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考研资料推荐写作素材积累考研资料推荐：写作素材积累考研写作是一项重要的考试内容，需要具备丰富的写作素材和积累。
本文将为大家推荐一些适合于考研写作的素材，并提供一些积累策略。
一、历史素材历史素材是考研写作中常见的素材之一。
首先，可以选择一些重要的历史事件或者历史人物作为写作素材，比如中国的改革开放、文化大革命等。
其次，可以关注一些国际历史事件，比如第二次世界大战、冷战等。
此外，可以结合自己所学专业领域的历史事件进行深入研究和思考，以丰富自己的写作素材。
二、社会热点社会热点是考研写作中常用的素材之一。
我们可以关注一些当前社会关注度较高的事件或者问题，比如环境污染、教育不公平、城市化等。
可以通过观察和研究社会热点问题，提出自己的观点和见解，并进行深入思考。
三、文学作品文学作品是考研写作中的重要素材之一。
我们可以选择一些经典的文学作品，比如《红楼梦》、《水浒传》等，进行阅读和分析。
通过对文学作品的研究，可以提高自己的文学素养和写作能力。
同时，还可以关注一些当代文学作品，了解当代文学发展的趋势和特点。
四、科技创新科技创新是考研写作中的重要素材之一。
我们可以关注一些科技创新领域的热点问题，比如人工智能、互联网、生物技术等。
可以通过了解和研究科技创新的发展动态，提出自己的见解和观点，并进行深入思考。
五、教育问题教育问题是考研写作中常用的素材之一。
我们可以关注一些热点教育问题，比如高考改革、素质教育、教育公平等。
可以通过观察和研究教育问题，提出自己的见解和观点，并进行深入思考。
六、国际关系国际关系是考研写作中的重要素材之一。
我们可以关注一些国际关系问题，比如国际安全、国际经济合作、文化交流等。
可以通过观察和研究国际关系问题，提出自己的见解和观点，并进行深入思考。
要想积累写作素材，需要进行多方面的阅读和思考。
可以通过阅读相关的书籍、报纸、杂志，关注电视、网络等媒体上的信息，还可以参加一些学术讲座、研讨会等活动，扩展自己的知识面。
山东省考研写作复习资料范文解析与写作技巧总结写作在山东省考研中占据了重要的一环，合理的写作复习资料和良好的写作技巧对于考生来说至关重要。
本文将从范文解析和写作技巧总结两个方面，为考生提供实用的复习指导。
一、范文解析考生在备考阶段应该熟悉并分析前人的范文。
范文既是一种参考，也是一种借鉴，通过借鉴他人的好的写作方法和技巧，可以帮助我们更好地理解和掌握写作的要领。
山东省考研写作范文通常以议论文、说明文和应用文为主，每种文体都有其独特的特点和写作风格。
考生在分析范文时，应该注意以下几点：1. 整体结构：范文的整体结构是写作的骨架，通过分析范文的开头、中间和结尾等部分，可以了解到范文的逻辑层次和组织结构。
2. 表达方式：范文中的表达方式和运用的修辞手法对于我们提升写作水平有着重要的借鉴意义。
考生可以通过分析范文中的句式、词汇和篇章结构等方面来提高自己的写作能力。
3. 论点支撑：范文中的论点是其核心，考生应该注意范文中论证思路和论据的使用。
分析范文的论点支撑方式，可以帮助我们更好地理解写作的逻辑和论证方法。
通过对范文的仔细分析和总结，考生可以形成自己的写作素材库，并借鉴优秀范文的写作技巧，从而在考试中提升自己的写作水平。
二、写作技巧总结除了范文的分析之外，考生还需要总结一些实用的写作技巧，并加以应用。
下面是一些常用的写作技巧：1. 明确主题：写作前要明确文章的主题和立意，确保思路清晰、逻辑严密。
2. 合理构思：在写作之前，应该合理构思文章的结构和内容，避免写作过程中的思路混乱。
3. 注意语法和标点：文章中的语法错误和标点符号的使用错误会影响阅读体验，考生应该注重语法和标点的准确性。
4. 确保连贯性：文章中的段落和句子之间应该有连贯的过渡，保持文章的整体连贯性和逻辑性。
5. 多样化的表达：写作时应该注重用词的多样性，避免重复使用某个词汇，使文章更加丰富有趣。
6. 适当使用修辞手法：修辞手法可以使文章更加生动有力，但使用时要恰到好处，不要过度使用。
大学生实用写作复习资料1. 引言写作是大学生必备的核心能力之一。
在大学期间，学生们需要通过各种写作任务来表达自己的观点、沟通思想以及展示所学知识。
然而，很多大学生在写作方面存在一定困惑和不足。
为了帮助大学生提升写作技巧，本文提供一些实用的复习资料，涵盖写作的基础知识、写作流程以及常见写作问题的解决方案。
2. 写作的基本要素2.1. 主题句主题句是文章中的核心句子，它概括了文章的中心思想和要点。
良好的主题句能够帮助读者迅速理解文章的主旨，并为后续内容提供一个明确的框架。
在准备写作之前，大学生应该花时间思考并编写一个清晰的主题句。
2.2. 段落结构一个好的段落结构能够使文章的结构清晰，并帮助读者更好地理解作者的观点。
一个段落通常包含一个主题句和支持该主题句的相关论据、证据或例子。
大学生在写作时应该注意段落的逻辑关系和过渡，以确保文章的连贯性和流畅性。
2.3. 逻辑连接词逻辑连接词在写作中起到了桥梁的作用，能够使文章的结构更加紧密和连贯。
通过使用逻辑连接词，大学生能够表达出观点之间的关系，如因果关系、对比关系、并列关系等。
一些常见的逻辑连接词包括：因此、然而、另外、例如等。
3. 写作流程3.1. 计划在开始写作之前，制定一个写作计划非常重要。
首先，明确写作的目的和受众。
其次，分析和组织素材，确定文章的结构和大纲。
最后，给每个段落和主题句编写一个草稿，以便后续的修改和完善。
3.2. 写作在写作过程中，大学生应该始终保持清晰和简洁的表达。
避免使用复杂的词汇和句子结构，同时注意使用恰当的术语和语言风格。
此外，大学生应该注重文章的逻辑和流畅性，通过合理的过渡和段落结构来提升写作质量。
3.3. 修改和完善写完初稿后，大学生应该进行反复的修改和完善。
在修改过程中，要注意文章的逻辑关系、表达的准确性和语法的正确性。
此外，还可以通过请他人审阅提供宝贵的建议，并进行修正。
4. 常见写作问题及解决方案4.1. 内容不准确或不完整一些大学生在写作时可能存在内容不准确或不完整的问题。
文章是通过对语言（材料、句段）的选择、组织和表达、交流信息的秩序体。
2、写作定义写作是作者为实现写作功能而运用思维操作技术和书面语言符号，对表达内容进行语境化展开的修辞性精神创造行为；是人类运用语言文字创造生命存在自由秩序的建筑行为、活动。
3、主题定义主题是作者运用各种材料和表现形式所传达出来的基本思路或基本观点；同时，主题又是读者对文章中心内涵的一种自我了理解，这种理解的深度和广度，常常和读者本人的文化背景、人生经历、知识结构、审美意识、情操境界等因素有关。
4、材料定义材料是作者为了写作的需要，从生活中提取、搜集到的一系列事实现象和理论依据。
简单来说，凡是用来表现主题的事物与观念都可称为材料。
5、结构定义文章的结构是文章部分与部分、部分与整体之间的内在联系和外部联系的统一。
6、过渡定义过渡是指体现段落与段落、层次和层次等各种衔接关系的形式或手段。
照应是指文章内容的前呼后应。
8、线索定义线索是把文章各个部分、各种内容有机地整合起来的一条线，是贯穿全文使结构井然有序的一种结构手法。
9、叙述定义叙述是把人物的经历和事物的发展变化的过程表现出来的一种写作方法。
10、描写定义描写就是对人物、事件和环境进行具体细致的描绘和刻画。
描写是文学中最基本、最生动的东西，是文学作品最感染人的地方。
11、抒情定义抒情是指用来表现和抒发作者和作品中人物的主观情感的表达方法。
12、议论定义议论即评议论说、讲道理。
作者通过事实材料和逻辑推理来阐明自己的观点，表明赞成什么或反对什么。
13、说明定义说明是用言简易明的文字，把事物的形状、性质、特征、成因、关系、功用等，解释清楚；或者把人物的经历、特征等表述明白的方法。
14、文学定义文学是艺术的基本形式之一，它是显示在话语蕴藉中的审美意识形态，以语言文字为媒介和手段塑造艺术形象，反映现实生活，表现人们的精神世界，通过审美的方式发挥其多方面的社会作用。
15小说定义小说是一种运用文学语言，以叙述为要表达方式，通过完整的故事情节的安排、典型形象的塑造和典型环境的描写，多方面地反映和再现现实生活的一种文学体裁。
851写作考研题库考研写作是考察学生综合运用英语进行书面表达的能力。
它不仅要求考生具备扎实的英语基础，还要求考生能够准确、流畅地表达自己的观点。
以下是一些关于考研写作的题库内容，供考生参考和练习。
考研写作题库一、议论文写作1. 题目一：网络教育与传统教育的优劣- 网络教育的便利性- 传统教育的互动性- 个人看法2. 题目二：社交媒体对人际关系的影响- 社交媒体的普及- 人际关系的变化- 社交媒体的利弊分析3. 题目三：环境保护的重要性- 环境问题的严重性- 个人与社会的责任- 可持续发展的途径二、图表作文1. 题目一：描述图表中的数据变化 - 引入图表- 详细描述数据变化- 分析原因和趋势2. 题目二：对比不同国家的教育投入 - 引入对比- 描述不同国家的教育投入- 分析投入与教育质量的关系3. 题目三：描述城市化进程- 引入城市化的概念- 描述城市化带来的变化- 讨论城市化的影响三、应用文写作1. 题目一：写一封求职信- 个人简介- 对职位的兴趣和适合性- 表达希望得到面试机会2. 题目二：写一封推荐信- 推荐人与被推荐人的关系- 被推荐人的能力和特点- 推荐人的支持和期望3. 题目三：写一封投诉信- 描述投诉的原因- 具体说明问题- 表达希望得到解决的期望四、说明文写作1. 题目一：介绍一种科技产品- 产品的功能和特点- 使用方法- 产品对日常生活的影响2. 题目二：解释一个社会现象- 现象的描述- 现象产生的原因- 现象的社会意义3. 题目三：描述一个文化活动- 活动的目的和意义- 活动的流程和特色- 活动对参与者的影响考生在准备考研写作时，应该多读多写，积累词汇和句型，提高自己的语言组织能力和逻辑思维能力。
同时，通过练习不同的写作题型，熟悉考试的格式和要求，以便在考试中能够迅速准确地完成写作任务。
希望这些题库内容能够帮助考生更好地准备考研写作部分。
《大学写作》复习大纲整合版第一章主题1．掌握“主题”的含义及作用含义：主题指文章、作品所要传达的最基本的观点、思想、情感、形象、或要强调的主要内容作用：主题是文章的精华；主题是文章的灵魂；主题是文章的统帅2．熟练掌握主题的要求，并能运用于写作实践之中主题的要求是：主题要正确、深刻、集中3．熟悉在写作实践中提炼、限制、深化主题的方法并能应用于写作实践中（简单应用题）例如：阅读下列材料，从三个不同的角度立意，并简要地概括出三个主题句。
国外有两家鞋厂，各派一个推销员到太平洋上某个岛屿去推销本厂的产品。
上岛以后，两人各自发回一份电报。
一位的电文是：“此岛上的人都不穿鞋子，明天我就回去。
”另一位的电文是：“太好了！这个岛上的人都还没有穿上鞋子，我打算长住此岛。
”论点举例：A．推销之前应先做好市场调查，不要盲目行动B．要有知难而上，从零开始的创业精神C．对同一现象，不同的思维方式会得出不同的结论D．看问题要全面，既要看到有利的一面也要看到不利的一面E．要勇于向新事物挑战F．要善于换一个角度，换一种思维看问题G．不要一棵树上吊死，此路不通走彼路H．不要违背客观规律与事实，一味蛮干I．不要把自己的观念、习俗、文化等强加于人，既然岛上的居民没有穿鞋的习惯就不要强迫他们改变自己的传统与习俗。
4．了解“主题先行”与“意在笔先”的区别主题先行：先有主题，再根据主题需要寻找支持材料，再动笔写作。
意在笔先：先通过接触现实、材料，在此基础上产生主题，再动笔写作。
5．了解应用写作主题生成的两大特点第一个特点：产生过程的特殊性——从时间看：常有“主题先行”的；从动机看，常常是被动的、奉命的；从意图看，常带有明确的实用性、针对性第二个特点：提炼过程的特殊性——写作者个人并不一定能完全左右主题的最后确定；主题的形成、提炼过程要受到很多人为因素的影响（如上级意志）；主题的确定往往是集体智慧的结晶（多人共同确定）1、写作的主要目的是传播。
Task l Rewrite the following by putting the short sentences into compound复合句or complex复杂sentences, or sentences with participial分词, prepositional介词, or other phrases:l.Xu, who comes from a working-class family, enrolled in college last fall.R:Xu comes from a working-class family. He enrolled in college last fall.R:Xu who enrolled in college last fall comes from a working-class family .2.The dean issued a bulletin, which said/saying the library would remain open on weekends.R:The dean issued a bulletin. It said the library would remain open on weekends.R:The dean issued a bulletin saying the library would remain open on weekends.3.On board the plane there were over two hundred passengers, about one third of whom were foreigners.R:There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane. About one third of them were foreigners.R:There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane, about one third of whom were foreigners.4.Young and inexperienced, the new workers are eager to learn from the veteran workers.R:The new workers are young and inexperienced. They are eager to learn from the veteran workers.R:The new workers who are eager to learn from the veteran workers are young and inexperienced.5.On hearing that his father was ill, he was anxious to go home to see him. So he went to the station early in the morning to buy a ticket.R:He heard that his father was ill. He was anxious to go home to see him. He went to the station early in the morningto buy a ticket.R:He heard that his father was ill. He was anxious to go home to see him so he went to the station early in the morning to buy a ticket.Task 2 The following sentences are not unified or coherent. Try to improve them下列句子不统一(完整)或连贯试改进它们:l.Bernard Shaw was one of the best-known English playwrights of the 20th century.R:Bernard Shaw was one of the best-known playwrights.R:Bernard Shaw was one of the best-known playwrights of Britain in the 19-20tv' centuries.2.On the train I read the novel, which did not interest me at all.R:l read the novel on the train, which did not interest me at all.R:On the train I read the novel which did not interest me at all.3.On entering the room, no one was seen.R:On entering the room, no one was seen.R:On entering the room,l saw no one.4.Fred is an energetic and capable man you can rely on.R:Fred is energetic, capable, and a man you can rely on.R:Fred is energetic, capable and reliable.5.The children promised to be careful and return home early.R:The children promised to be careful and that they would return home early.R:The children promised they would be careful and return home early.Task 3 Revise the following sentences. Try to make them concise.复习句子尽量使它们简洁。
