condensation of homocysteine and cysteine,appear to be important clearance pathways in hyperhomocys-teinemia.It has been proposed that during severely elevatedhomocysteine (200␮M),as seen in hyperhomocysteinemia,␣,␥-elimination and ␥-replacement of homocysteine,catalyzed by CSE,may produce excessive amounts of H 2S and thereby contribute to the cardiovascular pathology associated with this condition (23).Commonly used inhibitors of CSE include propargyl glycine (PPG)and ␤-cyanoalanine.Aminooxyacetate (AOA)is com-monly used to inhibit CBS and hydroxylamine to inhibit both enzymes (although a number of studies erroneously claim this is a specific inhibitor of CBS).Unfortunately,none of these inhib-itors are specific for sulfur metabolism and H 2S production;furthermore,they are often poorly absorbed by tissues (153).Other Potential Biosynthetic PathwaysThere are numerous other potential metabolic pathways forH 2S generation that have been described in invertebrates (Fig.1;Ref.65),but these have not been systematically evaluated in mammalian tissues.The resurgent interest in H 2S will undoubt-edly lead to reevaluation of these,heretofore,overlooked biosyn-thetic pathways and identification of novel ones.Indeed,theliterature is replete with studies that show that many of thebiological effects produced by H 2S can also be affected by avariety of other sulfur-donating molecules.One potentially novel pathway that needs to be investigated is H 2S production from carbonyl sulfide (COS;chemical structure:O ϭC ϭS).Like H 2S,COS is a gas that has both natural (volcanoes,hot springs,oils and trees)and man-made (biomass and fossil fuel consumption,wastewater treatment,etc.)origins and it is the most prevalent sulfur gas in the atmosphere (152).COS is the only volatile sulfurthat is increased in exhaled air of patients with cystic fibrosis (69)or of lung transplant patients during the acute rejection phase (150).COS is also exhaled by patients with chronic liver disease (135).COS has been demonstrated to be produced by porcine coronary arteries in vitro,and the rate of COS production is enhanced by stimulating the vessels with ACh or the calcium ionophore,A23187(7).In solution,COS slowly decomposes to H 2S,but this reaction is greatly accelerated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.In fact,CO 2and COS may be the primary substrates of this enzyme (134).Whether or not the biosynthesis of COS is related to H 2S production and subsequent signaling events remains to be determined.Metabolism (Inactivation)Oxidation of H 2S occurs in the mitochondria (53).As shown in Fig.2,two membrane-bound sulfide:quinone oxidoreducta-ses (SQR)oxidize sulfide to the level of elemental sulfur,simultaneously reducing cysteine disulfide,and resultingin Fig.2.Mitochondrial oxidation of H 2S.Two sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR)in the mitochondrial membrane (stippled box)oxidize sulfide to the level of elemental sulfur,simultaneously reducing a cysteine disulfide,andresulting in the formation of a persulfide group at one of the SQR cysteines (SQR-SSH).Sulfur dioxygenase (SDO)then oxidizes one persulfide to sulfite(H 2SO 3),consuming molecular oxygen and water in the process.The second persulfide is transferred from the SQR to sulfite by sulfur transferase (ST)producing thiosulfate (H 2S 2O 3).Electrons from H 2S are fed into the respiratory chain via the quinone pool (Q),and ultimately transferred to oxygen bycytochrome-c oxidase (complex IV).ReviewR299THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF H 2S by guest on April 17, 2013/Downloaded fromformation of persulfide groups at one of the SQR cysteines.Sulfur dioxygenase (SDO)then oxidizes one of the persulfides to sulfite (H 2SO 3),consuming molecular oxygen and water in the process.Sulfur from the second persulfide is transferred from the SQR to sulfite by sulfur transferase producing thio-sulfate (H 2S 2O 3).Most thiosulfate is further metabolized to sulfate by thiosulfate reductase and sulfite oxidase.Electrons from H 2S are fed into the respiratory chain via the quinone pool (Q),and finally transferred to oxygen at complex IV.Oxygen consumption is obligatory during H 2S metabolism,and 1mol of oxygen is consumed for every mol of H 2S oxidized along the electron transport chain (53).Oxidation of H 2S to thiosulfate requires additional oxygen at the level of SDO,resulting in a net utilization of 1.5mol of oxygen per mol of H 2S (or 0.75mol of O 2per mol H 2S;Ref.82).Metabolism of H 2S through SQR appears ubiquitous in tissues,a notable exception being brain (82).It is important to note that sulfide oxidation in the mitochondria appears to take priority over oxidation of other carbon-based substrates,ensuring its effi-cient removal (24).This plus the fact that the capacity of cells to oxidize sulfide appears to be considerably greater than the estimated rate of sulfide production (24)ensures that intracel-lular H 2S concentrations are very low.Interestingly,the statin,atorvastatin,increases