社会心理学第六章题目知识讲解
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社会⼼理学[第六章态度及其改变]⼭东⼤学期末考试知识点复习第六章态度及其改变⼀、态度及其形成(⼀)态度的含义1.态度的定义与特征态度(attitude)是个⼈对特定对象以⼀定⽅式做出反应时所持的评价性的、较稳定的内部⼼理倾向。
态度的特征有:(1)态度是⼀种内在的⼼理倾向。
(2)态度总有⼀定的对象。
态度的对象称作态度客体(attitude object)。
态度反映了主体与客体间的关系。
(3)态度具有价值判断的成分和感情⾊彩。
任何态度都是对特定事物的意义性或重要性进⾏评价后所产⽣的某种看法、体验或意向,是关于事物对⾃⼰有多⼤利害关系的⼀种价值判断或情绪评定的结果。
(4)态度具有⼀定的稳定性与持续性。
它⼀旦形成就将持续⼀段时间,不轻易改变,即态度具有抗变性。
2.态度的成分与分类(1)关于态度成分的争议①单成分说:态度主要是感情的表现。
代表⼈物:瑟斯顿、赖茨曼。
②双成分说:态度是感情和认知统⼀的表现。
代表⼈物:罗森伯格。
③三成分说:态度包括感情(affect)、⾏为(behavior)和认知(cognition)三种因素;也称作态度的ABC模式。
代表⼈物:⽡格纳。
三种说法都肯定感情倾向是态度的基本特征。
因此,感情表现即表情常被作为态度的测量指标。
但不能认为态度只是由感情成分构成的,因⽽三成分说更加完善,但应将⾏为看成内隐的⾏为意向。
(2)态度的分类①根据态度的表现形式,卡茨和斯托特兰德把态度分为五种类型:a.与情绪、情感联系的态度;b.理智性或认知性的态度;c.动作定向的态度;d.知情意均衡的态度;e.⾃我防卫的态度。
②根据态度的内容及其关联分类。
弗格森认为,⼈对许多事物的态度是有关联的,它们构成了态度束,⽽有关联的态度束合成为态度丛,即有关⼀类事物的总态度。
因此,态度是有层次的系列化结构。
(⼆)态度的功能与作⽤1.态度的功能(1)适应功能⼈的态度都是在适应环境中形成的,形成后能起到使⼈更好地适应环境的作⽤。
第6章态度及其改变一、单项选择题1.个体对特定态度对象的卷入程度,反映的态度属性是()。
[2009年5月心理咨询师二级]A.强度B.外显度C.方向D.深度【答案】D【解析】深度是指个体对特定态度对象的卷入水平。
态度对象对个体的意义越大,个体卷入越深。
A项,强度是指态度倾向于某一特定方向的程度。
B项,外显度是指个体态度在其行为方向与行为方式上的外露程度。
C项,方向是指态度的指向。
2.个体对特定对象的总的评价和稳定性的反应倾向是()。
[2009年5月心理咨询师三级]A.归因B.态度C.动机D.情绪【答案】B【解析】A项,归因指个体根据有关信息、线索对自己和他人的行为原因进行推测与判断的过程。
C项,动机是激发个体朝着一定目标活动,并维持这种活动的一种内在的心理活动或内部动力。
D项,情绪和情感是人对客观外界事物的态度的体验,是人脑对客观外界事物与主体需要之间关系的反映。
3.态度的各个成分之间不协调时,()往往占有主导地位。
[2008年11月心理咨询师二级]A.情感成分B.行为倾向成分C.认知成分D.动机成分【答案】A【解析】态度包括认知、情感和行为倾向三种成分。
一般来讲,态度的三种成分是协调一致的。
在它们不协调时,情感成分往往占有主导地位,决定态度的基本取向与行为倾向。
4.对于态度转变的P-O-X模型,正确的说法包括()。
[2008年5月心理咨询师三级]A.P-O之间的关系最重要B.P-O联系为肯定时的平衡为强平衡C.P-O关系为否定时的平衡为弱平衡D.P-O关系为否定时的不平衡为强不平衡【答案】ABC【解析】在P-O-X模型中,P-O之间的关系最重要。
P-O联系为肯定时的平衡为强平衡,不平衡为强不平衡。
而P-O联系为否定时,平衡为弱平衡,不平衡为弱不平衡。
5.态度的ABC模型中,B指()。
[2008年5月心理咨询师三级,2004年6月心理咨询师三级]A.行为B.情感C.感觉D.行为倾向【答案】D【解析】态度有认知、情感和行为倾向性三个成分,英文单词首字母分别为C (cognition,认知)、A(affection,情感)、B(behavior,行为倾向),因而有人把态度的三种成分说称为态度的ABC模型。
第六章态度及其改变一、态度及其形成(一)态度的含义1.态度的定义与特征态度(attitude)是个人对特定对象以一定方式做出反应时所持的评价性的、较稳定的内部心理倾向。
态度的特征有:(1)态度是一种内在的心理倾向。
(2)态度总有一定的对象。
态度的对象称作态度客体(attitude object)。
态度反映了主体与客体间的关系。
(3)态度具有价值判断的成分和感情色彩。
任何态度都是对特定事物的意义性或重要性进行评价后所产生的某种看法、体验或意向,是关于事物对自己有多大利害关系的一种价值判断或情绪评定的结果。
(4)态度具有一定的稳定性与持续性。
它一旦形成就将持续一段时间,不轻易改变,即态度具有抗变性。
2.态度的成分与分类(1)关于态度成分的争议①单成分说:态度主要是感情的表现。
代表人物:瑟斯顿、赖茨曼。
②双成分说:态度是感情和认知统一的表现。
代表人物:罗森伯格。
③三成分说:态度包括感情(affect)、行为(behavior)和认知(cognition)三种因素;也称作态度的ABC模式。
代表人物:瓦格纳。
三种说法都肯定感情倾向是态度的基本特征。
因此,感情表现即表情常被作为态度的测量指标。
但不能认为态度只是由感情成分构成的,因而三成分说更加完善,但应将行为看成内隐的行为意向。
(2)态度的分类①根据态度的表现形式,卡茨和斯托特兰德把态度分为五种类型:a.与情绪、情感联系的态度;b.理智性或认知性的态度;c.动作定向的态度;d.知情意均衡的态度;e.自我防卫的态度。
②根据态度的内容及其关联分类。
弗格森认为,人对许多事物的态度是有关联的,它们构成了态度束,而有关联的态度束合成为态度丛,即有关一类事物的总态度。
因此,态度是有层次的系列化结构。
(二)态度的功能与作用1.态度的功能(1)适应功能人的态度都是在适应环境中形成的,形成后能起到使人更好地适应环境的作用。