可编辑修改精选全文完整版学术论文写作考试题1.What is term paper?In the university grade stage. It is usually accomplished under the guidance of experience teachers to gain the final credit.2.Define the readability of thesis.The text is smoothly, simple, clear chart, well-organized order and brief conclusion. 3.What are the principles and methods of selecting a subject of study?Focused up-to-date under control4.How is the first-hand source distinguished from the second-hand source?F is original opinions S is the original view reviews and comments5.What are the 4 kinds of note in the subject selection?Summary Paraphrase Direct Quotation Comment6.What are the two main kinds of outline? In what subjects do they cater to respectively?Mixed outline: used in humanities and social sciencesNumerical outline: used in science7.Give reasons of submitting a research proposalFirst, you have a good topic.Second, you have the ability to complete the paper.Third, you have a feasible research plan.8.How many components are there in the research proposal? What are they? Title Introduction Literature review Method Result Discussion Preliminary bibliography9.What is the use of literature review?Understand the background.Familiar the problemsHave a ability of preminary assessment and comprehensive the literature.10.What is abstract?Abstract is a concise and comprehensive summary or conclusion.11.What are the main components of abstract?Objective or purpose Process and methods Results Conclusion12.What is the use of conclusion in the thesis?It emphasized the most important ideas or conclusion clearly in this paper.13.What parties is the acknowledgment usually addressed to?For the tutor and teachers who give suggestion, help and support.For the sponsorFor the company or person which provide the dataFor other friends14.Specify MLA formatIt is widely used in the field of literature, history and so on.Pay attention in the original of the Reference.15.Specify Chicago formatThe subject of general format, used for books, magazines and so on.Divided into the humanities style and the author data system.16.Define footnotes.Also called the note at the end of the page. Appeared in the bottom of every page. 17.Define end-notes.Also called Concentrated note or end-notes appear in thetext.18.M：monographA: choose an article from the proceedings.J: academic journalD: academic dissertationR: research reportC: collected papersN: newspaper article19.Tell briefly about the distinctions between thesis and dissertation.Dissertation defined as a long essay that you do as part of a degree or other qualification. It refers to B.AThesis defined as a long piece of writing, based on your own ideas and research, that you do as part of a university degree. It refers to Ph.D.20.What are the general features of the thesis title?As much as possible use nouns, prep, general phrase and so on.The title can be used to express an Non-statement sentence.The first letter of the notional word in the title should be capital.Be cautious using abbreviations and try not to use punctuation marks.Remove unnecessary articles and extra descriptive words.21.What is the introduction of the research proposal concerned with?Research question Rationale Method FindingsDesign sample instruments22.How is abstract defined to American national standards institute?It is a concise summary of your work.Abstract should state the objectives of the project describe the methods used, summarize the significant findings and state the implications of the findings.23.How is thesis statement understood?It usually at the final part of the introduction in order that the readers could understood the central idea as quickly as possible. It is the point of view and attitude of the statement.1. Have a brief comment upon the study of ESPSpecial use English also called English for specific purpose. It includes tourism English, finance English, medical English, business English, engineering English, etc. In the 1960s, ESP is divided into scientific English, business English and social sciences, each branch can be divided into professional English and academic English.2. What is the research methods of literature?The external research : from society, history, age, environment and so on relationship to study.The internal research: from the works of rhyme, text, images, symbols and specific level to composed the text.3.Have a brief comment upon the study of interpretation.At present, people in the academia mainly focus on these topics, such as interpreting training, interpreting practices and so on. According to its mean of transfer, interpretation can be divided for simultaneous interpretation, consecutive interpretation, whispering interpretation; According to different occasions and interpretation, it can be divided into the meeting interpretation, contact interpretation, media interpretation,etc.4.What is the analytic method in the study of linguistics?In linguistics, analytic method means to make some analysisand decomposition on the various elements of a language according to different research purposes and requirements, and to separate them from the interconnected entirety respectively and extract general and special method.5.In what respects is phonetics studies in the current research?Study on the phonology remains to be further studied, such as Chinese language learning and English phonology, phonological number is still worth discussing. Comparative study of phonology is worth advocating. The combination of researching and teaching for phonetics is also a major focus of current research.6. What is the deductive in linguistics?Deduction is the method to deduce from the general to the special, namely from the general principles of known to conclusions about the individual objects. he deductive method is also known as the study of testing hypothesis.1.What is term paper?2.Define the readability of thesis.3.What are the principles and methods of selecting a subject of study?4.How is the first-hand source distinguished from the second-hand source?5.What are the 4 kinds of note in the subject selection?6.What are the two main kinds of outline? In what subjects do they cater to respectively?7.Give reasons of submitting a research proposal8.How many components are there in the research proposal? What are they?9.What is the use of literature review?10.What is abstract?11.What are the main components of abstract?12.What is the use of conclusion in the thesis?13.What parties is the acknowledgment usually addressed to?14.Specify MLA format15.Specify Chicago format16.Define footnotes.17.Define end-notes.18.Tell briefly about the distinctions between thesis and dissertation.19.What are the general features of the thesis title?20.What is the introduction of the research proposal concerned with?21.How is abstract defined to American national standards institute?22.How is thesis statement understood?。