H 2S production in perivascular adipose tissue by producing coenzyme Q 9deficiency and thereby inhibiting mitochondrial oxidation (189).The relationship between H 2S and O 2consumption is clas-sical hormesis;at low concentrations,H 2S stimulates oxygen consumption (and may even result in net ATP production),whereas it is inhibited by elevated H 2S.This was originally shown in invertebrates and lower vertebrates and more recently demonstrated in the mammalian colon (45).At higher concen-trations,H 2S inhibits the respiratory chain by directly inhibit-ing cytochrome-c oxidase (24).The exact H 2S concentration at which this occurs is unclear;purified cytochrome-c oxidase is inhibited by Ͻ1␮M H 2S,whereas progressively greater (2or 3orders of magnitude)higher H 2S concentrations are needed to inhibit the enzyme in intact mitochondria and then whole cells.Cytochrome-c oxidase is half maximally inhibited byϳ20␮M H 2S and may not be fully inhibited until H 2S concentrations reach 40–50␮M (6,24).This may reflect diffusion limitation as the enzyme becomes further removed from the exogenously administered H 2S.It also should provide a cautionary note in interpreting studies that routinely employ 100␮M–1mM H 2S to demonstrate a “physiological”effect.The converse,i.e.,the effect of O 2on H 2S consumption,is discussed in H 2S and oxygen sensing .H 2S Biology Interest in H 2S biology has spawned nearly as many reviews (at latest count,32in 2010alone)as original articles.Reviews have even appeared where,at the time,the effects of H 2S on a particular system were unknown (87,196).The following sections provide a brief overview of H 2S biology.For further details,the reader is referred to a few of the most recent reviews following each section.H 2S and the nervous system.Potentiation of the N -methyl-D -aspartate (NMDA)receptor with the resultant alteration of long-term potentiation (LTP)in the hippocampus was the first biological effect ascribed to H 2S (1).Not long thereafter,it was noted that patients with Down syndrome had elevated concen-trations of H 2S in cerebral spinal fluid.This would be predicted from the fact that chromosome 21encodes CBS (which may be the major H 2S-producing enzyme in the brain)and is overex-pressed in these patients (70).It has also been suggested that deficiencies in H 2S biosynthesis are associated with Alzhei-mer’s disease (see Ref.37,reviewed in Ref.130)and that exogenous H 2S may have therapeutic potential by reducing amyloid beta protein plaques (201).H 2S has been proposed to modulate nociception (40,144),induce ␮opioid receptor-depen-dent analgesia (30),prevent neurodegeneration and movement disorders in mouse models of Parkinson’s disease (55,72),and may reduce the stress response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (102).It has also been proposed to antagonize homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity (162).The protective effects of H 2S have been demonstrated in a number of neurological systems.H 2S has been shown to protect neurons against hypoxic injury (165),inhibit hypochlo-rous acid-mediated oxidative damage (183),and increase glu-tathione production and suppress oxidative stress in mitochon-dria (76).Conversely,H 2S has been shown to mediate cerebral ischemic damage (129)and produce vanilloid receptor 1-me-diated neurogenic inflammation in airways (170).H 2S increases cAMP production in neurons and subsequent activation of PKA may account portion of the LTP.Other functions of H 2S include upregulation of GABA B receptor and neuronal hyperpolarization via K ATP channel activation and induction of calcium waves in astrocytes (130),regulation of intracellular pH in glial cells (98),and the above-mentioned increase in glutathione production.For recent reviews,see Refs.56,130,160and 144.H 2S and the gastrointestinal system.The initial interest in H 2S in the gastrointestinal (GI)system stemmed from the well-known production of H 2S by sulfate-reducing bacteria in the colon and the presumed need to protect tissues from this toxic molecule (133).Today,more is known about the effects of H 2S in the colon than any other segment of the GI tract;however,anti-inflammatory actions of H 2S in the stomach appear to be of important therapeutic value and other areas have received increased attention as well.H 2S is synthesized in the stomach,jejunum,ileum,and colon.CSE immunoreactivity is diffusely distributed through-out the gastrointestinal tract most likely due to its association with the vasculature,whereas CBS staining is predominantly in muscularis mucosa,cell mucosa,and lamina propria but not associated with goblet,crypt,and epithelial cells (105).H 2S relaxes smooth muscle in the stomach (28)intestine(113),and colon (29).The mechanisms of H 2S on GI motilityhave not been fully resolved,and in most instances,we are merely left with a list of factors that do not affect motility.Inthe stomach H 2S acts partly via activation of myosin light-chain phosphatase (28);in the colon,the