英语语言学部分名词解释(英文版)

Chapter 6 SemanticsSemantics: it is generally defined as the study of inherence or intrinsic meaning, the meaning in isolation from the context.The naming theory:命名论it is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning proposed by Plato, which holds the view that the relationship between linguistic forms and what they stand for is one of naming. Its defaults: firstly, the theory seems applicable to nouns only. Secondly, even within the category of nouns, there are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world at all or things that do not refer to physical objects, but abstract notions. Finally, some words may have different meanings in different contexts while the same reference may have different names such as “the morning star” and “the evening star”The conceptualist theory: 意念论C. K .Ogden Richard created the semantic triangle to show the indirect relationship between symbols and their supposed referents.Symbol: it refers to the linguistic elements such as word or sentence.Referent: it refers to the object in the world of experience.Context: it refers to what comes before and after a word, phrase, statement, etc. helping to fix the meaning; or refers to circumstances in which an event occurs. Contextualism :情境论、语境论John FirthSituational context: it refers to the particular spatiotemporal situation in which an utterance occurs, the main components of which include, apart from the place and time of the utterance, the speaker and the hearer, the actions they are performing at the time, the various objects and events exists in the situation.The linguistic context: sometimes known as context, it includes a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word, which forms part of the “meaning” of a word, and, also the part of text that precedes and follows a particular utterance. For example, the meaning of the word “paper” differs in the two collocations of “a piece of paper” and“a white paper”。

名词解释nguage: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.Design features of language(语言的区别性特征) :i.Arbitrariness:the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to theirmeaning=language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word(e.g.pen) and the object it refers to .ii.Duality:the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. By duality we mean that language system has two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meanings.指拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分。

指语言是声音和意义双重结构组成的系统。

举例：Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discoursesiii.Productivity： Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality .语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences）iv.Displacement：Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.v.Cultural transmission: language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.3.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It is a scientific study because it is based on thesystematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.4.Psycholinguistics: It is the study of how language is acquired, understood and produced.ngue:F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.语言指语言系统的整体，这个整体相对是比较稳定的。

1.Synchronic The study of language at some point in timeDiachronic The study of language as it changes through time2 .Langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speakerParole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguisticsplementary distribution（互补分布）is the relationship between two different elements, where one element is found in a particular environment and the other element is found in the opposite environment. It often indicates that two superficially different elements are in fact the same linguistic unit at a deeper level.4.Locutionary act means that when we speak, we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds with a certain meaning. Illocutionary act is using a sentence to perform a function. Perlocutionary act is the results or effects that are produced by meanings of saying something.5.Semantic broadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one.6.A lingua franca(通用语) is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues7. Grammatical marker in linguistics, a marker is a free or bound morpheme that indicates the grammatical function of the marked word, phrase, or sentence.9.Displacement（移位性）means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.1.Prescriptive:lay down rules for correct usage.Descriptive:describe the language actually used by the speaker,being right or wrong.2.Diacritics:the study of a language through the course of its history.3.Bound root: is a root which cannot occur as a separate word apart from any other morpheme.4.Grammatical relations: is a role of a noun phrase or complement clause that determinessyntactic behaviors5.Selectional restriction: A limitation on what words can go with a particular word.6.Speech act theory: A theory of language based on J. L. Austin's How to Do Things with Words(second edition, 1975), the major premise of which is that language is as much, if notmore, a mode of action as it is a means of conveying information.7.Gradable antonymy: A term that denotes one end of a scale while the other term denotes theother end, such as long and short.8.Standard language: is a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse.9.Esperant o: is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language10.Equivalence: The relationship between two propositions that are either both true or both false 1.Argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with nominal element in a sentence general linguistics the study of language as a whole3.Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4Syntactic category refer to the language law field5. Derivational affix added to an existing form to create a word6.context Generally speaking is consist of language as a whole7converse antonymy The type of antonymy is typically seen is reciprocal social roles ,kinship relations, temporal and spatial relation,such as teacher-student8 bilingual people develop some ability in a second language9 co-hyponyms: Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms.10 the application of linguistics theories and principles to language teaching.especially the teaching of foreign and second language1.Narrow transcription the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription.2.Negative transfer is all called interference, it means that the learners’ mother tongue obstacles their second language’s acquisition, it mainly manifest the differences between the objective language and the native language.3Inflectional affix very often add a minute or delicate grammatical function only to the stem, Inflectional affix do not change the word class of the word they attach to.4 sequential rules（序列规则）the rules governing the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.5.polysemy A single word having several or many meanings6.Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.plementary antonymy :members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely.such as male, female, present andAbsent.8.diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of history.9.Superordinate the upper term in hyponymy is the class name. A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.under flower, for example, there are peony,jasmine, violet, carnation. Hyponyms the lower terms in hyponymy. These members of the same class are co-hyponyms. 10.Hyponymy a relation between two words in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another word.11..endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or moire of its constituents, i.e, a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable center or head.12.The critical period hypothesis there is a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.nguage transfer learner’s use of prior linguistic information (chiefly his mother tongue )or some physically carryover of native language surface to a second language context.14.Creole when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language,it is said to be a creole 15.Dialect it is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regional, social, gender, and age variations.16.Connotation what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.17.Entailment this is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the context.18.Descriptive study if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive. prescriptive study if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be descriptive.19.Grimm’s law Grimm's law named for Jacob Grimm, is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European(PIE) stops as they developed in Proto-Germanic in the 1st millennium BC. It establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops and fricatives and the stop consonants of certain other centum Indo-European languages.As it is presently formulated.20.Semantic change: every word has a variety of senses connotations which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have very different meanings.21.Cooperative principle:It’s proposed and formulated by P.Grice, a pragmatic hypothesis, is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.。