Chapter 1 Defining the Dissertation You are asked to write a term paper,a library paper,a review,or a book review in order to demonstrate that you have learned the necessary skills of a general academic ability in the subject taught during the semester.How to define the terms like thesis,dissertation,paper(all be translated into Lun wen论文) vs their relationship.Dissertation is used to refer to "a long essay that you do as part of a degree or other qualification"that you are studying for -that is,a BA or an MA. Thesis is used to refer to "a long piece of writing,based on your own ideas and research that you do as part of your university degree,especially a PhD. So if the assay is part of a BA or MA degree,we call it a dissertation,if a part of a PhD degree we call it a thesis.You write an essay for a certain course during your university studies,we it a paper.BA dissertation学士论文,an MA dissertation硕士论文,a PhD thesis博士论文, term paper论文.Here is in line with the British educational tradition.In America,thesis means a BA lun wen or MA lun wen. Dissertation means a PhD lun wen. thesis,dissertation, and paper,their writing process is more or less the same,the major difference between them lies at the level of originality.Difference and relationship between a summary of information (easier to prepare)and an evaluation of information(include a summary).Academic writing,term paper or research article can aim at summarizing other's studies in the field and presenting the ideas or arguments put forward by other scholars.By contrast,a dissertation or thesis requires more than an acknowledgement of existing studies,it must involve a critical evaluation of research information and this is where the originality of the study lies. When summarize existing studies in the field,you are expected to present to the reader what you have read,how much you have understood,the way you organize all the information.When expected to evaluate previous studies,you must show ability in understanding ,commenting in a scholarly way,consider what factor,how and why factors.A dissertation involves both summarizing and evaluating other's studies in this field,this part of the work is called Literature review.The process of writing a dissertation,steps:we need a kind of yo-yo approach (go backward and forward)proposed by Sorenson ,do not think research process is direct or straightforward.Writing a dissertation is going through a process of doing research.3 steps in process:1.prewriting 2.writing 3.editing and completion.Chapter 2 Basic Writing and Academic WritingTwo types of writing(different genre types and reflect different level of difficulties):1.Basic Writing or practical writing (every day writing and all of us do it)2.Academic Writing(only required in an academic environment)Purpose of Basic Writing:help students learn to write well for everyday purpose,focus is on general writing skills and strategies.Different types of essays:narration,description,exposition,argumentation.Precis writing:(abstract the main points of an essay ,report,book). It is similar to the writing of summaries(the condensation of information)Academic Writing is concerned with academic research.1.Fictional writing (poems,essays,novels)2.non-Fictional writing1.Popular(writing in popular magazines)the major difference between popular and professional writing is that they have different groups of target readers.2.Professional(writing in Professional magazines)A.Technical writing(concerned with practice-based,problem-oriented or application-based research,it is usually written by and for engineers or practitioners for a pragmatic reason)B.Academic writing (based on original research ,concerned with theory-based or theorizing research and is usually written by and for academics)Difference:A comes from research with the application of a theory ,B develops from theorizing.B :Academic writing1.literary writing (concerned with the analysis and appreciation of literary works)2.non-literary writing(a type of scientific writing, scientific research methods are often used in this type)Difference :1 is more subjective, 2 is objective2.Non-literary writinga. Speculative(writings in a university's department of philosophy) speculative-orientedb. Experimental(writings in a university's department of psychology) experimental-oriented Seyfer ,H.&Wu,G.H.Style and mechanicsStyle: the way you present your ideas in your writing.In academic writing,the style is expected to be formal and scholarly ,not to entertain,but to inform to describe or to argue(avoid the use of slang,colloquial words and biased language,your tone and attitude to topic should be serious).The use of pronouns:it is the third-person pronoun he,she,they rather than the first-person pronoun i,me,my,or mine.because use of third-person pronoun suggests subjective opinions and weaken the assertion by implying uncertainty.But the use of impersonal labels such as t he researcher or the writer may distance oneself from what one is saying.As with basic writing,correctness is important mechanistic aspect as we pay attention to grammar,punctuation and other technical matters.If you find a misspelled word in a text you want to quote directly,insert sic.eg.Systematic (sic)functional linguisticUse abbreviations wisely,eg.Systemic Functional Linguistics(hereafter SFL)Chapter 3 Data,Analysis,and Research ParadigmsIn linguistic studies,as Widdowson points out,there are 3 sources of linguistic data.1.introspection(based on the linguist's own intuitive competence of the language.This method is popular because linguistic description can be based on the linguist's introspection.)2.elicitation(members of the speech community are asked to serve as informants to decide whether or not certain description are correct ,accurate or acceptable,eg, questionnaires and interviews)Both introspection and elicitation can be used to obtain data from 2 different sources:1.linguistic competence(abstract knowledge of language) municative competence(communicative use of language)3.Observation(the idea that behaviour ,eg,language use ,can be observed naturalistically, get examples from the corpus)Use which source depends on what you claim the data are evidence of ,and what you are trying to explain.2 Methods/ways of data collection:1.the data collected experimentally (the type of data yielded by the investigation is likely to be quantitative,i,e,information in the form of numbers)2.the data is collected non-experimentally (the type of data yielded by the investigation is likely to be qualitative ,i,e,information in verbal form)The way of looking at and analysing the data depends on the type of data that has been collected.1.Data for research is in quantitative form,use mathematical and statistical manipulations to process and analyse the data.2.Data in qualitative form,analyse the data in verbal formType of analysis :With experimental method and quantitative data,the result can be processed statistically.By contrast,non-experimental method and qualitative data,the result is usually interpretative.Grotjahn ,2 pure research paradigms:1.the exploratory-interpretive paradigm(employs a non-experimental method,yield qualitative data,and provides an interpretive analysis of that data)2.The analytical-nomological paradigm(the data is collected through an experiment and yields quantitative data,which are subjected to statistical analysis )There are 6 mixed paradigms.Types of research:Brown---1.primary research2.secondary research(consist of summarizing previous studies ,reviewing the literature in a given area,and synthesizing the research undertaken by others .Library research and literature review belong to secondary research)Primary research differs from secondary research in that it is derived from the primary sources of information.Primary research:1.qualitative studies (main focus is on making sense of the meanings of psychological ,social,linguisticand other phenomena, collecting accounts is one method.It is popular in discourse analysis and other text-based studies)2.survey studies(Data obtained from surveys can be either descriptive or explanatory ,It is designed to investigate a group's attitudes,opinions or characteristics through questionnaire --ask closed questions or open-ended questions and interview-ask a participant or informant for information about a particular research question,the questions can be tightly or loosely focused)3.statistical studies(comprise quasi-experimental studies and experimental studies.It based on experimental studies,which control the conditions under which the behaviour or phenomenon under investigation is observed)Chapter4 Prewriting (1):Developing the Subject1.Managing your timeKnowing how to manage your time effectively and make a realistic plan is a very important factor in determining your chances of success.When allocate the time,remember to set aside at least 2 days for emergency occasions.2.Locating your interestYour interest in the subject will make you eager to know more of the subject area and that will help a lot in the investigation of the research topic.Choose one subject interests you most,and then you must narrow down the subject area.3.Selecting a topic(How?