2019大学英语六级翻译练习题：医患关系

大学英语六级汉译英翻译话题——医学1. have a physical examination进行身体检查2. hypertension高血压3. no obvious symptom 无明显症状4. check it with a blood pressure machine 用血压仪检查1.我好像正在遭受着所能想象的所有疾病的侵扰：失眠、头疼、背疼、消化不良与腹部疼痛。

I seem to be suffering from all the illnesses imaginable: insomnia, headaches, backache, indigestion and pains in the abdomen.2.更糟糕的是，我那天受了点伤，我的下巴受了伤，四肢肌肉扭伤并且几乎折断了肋骨。

To crown it all, I had an accident the other day, injured my chin, tornsome limb muscles, and nearly broke my ribs.3.为了你健康着想，不要喝酒。

For the sake of your health, keep off alcohol.4.配份这种补剂，每天三餐之前口服两汤匙。

Have this tonic made up and take two tablespoonfuls three time a daybefore meals.5.今天的内科医生基本是专科医生，他们只治疗他们专业范围内的疾病。

Today’s physician is usually a specialist who treats only problems within his or her specialty.6.类似的，医院发生了很多变化，医疗设备和医疗费用也在猛涨。

Likewise, many changes are taking place in hospitals, where the cost of medical equipment and care is skyrocketing.skyrocket物价飞涨7.医生让我坐在椅子上，这样他可以上下前后移动，然后他看了看我的嘴巴内部。

2019年12月第二套六级阅读译文第一部分：原文1. 题目：The Power of Empathy2. 内容：Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. It is a powerful and fundamental human tr 本人t that allows us to connect with others and build strong relationships. Empathy helps us to navigate social interactions, understand the perspectives of others, and respond to the needs of those around us. It is the key to effectivemunication and essential for creating a supportive andpassionatemunity.3. 意义：Empathy plays a crucial role in our personal and professional lives. In personal relationships, empathy helps us to deepen our connection with others, resolve conflicts, and provide support during difficult times. In the workplace, empathy enables us to collaborate effectively with colleagues, understand the needs of our clients and customers, and foster a positive and inclusive work environment. Empathy also plays a critical role in leadership, as it allows us to understand and motivate those we lead, and to make decisions that take into account the interests and well-being of our team members.4. 结论：In a world that is increasingly connected but alsodivided, empathy is more important than ever. It is through empathy that we can bridge our differences, understand the experiences of others, and work together to create a more just and inclusive society. By cultivating empathy in ourselves and promoting it in ourmunities, we can build a morepassionate and harmonious world for future generations.第二部分：译文1. 题目：共情的力量2. 内容：共情是理解和共享他人情感的能力。

2019大学英语六级段落翻译练习：医患关系医患关系是一种人际互动，而且医生也是人。

他们不想让病人心烦，也不想让病人难过或流泪。

但他们也需要成为专业人士，所以他们需要找一种有效的沟通方式。

对于医生们来说，理解到这个点是至关重要的。

因为即使谎言是善意的，但研究表明病人们更喜欢真相，他们宁可听到坏消息，也不愿意对对糟糕的身体状况一无所知。

完全知情是病人能对所要发生的任何事情实行处理和做好准备的一种途径。

【参考译文】The doctor-patient relationship is a human interaction, and doctors are human too. They don’t want to upset their patients, and neither do they want their patients to look unhappy or shed tears. But they also need to be professionals, so they need to find out an effective way of communicating.That’s critical for doctors to realize, because as well-intentioned as their lies may be, studies show that patients prefer the truth, and would rather hear bad news than remain ignorant about a terrible physical condition. Being fully informed is a way that patients can cope and prepare for whatever might occur.。

2019六级翻译新题型练习及译文(8)
中国礼仪
中国文化中，一个家庭或一个组织中最年长的人享有最多的尊敬、荣誉和尊严。

对家庭女性来说，辈分的长媳比其余的媳妇和儿媳(daughter-in-law)更有权力。

年轻人会称呼年长的人“爷爷”、“奶奶”、“叔叔”和“婶婶”以示尊重，即使和那个人没有血缘关系(blood lineage)。

中国人坚持的一个传统就是当父母上年纪时候要一
直亲自照顾他们。

译文：
In Chinese culture, the oldest person in a family or an organization has the most respect, honor, and dignity. For family ladies, the first elder wife holds more power than the next wives and daughters-in-law. The young people will call
an older person “Ye Ye” (grandfather), “Nai Nai” (grandmother), “Shu Shu”(uncle), and “Shen Shen”(aunt) as a sign of respect even if there is not blood lineage. A tradition that Chinese people hold on to is taking care of
their parents personally when they get older.。

