2015年北京航空航天大学系统工程考博考试科目

2015北京航空航天大学系统工程考博（可靠性与系统工程学院）参考书、历年真题、报录比、研究生招生专业目录、复试分数线一、学院介绍1985年，我国国防科技界、教育界的著名专家，我国可靠性系统工程事业的奠基人和开拓者杨为民教授顺应国家战略重大需求，组建了北航工程系统工程系和可靠性工程研究所。

历经20余年发展沉淀，学院形成了“献身国防，无私奉献的崇高境界；高屋建瓴，开拓创新的学术风范；淡泊名利，廉洁自律的高尚情怀；以人为本，集体发展的团队精神”的为民精神，秉承“开拓创新、敢为人先，需求牵引、专业推动，学科龙头、科教统筹，团队优势、集体发展”的工作理念，走过了一条“面向工程服务、开辟科研领域、创建培养体系”的特色创新之路，已成为国内可靠性工程专业技术领域的领军单位。

目前，研究所挂靠有多个以管理咨询和技术服务为职能的国家级中心和专家组，建成有可靠性领域唯一的国防科技重点实验室，以及多个国内实验设备与综合试验研究能力一流的部委级重点实验室和评价机构。

这些高水平的技术与管理平台为院、所的可持续发展提供了坚实的基础与保证。

在科研领域，院、所现拥有专业齐全的研究方向、结构合理的教学科研队伍和配套先进的试验设备。

多年来，紧密围绕国防科技工业发展对可靠性工程的专业需求，开展管理支持、人才培养、科学研究和工程服务。

“九五”以来，先后承担完成了500余项科研项目，获得了包括国家科技进步特等奖在内的各类科技成果奖100余项，取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。

在人才培养领域，可靠性与系统工程学院开创了国内高校第一个“质量与可靠性工程”专业，建立了从本科到硕士（工程硕士）、博士、博士后在内完整的人才培养体系，将理论研究、工程应用与人才培养紧密结合，培养了大批可靠性与系统工程专业人才。

同时，为上级单位举办了500多期各类可靠性系统工程培训班，培训人数达15000余人次，普及推广了可靠性专业知识，有力地推动了国防科技工业生产中可靠性工程的开展。

北京航空航天大学管理科学与工程专业考博备考指导-育明考博一、北京航空航天大学管理科学与工程专业博士招生考试内容（育明课程中心）院系专业招生人数初试内容复试内容经济管理学院管理科学与工程21人①英语②矩阵理论、数理方程、概率统计选一③生产与运作管理、微观经济学与宏观经济学、营销管理、组织行为学选一面试、笔试或两者结合育明考博辅导中心解析：1、加试科目：对于同等学力的考生初试加试政治理论课，复试加试两门报考专业的硕士学位主干课。

2、报录比平均在4:1-5:13、北京航空航天大学考博英语难度一般，一般在六级左右，主要拉开分差的科目还是两门专业课。

二、2016年北航管理科学与工程考博参考书及复习内容（育明教育考博分校课程辅导中心）考博仅仅看几本教材或者专著是远远不够的，专题、出题老师的笔记、论文、讲稿以及最新的学术前沿和理论热点这些才是直接考试的内容。

包括参考书在内的所有这些资料属于我们授课的内容，我们会在课堂上发给大家。

并且由我们聘请的北航管理科学与工程的老师给大家详细的讲解。

我们的授课体系一共有五轮：第一轮是对核心参考书的分析讲解，主要是理清学科的发展史，掌握每一个阶段的主要理论，代表人物，提出背景和评价，最终构建起完整的学科框架；第二轮在第一轮的基础上进行常考专题的讲解，是对一一轮和深化和凝练；第三轮是针对真题的难度深度广度灵活度和缜密度以及出题老师的特点，就出题老师的学科背景，研究重点，上课的笔记讲稿，论文，研究课题成果等进行深度讲解；第四轮是就最新的理论前沿和学科热点结合现实的热点进行拔高应用性讲解；最后一轮是模拟练习，教会考生怎么破题，怎么安排结构，怎么突出创新点等答题技巧。

相信经过这五轮的立体化无死角的复习，一定能考出理想的成绩。

三、2016年考博英语复习资料推荐（育明教育考博分校课程辅导中心）2.1关于考博英语资料虽然说北京航空航天大学自己命题，但是考试的难度和题型是非常中规中矩的，和其他学校没有什么大的区别，其实各个学校的考博英语都没有多大的区别。