--consult your tutor,read dissertations completed in previous years and available in your university library.Neither topic too broad or too limited or specialized)2 important factors to take into consideration when choosing a suitable topicA.manageabilityB.the availability of resourcesChapter5 Prewriting(2): Reading the LiteraturePurpose: Help you learn how to obtain information(Where you can get useful and relevant information for your research. How to read the existing literature. How to develop a working bibliography.)Familiarize yourself with the research background:Ways of widening your knowledge of the research topic and the other background information.A traditional way :1.Library research.(to the university library and check the catalogues by 1.subject search 2.keyword search 3.author search 4.title search / find CD-ROM reference materials ,the e-library can provide information and Corpora is used.)e the Internet selectively and wisely. 3.follow existing approaches to the problem by reading papers dealing with similar problems.Discovering existing studies <ways of getting background information>1.Search # in <http://www.baidu/>2. Consult a grammar book.(start with the index/table of content)3. Search <> 中国期刊全文数据库 3. A web page maintained by the British Council </grammar /archive/>Reading the relevant literature:Locate - readThey should read selectively（some read in detail,some read in genera）While reading and digesting other's ideas,you have 3 stages to go through.1.Understand as much as you can and follow the train of thought provided by the author. 2.Critically read and identify the strong points and weak points or areas to be further explored. 3. Decide on how to use the existing writing.Taking notes(a important step in preparing for your dissertation writing, because you quote and paraphrasing or summarizing previous studies )2 ways of taking notes: 1. Write useful ideas ,quotations on note cards(traditional, Direct quotation,Summary,Outline form) 2.record notes by using a computer(new) You must record correctly and check carefully whether it is correctly copied.Advantage of taking notes by computer: I n due course you can transfer the quotations directly into your dissertation without having to recopy them. Disadvantages :you may have difficulties in sorting out the quotations according to meaning or inserting the related quotation in the appropriate place. Discovering questions and problems:By looking at the existing studies,can easily find that there are many questions and problems that need to be further investigated.Focusing on your research:you can have a thorough study if your topic is not too broad.Preparing a working bibliography(the name implies the bibliography that you will be working with until your final draft has been submitted and accepted.)The entries条目of references in the working bibliography must be listed in an alphabetical order.If the reference is a book,you should have the author, title,publisher, place of publication, year of publication,s ource of the item. Use one format and follow it all the time.Chapter 6 prewriting (3)Thesis Formulation and Research QuestionsThesis :1.A thesis is an idea or theory that is expressed as a statement and is discussed in a logical way.论点2.A thesis is a long piece of writing ,based on your own ideas and research that you do as a part of a university degree.论文Thesis formation论点形成Thesis statement 论点陈述：also called the statement of the problem /the thesis sentence(states or suggests the research subject or the main topic,making thesis statement can help you focus on the research topic and avoid reading unrelated materials--clarify your thinking .In many cases,a thesis statement is also stated in the form of a problem that you attempt to solve in your research,in which case the thesis statement is a statement of solution to the problem.)The research question:the answer to the question or the hypothesis itself is in fact the thesis statement The research topic can be stated as a question (stimulate exploratory research)or as a hypothesis(the research focus is on a tentative explanation or argument that your research attempts to test)The research method(obtain data by observation ,searching the existing corpora available )In describing the research method,one can say that is data-driven or data-based and t he method can be qualitative rather than quantitative or qualitative and quantitative.Chapter 8 writing (1) : Elements of a DissertationThe Macrostructure……The abstract:is the first source of information, which gives the reader a general idea of your research and writing. The abstract serves as a summary of the research from which the reader gets a bird's-eye view of the whole dissertation.Elements in the abstract :1.subject matter/area 2.background information 3.purpose of the present study 4. Method5.findings 6. Implications.The introduction:1.rationale原理阐述for the research(or background to the research,reason/motivation) 2.aims and objectives 3.research questions 4.data 5.research method 6.theoretical framework 7.structure of the dissertation.The function of this rationale for the research is to orientate the reader by guiding him to the proposed study.Structure of the dissertation gives the reader a macrostructural view of the whole dissertation.\The literature review(a part of the secondary research)Purposes :1.show what has been previously studied in the field and what can be improved or modified 2.summarize other people's writings 3.to define or review definitions and key concept 4.clear the ground for your own research.The theoretical framework:The theoretical basis of your research. To outline the theoretical framework is to situate your research.Research method and data:discussion on 1.materials or data 2.design of the research 3.analysis 4.procedureAnalysis and discussion:the relationship between them (the analysis provides the evidence and the discussion gives the explanation and interpretation). If you have evidence (the linguistic phenomenon)but cannot discuss it in a justifiable way,people will challenge the usefulness of the analysis. If your explanation and interpretation are not based on analysis and evidence,people will challenge the objectivity of your research.The conclusion:get a general idea of the research. Purposes :1.bring the discussion to a close 2.summarize your research findings 3.discuss implications of the study 4.make suggestions for further studies.Chapter 9 Writing (2):Organizing ideasThe language of the elements of structure:the language in the introductory chapter serves the function of introducing the reader to the topic of discussion or focusing on the topic.