医患关系英语作文Title: The Doctor-Patient Relationship: A Case for Harmony In the fast-paced and ever-changing world of healthcare, the doctor-patient relationship remns a cornerstone of effective medical care. This relationship, however, is often a source of friction and misunderstanding, with both parties feeling overwhelmed and frustrated. Could it be that we have lost sight of the true purpose of the doctor-patient relationship?To understand the essence of the doctor-patient relationship, we must first look at it from the patient's perspective. Patients seek medical attention to address their health issues, often feeling vulnerable and powerless in the face of a potential illness or disease. They want a doctor who listens, who cares, and who can offer a sense of security in times of need. Patients want trustworthy medical advice that is tailored to their specific needs.Now, let's shift gears and look at the doctor's perspective. Doctors are trained to diagnose and treat illnesses, often atthe cost of empathy and bedside manner. The fast-paced and high-pressure environment of healthcare often overwhelms doctors, leading to burnout and fatigue. This can result in doctors feeling disconnected from their patients, leading to a breakdown in communication and trust.So, what can be done to restore the doctor-patient relationship? Firstly, doctors must be trned to communicate more effectively with patients. This includes active listening skills, empathy, and clear explanations of medical conditions. Secondly, healthcare facilities must create a more patient-centered environment that encourages open communication between doctors and patients. Finally, patients need to be educated about their rights as patients and encouraged to ask questions or voice concerns when necessary.In conclusion, the doctor-patient relationship is not just a professional one; it is built on trust, communication, and empathy. By promoting open communication, enhancing doctor trning, and creating a more patient-centered environment, wecan restore the doctor-patient relationship to its original purpose: to serve patients and their families in times of need.医患关系困境与医患伦理解困在当今社会，医患关系陷入了前所未有的困境。

医患验光英语作文关于”写一个医患关系“的英语作文模板5篇，作文题目：Write a doctor-patient relationship。

以下是关于写一个医患关系的四级英语模板，每篇作文均为万能模板带翻译。

高分英语作文1：Write a doctor-patient relationshipWe believe that with the improvement of medical ethics, the doctor-patient relationship will bee more harmonious before each blind leap. We should remember that before we can understand ourselves and achieve great success, we must have a period of time when women will make contributions to society like men. In short, we have to perform together.Only when the young and the elderly work together, can the parents of the elderly be lucky A blessed land for the rest of life. In my opinion, we should be aware of the need to go out of the house and establish friendly relations with others. In short, a warmer and more harmonious society may bee possible.Everyone should pay more attention to others and the outside world. I hope the government can adjust the schedule so that people can enjoy a real one-week holiday.中文翻译：我们相信，随着医德的提升，每一次盲目的飞跃之前，医患关系都会变得更加和谐。

浙江住院医师规范化培训英语的翻译1医患关系.txt第一次笑是因为遇见你，第一次哭是因为你不在，第一次笑着流泪是因为不能拥有你。

第一章医患沟通第１页1 The patient-physician interaction proceeds through many phases of clinical reasoning and decision making. 医患沟通在临床诊断和治疗决策的许多时期进行着。

The interaction begins with an elucidation of complaints or concerns, followed by inquiries or evaluation to address these concerns in increasingly precise ways. 这种沟通开始于病人主诉或所关注问题的阐明，然后通过交流、评估不断精确地确定这些问题。

The process commonly requires a careful history or physical examination, ordering of diagnostic tests, integration of clinical findings with the test results, understanding of the risks and benefits of the possible courses of action, and careful consultation with the patient and family to develop future plans. 这个过程通常需要细致的询问病史和体格检查，开具诊断性化验医嘱，综合临床发现和化验结果，理解分析拟行治疗过程中的风险和疗效，然后与病人及家属反复磋商以完善治疗方案Physicians increasingly can call on a growing literature of evidence-based medicine to guide the process so that benefit is maximized, while respecting individual variations among different patients尽管考虑到不同病人中个体差异是存在的，但医生们越来越容易查阅不断增长的循证医学文献来指导这个过程，使得疗效最大化。