全心全意因才思教2015年北京航空航天大学国际法学考博招生简章@才思各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京航空航天大学，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的参考书，方便大家准备考博，希望给大家一定的帮助。

招生目录：030109 国际法学020 法学院01 国际经济法孙新强1001、1003 选一，2202，320302 航空航天法参考书：英语：不指定参考书。

民法学：不指定参考书。

国际法学：不指定参考书。

/my_compose_list.jsp全心全意因才思教北京航空航天大学招生简章一、基本要求2015年北航拟招收博士研究生约830名，以教育部正式下达的名额为准，考生必须满足下列基本要求：1. 拥护中国共产党的领导，具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，遵纪守法，品行端正。

2. 身体和心理健康状况符合相关规定。

3. 有至少两名所报考学科专业领域内的教授（或相当专业技术职称的专家）的书面推荐意见（请点击附件以下载样表）。

2015年专家推荐书样表.doc二、报考方式及要求全心全意因才思教报考北航博士研究生有四种方式：本科直博、硕博连读、申请考核与普通招考。

1. 本科直博方式除满足基本要求外，考生须同时满足下列要求：（1）具有推免资格的优秀应届本科毕业生。

（2）只在工学和理学门类招收本科直博生。

2. 硕博连读方式除满足基本要求外，考生须同时满足下列要求：（1）成绩优秀、具有较强创新精神、科研能力，确有进一步培养前途的我校各年级在读学术型硕士研究生；发表高水平论文、获得省部级以上科研成果奖、申请发明专利和获得全国级别学科竞赛奖等科研活动表现优异者，可优先录取。

（2）申请硕博连读须获得硕士生导师和硕士所在学院同意。

（3）根据教育部规定，专业学位硕士暂不采取硕博连读方式选拔博士生。

全心全意因才思教3. 申请考核方式部分学院2015年试行“申请考核制”招生，具体要求见《北京航空航天大学部分学院2015年博士研究生申请考核制招生说明》。

全心全意因才思教2015年北京航空航天大学仪器科学与技术考博招生简章@才思各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京航空航天大学，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的参考书，方便大家准备考博，希望给大家一定的帮助。

招生目录：0804 仪器科学与技术080401 精密仪器及机械017 仪器科学与光电工程学院01 智能传感技术及其应用樊尚春1001、1002、1003 选一，2001、2002、2003、2004、2005 选一，3171、3172 选一02 MEMS传感器技术03 动态视觉测量与工程应用张广军1001，2001、2002、2004、2005、2093、2194 选一，3171、3172、3173 选一04 天体敏感器与天文导航05 航天器导航制导与控制赵建辉1001，2001、2002、2005 选一，3171、3172 选一06 智能测试技术全心全意因才思教07 精密仪器设计与应用08 新型光学遥感探测技术赵慧洁1001、1002 选一，2001、2002、2003、2005 选一，3171、3172、3173 选一09 光电精密测量技术及系统10 空间相机定标技术及试验11 空间光电技术12 航天控制与惯性执行机构房建成1001、1002 选一，2001、2002、2005 选一，3171、3172、3173 选一13 磁悬浮电机及应用14 图象处理与成像制导赵剡1001，2001、2002、2003、2005 选一，3171、3172 选一15 自动检测与智能仪器16 光电探测与空间光电技术肖文1001，2001、2002、2003、2005 选一，317317 先进光学传感器18 数字全息技术及应用19 航天器惯性执行机构技术刘刚1001，2001、2002 选一，317120 航天器导航与控制技术21 飞行器制导与控制技术吴忠1001，2001，317122 现代伺服控制技术23 体系感知技术冯培德1001，2001、2002、2003、2005 选一，3171全心全意因才思教24 汽车运动参数检测技术25 导航仪器及制造装备技术董全林1001、1002、1003 选一，2001、2002、2003、2004、2005、2093、2095、2194 选一，3171、3172、3173 选一26 精密光机电一体化仪器、设备集成技术27 重型数控机床技术及回转动力机械与测试装备28 流体机械及高效风机技术29 光学成像与信息处理袁艳1001，2001、2002、2003、2005 选一，3172、3173 选一30 惯性稳定平台技术及其在航空遥感中的应用钟麦英1001，2001、2002 选一，317131 光学陀螺惯导系统技术杨功流1001，2001，317132 高精度捷联惯导系统的误差调制技术33 组合导航（卫星/惯性、天文/惯性等）技术34 惯性/数据库匹配导航（重力/重力梯度/地磁/地形/惯性）技术35 精密机电系统设计技术36 新型惯性导航与制导系统王巍★1001，2001、2002 选一，317137 微纳惯性器件盛蔚1001，2001、2002、2005 选一，317138 集成导航制导与控制系统39 深空探测新型科学仪器John Zarnecki 1001，2001、2002、2005 选一，3171、3172、3173 选一全心全意因才思教40 原子磁强计技术41 量子科学仪器42 航天器导航、制导与控制宁晓琳1001，2001、2002、2005 选一，3171、3172、3173 选一43 天文导航、惯性导航和组合导航44 深空探测器导航与控制技术吴伟仁★1001，2001、2002、2003、2004、2005 选一，3171、3172、3173 选一45 深空探测器测控与通信技术参考书：英语：不指定参考书目。