effects of H 2S areindependent of intracellular calcium and not mediated throughknown K ϩchannels,myosin light-chain phosphatase,or Rho kinase (29),and in the ileum,H2S relaxation is independent ofextrinsic or enteric nerves,NO,KATP ,and KCa ϩchannels(113).H2S inhibits pacemaker activity of mouse small intestine interstitial cells of Cajal by modulating intracellular calcium through mechanisms independent of K ϩchannels (122).Pro-liferation of these interstitial cells is also stimulated by H 2S,which acts via phosphorylation of AKT protein kinase (57).ReviewR300THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF H 2Sby guest on April 17, 2013/Downloaded fromH 2S stimulates chloride secretion in the intestine by targeting vanilloid receptors (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1)on afferent nerves,which,in turn,activate cholinergic secretomo-tor neurons via release of substance P (79).H 2S has both anti-inflammatory and inflammatory effects in the GI tract;however,the former is perhaps better character-ized and appears to be of therapeutic value.In the colon,H 2S is anti-inflammatory and enhances ulcer healing,independent of nitric oxide synthase and K ATP channel involvement (176).H 2S production is increased in experimental models of colitis and H 2S protects against and promotes resolution of this colitis (177).However,H 2S modulates the expression of genes in-volved in cell-cycle progression and may trigger both inflam-matory and DNA repair processes,which may contribute to colorectal cancer (5).In the pancreas,H 2S is a mediator of inflammatory caeru-lein-induced pancreatitis (17,158,159).H 2S acts through ICAM-1expression and stimulates neutrophil adhesion through the NF-␬B and Src-family kinases (157).However,H 2S has also been shown to protect pancreatic ␤cells from oxidative stress (164).Inhibition of CSE,which is found in both hepatocytes and the bile duct,stimulates biliary bicarbonate secretion,whereas exogenous H 2S inhibits it (39).Bile acids increase liver CSE expression via activation of the farnesoid X receptor,the resultant H 2S production is proposed to maintain vasodilation and minimize the chance for portal hypertension (131).For recent reviews,see Refs.64,71,96,106,133,and 175.H 2S and the cardiovascular system.Collectively,the in-volvement of H 2S on heart and blood vessel physiology has received more attention than any other organ system,even though the therapeutic applications of H 2S are less evident.The vasodilatory effects of H 2S on systemic blood vessels were the first cardiovascular effects of this transmitter de-scribed (54).This has been confirmed repeatedly and even observed in pulmonary arteries of diving mammals (119).H 2S-induced relaxation appears to depend on extracellular Ca 2ϩ(203),and although K ATP channels,are frequently as-sumed to mediate the H 2S relaxation (63,86,203,204),thismechanism typically accounts for no more than half of the relaxation in most vessels.In some animals,such as the mouse,K ATP channels are not involved at all in the response.H 2S mayalso signal via other pathways,such as activation of adenylate cyclase,which,in turn,inhibits superoxide formation,NADPH oxidase,and Rac 1activity (112);it may produce intracellularacidosis and alter intracellular redox status,stimulate an anion exchanger (97),or operate through Ca 2ϩ-dependent K ϩ(K Ca )channels (77,161,206).Relaxation of rat aorta by exogenous H 2S does not depend on vascular prostaglandin synthesis,PKC,or cAMP,nor does it involve superoxide or H 2O 2production (77,78,204).Observations that H 2S sulfhydratesand may regulate biological activity of numerous proteins,including actin (109),suggests that additional key steps in H 2S-mediated vascular signaling are soon to be unraveled.However,even this mechanism has been questioned on the basis of the seemingly nonselectivity and promiscuity of this process (96),and the suggestion that for this to occur,the cysteine residues must be in the oxidized state,and these are rare in the reducing intracellular environment (66).H 2S may also indirectly relax blood vessels in vivo through its ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme and thus prevent forma-tion of the vasoconstrictor ANG II.Recent evidence has turned to H 2S as the elusive endothe-lium-derived hyperpolarization factor,the third endothelium-derived relaxing factor that,along with NO and prostacyclin,signals vasodilation (180).Crosstalk between H 2S,NO,and CO has been suggested to contribute to vasoactivity and,although CO inhibits CBS (8),interactions between H 2S and NO are far from resolved.NO production has been shown to be directly inhibited by H 2S (81),or indirectly stimulated by it through activating NF-␬B,which activates the ERK1/2,which,in turn,activates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)(62).H 2S relaxations have been reported to be independent of NO synthesis or cGMP activation (77,78,203).As described above,NO does not appear to directly affect H 2S production (8).There is also evidence that H 2S and NO may form a simple S-nitrosothiol with vasoactive properties of its own (184).Reports of H 2S-mediated vasoconstrictory responses in mammalian systemic vessels are less common,and many of these show an endothelium-dependent effect that has been attributed to H 2S inactivation of NO.Low concentrations of H 2S (Ͻ200␮M)produce endothelium-dependent contraction of human internal mammary arteries and rat and mouse aortas (2,81,181),and low-dose H 2S infusion increases blood pres-sure in the rat (2).These contractions have been proposed to result from H 2S inactivation of endothelial NO via production of an inactive nitrosothiol (2,181),whereas Kubu et al.