(2)自我防御功能态度作为一种自卫机制,能让人受到贬抑时用来保护自己。
第六章从众第一节什么是从众一、概念从众:是指根据他人而做出的行为或信念的改变。
不同与你单独一人时的行动。
当你脱离群体时,你的行为和信念是否保持不变。
第一节什么是从众从众的表现形式:顺从:由外部力量施压而违心的从众行为。
服从:由明确命令所引起的下级服从上级接纳:真诚、内在的从众行为二、经典从众研究群体样本●暗示性:哈欠的传染性;朋友社会系统的作用心境联结:在同一工作团队里人们的心境通常非常相似。
同一社会网络中个体倾向相似:肥胖、失眠、孤独、幸福和吸毒自杀模仿-维特效应(戴维·菲利普)●2009 年伯格重复了米尔格拉姆的实验。
最高——150 伏70% 的参与者任然会服从。
尽管大多数参与者都表达了对学习者健康的关心,但这并不能预测他们会终止实验还是会服从命令。
参与者声称对自己的行为的责任感才可以预测他们是否会服从命令。
如果经过四次回复的怂恿后,参与者仍然希望停止,那实验便会停止。
否则,实验将继续进行,直到参与者施加的惩罚电流提升至最大的450伏特并持续三次后,实验才会停止。
二、引起服从的因素1.受害者的情感距离米尔格拉姆实验40%、30%战争法允许从40000英尺高的地方对手无寸铁的村民投掷炸弹,但不允许对他们开枪射击。
我们容易贬低远离自己的人或失去个性的人。
积极方面的运用:对个性化的人具有同情心受害者人格化2.权威的接近性与合法性米尔格拉姆实验电话下达命令时21%命令的发出者在空间距离上的接近性会增加服从率。
权威必须被认为是合法的。
对合法权威的服从。
护士对医生的服从1995-2006年美国30个州70名快餐店经理遵从一骗子警察的命令进行搜身。
我并不想这么做……我只是按照他的指示行事。
2007年麦当劳涉及610万美元的赔偿。
1961年2月11日艾希曼於耶路撒冷受审,艾希曼面对对其犯罪的控诉,都以“一切都是依命令行事”回答。
高级纳粹分子恩斯特·卡尔登勃鲁纳1946年纽伦堡审判被告席哭诉:我只是履行了情报机关应该履行的职责。
Chapter6 Conformity and Obedience3#409 名词解释1、Conformity:2、Obedience:3、Autokinetic phenomenon4、Informational influence答案:1 conformity: a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined grop pressure.2 obedience:acting in accord with a direct order or command.3 aotokinetic phenomenon: the apparent movement of a sationary point of light in the dark.4 informational influence: conformaity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people.填空题1、( ) is acting in according with a direct order or commend.Answer:Obedience2、( ) is conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord withsocial pressure.Answer:acceptance3、( ) is conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an impliedor explicit request while privately disagreeing.Answer:compliance4、( ) experiment refers to autokinetic phenomenon.Answer:Sherif’s studies of norm formation5、( ) occurs when people accept evidence about reality provided by otherpeople.Answer:informational influence.单选题1.“Acting in accord with a direct order or command”is ( C )A.ConformityplianceC.ObedienceD.Acceptance2.What is conformity? ( B)A.Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing.B.A change in behavior or belief as the result of real imagined group pressure.C.Acting in accord with a direct order or command.D.Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure.3.Who had taken advantage of the actokinetic phenonmenon? ( A)A.SherifB.AschC.Williangram( B )4.What is involved in Asch’s Study of Group Pressure?A.SuggestibilityparisonC.The chameleon effectD.Obedience5.What don’t breed obedience? ( D)distance B.Closeness and legitimacy of the authorityA.The victim’sC.Institutional C.Norm formation6.Why conform? ( D)A.Bystander effectB.Emotional contaglonC.The effect of unanimityD.Normative influence and informational influence7.What can’t predicts conformity?