北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题一PART 1 Listening Comprehension (20 points) (略)PART II Reading Comprehension(30 points)Directions:There are four passages in the part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids(小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids(流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don't threaten us. But there are also thousands whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.Buy $ 40 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $ 10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we'll have a way to change its course.Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn't be cheap.Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk are: 1) How likely the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 400, 000 years. Sounds pretty rare-but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. "If we don't take care of these big asteroids, they'll take care of us," says one scientist. "It's that simple."The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? "The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them," said a New Y ork Times article.21. What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids?A. They are heavenly bodies different in composition.B. They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.C. There are more asteroids than meteoroids.D. Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.22. What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?A. It is very unlikely but the danger exists.B. Such a collision might occur once every 25 years.C. Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.D. It's still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.23. What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to alter the course of asteroids?A. It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem.B. It may create more problems than it might solve.C. It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely.D. Further research should be done before it is proved applicable.24. We can conclude from the passage that _.A. while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the worldB. asteroids racing across the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near futureC. the worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen in our lifetimeD. workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth.25. Which of the following best describes the author's tone in this pass age?A. Optimistic.B. Critical.C. Objective.D. Arbitrary.Passage 2Believe it or not,optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway crashes.Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形)painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.Now the American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D. C. is planning to repeat Japan's success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest-curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges. Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bar.Chevrons, scientists say，not only give drivers the impress ion that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.26. The passage mainly discusses .A. a new way of highway speed controlB. a new pattern for painting highwaysC. a new approach to training driversD. a new type of optical illusion27. On roads painted with chevrons drivers tend to feel that .A. they should avoid speed-related hazardsB. they are driving in the wrong laneC. they should slow down their speedD. they are approaching the speed limit28. The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former .A. can keep drivers awakeB. can cut road accidents in halfC. will have a longer effect on driversD. will look more attractive29. The American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to .A. try out the Japanese method in certain areasB. change the road signs across the countryC. replace straight horizontal bars with chevronsD. repeat the Japanese road patterns30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?A. They are falling out of use in the United States.B. They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.C. They are applicable only on broad roads.D. They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.Passage 3There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them.The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature ( often referred to as "background" ), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results ( often referred to as discussion).The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data. It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not.The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. Thisdetailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student's ability to carry out research.The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research 'article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting .and whether they are researchers or practitioners.31. The best title for this passage could beA. Types of Research ReportsB. Types of Journal ArticlesC. Writing of research ReportsD. Writing of Different Artic les32. The common aspect for the journal articles, theses and conference papers lies in thatA. they are all for the practitionersB. they are all to be read by researchersC. they are all for being publishedD. they are all forms of reporting research33. We can distinguish those research reports from each other mainly throughA. their writing style and lengthB. their aims and possible audiencesC. their presented places and timeD. their content and purposes34. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in this passage?A. Both journal articles and conference papers are reported in a brief and informative way.B. All the theses or dissertations and conference papers are reported in spoken languages.C. Both the journal articles and conference papers are influenced greatly by the intended receivers.D. The various formats of research reports may be presented in different ways.35. How can a professor evaluate a student's capability of implementing the research?A. By concentrating on the main factors like the purpose, background, procedures and discussion.B. By emphasizing the practical implications and recommendations of the research.C. By focusing on the detailed description of the process of the research such as the tools, procedures, the process of data analysis, the results, conclusions, etc.D. By noticing the detailed method used to collect the data, the construction of the data collection procedures, the techniques for analyzing the date and results, etc.Passage 4In recent years, many Americans of both sexes and various ages have become interested in improving their bodies. They have become devoted to physical fitness. The need to exercise has almost become compulsive with many persons who have a strong desire to be more physically fit.By nature, Americans are enthusiastic and energetic about their hobbies and pastimes. They apply this enthusiasm, and energy to jogging/running. As a result, there are running clubs to join andmany books and magazines to read about running.The desire to be physically fit is explained by a "passion" for good health. The high rate of heart attacks in the 1960s caused an increase on the part of the public in improving the human body.Middle-aged men especially suffer from heart attacks. Thus, they are one group strongly interested in more physical exercise. In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs. It is interesting to note that the rate of heart attacks began to decrease in the 1970s and it is still decreasing.Physical fitness currently enjoys a favored role in the United States. It is a new "love" that many Americans have cherished. Will it last long? Only time will tell or until another "new passion" comes along.36. In recent years, many Americans have become interested in improving their bodies becauseA. they are enthusiastic about their hobbies and pastimesB. they have a strong desire to be more physically fitC. there are many running clubs to joinD. there are many books and magazines to read about running37. The passage implies that is a great favorite of many Americans, men and women, old and young.A. jogging/runningB. joining running clubsC. reading books and magazines about runningD. going in for all kinds of sports38. Middle-aged men suffering from heart attacksA. are compulsive joggersB. are encouraged by their doctors to go in for jogging/runningC. are interested in taking more physical exerciseD. are enthusiastic and energetic about hobbies and pastimes39. In the sentence "In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs", the word "sedentary" meansA. involving physical workB. needing much sittingC. energy-consumingD. sleep-producing40. According to the passage, will the love for physical exercise last long for Americans?A. Y es.B. No.C. Somebody can tell.D. It is hard to tell.PART III Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter oil the ANSWER SHEET witha single line through the center.41. Not until the game had begun __ at the sports ground.A. should he have arrivedB. had he arrivedC. did he arriveD. would he had arrived42. Neither at this meeting nor at the previous one _ the proposal.A. they did not discussB. did they discussC. do they discussD. would they discuss43. The molecules of gases move more freely than __A. do liquids and solidsB. liquids and solids doC. do those of liquids and solidsD. those do of liquids and solids44. The taller the container, _________ at the bottom.A. the greater will the water pressure beB. the water pressure will be greaterC. the greater will be the water pressureD. greater the water pressure will be45. from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.A. Jumped down the burglarB. Down the burglar jumpedC. The burglar jumped downD. Down jumped the burglar46. To the north of the city __ a small island.A. lainB. liesC. was thereD. there lays47. she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.A. That was from StephenB. It was Stephen whomC. It was from Stephen thatD. It was Stephen that48. Was it __ the professor regarded with such contempt?A. them whoB. them whomC. he whoD. those49. __ the Europeans began to learn how to use the compass on their ships.A. It was not until the 12th century whenB. Hardly it was the 12th century thanC. No sooner it was the 12th century whenD. It was not until the 12th century that50. When I try to understand _ _ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A. why it doesB. what it doesC. what it isD. why it is51. More often it is the President, and not the members of his cabinet, __ the populace.A. who appeal toB. to whom appeal toC. whom appeals toD. who appeals to52. On the large board in the main hall of the airport .you can easily find the different Destinations __which airlines can take you.A. inB. ofC. toD. by53. Not until actually faced with water scarcity __ appreciate the value of water to a region.A. one