(81)showed that H 2S directly inhibited NO production.Other studies suggest that H 2S may have direct,albeit modest,constrictory effects on systemic vascular smooth muscle.Lim et al.(95)observed 1␮M H 2S contractions of rat aortas that were partially independent of both the endothelium and K ATP channels and due,in part,to down-regulation of cAMP.Direct H 2S-mediated vasoconstriction has been demonstrated in sys-temic vessels of nonmammalian vertebrates,and H 2S contracts pulmonary vessels in terrestrial mammals in response to hyp-oxia (32,117,118).H 2S has a variety of other effects on the vasculature that arenot directly vasoactive.At times,the findings are contradic-tory,but nevertheless,many are suggestive of therapeutic potential.H 2S has been shown to be both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory,to reduce leukocyte adhesion,to inhibit platelet aggregation,and although it is proangiogenic,to re-duce deleterious vascular remodeling that often accompanies vascular damage (35,89,155).H 2S is not only a mild antiox-idant,but it also stimulates cysteine uptake and synthesis ofglutathione.H 2S has been implicated in hypotension associatedwith septic and hypovolemic shock,and inappropriate H 2S regulation of insulin secretion in type II diabetes may contrib-ute to macrovascular and microvascular pathologies (85).In-hibition of plasma renin activity by H 2S is antihypertensive inrenin-dependent hypertensive rats (99)and can potentially augment the depressor effect of H 2S vasodilation.While H 2S has been shown to have negative inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart (207),most interest has centered around its cardioprotective abilities.Numerous stud-ies have shown that transient application of H 2S or H 2S donors can mimic hypoxic preconditioning and postconditioning andthat increased endogenous H2S biosynthesis can also protectthe heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury (reviewed by Refs.35,83,156).Furthermore,the potential for H 2S-mediated ReviewR301THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF H 2S by guest on April 17, 2013/Downloaded from。

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of Optimal Static Range Reporting in One Dimension Stephen AlstrupGerth S.BrodalTheis RauheITU Technical Report Series2000-3 ISSN1600–6100November2000Copyright c2000,Stephen AlstrupGerth S.BrodalTheis RauheThe IT University of CopenhagenAll rights reserved.Reproduction of all or part of this workis permitted for educational or research useon condition that this copyright notice isincluded in any copy.ISSN1600–6100ISBN87–7949–003–4Copies may be obtained by contacting:The IT University of CopenhagenGlentevej67DK-2400Copenhagen NVDenmarkTelephone:+4538168888Telefax:+4538168899Web www.itu.dkOptimal Static Range Reporting in One Dimension Stephen Alstrup Gerth Stølting Brodal Theis Rauhe24th November2000AbstractWe consider static one dimensional range searching problems.These problems are to build static data structures for an integer set,where,which support various queries for integer intervals of.For the query of reporting all integers in contained within a query interval,we present an optimal data structure with linear space cost and with query time linear in the number of integers reported.This result holds in the unit cost RAM model with word size and a standard instruction set.We also present a linear space data structure for approximate range counting.A range counting query for an interval returns the number of integers in contained within the interval.For any constant,our range counting data structure returns in constant time an approximate answer which is within a factor of at mostof the correct answer.1IntroductionLet be a subset of the universe for some parameter.We consider static data structures for storing the set such that various types of range search queries can be answered for.Our bounds are valid in the standard unit cost RAM with word size and a standard instruction set.We present an optimal data structure for the fundamen-tal problem of reporting all elements from contained within a given query interval.We also provide a data structure that supports an approximate range counting query and show how this can be applied for multi-dimensional orthogonal range searching.In