( D)A.Group sizeB.CohesionC.Public responseD.Prior commitment8.How many people will have a largest effect in conformity? ( B)A.1-3B.3-5C.5-7D.7-99.How to reject conformity? (A)A,Asserting uniqueness B.Role reversal C.Conformity personality D.Don’t reactance10.How many experiments are involved the conformity? (C)A.1B.2C.3D.4多选题did experience 1.In the Milgram’s experiments about the ethics, the “teachers” agony. They ( A B E )A.SweatedB.TrembledC.RelaxedD.ExcitedE.Stuttered2.From Ervin Staub’s study of human genocide across the world, Staub (2003)shows ( A B )A.Where gradually increasing aggression can leadB.Where gradually increasing invasion can leadC.Where gradually increasing a berration can leadpliance bred acceptanceE.Criticism produces contempt3.Conformity is affected by (B E)A.Where people actB.How people actC.Other people actD.When people actE.What people act4.Who is more likely to resist the pressure to conformity (A B C )A.People who is humaneB.People who is democraticC.People who is individualisticD.People who is patrioticE.People who is selfish5.Why do the results of these classic experiments so often startle people? (C E )A.Because we expect people to act in accord with their dispositionB.Because the situation they areC.Because the fundamental attribution errorD.Because the conformity and obedienceE.Because the attribution biasemotional distance.6.Four factors that determined obedience were the victim’sThey are (C D E )A.The authority’s supportB.The critics he received from authorityC.The authority’s closeness and legitimacyD.Whether or not the authority was part of respected institutionE.The liberating effects of a disobedient fellow participant7.Which of the following statements about conformity is wrong (A C E )A.Conformity did grow if the judgments were difficultB.Conformity did decline if the participants felt incompetentC.The more insecure about our judgments, the more influenced we by othersD.Conformity is highest when the group has three or less people and isunanimous, cohesive, and in statusE.Conformity is highest when the response i s public and made without priorcommitment8.Why prompted this conformity? Why had I not clapped even while the othersrapped? Why did Polonius so readily echo Hamlet’s words?(A B)A.Normative influencermational influenceC.International influenceprehension influenceE.Impression influence9.Why are we act in ways that preserve our sense of uniqueness andindividuality?