(the first sentence's function is to state the purpose and the scope of the research)--aim,purpose,concernedReferring to previous studies(this is a way to show that the researcher is aware of the research background and the present research situation)Purposes:1.survey the research situation 2.follow other's research traditions 3.get theoretical support……3 ways of referring to previous studies:1.by quoting directly or indirectly 2.by paraphrasing other's words 3.by summarizing other's ideas.One way to avoid quoting a long passage is to break it into smaller parts so that it does not give the reader the impression of letting someone else do some of your writing for you.Ignoring the existing literature implies you are not familiar with the research situation ,not quote other's work suggest that the researcher is not aware of what has been done in the field.Summarizing:unlike quoting and paraphrasing,which retain more or less the same number fo words ,summarizing involves shortening the original passage by keeping the main points.Re-organizing ideas:One way to avoid put other's words directly into writing: re-organize the ideas by integrating them into a coherent whole. 2 ways:1.quoting only when necessary 2.illustrating the ideas with examplesAdvice on quoting:when you do not have access to the original source,you can quote as the other author did,to pretend that you have come across the quotation by yourself.Advice on the choice of reporting verbs:argue, assume, believe, characterize, claim,describe, explain,indicate,observe, point out ,report,reveal,show,state,suggest,write.Chapter11 Avoiding Plagiarism避免剽窃Definition ：Plagiarism is "the use of another person's ideas or wording without giving appropriate credit"Two types of Plagiarism:1.intentional (the writer knows that he is copying other people's ideas,opinions,or language deliberately without thinking of giving acknowledgments,it's stealing,serious.)2.unintentional(the writer does not cite the source correctly.unconscious or accidental. So it is important for you to learn how to cite the source correctly.)The temptation to plagiarize Reasons :1.taking existing ideas and wording from the literature is much easier than organizing and proposing your ideas and writing in your own words.2.when you cannot meet the deadline.3.they synthesize a number of papers on the same topic and the result becomes their own writing."clever".The cost of plagiarism:immeasurable.it may ruin a person's career or reputation or even his life.people can become discredited when be accused of committing plagiarism.Paraphrasing vs plagiarism:If you need to quote or summarize or paraphrase other people's ideas or words,do this selectively and wisely. EXEMPLE:change grammatical structure and propositional meaning of passages.How to avoid plagiarism? Method:use an introductory clause or phrase to introduce other people's ideas or wording, to indicate the source of information.(As is observed by Liu /as is pointed out by Liu...According to Widdowson/' interpretation/ As widdowson interprets it...,,"....")this is better because the source of the information is clearly indicated by the use of introductory words.we can give due credit to the authors,provides all necessary information aboutthe source of ideas. Use our own language can successfully integrated the ideas into an appropriate context by paraphrasing.Advice :1.Quote other people's ideas if you need to or have to,but always do so properly,selectively and wisely. 2.Never try to pretend that you are not aware of the existing literature and ideas.Chapter 13 References and AppendixesFunction of documenting sources：to acknowledge your indebtedness ,to credit your sources,to lend greater credence to your argument,to establish the validity of your research,to provide the reader with additional bibliographical information.Preliminary bibliography,which is a working bibliography ,defined as something you will be working with until the final version of your writing has been submitted and accepted.Reference and bibliography,both refer to a list of books ,article reference works,etc.that have been used or referred to in the dissertation.A bibliography can also include books,articles.periodicals that are not used or referred to in a book,dissertation,etc..in which case reference cannot be used instead.Different styles of referencingSorenson 5 styles: 1.the APA(American Psychological Association)style2.the MLA(Modern Language Association)parenthetical style3.the MLA endnote style4.the MLA footnote style5.the MLA numbered styleThe APA style requires citation of documentation source within the text (the body of the dissertation) not endnotes尾注or footnotes脚注. The author's surname姓(the last name),the date of publication ,etc.,may be put into the text itself or within parentheses圆括号Use a consistent documentation style throughout the dissertation.Chapter14 submission and EvaluationWorking with your tutor cooperatively who not only helps you in the writing of the dissertation but is also the first person to evaluate your writing. Your tutor's responsibility is to guide you. You go to your tutor to report on the progress of your research and should be well-prepared.You learn to make good use of your tutor,knowing your tutor and his approach to helping students is also very important.Do nor give your work to the tutor for comment or revision at the last minute,before the deadline. Work out a plan with your tutor.Submission:when your tutor is pleased with your copy,you can submit. Before submit the dissertation to the department office,you must check the details which are concerned with the requirements set out by the university regulations.(any pages missing,whether is the last line of the page,page numbers). Once submitted,it is too late to make any modifications because it is going through another stage_the evaluation of your work.Evaluation criteria:The tutor has the responsibility of quality control,the comments on your dissertation given by your tutor have a important role to play, the tutor's opinions will influence the examiners in the committee.3 basic ways of (criteria for ) evaluating a dissertation: 1. The first criterion is mechanical in nature.(concerned with questions such as whether it meets requirements set out in the university regulations,the length,number of words,plagiarism).The second and third ways are mainly concerned with the members of the examination committee of your dissertation. One way is to look at the content,the meaning,the idea,etc. to see whether the dissertation has reached the level of a BA dissertation in terms of the content. The other way is to look at the form,the expression and presentation of ideas to see whether the student has written in an academic manner.The dissertation defence论文答辩The duration of a BA dissertation is about 30 minutes,here are steps:1.presentation of 10 minutes 2.the committee members ask questions 3.discuss and evaluates both dissertation itself and the oral examination,the candidate's performance during the presentation and the question-answer interaction.How to perform well:1.be familiar with what he has written in the dissertation. 2.be able to answer appropriately the questions raised by the examiners.If the examiner is challenging your ideas,you try to justify your points ,do not agree with everything he says nor argue with him. Keep calm and have a positive attitude.。
完整版---论文写作(研究生必看)文科硕士论文写作的基本步骤和规范下面谈一下硕士论文写作的总体步骤，然后再详尽谈一下几个重点环节，最后说说引证的规范问题。
第一节论文写作的八个环环相联的步骤严格地说，论文写作并不是从提笔写（或在电脑上打字）开始的。
此前的许多步骤都属于论文写作的必要环节，一定程度上比实际动手写重要得多。
许多过来的人都有体会，完成一篇较大的论文，准备时间少则数月，多则数年，一旦真正准备好了，动手写作的时间不过数天到数周。
根据许多硕士论文的选题经验，这一级论文的选题可从以下几方面考虑：本专业的研究空白、发生争议的话题（自己的观点感到较为充分）、对比性的话题、从其他专业角度研究本专业的话题（这是一种选题的边际效应）、有新的插入角度的老话题、刚刚冒出来的本专业的新问题。
第三步，提出你自己关于选题的理论假设，或要研究的具体问题。
选题是指准备写的论文的大体方向和范围，真要动手写作，就会遇到两类具体的问题。
第一类属于观点方面的：我的具体观点是什么？你可以设想出一个或几个观点，但它们仅仅是一种假设，通过许多证据、材料，通过严密的论证和适当的论证框架结构，证明你的假设是成立的，这才能形成论文的主体。
第二类属于实用方面的：我要具体论证什么问题？你可以提出许多原因、各种环境条件的影响，它们是不是与所论证的问题相关，相关到什么程度，这需要通过科学的调查和分析。
到了设计论文框架这一步，因为有了文字化的章节设计，除了请导师指导外，这是在正式动笔写前较广泛地征求其他专家意见的一个好机会。
框架还不是厚厚的论文，看时花费的时间不多，又可以大体看出文章的价值或存在的问题。
这时修改论文结构比写完后修改要轻松、容易得多，时间也较为宽余，不要错过这个机会。
在这一步，需要温习一下学过的逻辑学或社会调查统计的知识，用正确的逻辑思维和严谨的数据组织方式，紧紧围绕已经确定的理论假设或具体问题，调动自己所学的各种知识，通过正论（这是主要的）、反论、设论、驳论、喻论等等手法，论证观点或问题，得出结论，完成论文。