particular,we provide new results for the following query operations.FindAny:Report any element in or if there is no such element. Report:Report all elements in.Count:Return an integer such that. Let denote the size of and let denote the size of universe.Our main result is a static data structure with space cost that supports the query FindAny in constant time.As a corollary,the data structure allows Report in time,where is the number of elements to be reported.Furthermore,we give linear space structures for the approximate range counting prob-lem.That is,for any constant,we present a data structure that supports Count in constant time and uses space.The preprocessing time for the mentioned data structures is expected timematching upper bound of. For linear space cost,these bounds were previously also the best known for the queries Find-Any,Report and Count.However,for superlinear space cost,Miltersen et al.[19]providea data structure which achieves constant time for FindAny with space -tersen et al.also show that testing for emptiness of a rectangle in two dimensions is as hard as exact counting in one dimension.Hence,there is no hope of achieving constant query time for any of the above query variants including approximate range counting for two dimensions using space at most.Approximate data structures Several papers discuss the approach of obtaining a speed-up ofa data structure by allowing slack of precision in the answers.In[17],Matias et al.study an approximate variant of the dynamic predecessor problem,in which an answer to a prede-cessor query is allowed to be within a multiplicative or additive error relative to the correct universe position of the answer.They give several applications of this data structure.In particular,its use for prototypical algorithms,including Prim’s minimum spanning tree al-gorithm and Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm.The papers[4]and[6]provide approximate data structures for other closely related problems,e.g.,for nearest neighbor searching,dy-namic indexed lists,and dynamic subset rank.An important application of our approximate data structure is the static-dimensional orthogonal range searching problem.The problem is given a set of points in,to computea query for the points lying in a-dimensional box.Known data structures providing sublinear search time have space cost growing exponential with the di-mension.This is known as the“curse of dimensionality”[9].Hence,for of moderate size,a query is often most efficiently computed by a linear scan of the input.A straight-forward optimization of this approach using space is to keep the points sorted by each of the coordinates.Then,for a given query,we can restrict the scan to the dimen-sion,where fewest points in have the th coordinate within the interval.This approach leeds to a time cost of where is the number of points to be scanned and is the time to compute a range counting query for a given -ing the previous best data structures for the exact range counting problem,this approach has a time cost of1.2OrganizationThe paper is organized as follows:In Section2we define our model of computation and the problems we consider,and state definitions and known results needed in our data structures. In Section3we describe our data structure for the range reporting problem,and in Section4 we describe how to preprocess and build it.Finally,in Section5we describe how to extend the range reporting data structure to support approximate range counting queries.2PreliminariesA query Report can be implemented byfirst querying FindAny.If anis returned,we report the result of recursively applying Report,then,and the result of recursively applying Report.Otherwise the empty set is returned.Code for the reduction is given in Figure2.If elements are returned,a straightforward induction shows that there are recursive calls to Report,i.e.at most calls to FindAny, and we have therefore the following lemma.Lemma1If FindAny is supported in time at most,then Report can be supported in time,where is the number of elements reported.The model of computation,we assume throughout this paper,is a unit cost RAM with word size bits,where the set of instructions includes the standard boolean operations on words,the arbitrary shifting of words,and the multiplication of two words.We assume that the model has access to a sequence of truly random bits.For our constructions we need the following definitions and results.Given two words and,we let denote the binary exclusive-or of and.If is a bit word and a nonnegative integer,we let and denote the rightmost bits of the result of shifting bits to the right and bits to the left respectively,i.e.and .For a word,we let denote the most significant bit position in that contains a one,i.e.for.We define. Fredman and Willard in[13]describe how to compute in constant time.Theorem1(Fredman and Willard[13])Given a bit word,the index can be com-puted in constant time,provided a constant number of words is known which only depend on the word