2019年12月英语四级作文答案范文：医患关系【文都版】【题目】Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on how to best handle the relationship between doctors and patients. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.【参考范文】Recent years, the relationship between doctors and patients has been a heated topic. However, with the increasingly serious physician-patient relationship, it is important to find out some ways to solve the problem. Therefore, some measures mentioned below are the most important aspects that we should take into consideration.On the one hand, it is indispensable that communication between doctor and patients should be strengthened due to the the fact that doctor-patient communication can be seen as a bridge of two-way communication between doctors and patients, which is beneficial for them to improve their relationship. As a matter of fact, although sometimes there are some defects in medical infrastructure, patients can make allowance for them friendly for their good relationship. On the other hand, the most important character doctor should have is professional ethics that is the foremost way to gain trust from patients.All in all, it is high time that both hospitals and patients should take some steps to deal with current poor relationship. Only in this way, can we create a harmonious society.【参考译文】近几年医患关系成为热门话题，随着医患关系的日益紧张，如何处理好医患关系是十分重要的。

医患关系练习试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. A2型题 2. A3型题 3. A1型题 4. B1型题 5. B1型题1．某患者在医院就诊时，与医生产生冲突，可能引起下列哪项不良后果A．患者不依从医嘱B．患者或家属出现过激行为C．医务人员的工作积极性受挫D．医疗过程受阻E．以上都有可能正确答案：E 涉及知识点：医患关系2．某内科医生，常常运用医患关系传统模式进行医疗活动。

该医生所关心的问题是，除了A．疾病的诊断B．科学知识的解释C．标准技术的应用D．疾病的处理E．患者的满意程度正确答案：E 涉及知识点：医患关系某病人来心理门诊就诊，医生与她进行了医患之间的沟通。

3．医生和她所采取沟通方式，哪项不属于非语言沟通A．面部表情B．说话声调C．书面通知D．身体姿态E．眼神手势正确答案：C 涉及知识点：医患关系4．非浯言沟通方法有3种：动态的、静态的和副语言。