ngue:refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communityLangue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.2.Design feature:are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.3.Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind4.Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.5.Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary. Level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.6.Displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present c in time and space, at the moment of communication.petence:language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.8.Prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.Prescriptive:a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, . laying down rules for language use.9.Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.10.Assimilation:the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.11.Connotation:a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.12.Reference:the use of language to express a proposition, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.Reference:the use of language to express a proposition,. to talk about things in context.13.Sense:the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context.14.Linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, . language determines thought.15.Parole:the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).16.Interlinguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language, language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.17.Transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language. When structures of the two languages are similar, we can get positive transfer of facilitation; when the two languages are different in structures, negative transfer of inference occurs and results in errors.18.Perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it’s the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.19.Hyponymy: a relation between tow words, in which the meaning of one word (the superordinate) is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)20.Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme (eg. <Th>is an allophone of /t/in English. When /t/occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated<t>.Both<Th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/.21.Error analysis: is the process of determining the incidence, nature, cause and consequence of unsuccessful language22.Utterance: spoken word, statement, or vocal sound action of saying or expressing something aloud the simple utterance of a few platitudes uninterrupted chain of spoken or written language23.Interference: a process more commonly known as negative transfer, which occurs when an L1 patter is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.24.Predication analysis:is a way to analyze the meaning of sentences. A sentence, composed of a subject and predicate, is a basic unit for meaning analysis is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence25.Cohesion: refers to the way in which text “hang together”;to the resources within language that help relate ideas and information and make links between different parts of a text26.Polysemy: words have two or more than two senses27.Speech act: refers to an action performed by the use of anutterance.28.Linguistics:generally, it is defined as the scientific studyof the language29.Phonetics: is the study of production of speech sounds30.Semantics: is generally defined as the study of the meaningof linguistic units. to be more specific, the meaning with which linguistists are concerned is defined as linguistic semantics语言学考试范围1. Does the traffic light have duality Explain the reasons.2. IC analyzes the sentence structure with brackets or a tree diagram.Lovely Jane ran away.3.What are Leech’s seven types of meaningConceptual meaning. Connotative meaning. Social meaning.Affective meaning. Reflected meaning. Collocative meaning.Thematic meaning4.What are the differences between modern linguisticsand traditional grammar5.Explain surface structure and deep structure.6.What are the major views concerning the study ofmeaning7.What are the four maxims of the CP8.Analyze the structure of a syllable. Give one exampleto illustrate.9.Explain the two terms “sense” and “reference” andwhat is their relationship10.What are the differences between errors andmistakesWhat are the major views concerning the study of meaning What are the major views concerning the study of meaning (1) The naming theory命名论----One of the oldest notions converning meanings, and also a very primitive one, was the naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or label for things.命名论是最原始的语义理论，该理论是把词看作所指事物的名称。