(B E )A.We are used to be uniqueB.We are used to be individualC.We are not comfortable being too similar with a groupD.We are not comfortable being too different from a groupthe same as everyone elseE.We don’t want to appear10.Do you own something. Question authority. If it feels good, do it. Follow yourbliss. Don’t conform. In which countries we will be more likely to hear these words?(B C E )A.ChinaB.New ZealandC.The United StatesD.JapanE.Canada判断题1.Reactance,Unanimity let us be different. (错)2.One person coughs,laughs,or yawns,and others are soon doing the same. it’sMood linkage.(对)3.Conformity meas a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imaginedgroup pressure.(对)4.Asch’s studies of Group pressure experiment refers to autokineticphenomenon.(错)5.normtive influence and Reversal lead to conform.(错)简答题1、What factors caused the obedience of Milgram's obedience experiment?(米尔格拉姆的服从实验中什么因素引起了服从?)(1)受害者的情感距离。
第六章社会认知第一节社会认知概述一.社会认知的定义社会认知是个体与他人的交往过程中,观察、了解他人并形成判断的一种心理活动;是个体通过人际交往根据认知对象的外在特征来推测、判断其内在属性的过程。
从社会心理学的研究角度,又可将社会认知称为社会知觉或人际知觉。
社会认知包括对别人的了解认识、对自己和别人关系的认知、对别人和别人之间关系的认知,还可以包括自我认知。
二.社会认知的特征作为一种特殊的社会心理过程,社会认知具有如下几个基本特性,如选择性、互动性、防御性、完形性。
(一)选择性选择某一部分的刺激信息,忽略或逃避其他信息。
大致说来,人们的认知选择决定于两种因素:第一,以往对报偿和惩罚原则的体验。
第二,刺激物的作用强度。
选择的依据可以有很多,如依据当前的任务、爱好、你和认知对象的关系等等。
(二)互动性在认知时,通常是一个认知者、一个认知对象,二者是互相影响的、互动的。
(三)防御性在社会认知的过程当中,往往可能会为着保持自己内心的平衡和自我概念的完整性,去不自觉地采取一些手段来完成这个认知过程。
(四)完形性人们在社会认知过程中,自觉或不自觉地贯彻了完形原则(或格式塔原则),则个人倾向于把有关认知客体的各方面特征材料加以规则化,形成完整的印象。
三.社会认知的图式(描述人的认知过程的一个概念)图式是认知心理学的一个中心概念,在认知心理学观点来看,图式是组织信息的方式,是用来帮助人们认识世界和解释世界的。
同样的认知对象,如果动用的图式不同,会得到不完全一样的认知结果。
第二节社会认知的基本范围从动态上看,社会认知是一个由表及里的过程。
最初,认知者只能接收到有关对象外部特征的信息。
在这个基础上,认知者不断拓展认知范围,开始涉及对象的内在属性。
与此同时,在认知过程中,人们总是有意无意地将认知对象与周围的人加以对照,试图了解他们之间的相互关系。
另一方面,认知者并不忽略对自己的认知,他们往往把自己同一定的认知对象置于某种关系网络之中,并形成对这种关系的判断。
第6章人际关系1.人们为什么会互相吸引?答∶人际关系是人们在人际交往过程中所结成的心理关系,它表现在人们对他人的影响与依赖。
与他人建立良好的人际关系是人类社会生活中最为重要的任务之一,人际关系在我们的心理生活中有着举足轻重的作用。
概括来说人们互相吸引有两个方面的原因∶(1)人类的亲和动机①心理学家Atkinson(1954),McAdams(1980)等人认为,有两种动机影响人们的社会交往∶a.亲和需求,它是指一个人寻求和保持许多积极人际关系的愿望;b.亲密需求,指人们追求温暖、亲密关系的愿望。
②人类的亲和动机与两个方面的因素有关∶a.与社会比较有关,它强调人们通过社会比较获得有关自己和周围世界的知识。
b.与社会交换有关,它强调人们通过社会交换获得心理与物质酬赏。
③按照社会交换理论的观点,人们会尽量寻求并维持酬赏大于付出的人际关系。
R.Weiss (1974)指出,亲和需求可以提供六种重要的酬赏∶a.依恋指最亲密的人际关系所提供给个体的安全及舒适感,这种依恋小时候指向父母,成人后则针对配偶或亲密朋友。
b.社会整合∶通过亲和与他人交往,并与他人拥有相同的观点和态度,产生团体归属感。
c.价值保证∶得到别人支持时所产生的自己有能力有价值的感觉。
d.可靠的同盟感∶通过与他人建立良好的关系,意识到当自己需要帮助时,他人会伸出援助之手。
e.得到指导∶与他人交往可以使我们从他人那儿获得有价值的指导。
f.受教育机会∶与他人交往能够使我们有机会接受来自他人的教育。
(2)为了克服寂寞①心理学对寂寞所做的定义是∶当人们的社会关系缺乏某些重要成分时所引起的一种主观上的不愉快感。
②Weiss把寂寞分为情绪性寂寞和社会性寂寞。
a.情绪性寂寞是指没有任何亲密的人可以依恋而引起的寂寞。
b.社会性寂寞则是指当个体缺乏社会整合感或缺乏由朋友或同事等所提供的团体归属感时产生的寂寞。
c.要注意区分寂寞与孤独的不同∶孤独是一种与他人隔离的客观状态,孤独可以是愉快的或不愉快的,尽管孤独但却并不寂奥,所以说孤独与寂寞之间没有任何必要的关联。