size.Essential to our range reporting data structure is the efficient and compact implemen-tation of sparse arrays.We define a sparse array to be a static array where only a limited number of entries are initialized to contain specific values.All other entries may contain ar-bitrary information,and crucial for achieving the compact representation:It is not possible to distinguish initialized and not initialized entries.For the implementation of sparse arrays we will adopt the following definition and result about perfect hash functions.Definition1A function is perfect for a set if is1-1on.A familyis an-family of perfect hash functions,if for all subsets of size there is a function that is perfect for.3The question of representing efficiently families of perfect hash functions has been throughly studied.Schmidt and Siegel[21]described an-family of perfect hash functions where each hash function can be represented by bits.Jacobs and van Emde Boas[16]gave a simpler solution requiring bits in the standard unit cost RAM model augmented with multiplicative arithmetic.Jacobs and van Emde Boas result suffices for our purposes.The construction in[16]makes repeated use of the data structure in[12]where some primes are assumed to be known.By replacing the applica-tions of the data structures from[12]with applications of the data structure from[10],the randomized construction time in Theorem2follows immediately.Theorem2(Jacobs and van Emde Boas[16])There is an-family of perfect hash functions such that any hash function can be represented in words and evaluated in constant time for.The perfect hash function can be constructed in expected time.A sparse array can be implemented using a perfect hash function as follows.Assume has size and contains initialized entries each storing bits of ing a perfect hash function for the initialized indices of,we can store the initialized entries of in an array of size,such that for each initialized entry.If is not initialized,is an arbitrary of the initialized entries(depending on the choice of ).From Theorem2we immediately have the following corollary.Corollary1A sparse array of size with initialized entries each containing bits of infor-mation can with expected preprocessing time be stored using space words,and lookups are supported in constant time,if and.For the approximate range counting data structure in Section5we need the following result achieved by Fredman and Willard for storing small sets(in[14]denoted Q-heaps; these are actually dynamic data structures,but we only need their static properties).For a set and an element we define.Theorem3(Fredman and Willard[14])Let be a set of bit words and an integer,where ing time and space words,a data structure can be constructed that supports queries in constant time,given the availability of a table requiring space and preprocessing time.The result of Theorem3can be extended to sets of size for any constant, by constructing a-ary search tree of height with the elements of stored at the leaves together with their rank in,and where internal nodes are represented by the data structures of Theorem3.Top-down searches then take time proportional to the height of the tree.Corollary2Let befixed constant and a set of bit words and an integer,where ing time and space words,a data structure can be constructed that supports predecessor queries in constant time,given the availability of a table requiring space and preprocessing time.40 Array 12341234567891011121314151011001110011Figure1:The binary tree for the case=4,,and.The set induces the setsand,and the two sparse arrays and.3Range reporting data structureIn this section we describe a data structure supporting FindAny queries in constant time.The basic component of the data structure is(the implicitly representation of)a perfect binary tree with leaves,i.e.a binary tree where all leaves have depth,if the root has depth zero.The leaves are numbered from left-to-right,and the internal nodes of are numbered.The root is thefirst node and the children of node are nodes and,i.e.like the numbering of nodes in an implicit binary heap[11,25].Figure1 shows the numbering of the nodes for the case.The tree has the following properties (see[15]):Fact1The depth of an internal node is,and the ancestor of is,for .The parent of leaf is the internal node,for.For ,the nearest common ancestor of the leaves and is theancestor of the leaves and.For a node in,we let and denote the left and right children of,and we let denote the subtree rooted at and denote the subset of where if,and only if,,and leaf is a descendent of.We let be the subtree of consisting of the union of the internal nodes on the paths from the root to the leaves in,and we let be the subset of consisting of the root of and the nodes where both children are in.We denote the set of branching nodes.Since each leaf-to-root path in contains internal nodes,we have ,and since contains the root and the set of nodes of degree two in the subtree defined by,we have,if both children of the root are