下列哪项属于副语言A．手势B．仪表C．语调D．医院的导诊牌E．医生和病人之间的空间距离正确答案：C 涉及知识点：医患关系5．建立医患关系的原则是A．疾病性质和病人年龄B．疾病性质和病人的人格特征C．疾病病程和病人的经济状况D．病人的文化程度和情绪反应E．病人的社会地位和经济状况正确答案：B 涉及知识点：医患关系6．下列哪项不是维护心理健康的原则A．面对现实，适应环境B．认识自己，悦纳自己C．结交知已，与人为善D．严格要求，永不满足E．挫折磨砺，积极进取正确答案：D 涉及知识点：医患关系7．危重昏迷病人经治疗后脱离危险，进入康复期，医患关系交往模式的类型将由A．主动-被动型转为指导-合作型B．主动-被动型转为共同参与型C．指导-合作型转为共同参与型D．指导-合作型转为主动-被动型E．共同参与型转为主动-被动型正确答案：B 涉及知识点：医患关系8．应提倡的医患关系模式是A．主动一被动型B．指导一合作型C．共同参与型D．根据具体情况确定E．以上都不是正确答案：D 涉及知识点：医患关系9．按医患的相互作用，下列哪项属于医患关系模式类型A．共同参与型B．主动型C．被动型D．指导型E．合作型正确答案：A 涉及知识点：医患关系10．随着病情的变化，医患关系可以A．一直保持不变B．由主动－被动型转化为指导－合作型C．最终都要进入共同参与型D．由主动－被动型转化为共同参与型E．由一种模式转向另一种模式正确答案：E 涉及知识点：医患关系11．医患交往是A．语言沟通B．非语言沟通C．技术水平沟通D．非技术水平沟通E．以上都正确正确答案：E 涉及知识点：医患关系12．医患冲突的结果，可能造成A．患者情绪不好B．患者不遵从医嘱C．患者难以公开谈出自己的需要D．患者的被动攻击行为E．以上情况都可能发生正确答案：E 涉及知识点：医患关系13．医患间交往障碍的原因，医生方面可能有A．情绪不稳B．关心对方能否给自己带来物质利益C．以是否有”科研价值”为标准对待患者D．对患者的疼痛缺乏同情心E．以上均是正确答案：E 涉及知识点：医患关系14．关于良好医患关系的重要性不包括A．提高患者的社交能力B．有利诊断、治疗得到顺利实现C．本身就是一种治疗手段D．提高患者对医务人员的信任度E．造就医患之间良好的心理气氛正确答案：A 涉及知识点：医患关系15．患者将医生的评价归之于早年生活中所接触到的权威人物所具有的品质过程，心理学中称之为A．心理应激B．动机冲突C．移情D．反移情E．沟通正确答案：C 涉及知识点：医患关系16．对大多数慢性病患者，帮助患者自助，属于哪种医患关系模式A．共同参与型B．指导一合作型C．主动一被动型D．父母与儿童式的关系E．以上都不是正确答案：A 涉及知识点：医患关系17．良好的医患关系的作用是A．有利于诊断和治疗B．有利于实施预防措施C．有利于病人的情绪D．有利于医务人员的健康E．以上都是正确答案：E 涉及知识点：医患关系18．良好医患关系的重要性体现在A．有利于医疗工作的顺利进行B．有利于医护人员的身心健康C．是对患者的心理支持D．是对患者的社会支持E．以上都正确正确答案：E 涉及知识点：医患关系19．共同参与型的医患关系模式最适合于A．急性病人B．绝症病人C．慢性病人D．重症病人E．精神病人正确答案：C 涉及知识点：医患关系20．医务人员职业要求其情绪主要是A．悲喜有节制B．永远快乐C．积极而稳定D．心境平和E．爱憎分明正确答案：C 涉及知识点：医患关系21．医务人员应具有的心理素质A．意志坚强B．情绪稳定C．沟通专家D．是优秀的决策者E．以上都对正确答案：E 涉及知识点：医患关系22．影响医患关系的社会文化因素是指A．性格特征B．移情和反移情C．社会角色D．兴趣、信念与世界观E．心理应激正确答案：C 涉及知识点：医患关系23．医务人员职业道德不要求A．利他精神B．崇高的爱情C．无私的奉献D．把患者的痛苦看得高于一切E．以上均不是正确答案：B 涉及知识点：医患关系24．构成医患交往障碍患者方面的因素下列哪项正确A．医生对患者的关注不够B．医务人员对患者的偏见C．医生对个人功利的过分追求D．患者对医务人员过高的期望值E．医务人员的医德医风问题正确答案：D 涉及知识点：医患关系25．在患者处于急性感染但无意识障碍的情况下，通常采用的医患关系模式是A．共同参与型B．指导一合作型C．主动一被动型D．父母与儿童式的关系E．以上都不是正确答案：B 涉及知识点：医患关系A．主动一被动型B．指导一合作型C．共同参与型D．强制一被动型E．指导一参与型26．一个昏迷病人被送到医院，医生对他进行处理，这种医患关系属于正确答案：A 涉及知识点：医患关系27．医生劝病人”你应该参加一些晨间锻炼”，这种医患关系属于正确答案：B 涉及知识点：医患关系A．主动-被动型医患关系B．稳定型医患关系C．指导-合作型医患关系D．共同参与型医患关系E．对立型医患关系28．严重外伤正确答案：A 涉及知识点：医患关系29．慢性感染正确答案：D 涉及知识点：医患关系30．急性感染正确答案：C 涉及知识点：医患关系。

Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on th e importance of mutual understanding and respect in interpersonal relationshi ps. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)听力音频MP3文件，点击进入听力真题页面Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation an d the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). The n mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) Why Roman Holiday was more famous than Breakfast at Tiffany's.B) Why Audrey Hepburn had more female fans than male ones.C) Why the woman wanted to be like Audrey Hepburn.D) Why so many girls adored Audrey Hepburn.2. A) Her unique personality.B) Her physical condition.C) Her shift of interest to performing arts.D) Her family's suspension of financial aid.3. A) She was not an outgoing person.B) She was modest and hardworking.C) She was easy-going on the whole.D) She was usually not very optimistic.4. A) She was influenced by the roles she played in the films.B) Her parents taught her to sympathize with the needy.C) She learned to volunteer when she was a child.D) Her family benefited from other people's help.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) Give a presentation.B) Raise some questions.C) Start a new company.D) Attend a board meeting.6. A) It will cut production costs.B) It will raise productivity.C) No staff will be dismissed.D) No new staff will be hired.7. A) The timeline of restructuring.B) The reasons for restructuring.C) The communication channels.D) The company's new missions.8. A) By consulting their own department managers.B) By emailing questions to the man or the woman.C) By exploring various channels of communication.D) By visiting the company's own computer network.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each pas sage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the question s will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the be st answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresp onding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) It helps passengers to take care of their pet animals.B) It has animals to help passengers carry their luggage.C) It uses therapy animals to soothe nervous passengers.D) It allows passengers to have animals travel with them.10. A) Avoiding possible dangers.B) Finding their way around.C) Identifying drug smugglers.D) Looking after sick passengers.11. A) Schedule their flights around the animal visits.B) Photograph the therapy animals at the airport.C) Keep some animals for therapeutic purposes.D) Bring their pet animals on board their plane.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) Beside a beautifully painted wall in Arles.B) Beside the gate of an ancient Roman city.C) At the site of an ancient Roman mansion.D) At the entrance to a reception hall in Rome.13. A) A number of different images.B) A number of mythological heroes.C) Various musical instruments.D) Paintings by famous French artists.14. A) The originality and expertise shown.B) The stunning images vividly depicted.C) The worldly sophistication displayed.D) The impressive skills and costly dyes.15. A) His artistic taste is superb.B) His identity remains unclearC) He was a collector of antiques.D) He was a rich Italian merchant.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks f ollowed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. Af ter you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choic es marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Shee t 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16. A) They encourage international cooperation.B) They lay stress on basic scientific research.C) They place great emphasis on empirical studies.D) They favour scientists from its member countries.17. A) Many of them wish to win international recognition.B) They believe that more hands will make light work.C) They want to follow closely the international trend.D) Many of their projects have become complicated.18. A) It requires mathematicians to work independently.B) It is faced with many unprecedented challenges.C) It lags behind other disciplines in collaboration.D) It calls for more research funding to catch up.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) Scientists tried to send a balloon to Venus.B) Scientists discovered water on Venus.C) Scientists found Venus had atmosphere.D) Scientists observed Venus from a space vehicle.20 A) It resembles Earth in many aspects.B) It is the same as fiction has portrayed.C) It is a paradise of romance for alien life.D) It undergoes geological changes like Earth.21. A) It might have been hotter than it is today.B) It might have been a cozy habitat for life.C) It used to have more water than Earth.D) It used to be covered with rainforests.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.22. A) Causes of sleeplessness.B) Cross-cultural communication.C) Cultural psychology.D) Motivation and positive feelings.23. A) They attach great importance to sleep.B) They often have trouble falling asleep.C) They pay more attention to sleep efficiency.D) They generally sleep longer than East Asians.24. A) By asking people to report their sleep habits.B) By observing people's sleep patterns in labs.C) By having people wear motion-detecting watches.D) By videotaping people's daily sleeping processes.25. A) It has made remarkable progress in the past few decades.B) It has not yet explored the cross-cultural aspect of sleep.C) It has not yet produced anything conclusive.D) It has attracted attention all over the world.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are require d to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making yo ur choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line throug h the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.The dream of personalised fight is still vivid in the minds of many inventors, some developing cycle-powered craft, others __26__ money into jetpacks (喷气飞行背包). However, the flying car has always remained the __27__ symbol of pers onal transport freedom.Several companies around the world have produced __28__ that can drive on roads and fly. Airbus has a futuristic modular (组件式的) concept involving a passenger capsule that can be __29__ from the roa d-going chassis (底盘) and picked up by a helicopter-type machine.But all these concepts are massively expensive, require safety certification s tandards for road and air, need __30__ controls, involve complex folding w ings and propellers, and have to be flown from air-strips. So they are likely to remain rich people's playthings rather than practical transport solutions for the masses.