Chapter 1 Defining the Dissertation You are asked to write a term paper,a library paper,a review,or a book review in order to demonstrate that you have learned the necessary skills of a general academic ability in the subject taught during the semester.How to define the terms like thesis,dissertation,paper(all be translated into Lun wen论文) vs their relationship.Dissertation is used to refer to "a long essay that you do as part of a degree or other qualification"that you are studying for -that is,a BA or an MA. Thesis is used to refer to "a long piece of writing,based on your own ideas and research that you do as part of your university degree,especially a PhD. So if the assay is part of a BA or MA degree,we call it a dissertation,if a part of a PhD degree we call it a thesis.You write an essay for a certain course during your university studies,we it a paper.BA dissertation学士论文,an MA dissertation硕士论文,a PhD thesis博士论文, term paper论文.Here is in line with the British educational tradition.In America,thesis means a BA lun wen or MA lun wen. Dissertation means a PhD lun wen. thesis,dissertation, and paper,their writing process is more or less the same,the major difference between them lies at the level of originality.Difference and relationship between a summary of information (easier to prepare)and an evaluation of information(include a summary).Academic writing,term paper or research article can aim at summarizing other's studies in the field and presenting the ideas or arguments put forward by other scholars.By contrast,a dissertation or thesis requires more than an acknowledgement of existing studies,it must involve a critical evaluation of research information and this is where the originality of the study lies. When summarize existing studies in the field,you are expected to present to the reader what you have read,how much you have understood,the way you organize all the information.When expected to evaluate previous studies,you must show ability in understanding ,commenting in a scholarly way,consider what factor,how and why factors.A dissertation involves both summarizing and evaluating other's studies in this field,this part of the work is called Literature review.The process of writing a dissertation,steps:we need a kind of yo-yo approach (go backward and forward)proposed by Sorenson ,do not think research process is direct or straightforward.Writing a dissertation is going through a process of doing research.3 steps in process:1.prewriting 2.writing 3.editing and completion.Chapter 2 Basic Writing and Academic WritingTwo types of writing(different genre types and reflect different level of difficulties):1.Basic Writing or practical writing (every day writing and all of us do it)2.Academic Writing(only required in an academic environment)Purpose of Basic Writing:help students learn to write well for everyday purpose,focus is on general writing skills and strategies.Different types of essays:narration,description,exposition,argumentation.Precis writing:(abstract the main points of an essay ,report,book). It is similar to the writing of summaries(the condensation of information)Academic Writing is concerned with academic research.1.Fictional writing (poems,essays,novels)2.non-Fictional writing1.Popular(writing in popular magazines)the major difference between popular and professional writing is that they have different groups of target readers.2.Professional(writing in Professional magazines)A.Technical writing(concerned with practice-based,problem-oriented or application-based research,it is usually written by and for engineers or practitioners for a pragmatic reason)B.Academic writing (based on original research ,concerned with theory-based or theorizing research and is usually written by and for academics)Difference:A comes from research with the application of a theory ,B develops from theorizing.B :Academic writing1.literary writing (concerned with the analysis and appreciation of literary works)2.non-literary writing(a type of scientific writing, scientific research methods are often used in this type)Difference :1 is more subjective, 2 is objective2.Non-literary writinga. Speculative(writings in a university's department of philosophy) speculative-orientedb. Experimental(writings in a university's department of psychology) experimental-oriented Seyfer ,H.&Wu,G.H.Style and mechanicsStyle: the way you present your ideas in your writing.In academic writing,the style is expected to be formal and scholarly ,not to entertain,but to inform to describe or to argue(avoid the use of slang,colloquial words and biased language,your tone and attitude to topic should be serious).The use of pronouns:it is the third-person pronoun he,she,they rather than the first-person pronoun i,me,my,or mine.because use of third-person pronoun suggests subjective opinions and weaken the assertion by implying uncertainty.But the use of impersonal labels such as t he researcher or the writer may distance oneself from what one is saying.As with basic writing,correctness is important mechanistic aspect as we pay attention to grammar,punctuation and other technical matters.If you find a misspelled word in a text you want to quote directly,insert sic.eg.Systematic (sic)functional linguisticUse abbreviations wisely,eg.Systemic Functional Linguistics(hereafter SFL)Chapter 3 Data,Analysis,and Research ParadigmsIn linguistic studies,as Widdowson points out,there are 3 sources of linguistic data.1.introspection(based on the linguist's own intuitive competence of the language.This method is popular because linguistic description can be based on the linguist's introspection.)2.elicitation(members of the speech community are asked to serve as informants to decide whether or not certain description are correct ,accurate or acceptable,eg, questionnaires and interviews)Both introspection and elicitation can be used to obtain data from 2 different sources:1.linguistic competence(abstract knowledge of language) municative competence(communicative use of language)3.Observation(the idea that behaviour ,eg,language use ,can be observed naturalistically, get examples from the corpus)Use which source depends on what you claim the data are evidence of ,and what you are trying to explain.2 Methods/ways of data collection:1.the data collected experimentally (the type of data yielded by the investigation is likely to be quantitative,i,e,information in the form of numbers)2.the data is collected non-experimentally (the type of data yielded by the investigation is likely to be qualitative ,i,e,information in verbal form)The way of looking at and analysing the data depends on the type of data that has been collected.1.Data for research is in quantitative form,use mathematical and statistical manipulations to process and analyse the data.2.Data in qualitative form,analyse the data in verbal formType of analysis :With experimental method and quantitative data,the result can be processed statistically.By contrast,non-experimental method and qualitative data,the result is usually interpretative.Grotjahn ,2 pure research paradigms:1.the exploratory-interpretive paradigm(employs a non-experimental method,yield qualitative data,and provides an interpretive analysis of that data)2.The analytical-nomological paradigm(the data is collected through an experiment and yields quantitative data,which are subjected to statistical analysis )There are 6 mixed paradigms.Types of research:Brown---1.primary research2.secondary research(consist of summarizing previous studies ,reviewing the literature in a given area,and synthesizing the research undertaken by others .Library research and literature review belong to secondary research)Primary research differs from secondary research in that it is