通过疑难及危重病例讨论提高 PICU 医疗安全和质量解析

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CRE㊁耐碳青霉烯类的非发酵菌及不动杆菌感染的流行,近年来也呈增加趋势,且明显增加患者病死率㊂理想的抗菌药物选择非常有限,在儿科领域由于一些药物使用的限制,治疗更为困难㊂有限的几种抗生素,如氨基糖苷类㊁多黏菌素㊁替加环素㊁磷霉素㊁氨苄西林/舒巴坦㊁利福平,在成人认为联合用药可能有效,包括与延长碳青霉烯类输注时间联合应用,是目前较为推荐的策略㊂这些药物在儿科应用的资料匮乏,在无药可用时,参考成人方案,在权衡利弊,规避法律风险的基础上,仍可能是需选择的治疗方案㊂临床需要针对儿童CRE或其他耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性菌感染治疗的研究数据,指导临床实践㊂参考文献[1]RuppéÉ,Woerther PL,Barbier F.Mechanism of antimicrobialresistance in Gram-negative bacilli[J].Ann.Intensive Care, 2015,5(1):61.DOI:10.1186/s13613-015-0061-0.[2]Akova M,Daikos GL,Tzouvelekis L,et al.International strate-gies and current clinical experience with carbapenemase-produ-cing Gram-negative bacteria[J].Clin M icrobiol Infec,2012,18(5):439-448.DOI:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03823.x. [3]王启,王辉,俞云松,等.2014年中国15家教学医院革兰阴性杆菌耐药性监测分析[J].中华内科杂志,2015,54(10):837-845.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2015.10.005.Wang Q,Wang H,Yu YS,et al.Antimicrobial resistance moni-toring of gram-negative bacilli isolated from15teaching hospi-tals in2014in China[J].Chin J Intern Med,2015,54(10):837-845.[4]胡付品,朱德妹,汪复,等.2013年中国CHINET细菌耐药性监测[J].中国感染与化疗杂志,2014,14(5):365-374.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-7708.2014.05.001.Hu FP,Zhu DM,Wang F,et al.CHINET2013surveillance ofbacterial resistance in China[J].Chin J Infect Chemother, 2014,14(5):365-374.[5]M orrill HJ,Pogue JM,Kaye RS,et al.Treatment options forCarbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections[J].OpenForum Infect Dis,2015,2(2):ofv050.DOI:10.1093/ofid/ ofv050.eCollection2015.[6]van Duin D,Kaye KS,Neuner EA,et al.Carbapenem-resistantEnterobacteriaceae:a review of treatment and outcomes[J].Diagn M icrobiol Infect Dis,2013,75(2):115-120.DOI:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.11.009.[7]Bulik CC,Nicolau DP.Double-carbapenem therapy for carbap-enemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae[J].AntimicrobAgents Chemother,2011,55(6):3002-3004.DOI:10.1128/ AAC.01420-10.[8]Daikos GL,M arkogiannakis A,Souli M,et al.Bloodstream in-fections caused by carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneu-moniae:a clinical perspective[J].Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2012,10(12):1393-1404.DOI:10.1586/eri.12.138.[9]Courter JD,Kuti JL,Girotto JE,et al.Optimizing bactericidalexposure for beta-lactams using prolonged and continuous infu-sions in the pediatric population[J].Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2009,53(3):379-385.DOI:10.1002/pbc.22051.[10]Tamma PD,Newland JG,Pannaraj PS,et al.The use of intrave-nous colistin among children in the United States:results from amulticenter,case series[J].Pediatr Infect Dis J,2013,32(1):17-22.DOI:10.1097/INF.0b013e3182703790.[11]Akajagbor DS,Wilson SL,Shere-Wolfe KD,et al.Higher inci-dence of acute kidney injury with intravenous colistimethate so-dium compared with polymyxin B in critically ill patients at atertiary care medical center[J].Clin Infect Dis,2013,57(9):1300-1303.DOI:10.1093/cid/cit453.[12]Traunmüller F,Popovic M,Konz KH,et al.A reappraisal ofcurrent dosing strategies for intravenous fosfomycin in childrenand neonates[J].Clin Pharmacokinet,2011,50(8):493-503.DOI:10.2165/11592670-000000000-00000.[13]Durante-M angoni E,Signoriello G,Andini R,et al.Colistin andrifampicin compared with colistin alone for the treatment of seri-ous infections due to extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii:a multicenter,randomized clinical trial[J].ClinInfect Dis,2013,57(3):349-358.DOI:10.1093/cid/cit253.(收稿日期:2016-01-11)(本文编辑:张薇)•‘PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE M EDICINE“主论文直通车•通过疑难及危重病例讨论提高PICU医疗安全和质量/ Transforming the morbidity and mortality conference to pro-mote safety and quality in a PICU.Cifra CL,Bembea MM, Fackler JC,et al.Pediatr Crit Care Med,2016,17(1):58-66.关键词医疗过错;儿童重症监护病房;医疗团队;患者安全;质量改进摘要目的了解系统化疑难及危重病例讨论(morbidity and mortality conference,M MC)对提高PICU不良事件评审及处置能力的作用㊂设计于开展系统化M M C前后进行前瞻性时间序列分析㊂场所马里兰巴尔的摩的一家三级转诊PICU㊂对象 2013年4月至2014年3月共召开M MC20次,于开展系统化M MC前后分别讨论病例33例及31例㊂干预措施系统化MM C结合医疗事故原因分析㊂测量方法和主要结果系统化M MC开展后平均每次M M C参会人数显著增加(12vs.31,P﹤0.001),而平均每次MM C建议讨论病例数(4.2vs.4.6)及实际讨论病例数(3.3vs.3.1)无显著差异㊂平均每次MM C确认不良事件数亦无显著差异(3.4vs.4.3)㊂采用标准病例评审工具讨论病例所占比例增加(27%vs.45%,P=0.231),但差异无统计学意义㊂本研究发现平均每次M MC提出(2.4 vs.5.6,P﹤0.001)及实施(1.7vs.4.4,P﹤0.001)的医疗质量改进措施数量显著增加㊂引入系统化MM C后,对所有确定的不良事件类型均提出了相应干预措施,高于引入前(100%vs.80%)㊂每一类干预措施与不良事件比率亦升高(平均0.6vs.1.5)㊂结论系统化PICU M M C结合医疗事故原因分析可显著增加医疗质量改进措施提出及实施,从而提高PICU不良事件评审及处置能力㊂远期研究需对该单中心系统化M M C方案进行多中心试验㊂(首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院方伯梁译钱素云校)•4•中国小儿急救医学2016年1月第23卷第1期Chin Pediatr Emerg M ed,Jan2016,Vol.23,No.1AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.。