in and otherwise.To answer a query FindAny,the basic idea is to compute the nearest common an-cestor of the nodes and in constant time.If,then eitheror is contained in,since is contained within the interval spanned by ,and and are spanned by the left and right child of respectively.Otherwise what-ever computation we do cannot identify an integer in.At most nodes satisfy .E.g.to compute FindAny,we have,,and.By storing these nodes in a sparse array together with and,we obtain a data structure using space words,which supports FindAny5Proc ReportFindAnyif thenReportoutputReportProc FindAnyif thenforif then returnreturnFigure2:Implementation of the queries Report and FindAny.in constant time.In the following we describe how to reduce the space usage of this approach to words.We consider the tree as partitioned into a set of layers each consisting of consecutive levels of,where,i.e..For a node,we let denote the nearest ancestor of, such that.If,then.Since is a power of,we can compute as,i.e.for an internal node,we can compute.E.g.in Figure1,and.The data structure for the set consists of three sparse arrays,,and,each being implemented according to Corollary1.The arrays and will be used tofind the nearest ancestor of a node in that is a branching node.A bit-vector that for each node in with(or equivalently),has if,and only if,there exists a node in with.A vector that for each node in where or stores the distance tothe nearest ancestor in of,i.e..A vector that for each branching node in stores a record with thefields:left,right,and,where and and left(and right respec-tively)is a pointer to the record of the nearest descendent in of in the left(and right respectively)subtree of.If no such exists,then left(respectively right).Given the above data structure FindAny can be implemented by the code in Figure2. If,the query immediately returns.Otherwise the value is computed,and the6nearest common internal ancestor in of the leaves and is computed together with .Using,,and we then compute the nearest common ancestor branching node in of the leaves and.In the computation of an error may be introduced,since the arrays,and are only well defined for a subset of the nodes of.However,as we show next,this only happens when.Finally we check if one of the and values of and is in.If one of the four values belongs to,we return such a value.Otherwise is returned.As an exampled consider the query FindAny for the set in Figure1.Here, ,.Since,we have, and.The four values tested are the and values of and,i.e.,and we return12.Theorem4The data structure supports FindAny in constant time and Report in time, where is the number of elements reported.The data structure requires space words. Proof.The correctness of FindAny can be seen as follows:If,then the algorithm returns,since before returning an element there is a check tofind if the element is contained in the interval.Otherwise.If,then by Fact1the computed is the parent of and.We now argue that is the nearest ancestor node of the leaf that is a branching node.If,then and,and is computed as,which by definition of is the nearest ancestor of that is a branching node.Otherwise,implying and.By definition is then defined such that is the nearest ancestor of that is a branching node.We conclude that the computed is the nearest ancestor of the leaf that is a branching node.If the leaf is contained in the left subtree of,then and.It follows that.Similarly,if the leaf is contained in the right subtree of,then.For the case where and,we have by Fact1that the computed node is the nearest common ancestor of the leaves and,where,and that.Similarly to the case,we have that the computed node is the nearest ancestor of the node that is a branching node.If,i.e.is the nearest common ancestor of the leaves and,then or.If and,thenand.If and,then and. Similarly if,then either or.Finally we consider the case where,i.e.either or.Ifand,then and.Similarly if and,then and. If and,then is either a subtree of or,implying that or respectively.Similarly if and, then either or.We conclude that if,then FindAny returns an element in.The fact that FindAny takes constant time follows from Theorem1and Corollary1,since only a constant number of boolean operations and arithmetic operations is performed plus two calls to and three sparse array lookups.The correctness of Report and thetime bound follows from Lemma1.7The space required by the data structure depends on the size required for the three sparse arrays,,and.The number of internal levels of with is, and therefore the number of initialized entries in is at most.Finally,by definition, contains at most initialized entries.Each entry of,,and requires space:,,and bits respectively,and, ,and have,and at most initialized entries respectively.The total number of words for storing the three sparse arrays by Corollary1is therefore.Theorem5Given an unordered set of distinct integers each of bits,the range reporting data structure in Section3can be constructed in expected timeor with the randomized algorithm of Andersson et al.