derived from the primary sources of information.Primary research:1.qualitative studies (main focus is on making sense of the meanings of psychological ,social,linguisticand other phenomena, collecting accounts is one method.It is popular in discourse analysis and other text-based studies)2.survey studies(Data obtained from surveys can be either descriptive or explanatory ,It is designed to investigate a group's attitudes,opinions or characteristics through questionnaire --ask closed questions or open-ended questions and interview-ask a participant or informant for information about a particular research question,the questions can be tightly or loosely focused)3.statistical studies(comprise quasi-experimental studies and experimental studies.It based on experimental studies,which control the conditions under which the behaviour or phenomenon under investigation is observed)Chapter4 Prewriting (1):Developing the Subject1.Managing your timeKnowing how to manage your time effectively and make a realistic plan is a very important factor in determining your chances of success.When allocate the time,remember to set aside at least 2 days for emergency occasions.2.Locating your interestYour interest in the subject will make you eager to know more of the subject area and that will help a lot in the investigation of the research topic.Choose one subject interests you most,and then you must narrow down the subject area.3.Selecting a topic(How?--consult your tutor,read dissertations completed in previous years and available in your university library.Neither topic too broad or too limited or specialized)2 important factors to take into consideration when choosing a suitable topicA.manageabilityB.the availability of resourcesChapter5 Prewriting(2): Reading the LiteraturePurpose: Help you learn how to obtain information(Where you can get useful and relevant information for your research. How to read the existing literature. How to develop a working bibliography.)Familiarize yourself with the research background:Ways of widening your knowledge of the research topic and the other background information.A traditional way :1.Library research.(to the university library and check the catalogues by 1.subject search 2.keyword search 3.author search 4.title search / find CD-ROM reference materials ,the e-library can provide information and Corpora is used.)e the Internet selectively and wisely. 3.follow existing approaches to the problem by reading papers dealing with similar problems.Discovering existing studies <ways of getting background information>1.Search # in <http://www.baidu/>2. Consult a grammar book.(start with the index/table of content)3. Search <> 中国期刊全文数据库 3. A web page maintained by the British Council </grammar /archive/>Reading the relevant literature:Locate - readThey should read selectively（some read in detail,some read in genera）While reading and digesting other's ideas,you have 3 stages to go through.1.Understand as much as you can and follow the train of thought provided by the author. 2.Critically read and identify the strong points and weak points or areas to be further explored. 3. Decide on how to use the existing writing.Taking notes(a important step in preparing for your dissertation writing, because you quote and paraphrasing or summarizing previous studies )2 ways of taking notes: 1. Write useful ideas ,quotations on note cards(traditional, Direct quotation,Summary,Outline form) 2.record notes by using a computer(new) You must record correctly and check carefully whether it is correctly copied.Advantage of taking notes by computer: I n due course you can transfer the quotations directly into your dissertation without having to recopy them. Disadvantages :you may have difficulties in sorting out the quotations according to meaning or inserting the related quotation in the appropriate place. Discovering questions and problems:By looking at the existing studies,can easily find that there are many questions and problems that need to be further investigated.Focusing on your research:you can have a thorough study if your topic is not too broad.Preparing a working bibliography(the name implies the bibliography that you will be working with until your final draft has been submitted and accepted.)The entries条目of references in the working bibliography must be listed in an alphabetical order.If the reference is a book,you should have the author, title,publisher, place of publication, year of publication,s ource of the item. Use one format and follow it all the time.Chapter 6 prewriting (3)Thesis Formulation and Research QuestionsThesis :1.A thesis is an idea or theory that is expressed as a statement and is discussed in a logical way.论点2.A thesis is a long piece of writing ,based on your own ideas and research that you do as a part of a university degree.论文Thesis formation论点形成Thesis statement 论点陈述：also called the statement of the problem /the thesis sentence(states or suggests the research subject or the main topic,making thesis statement can help you focus on the research topic and avoid reading unrelated materials--clarify your thinking .In many cases,a thesis statement is also stated in the form of a problem that you attempt to solve in your research,in which case the thesis statement is a statement of solution to the problem.)The research question:the answer to the question or the hypothesis itself is in fact the thesis statement The research topic can be stated as a question (stimulate exploratory research)or as a hypothesis(the research focus is on a tentative explanation or argument that your research attempts to test)The research method(obtain data by observation ,searching the existing corpora available )In describing the research method,one can say that is data-driven or data-based and t he method can be qualitative rather than quantitative or qualitative and quantitative.Chapter 8 writing (1) : Elements of a DissertationThe Macrostructure……The abstract:is the first source of information, which gives the reader a general idea of your research and writing. The abstract serves as a summary of the research from which the reader gets a bird's-eye view of the whole dissertation.Elements in the abstract :1.subject matter/area 2.background information 3.purpose of the present study 4. Method5.findings 6. Implications.The introduction:1.rationale原理阐述for the research(or background to the research,reason/motivation) 2.aims and objectives 3.research questions 4.data 5.research method 6.theoretical framework 7.structure of the dissertation.The function of this rationale for the research is to orientate the reader by guiding him to the proposed study.Structure of the dissertation gives the reader a macrostructural view of the whole dissertation.\The literature review(a part of the secondary research)Purposes :1.show what has been previously studied in the field and what can be improved or modified 2.summarize other people's writings 3.to define or review definitions and key concept 4.clear the ground for your own research.The theoretical framework:The theoretical basis of your research. To outline the theoretical framework is to situate your research.Research method and data:discussion on 1.materials or data 2.design of the research 3.analysis 4.procedureAnalysis and discussion:the relationship between them (the analysis provides the evidence and the discussion gives the explanation and interpretation). If you have evidence (the linguistic phenomenon)but cannot discuss it in a justifiable way,people will challenge the usefulness of the analysis. If your explanation and interpretation are not based on analysis and evidence,people will challenge the objectivity of your research.The conclusion:get a general idea of the research. Purposes :1.bring the discussion to a close 2.summarize your research findings 3.discuss implications of the study 4.make suggestions for further studies.Chapter 9 Writing (2):Organizing ideasThe language of the elements of structure:the language in the introductory chapter serves the function of introducing the reader to the topic of discussion or focusing on the topic.