“A car that takes off from some London street and lands in another __31__ st reet is unlikely to happen, ”says Prof. Gray, a leading aeronautical engineer. "Sky taxis are much more likely." But that won't stop inventors from dreamin g up new ways to fly and trying to persuade investors to back their sometim es __32__ schemes.Civilian aviation is being disrupted, not by the age-old desires for speed, ro manticism and __33__, but by the pressing need to respond to a changing climate. New electric engines coupled with artificial intelligence and __34_ _ systems will contribute to a more efficient, integrated transport system that is less polluting and less noisy. That may sound simple, but as Prof. Gray says,"When I travel somewhere I like this notion that when I finish my journey I fe el better than when I started it. That's completely at __35__ with how I feel t oday." Now that would be progress.A) autonomous B) detached C) dual D) glamour E) imminent F) odds G) op posites H) outrageous I) pouring J) prototypes K) random L) repressing M) s egmented N) spectrum O) ultimateSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statemen ts attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the pa ragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a le tter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sh eet 2.Companies Are Working with Consumers to Reduce WasteA) As consumers, we are very wasteful. Annually, the world generates 1.3 billi on tons of solid waste. This is expected to go up to 2.2 billion by 2025. The d eveloped countries are responsible for 44% of waste, and in the U. S. alone, t he average person throws away their body weight in rubbish every month.B) Conventional wisdom would seem to suggest that companies have no ince ntive to lengthen the life cycle of their products and reduce the revenue the y would get from selling new goods. Yet, more and more businesses are think ing about how to reduce consumer waste. This is partly driven by the rising pr ice of raw materials and metals. It is also partly due to both consumers and c ompanies becoming more aware of the need to protect our environment.C) When choosing what products to buy and which brands to buy from, more and more consumers are looking into sustainability. This is opposed to just p rice and performance they were concerned about in the past. In a survey of 54 of the world's leading brands, almost all of them reported that consume rs are showing increasing care about sustainable lifestyles. At the same time,surveys on consumers in the U.S. and the U. K. show that they also care abo ut minimizing energy use and reducing waste.D) For the most part, consumers control what happens to a product. But so me companies are realizing that placing the burden of recycling entirely on th e consumer is not an effective strategy, especially when tossing something away seems like the easiest and most convenient option.E) Some retailers and manufacturers in the clothing, footwear, and electronic s industries have launched environmental programs. . They want to make thei r customers interested in preserving their products and preventing things that still have value from going to the garbage dump. By offering services to help expand the longevity of their products, they're promising quality and dur ability to consumers, and receiving the reputational gains for being environm entally friendly.F) For example, the Swedish jeans company Nudie Jeans offers free repair at twenty of their shops. Instead of discarding their old worn-out jeans, custome rs bring them in to be renewed. The company even provides mail-order repair kits and online videos, so that customers can learn how to fix a pair of jeans at home. Their philosophy is that extending the life of a pair of jeans is not on ly great for the environment, but allows the consumer to get more value out of their product. When customers do want to toss their pair, they can give th em back to the store ，which will repurpose and resell them. Another clothing company, Patagonia, a high-end outdoor clothing store, follows the same principle. It has partnere d with DIY website iFixit to teach consumers how to repair their clothing, such as waterproof outerwear,' at home. The company also offers a repair progr am for their customers for a modest fee. Currently, Patagonia repairs about 40,000 garments a year in their Reno, Nevada, service center. According to t he company's CEO, Rose Marcario, this is about building a company that care s about the environment. At the same time, offering repair supports the per ceived quality of its products.G) In Brazil, the multinational corporation Adidas has been running a shoe-r ecycling program called “Sustainable Footprint” since 2012. Customers can bri ng shoes of any brand into an Adidas store to be shredded and turned into al ternative fuels for energy creation instead of being burned as trash, They ar e used to fuel cement ovens. To motivate visitors to bring in more old shoes , Adidas Brazil promotes the program in stores by showing videos to educate customers, and it even offers a discount each time a customer brings in an o ld pair of shoes. This boosts the reputation and image of Adidas by making p eople more aware of the company's values.H) Enormous opportunities also lie with e-waste. It is estimated that in 2014 t he world produced some 42 million metric tons of e-waste (discarded electrica l and electronic equipment and its parts) with North America and Europe accounting for 8 and 12 million metric tons respectively. The materials from e-was te include iron, copper, gold, silver, and aluminum- materials that could be r eused, resold, salvaged, or recycled. Together, the value of these metals is es timated to be about $ 52 billion. Electronics giants like Best Buy and Samsung have provided e-waste take-back programs over the past few years, which ai m to refurbish (翻新) old electronic components and parts into new products.I) For other companies