语言学名词解释英语Language is a complex system of communication used by humans to convey meaning. It consists of various components and structures that allow individuals to understand and generate language. In the field of linguistics, there are several important terms and concepts used to analyze and describe language. Here are explanations of some key linguistic terms in English:1. Phonetics: Phonetics is the study of the sounds of speech. It examines the physical properties of sounds, such as their production, transmission, and perception. Phonetics helps to understand the different speech sounds used in language.2. Phonology: Phonology refers to the organization and patterns of speech sounds in a particular language. It studies the sound system of a language, including the rules and constraints for combining and manipulating sounds.3. Morphology: Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words. It examines how words are formed from smaller units called morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language. Morphology helps to analyze word formation processes and understand how words are related to each other.4. Syntax: Syntax is the study of the structure and arrangement of words to form meaningful sentences. It investigates the rules for combining words into phrases and sentences. Syntax helps to analyze sentence structure and understand how different grammatical structures are formed.5. Semantics: Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It analyzes how words, phrases, and sentences convey meanings and how different meanings are related. Semantics helps to understand how context, reference, and inference affect the interpretation of language.6. Pragmatics: Pragmatics is the study of how language is used in context and how meaning is influenced by social and cultural factors. It examines the principles of conversation, politeness, and the interpretation of implicatures and presuppositions. Pragmatics helps to understand the social and cultural aspects of language use.7. Sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of how language varies and changes in different social groups and communities. It investigates the relationship between language and society, including language variation, language attitudes, and language in multilingual settings.8. Psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics is the study of how language is processed and represented in the mind. It investigates the cognitive processes involved in language production, comprehension, and acquisition. Psycholinguistics helps to understand how we learn and use language.9. Historical linguistics: Historical linguistics is the study of how languages change over time. It examines the historical development of languages, language families, and language relationships. Historical linguistics helps to trace the evolution of languages and reconstruct their ancestral forms.10. Applied linguistics: Applied linguistics is the practical application of linguistic theories and principles to real-world problems. It includes areas such as language teaching, language planning, language assessment, and discourse analysis. Applied linguistics helps to address language-related issues in various contexts.These linguistic terms and concepts form the basis of studying and understanding language. Linguists use them to analyze language structure, usage, and evolution, and to gain insights into the intricacies of human communication.。

pre-linguistic stage 语言学名词解释英语1. 引言1.1 概述pre-linguistic stage 是语言学中一个重要的名词，用于描述婴幼儿在正式开始使用语言之前的阶段。

这个阶段是孩子语言能力发展的起点，对后续语言发展的影响至关重要。

在pre-linguistic stage 中，婴幼儿通过听、观察和社会互动等方式探索并培养了他们的听、说和理解能力。

1.2 文章结构本文将首先对pre-linguistic stage 进行定义，并介绍其特点和重要性。

接着，我们将详细探讨该阶段的发展过程，包括反应性期、不同声音的探索期和社会互动期等。

最后，我们将关注pre-linguistic stage 期间所培养的听、说和理解能力。

1.3 目的本文旨在帮助读者更好地理解pre-linguistic stage 这一语言学概念，并认识到它对婴幼儿语言发展的重要性。

通过深入研究该阶段的特点和发展过程，读者可以更加全面地了解婴幼儿语言能力的培养过程。

这有助于父母、教育工作者以及其他与婴幼儿相关的专业人员更好地支持孩子们在语言发展方面的成长。

2. pre-linguistic stage 语言学名词解释英语2.1 pre-linguistic stage 定义pre-linguistic stage是语言学中的一个术语，指的是儿童在发展成为能够使用真正的语言前经历的早期阶段。

这个阶段包括婴儿出生后不久开始，并一直持续到他们开始使用和理解有意义的词汇和句子。

在pre-linguistic stage中，婴儿通过观察、听觉、运动以及与他人互动来建立语言能力的基础。

2.2 pre-linguistic stage 特点pre-linguistic stage有以下几个特点：a) 非语言性：这个阶段的交流方式主要是通过非语言信号，如面部表情、眼神接触、手势等进行。