canB. one can notC. can oneD. can not one54. Most people don't think of a stamp as a receipt, but that is __ it really is a proof of just how much money you have paid in advance for mail delivery.A. whatB. whyC. howD. who55. Without water from the Nile River, Egypt __ a farming country and become a desert.A. will cease to beB. would cease to beC. will cease beingD. would cease being56. Although he refused to act on my suggestion, he had to admit that what I said.A. it was something inB. there was something asC. it was something asD. there was something in57. There is little, __, farming in that area and all you can see is miles of wild countryside.A. if soB. if suchC. if notD. if any58. In his lecture, the education expert emphasized the fact that nowadays children are exposed to many influences that of their families.A. rather thanB. other thanC. except forD. but for59. The singer on the stage has a young __ face and a voice of an __A. boy...angelB. boy's…angelC. boy…ang el'sD. boy's…angel's60. A new material __, we have good reason to be optimistic.A. developedB. being developedC. was being developedD. was developed PART IV Cloze (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are incomplete sentences in the following passage. For each sentence there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.What attracts customers? Obviously the quality of a product does, but visual images 61a great deal. It is not only the image provided by the packaging that 62 but the whole corporate63 of the company. There are now many products and services on the market which are similar in content 64 produced by different companies. It is vital, therefore, for a company to 65 itself from its competitors by having a strong company image which is immediately 66 Logos are part of this image. They are 67 which often include a name or initials to identify a company. The logo establishes a 68 identity for the company, just as different groups of young people express their identity through hairstyles and clothes. All groups from all cultures and 69 the ages have used colors and symbols to show their identity. In different cultures, different colors 70 different meanings. Some colors may be connected with coldness in one culture and with 71 in another:some colors represent 72 in one culture but death in another. International companies have, 73 , to make sure that their logos will not be misunderstood or misinterpreted in different countries.Many companies have, over the years, 74 their logos to fit in with contemporary design and to present more powerful images. Company logos can be emotive and can 75 loyalty by 76 the instinct. Some logos 77 an idea of the product, and a case in point is the steering wheel in the Mercedes logo. Logos are used on letterheads, packaging and 78 as well as on the product itself. They may also appear in newspapers or on television as part of an advertising 79 .Companies need to have a strong corporate identity. The logo helps to promote this image andto fix it in the minds of the 80 . Logos, therefore, need to be original and to have impact and style.61. A. attribute B. contribute C. devote D. attract62. A. concerns B. involves C. counts D. means63. A. features B. quality C. identity D. status64. A. instead B. and C. though D. as65. A. exist B. isolate C. hold D. distinguish66. A. observable B. differentiable C. recognizable D. accountable67. A. symbols B. signs C. signals D. indications68. A. visible B. visual C. brief D. explicit69. A. in B. throughout C. for D. between70. A. contain B. carry C. predominate D. convey71. A. mildness B. consolation C. affection D. warmth72. A. life B. love C. live D. alive73. A. otherwise B. still C. therefore D. additionally74. A. continued B. kept C. changed D. refreshed75. A. promote B. inspire C. prompt D. stir76. A. regarding B. impressing C. influencing D. effecting77. A. combine B. collaborate C. incorporate D. blend78. A. covers B. brochures C. contents D. volumes79. A. movement B. plan C. campaign D. function80. A. consumers B. employers C. reporters D. manufacturersPART V T ranslation (15 points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET (2).The fact known to us is that war, different from what many people believe it to be, is not completely an outcome of" humanity". Otherwise，war and violence among people would exist in all the human history or ahnost all societies. However, this is not the truth. Archaeologists' investigation results seem to suggest that men lived quite a peaceful life long ago. For example, among ancient French cave drawings which were earlier than 10, 000 B. C., there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other. This indicates that, in that early period of mankind, fight among people was comparatively rare.In a certain way, this discovery is not surprising at all:in the world of animals, it's rare for one to prey on another of its own species. They do kill other kinds of animals, but not their own. Like most animals, the proportion of inner violence among early human beings was relatively small. Therefore, war is not the inherent outcome of humanity but that of certain social and cultural conditions.PART VI Writing(15 points)Directions:A. Study the following graph carefully and write an essay in 200 words.B. Your essay should meet the requirements below.Outline:1. Interpret the graph.2. Suggest counter-measures.3. Give advice for jobseekers.参考答案及解析21．B 依据文章第二段第1行可以判断出两者性质相似只是体积不同，排除A项；文中并无两者数量上的比较，排除C项；也没有涉及D项的内容。