[5]in expected timeThe information to be stored in the arrays and can by another traversal of be constructed in time linear in the number of nodes to be initialized.Consider an edgein,where is the parent of in,i.e.is the nearest ancestor node of in that is a branching node or is the root.Let be the nodes on the path from to in such that.While processing the edge we will compute the information to be stored in the sparse arrays for the nodes, i.e.the nodes on the path from to exclusive.From the defintion of and we get the following:For the array we store,if),and for all,where and.For the array we store for all whereor or.Finally,we store for the root and.Constructing the three sparse arrays,after having identified the.5Approximate range countingIn this section we provide a data structure for approximate range counting.Let denote the input set,and let denote the size of.The data structure uses space words such that we can support Count in constant time,for any constant.We assume has been preprocessed such that in constant time we can compute FindAny for all.Next we have a sparse array such that we for each element can compute in constant time.Both these data structures use space.Define count.We need to build a data structure which for any computes an integer such that count count.In the following we will use the observation that for,,it is easy to compute the exact value of count.This value can be expressed as and thus the computation amounts to two lookups in the sparse array storing the ranks.We reduce the task of computing Count to the case where either or are in. First,it is easy to check if is empty,i.e.,FindAny returns,in which case we simply return0for the query.Hence,assume is non-empty and let be any element in this set.Then for any integers and such that count count and count count,it holds that count count countcount Hence,we can return Count Count as the answer for Count,where is an integer returned by FindAny. Clearly,both calls to Count satisfy that one of the endpoints is in,i.e.,the integer.In the following we can thus without loss of generality limit ourselves to the case for a query Count with(the other case is treated symmetrically).We start by describing the additional data structures needed,and then how to compute the approximate range counting query using these.Define,and.We construct the following additional data structures (see Figure3).JumpR For each element we store the set JumpR count.9JnodeR For each elementwe store the integer JnodeR being the successor of in .LN For each element we store the set LN JnodeR.120304060274761625063034Figure 3:Extension of the data structure to support Count queries.,,and.Each of the sets JumpR and LN have size bounded by ,and hence using the -heaps from Corollary 2,we can compute predecessors for these small sets in constant time.These -heaps have space cost linear in the set sizes.Since the total number of elements in the structures JumpR and LN is ,the total space cost for these structures is .Furthermore,for the elements in given in sorted order,the total construction of these data structures is also .To determine Count,where ,we iterate the following computation until the desired precision of the answer is obtained.Let JnodeR .If ,return count Pred .Otherwise,,and we increase by count .Let Pred JumpR and JumpR .Now countcount .We increase by .Now count and count .If we return .If ,we are also satisfied and return .Otherwise we iterate once more,now to determine Count .Theorem 6The data structure uses spacewords and supports Count in constant timefor any constant .Proof.From the observations above we conclude that the structure uses space and expected preprocessing time .Each iteration takes constant time,and next we show that the number of iterations is at most .Let ,,after thefirst iteration.In the th iteration we either return count or count ,where .In the latter case we have count .We need to show thatcount .Since count ,we can write .We have .Since and ,we have and the result follows.References[1]P.K.Agarwal.Range searching.In Handbook of Discrete and Computational Geometry,CRC Press .1997.10[2]A.Aggarwal and J.S.Vitter.The input/output complexity of sorting and related prob-munications of the ACM,31(9):1116–1127,September1988.[3]M.Ajtai.A lower bound forfinding predecessors in Yao’s cell probe bina-torica,1988.[4]A.Amir,A.Efrat,P.Indyk,and H.Samet.Efficient regular data structures and algo-rithms for location and proximity problems.In FOCS:IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science(FOCS),1999.[5]A.Andersson,T.Hagerup,S.Nilsson,and R.Raman.Sorting in linear time?Journalof Computer and System Sciences,57(1):74–93,1998.[6]A.Andersson and O.Petersson.Approximate indexed lists.Journal of Algorithms,29(2):256–276,November1998.[7]A.Andersson and M.Thorup.Tight(er)worst-case bounds on dynamic searching andpriority queues.In STOC:ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing(STOC),2000. 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