Chapter6 Conformity and Obedience3#409 名词解释1、Conformity:2、Obedience:3、Autokinetic phenomenon4、Informational influence答案:1 conformity: a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined grop pressure.2 obedience:acting in accord with a direct order or command.3 aotokinetic phenomenon: the apparent movement of a sationary point of light in the dark.4 informational influence: conformaity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people.填空题1、( ) is acting in according with a direct order or commend.Answer:Obedience2、( ) is conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord withsocial pressure.Answer:acceptance3、( ) is conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an impliedor explicit request while privately disagreeing.Answer:compliance4、( ) experiment refers to autokinetic phenomenon.Answer:Sherif’s studies of norm formation5、( ) occurs when people accept evidence about reality provided by otherpeople.Answer:informational influence.单选题1.“Acting in accord with a direct order or command”is ( C )A.ConformityplianceC.ObedienceD.Acceptance2.What is conformity? ( B)A.Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing.B.A change in behavior or belief as the result of real imagined group pressure.C.Acting in accord with a direct order or command.D.Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure.3.Who had taken advantage of the actokinetic phenonmenon? ( A)A.SherifB.AschC.Williangram4.What is involved in Asch’s Study of Group Pressure? ( B )A.SuggestibilityparisonC.The chameleon effectD.Obedience5.What don’t breed obedience? ( D)A.The victim’s distanceB.Closeness and legitimacy of the authorityC.Institutional C.Norm formation6.Why conform? ( D)A.Bystander effectB.Emotional contaglonC.The effect of unanimityD.Normative influence and informational influence7.What can’t predicts conformity?( D)A.Group sizeB.CohesionC.Public responseD.Prior commitment8.How many people will have a largest effect in conformity? ( B)A.1-3B.3-5C.5-7D.7-99.How to reject conformity? (A)A,Asserting uniqueness B.Role reversal C.Conformity personality D.Don’t reactance10.How many experiments are involved the conformity? (C)A.1B.2C.3D.4多选题1.In the Milgram’s experiments about the ethics, the “teachers” did experienceagony. They ( A B E )A.SweatedB.TrembledC.RelaxedD.ExcitedE.Stuttered2.From Ervin Staub’s study of human genocide across the world, Staub (2003)shows ( A B )A.Where gradually increasing aggression can leadB.Where gradually increasing invasion can leadC.Where gradually increasing aberration can leadpliance bred acceptanceE.Criticism produces contempt3.Conformity is