婴儿还不能用词汇或句子来表达自己的想法或需求。

1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. general linguistics: The study of language as a whole.3. applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.4. prescriptive: If linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, ,it is said to be prescriptive.( i.e. to tell people what they should and should not say).5. descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.(09C)6. synchronic study: The description of language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. (06C/ 04)7. diachronic study: It’s a historical study of language,it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (06C)8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（08F/09C）linguistic competence: universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker.11. performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.13. design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.(08C)15. productivity: Language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by it’s users.16. duality（double articulation）: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and higher lever of meaning.17. displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker.( regardless of time or space) (04)18. cultural transmission: The capacity for language is genetically based while the details of any language system have to be taught and learned.( Language is culturally transmitted rather than by instinct).19.Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society from the core of the branch.20.Psycholinguistics: the study of language processing, comprehending and production, as well as language acquisition.municative competence:the ability to use language appropriately in social situations.Chapter 2: Phonology1. phonic medium : The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonetic medium of language.(and the individual sounds within this range are speech sounds)2. phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all sounds in the world’s languages. (06C)3. articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. (03)4. auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the physical properties of the stream of sounds which the speaker issues.QR It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another)6. voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.7. voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the vocal cords.8. broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds sequences in written form.9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show sounds in written form.10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of letters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language.12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.13. manner of articulation : The manner in which obstruction is created.14. place of articulation : The place where obstruction is created.15. consonant: a speech sound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.16. vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstruction.17. monophthong : the individual vowel.18. diphthong : The vowel which consists of two individual vowels and are produced by moving one vowel position to another through intervening positions.(08F)19. phone: A phonetic unit,the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.20. phoneme : An abstract phonological unit that is of distinctive value;it’s represented by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. (06F/ 04)或者The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two sounds.21. allophone : the different phones which can represent the same phoneme in different phonetic enviroments are called allophones of that phoneme (07C/ 05)22. phonology : The description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds form patterns and function to distinguish and convey meaning.(06C)23. phonemic contrast : two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning,they form phonemic contrast.24. complementary distribution : allophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.25. minimal pair: two different forms are identical in every way except forone sound segment which occurs in the same position.26. sequential rules: The rules to govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.27. assimilation rule: The rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.28. deletion rule: The rule that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.29. suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments(syllable, word, sentence),including stress tone intonation.(08F)30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isola tion, they’re collectively known as intonation.32. nucleus: It refers to the major pitch change in an intonation unit.32. minimal set: sound combinations which are identical in form except for the initial consonant together constitute a minimal set.。

术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）2. Functions of languagereferential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 emotive情感功能conative 劝慰功能 phatic寒暄功能 metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能 interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能 Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能）， Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）， Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)， Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学）， Syntax（句法学）;Semantics（语义学）， Pragmatics（语用学）Articulatory phonetics发音语音学 Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时 Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为5. Vocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)， pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔 and nasal cavity鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带,larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭, soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）A. Manners of articulation发音方式B. Places of articulation发音位置7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音 Fricative摩擦音 Approximant近似音Lateral (approximant)边音 Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音 and tap 闪音Bilabial双唇音 Labiodental唇齿音 Dental齿音 Alveolar齿龈音Postal veolar后齿龈音 Retroflex卷舌音 Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音 Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音 glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs双元音 triphthongs三元音Lax vowels短元音 Tensed vowels长元音8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音.broad transcription宽式标音 narrow transcription严式标音9. minimal pairs最小对立体 Phoneme音位phonemic transcriptions音位转写 phonetic transcriptions语音转写phones音子 allophones音位变体 complementary distribution互补分布phonetic similarity发音近似性 Free variation自由变体assimilation同化 regressive assimilation逆同化progressive assimilation顺同化phonological rule 音系规则 Epenthesis增音 binary 二分的Distinctive features区别特征Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构subordinate and coordinate从属和并列Conceptual meaning概念意义Associative meaning:联想意义Connotative meaning内涵意义 Social meaning社会意义Affective meaning情感意义 Reflected meaning反射意义Collocative meaning搭配意义 Thematic meaning主位意义denotation: 外延意义 connotation: 内涵The referential theory:指称理论Semantic triangle语义三角Sense and reference：涵义和指称Synonymy同义关系 Antonymy反义关系 Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms风格同义词Collocational synonyms搭配同义词gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term覆盖项Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项complementary antonymy 互补反义关系 converse antonymy 逆向反义关系homophones: 同音异义词 homographs : 同形异义词complete homonyms semantic components语义部分术语解释1. Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的）properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2. Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at somepoint of time in history.3. Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language.In other words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .4. prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic study aims to lay downrules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language.5. descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe andanalyze the language people actually use.6. Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, wemean that there is no logical connection between meaning and sound.7. Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system,which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.8. Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used tocommunicate about things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.9. competence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge ofthe underlying system of rules in a language.10. Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language bya speaker in a real communicational context.11. Langue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledgeof the language that he speaks.12. Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individualspeaker.13. Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that thedetails of the linguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再）by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.14. Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges,exchanges that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.15. Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speechsounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.16. Vowels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulatorscome very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.17. Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is anobstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.18. Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it isconcerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.19. Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which candistinguish two words.20. Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.21. Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or allthe characteristics of a neighboring sound.22. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous oroverlapping articulations are involved.23. complementary distribution互补分布:when two sounds neveroccur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution.24. Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the sameenvironment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.25. Distinctive features区别特征： A phonetic feature whichdistinguishes one phonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.26. minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs ofwords which differ from each other by only one sound.27. vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one soundto another are called vowel glides.28. Epenthesis增音：it means a process of inserting a sound afteranother sound.29. Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between anindividual unit and others that can replace it in a given sequence. 30. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionallyequivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.31. Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related wordswhere none of them is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group 32. Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects,actions or properties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)33. Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations betweenwords.34. Componential analysis ：Componential analysis defines themeaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.35. Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that holdbetween linguistic elements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）36. Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.37. Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meaningshave the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.38. Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations betweenwords.39. Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness.The upper term in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词, and the lower terms,hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.。