(the first sentence's function is to state the purpose and the scope of the research)--aim,purpose,concernedReferring to previous studies(this is a way to show that the researcher is aware of the research background and the present research situation)Purposes:1.survey the research situation 2.follow other's research traditions 3.get theoretical support……3 ways of referring to previous studies:1.by quoting directly or indirectly 2.by paraphrasing other's words 3.by summarizing other's ideas.One way to avoid quoting a long passage is to break it into smaller parts so that it does not give the reader the impression of letting someone else do some of your writing for you.Ignoring the existing literature implies you are not familiar with the research situation ,not quote other's work suggest that the researcher is not aware of what has been done in the field.Summarizing:unlike quoting and paraphrasing,which retain more or less the same number fo words ,summarizing involves shortening the original passage by keeping the main points.Re-organizing ideas:One way to avoid put other's words directly into writing: re-organize the ideas by integrating them into a coherent whole. 2 ways:1.quoting only when necessary 2.illustrating the ideas with examplesAdvice on quoting:when you do not have access to the original source,you can quote as the other author did,to pretend that you have come across the quotation by yourself.Advice on the choice of reporting verbs:argue, assume, believe, characterize, claim,describe, explain,indicate,observe, point out ,report,reveal,show,state,suggest,write.Chapter11 Avoiding Plagiarism避免剽窃Definition ：Plagiarism is "the use of another person's ideas or wording without giving appropriate credit"Two types of Plagiarism:1.intentional (the writer knows that he is copying other people's ideas,opinions,or language deliberately without thinking of giving acknowledgments,it's stealing,serious.)2.unintentional(the writer does not cite the source correctly.unconscious or accidental. So it is important for you to learn how to cite the source correctly.)The temptation to plagiarize Reasons :1.taking existing ideas and wording from the literature is much easier than organizing and proposing your ideas and writing in your own words.2.when you cannot meet the deadline.3.they synthesize a number of papers on the same topic and the result becomes their own writing."clever".The cost of plagiarism:immeasurable.it may ruin a person's career or reputation or even his life.people can become discredited when be accused of committing plagiarism.Paraphrasing vs plagiarism:If you need to quote or summarize or paraphrase other people's ideas or words,do this selectively and wisely. EXEMPLE:change grammatical structure and propositional meaning of passages.How to avoid plagiarism? Method:use an introductory clause or phrase to introduce other people's ideas or wording, to indicate the source of information.(As is observed by Liu /as is pointed out by Liu...According to Widdowson/' interpretation/ As widdowson interprets it...,,"....")this is better because the source of the information is clearly indicated by the use of introductory words.we can give due credit to the authors,provides all necessary information aboutthe source of ideas. Use our own language can successfully integrated the ideas into an appropriate context by paraphrasing.Advice :1.Quote other people's ideas if you need to or have to,but always do so properly,selectively and wisely. 2.Never try to pretend that you are not aware of the existing literature and ideas.Chapter 13 References and AppendixesFunction of documenting sources：to acknowledge your indebtedness ,to credit your sources,to lend greater credence to your argument,to establish the validity of your research,to provide the reader with additional bibliographical information.Preliminary bibliography,which is a working bibliography ,defined as something you will be working with until the final version of your writing has been submitted and accepted.Reference and bibliography,both refer to a list of books ,article reference works,etc.that have been used or referred to in the dissertation.A bibliography can also include books,articles.periodicals that are not used or referred to in a book,dissertation,etc..in which case reference cannot be used instead.Different styles of referencingSorenson 5 styles: 1.the APA(American Psychological Association)style2.the MLA(Modern Language Association)parenthetical style3.the MLA endnote style4.the MLA footnote style5.the MLA numbered styleThe APA style requires citation of documentation source within the text (the body of the dissertation) not endnotes尾注or footnotes脚注. The author's surname姓(the last name),the date of publication ,etc.,may be put into the text itself or within parentheses圆括号Use a consistent documentation style throughout the dissertation.Chapter14 submission and EvaluationWorking with your tutor cooperatively who not only helps you in the writing of the dissertation but is also the first person to evaluate your writing. Your tutor's responsibility is to guide you. You go to your tutor to report on the progress of your research and should be well-prepared.You learn to make good use of your tutor,knowing your tutor and his approach to helping students is also very important.Do nor give your work to the tutor for comment or revision at the last minute,before the deadline. Work out a plan with your tutor.Submission:when your tutor is pleased with your copy,you can submit. Before submit the dissertation to the department office,you must check the details which are concerned with the requirements set out by the university regulations.(any pages missing,whether is the last line of the page,page numbers). Once submitted,it is too late to make any modifications because it is going through another stage_the evaluation of your work.Evaluation criteria:The tutor has the responsibility of quality control,the comments on your dissertation given by your tutor have a important role to play, the tutor's opinions will influence the examiners in the committee.3 basic ways of (criteria for ) evaluating a dissertation: 1. The first criterion is mechanical in nature.(concerned with questions such as whether it meets requirements set out in the university regulations,the length,number of words,plagiarism).The second and third ways are mainly concerned with the members of the examination committee of your dissertation. One way is to look at the content,the meaning,the idea,etc. to see whether the dissertation has reached the level of a BA dissertation in terms of the content. The other way is to look at the form,the expression and presentation of ideas to see whether the student has written in an academic manner.The dissertation defence论文答辩The duration of a BA dissertation is about 30 minutes,here are steps:1.presentation of 10 minutes 2.the committee members ask questions 3.discuss and evaluates both dissertation itself and the oral examination,the candidate's performance during the presentation and the question-answer interaction.How to perform well:1.be familiar with what he has written in the dissertation. 2.be able to answer appropriately the questions raised by the examiners.If the examiner is challenging your ideas,you try to justify your points ,do not agree with everything he says nor argue with him. Keep calm and have a positive attitude.。