interested in reducing waste, helping the environme nt, and providing the sustainable lifestyles that consumers seek, here are so me first steps for building a relationship with customers that focuses on recycl ing and restoring value to products :J) Find partners. If you are a manufacturer who relies on outside distributors, then retailers are the ideal partner for collecting old products. Power tool ma ker DeWalt partners with companies, such as Lowes and Napa Auto Parts, to collect old tools at their stores for recycling. The partnership benefits both si des by allowing unconventional partners (for example, two companies from two different industries) to work together on a specific aspect of the value ch ain, like, in this example, an engine firm with an accessory one.K) Create incentives. Environmental conscientiousness isn't always enough to make customers recycle old goods. For instance, DeWalt discovered that ma ny contractors were holding on to their old tools , even f they no longer worke d, because they were expensive purchases and it was hard to justify bringing them in to recycle. By offering instant discounts worth as much as $ 100, D eWalt launched a trade-in program to encourage people to bring back tools. As a result, DeWalt now reuses those materials to create new products.L) Start with a trial program, and expect to change the details as you go. An y take-back program will likely change over time, depending on what works f or your customers and company goals. Maybe you see low customer particip ation at first, or conversely, so much success that the cost of recycling beco mes too high. Best Buy, for instance, has been bearing the lion's share of e-w aste volume since two of its largest competitors, Amazon and Wal-mart, do n ot have their own recycling programs. Since the launch of its program, Best B uy changed its policy to add a $ 25 fee for recycling old televisions in order to keep the program going.M) Build a culture of collective values with customers. A stronger relationshi p between the retailer/producer and the consumer isn't just about financial in centives. By creating more awareness around your efforts to reduce waste, and by developing a culture of responsibility, repair, and reuse, you can build customer loyalty based on shared values and responsibilities.N) These examples are just the tip of the iceberg, but they demonstrate ho w helping customers get more use of their materials can transform value ch ains and operations. Reducing waste by incorporating used materials into production can cut costs and decrease the price of procurement (采购): less to be procured from the outside and more to be re-utilized from the i nside.O) Companies play a big role in creating a circular economy, in which value i s generating less from extracting new resources and more from getting better use out of the resources we already have——but they must also get custome rs engaged in the process.36. Some companies believe that products' prolonged lifespan benefits both t he environment and customers.37. A survey shows shoppers today are getting more concerned about ener gy conservation and environmental protection when deciding what to buy.38. Companies can build customer loyalty by creating a positive culture of en vironmental awareness.39. When companies launch environmental programs, they will have their bra nd reputation enhanced.40. One multinational company offers discounts to customers who bring in old footwear to be used as fuel.41. Recycling used products can help manufacturers reduce production costs.42. Electronic products contain valuable metals that could be recovered.43. It seems commonly believed that companies are not motivated to prolo ng their products' ifespan.44. It is advisable for companies to partner with each other in product recycli ng.45. Some businesses have begun to realize it may not be effective to let con sumers take full responsibility for recycling.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by s ome questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four ch oices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and ma rk the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the c entre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Effective Friday, Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and R adio Artists ( SAG-AFTRA) has declared a strike against 11 video game publis hers over games that went into production after Feb.17,2015. The companies include some of the heavyweights of the industry, like E lectronic Arts Productions, Insomniac Games, Activision and Disney.The strike comes in light of an unsuccessful 19 months of negotiations after the existing labor contract known as the Interactive Media Agreement expired in late 2014. Overall, the strike is an effort to provide more secondary co mpensation along with other concerns, such as transparency upon hiring t alent and on-set (制作中) safety precautions.The video gaming industry has ballooned in recent years. The Los Angeles Ti mes reports that the industry is in the midst of an intense increase in cash fl ow. In 2015, gaming produced $ 23.5 billion in domestic revenue.But SAG-AFTRA says voice actors don't receive residuals (追加酬金) for their gaming work. Instead, they receive a fixed rate, which is typically about $ 825 for a standard four-hour vocal session. So the voice actors are pushing for the idea of secondary compensation--a performance bonus every time a game sells 2 million copies or download s, or reaches 2 million subscribers, with a cap at 8 million."It's a very small number of games that would trigger this secondary compe nsation issue," said voice actor Crispin Freeman, who's a member of the uni on's negotiating committee."This is an important aspect of what it means to be a freelance (从事自由职业的) performer , who isn't regularly employed every single day working on proj ects."Another major complaint from the actors is the secrecy of the industry." I can't imagine if there's any other acting job in the world where you don't know what show you're in, when you're hired," says voice actor Keythe Farley , who chairs the SAG-AFTRA negotiating committee."And yet that happens every day in the video game world," Farley told report ers during a press conference Friday."I was a main