北航通信与信息系统考博-北京航空航天大学通信与信息系统考博参考书专业介绍通信与信息系统是一级学科信息与通信工程下设的二级学科。

北航通信与信息系统考博，该专业是现代高新技术的重要组成部分，是信息社会的主要支柱，是国民经济高速发展的前提，国家的神经系统和命脉。

现代通信与信息技术正影响着我们生活的方方面面，在我国《2010年国民经济和社会发展的远景目标》中，对现代通信体系和国家信息基础设施提出了明确的目标，现代通信和信息技术及信息安全技术是实现这些目标的关键技术。

本学科主要的研究对象是以信息传输、信息交换以及信息网络为主体的各类通信与信息系统。

1、就业方向：此专业几乎渗透到所有科学和国民经济的所有部门。

主要到国家各级管理部门、工商企业、金融机构、科研单位等部门从事开发、应用通信技术与设备的工作。

2、就业前景：(1)科学技术的重要性和该学科自身优势决定了其重要位置科学技术是第一生产力。

随着信息产业成为全球经济热点中的热点，我国的信息产业发展速度也逐步加快，目前已跃居全国工业之首，成为中国国民经济的第一支柱产业。

同时它也是现代高新技术的重要组成部分，是国家国民经济的神经系统和命脉。

北航通信与信息系统考博，这决定了在未来若干年里，与信息联系密切的相关产业都将得到长足稳定的发展，而该专业通信与信息系统专业是近年来最具活力、发展极为迅速的一门重要学科，培养出的人才具备增添该产业的运作能力。

(2)专业知识的适用范围极其广泛，为毕业生提供了宽阔的就业领域随着信息资源的重要性日益增强，各省市相继把信息产业列为当地的支柱产业，而且该专业几乎渗透到所有学科和国民经济的所有部门，各行各业都离不开信息建设和维护，因而即使毕业生数量不减，但是由于社会需求还存在着空缺，未来就业仍旧被持续看好，尤其是精尖技术人员，更具备广阔和优越的就业前景。

新一代通信网络、光纤宽带通信网、网络探测和网络管理、移动通信、宽带/高速无线通信、卫星通信、专用无线通信系统、网络与信息安全、电子商务、通信抗干扰系统、电子对抗系统、北航通信与信息系统考博，指挥自动化系统、卫星遥感系统、信息编码与信号传输、语音与图像处理及多媒体通信技术、通信信号处理、自适应信号处理、语音信号处理、图象处理等。

空天信息创新研究院考博笔试内容一、考试时间和地点1. 考试时间：笔试一般在每年的11月份举行，具体时间以招生通知为准。

2. 考试地点：考试地点为空天信息创新研究院所在地，详细位置区域将在招生通知中通知。

二、考试科目和内容1. 数学a. 高等数学：包括极限、微分、积分、级数等内容。

b. 线性代数：包括矩阵运算、矩阵的行列式、矩阵的特征值特征向量等内容。

2. 英语a. 词汇与语法：考查英语词汇量和语法知识。

b. 阅读理解：考查学生的阅读理解能力。

3. 专业课a. 航空航天工程：包括航空航天概论、飞行力学、航空航天器设计等内容。

b. 信息科学与工程：包括数字信号处理、通信原理、计算机网络等内容。

三、考试形式和要求1. 考试形式：笔试采用闭卷考试形式，考生需准备好各科目的相关资料以备参考。

2. 考试要求：考生需在规定的时间内完成各科目的试卷，不得抄袭，不得与他人交流。

四、参加考试资格1. 本科毕业生：须具有相关专业本科学士学位，并符合报考条件。

2. 研究生考生：须具有相关专业硕士学位，并符合报考条件。

五、考试分数和录取规定1. 考试分数：a. 各科目满分均为100分，成绩以百分制计算。

b. 各科目的及格分数线为60分。

2. 录取规定：a. 笔试成绩占考核总成绩的50。

b. 另外50的成绩由面试和科研经历等综合评定。

六、考试准备1. 学习资料：考生可准备相关专业课的教科书、习题集、历年真题等资料进行复习。

2. 考试状态：保持良好的身心状态，调整好作息时间，保证充足的睡眠和营养。

空天信息创新研究院考博笔试内容涉及数学、英语和专业课三个方面，以闭卷考试形式进行。

考生需具备相关学位等级和资格，备考期间需认真复习相关内容，以取得理想的成绩。

希望每位考生都能充分准备，取得优异的考试成绩。

一、考试科目和内容4. 考试范围a. 数学：高等数学考试范围包括但不限于微积分、极限、导数、积分、级数、微分方程等内容，要求考生能够灵活运用数学知识解决实际问题。