英语语言学名词解释
英语语言学是语言学中的一个分支，研究英语的语言结构、语音、语法、语义、语用和历史演变等方面。

以下是一些英语语言学的名词解释：
1. Phonetics（音韵学）：研究语音、发音和声音的学科。

它包括语音学和音系学。

2. Phonology（音系学）：研究语音在语言中的系统性组织和规律性变化的学科。

3. Morphology（形态学）：研究词形变化和词构成的学科。

4. Syntax（句法学）：研究句子结构和语法规则的学科。

5. Semantics（语义学）：研究语言意义的学科，包括词义和句子意义。

6. Pragmatics（语用学）：研究语言在实际使用中的含义和功能的学科。

7. Discourse analysis（语篇分析）：研究语言在实际使用中的连贯性和语篇结构的学科。

8. Historical linguistics（历史语言学）：研究语言的演变和变化的学科。

9. Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）：研究语言和社会、文化、地理和历史等因素之间的关系的学科。

10. Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）：研究语言和心理过程之间的关系的学科，包括语言习得、记忆和理解等。

以上是一些常见的英语语言学名词解释，它们涵盖了英语语言学的主要领域和分支。

名词解释（1’X20=20’）:1、The theory of metalingual fuction of language: Language has ideational, interpersonal and textual functions. Ideational function constructs a model of experience as well as logical relations, interpersonal function enacts social relationships and textual function creates relevance to context.2、Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech.3、Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes.4、Coarticulation: When such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the process coarticulation.5、Allophones: Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.6、Suprasegmentals: supeasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.7、Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.8、Intonation involves the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns, each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on singular words or on groups of words of varying length.9、Determiners refers to words which are used before the noun acting as head of a none group, and which determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.10、Grammatical construction or construct can be used to mean any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or use the construct contains.11、Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable center or head.12、Syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.13、Agreement(or concord) may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another, shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories). 14、Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of embedding one relative clause into another relative clause, so long as it does not become an obstacle to successful communication. The same holds true for nominal clause and adverbial clauses. This is what we call excursiveness.15、Conjoining refers to the process where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another. The sentences made up in this way can be understood as instances of coordination. 16、Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.17、Morphological change 词素变体Morphological change takes the form of inflectional changes in affixes.18、Linguistics 语言学Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is a rich and exciting field.19、Category 范畴The term CATEGORY in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense. More specifically, it refers to the defining properties of those general units.简述题（20’X1=20’）1、Displacement 移位性DISPLACEMENT means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication... Thus, I can refer to Confucius, or North Pole, even though the first has been dead for over 2550 years and the second is situated far away from us. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions. Indeed words are often used not in such immediate physical context when they denote concrete objects. They are often used with a deference for referential application.2、Arbitrariness 任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistics signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.①Arbitrariness relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning. In English,totally different words are used to describe the sound. But there is some misunderstanding about the onomatopoeic effect. As a matter of fact, arbitrariness and onomatopoeic effect may work at the same time.②Arbitrariness at the syntactic level. According to systemic functionalists and Americanfunctionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. As we know, the order of elements in a sentence follows certain rules, and there is a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the real happenings. In other words, syntax is less arbitrary than words, especially in so far as this kind of order is concerned.③Arbitrariness and convention. What then is the link between a linguistic sign and itsmeaning? It is a matter of CONVENTION. Here we have to look at the other side of the coin of arbitrariness, namely, conventionality.3、Complementary antonymy 互补反义词Antonymy like alive: dead, male: female, present: absent, innocent: guilty, are of this type. In contrast to the first type, the members of a pair in this type are complementary to each other. That is, they divide up the whole of a semantic field completely. Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other.4.creativity创造性。