character in Fallout 4, a character by the name of Kellogg, and I never knew that I was doing vocal recording for that game throughout the year and a half.Scott Witlin, the lawyer representing the video game companies, says voice a ctors "represent less than one tenth of 1 percent of the work that goes into m aking a video game." So "even though they're the top craftsmen in their field, " Witlin says,"if we pay them under a vastly different system than the people who do the 9 9.9 percent of the work, that's going to create far more problems for the vide o game companies."46. Why did SAG-AFTRA declare a strike against some video game publisher s?A) The labor contract between them had been violated.B) Its appeal to renegotiate the contract had been rejected.C) It had been cheated repeatedly in the 19 months of talks.D) The negotiations between them had broken down.47. What do we learn from the passage about the video gaming industry?A) It has reaped huge profits in recent years.B) It has become more open and transparent.C) It has attracted many famous voice actors.D) It has invested a lot in its domestic market.48. What are the voice actors demanding?A) More regular employment.B) A non-discriminatory contract.C) Extra pay based on sales revenues.D) A limit on the maximum work hours.49. What does Keythe Farley say about voice actors?A) They are kept in the dark about many details of their job.B) They are discriminated against in the gaming industry.C) They are not paid on a regular basis.D) They are not employed full-time.50. What is the argument of lawyer Scott Witlin?A) Voice actors should have a pay raise if they prove to be top craftsmen.B) Changing the pay system would cause the industry more problems.C) Voice actors are mere craftsmen, not professional performers.D) Paying voice actors on an hourly basis is in line with the law.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Officials at the White House announced a new space policy focused on mana ging the increasing number of satellites that companies and governments are launching into space. Space Policy Directive-3 lays out general guidelines for t he United States to mitigate (缓解) the effects of space debris and track and manage traffic in space.This policy sets the stage for the Department of Commerce to take over the management of traffic in space. The department will make sure that newly la unched satellites don't use radio frequencies that would interfere with existin g satellites, and schedule when such new satellites can be launched. This only applies to American space activities, but the hope is that it will help standar dize a set of norms in the dawning commercial spaceflight industry through out the world.Space, especially the space directly around our planet, is getting more crowd ed as more governments and companies launch satellites. One impetus for th e policy is that companies are already starting to build massive constellation s (星座)，comprising hundreds or thousands of satellites with many moving parts amon g them. With so much stuff in space, and a limited area around our planet, t he government wants to reduce the chances of a collision. Two or more satel lites slamming into each other could create many more out-of-control bits that would pose even more hazards to the growing collection of satellites in sp ace.And it's not like this hasn't happened before. In 2009 an old Russian craft sla mmed into a communications satellite, creating a cloud of hundreds of pieces of debris and putting other hardware at risk. Journalist Sarah Scoles reports t hat NASA currently tracks about 24,000 objects in space, and in 2016 the Air Force had to issue 3 ,995 ,874 warnings to satellite owners alerting them to a potential nearby threat from another satellite or bit of debris.That's why this new policy also includes directions to update the current U. S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices, which already re quire any entity that launches a satellite or spacecraft to vigorously analyz e the likelihood that any of their actions , from an unexpected failure or no rmal operations, will create more space debris. It includes accounting for any piece of debris they plan to release over 5mm that might stay in orbit for 25 years or more. It might seem surprising to think about an item staying in spa ce for that long, but the oldest satellite still in orbit- Vanguard 1- turned 60 in 2018.Agencies and companies throughout the world are working on developing tech nology that would dispose of or capture space debris before it causes seriou s damage. But for now, the U. S. government is more focused on preventing new debris from forming than taking the trash out of orbit.51. What is the purpose of the new U. S. space policy?A) To lay out general guidelines for space exploration.B) To encourage companies to join in space programs.C) To make the best use of satellites in space.D) To improve traffic conditions in space.52. What is the Department of Commerce expected to do under the new polic y?A) Reduce debris in space.B) Monitor satellite operations.C) Regulate the launching of new satellites.D) Update satellite communications technology.53. What does the U. S. government hope to do with the new space policy?A) Set international standards for the space fight industry.B) Monopolize space industry by developing a set of norms.C) Facilitate commercial space flights throughout the world.D) Promote international collaboration in space exploration.54. What is a space vehicle launching entity required to do according to the current U. S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices?A) Give an estimate of how long its debris will stay in space.B) Account for the debris it has released into space at any time.C) Provide a detailed plan for managing the space debris it creates.D) Make a thorough analysis of any possible addition to space debris.55. What are space agencies and companies aiming to do at present?A) Recycle used space vehicles before they turn into debris.B) Develop technology to address the space debris problem.C) Limit the amount of debris entering space.D) Cooperate closely to retrieve space debris.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage f rom Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.汉语现在是世界上用作本族语人数最多的语言。