affected by (B E)A.Where people actB.H ow people actC.O ther people actD.When people actE.What people act4.Who is more likely to resist the pressure to conformity (A B C )A.People who is humaneB.P eople who is democraticC.P eople who is individualisticD.People who is patrioticE.People who is selfish5.Why do the results of these classic experiments so often startle people? (C E )A.Because we expect people to act in accord with their dispositionB.Because the situation they areC.Because the fundamental attribution errorD.Because the conformity and obedienceE.Because the attribution bias6.Four fa ctors that determined obedience were the victim’s emotional distance.They are (C D E )A.The authority’s supportB.The critics he received from authorityC.The authority’s closeness and legitimacyD.Whether or not the authority was part of respected institutionE.The liberating effects of a disobedient fellow participant7.Which of the following statements about conformity is wrong (A C E )A.Conformity did grow if the judgments were difficultB.Conformity did decline if the participants felt incompetentC.The more insecure about our judgments, the more influenced we by othersD.Conformity is highest when the group has three or less people and isunanimous, cohesive, and in statusE.Conformity is highest when the response is public and made without priorcommitment8.Why prompted this conformity? Why had I not clapped even while the othersrapped? Why did Polonius so readily echo Hamlet’s words?(A B)A.Normative influencermational influenceC.International influenceprehension influenceE.Impression influence9.Why are we act in ways that preserve our sense of uniqueness andindividuality?(B E )A.We are used to be uniqueB.We are used to be individualC.We are not comfortable being too similar with a groupD.We are not comfortable being too different from a groupE.We don’t want to appear the same as everyone else10.Do you own something. Question authority. If it feels good, do it. Follow yourbliss. Don’t conform. In which countries we will be more likely to hear these words?(B C E )A.ChinaB.New ZealandC.The United StatesD.JapanE.Canada判断题1.Reactance,Unanimity let us be different. (错)2.One person coughs,laughs,or yawns,and others are soon doing the same. it’sMood linkage.(对)3.Conformity meas a change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imaginedgroup pressure.(对)4.Asch’s studies of Gr oup pressure experiment refers to autokineticphenomenon.(错)5.normtive influence and Reversal lead to conform.(错)简答题1、What factors caused the obedience of Milgram's obedience experiment?(米尔格拉姆的服从实验中什么因素引起了服从?)(1)受害者的情感距离。