(完整word版)高级英语第一册修辞总结1--11

高级英语1------常考修辞手法总结1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比，这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。

标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。

例如:1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.2.Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如：1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如:1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.例如:1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体)他的厂里约有100名工人.2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)他是本世纪的牛顿.3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分）这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。

高级英语第一册所有修辞方法及例子总结第一篇：高级英语第一册所有修辞方法及例子总结Personification:1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.life dealt him profound personal tragedies...the river had acquainted him with......to literature's enduring gratitude......an entry that will determine his course forever...Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.Hyperbole Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to emphasize a point, to create humor, or to achieve some similar effects1)...takes you...hundreds even thousands of years2)innumerable lamps3)with the dust of centuries4)…5)...cruise through eternal boyhood and...endless summer of freedom...6)America laughed with him.7).The trial that rocked the world8)His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world.9)Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over.Onomatopoeia:1)creak, squeak, rumble, grunt, sigh, groan, etc.tinkling, banging, clashing2).its anking, heel icking3)appreciative chuckle4)clucked his tongueMetaphor1)2)3)4)5)I had a lump in my throat At last this intermezzo came to an end...I was again crushed by the thought..hen the meaning...sank in, jolting me outof my sad reverie little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers...struggle between kimono and the miniskirtlittle old Japan----traditional floating houses6)I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impactHiroshima----people of Hiroshima, especially those who suffered from the A-bomb(keep her thoughts under control)E.g.1)Whether for him, the arch 3)The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except and racial domination.a.his wife shot him a swift, warning glance.(give sb.an angry and quick glare)b.The words spat forth with sudden savagery.(the detective said the words suddenly and savagely.)c.Her tone...withered...(become shorter from her frightening voice)d....self-assurance...flickered...(hesitate;move with a quick wavering light emotion)e.The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind.1)f.Her voice was a whiplash.i.(a heavy blow)2)g.eyes bored into himi.(look at him pointedly or sharply)3)h.I’ll spell it out.a)(explain or speak outfrankly and in detail)4)1.Mark Twain---Mirror of America5)2.Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruisethrough eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.6)3.The geographic core, in Twain's early years was the great valley of the MississippiRiver , main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart.7)4.The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied — acosmos.8)Cast of characters: people of various sorts;cosmos: a place where one can find all sortsof characters9)5.Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, butits flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as will.10)current: stream, here not a good choice for the verb teem.11)6.He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever inNevada 's Washoe region.12)Succumbed…to: gave way to(yielded to, submitted to)the gold and silver rushprevailing in that area.13)7.For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and thepersistent, and was rebuffed.Flirted…wealth: did not try hard or persistently enough to get the colossal wealth…14)15)16)17)18)19)20)21)22)23)24)25)26)27)28)29)30)31)32)33)34)failed 8.From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist.6.He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada 's Washoe region.Succumbed…to: gave way to(yielded to, submitted to)the gold and silver rush prevailing in that area.7.For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed.Flirted…wealth: did not try hard or persistently enough to get the colossal wealth…failed Digging …fame: working hard to gain regional fameMark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles.Honed: sharpened/exercised.It is not suitable to say “sharpen one's muscles”.saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United StatesAll would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...(submarine comes back to the surface, here reappear)When railroads began drying up the demand......took unholy verbal shots...my case would snowball into...our town...had taken on a circus atmosphere.The street...sprouted with...He thundered inhis sonorous organ tones.… had not scorched the infidels...…after the preliminary sparring over legalities…The case had erupted on my head.Now Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a …But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with Bryan.Then the court broke into a storm of applause that …He accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death …Irony: a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm.1)Hiroshima---the Liveliest City in Japan2)marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th centuryAnti-climax : the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following a serious significant ideas and suspensions.This device is usu.aimed at creating comic or humorous effects.1)a town known throughout the world for its---oystersParallelismthe repetition of sounds, meanings and structures serve to order, emphasize, and point out relationsϒϒϒϒ(1)The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies...(2)the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector(3)We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air.(4)are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play.ϒ(5)Let us...Let us...ϒ(6)He hopes...He hopes(7)Behind all this glare, behind all this stormLitotes(double negative)(语轻意重法,间接肯定法)a)A negative before another word to indicate a strong affirmative in the oppositedirection.b).Sarcasm1)ah, yes, for there are times when all pray2)There is some doubt about that.3)His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout theworld.Alliteration（头韵）repetition of vowel sound1)2)3)4)its anking, heel ickingRhetorical question1)E.g.… but can you doubt what our policy will be?Assonance e.g.when bigots lighted faggots to burn...Repetition –Antithesis(两个结构相似但是意思相反的平行从句便是对偶句)1)E.g.Anyman or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid.Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.(E.g.The coward does it with a kiss, the brave man a sword.)2)From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are.3)...took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land...4)...a world which will lament them a day and forget them foreverSimilea)b)c)d)e)I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding...a memory that seemed phonographic...swept the arena like a prairie fire...a palm fan like a sword...The oratorical storm … blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a freshwind …Periodic sentence(圆周句)Periodic sentences achieve forcefulness by suspense.The essential elements in the sentence are withheld until the end.松散句把主要意思放在次要意思之前，先说最重要的事情，因而读者在看到最初的几个词后就知道这句话的意思。

Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar1. Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. 1) tinkling bells (Para. 1)2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)2. Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square (Para. 1)2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)3. alliteration: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)2)…make a point of protesting4. Hyperbole: is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.e.g. a tiny restaurant (Para. 7)a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)5．Antithesis: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.e.g. 1) …a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leatherbellows…(Para. 5)2) …which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stonewheels. (Para. 5)6. Personification: a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed withhuman qualities or are represented as possessing human form.e.g. 1)…as the burnished copper catches the light of …(Para.5)2) Quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil as the beamsinks earthwards, taut and protesting, its creaks blending with the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding-wheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the camels. (Para.9)练习题：1. … little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. (hyperbole)2. The machine was operated by one man, who shovels the linseed pulp into a stone vat, climbs up nimbly to a dizzy height to fasten ropes,… (transferred epithet)3. It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes…. (personification)4. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way… (onomatopoeia)5. The dye-market ,the pottery-market ,and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. ( )6. Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, while… ( )Unit 2Metaphor: 暗喻A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。

英语修辞手法总结1) Simile：(明喻）是常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。

明喻的表达方法是：A像B。

2) Metaphor：(暗喻)是本体和喻体同时出现，它们之间在形式上是相合的关系，说甲（本体）是（喻词）乙（喻体）。

喻词常由：是、就是、成了、成为、变成等表判断的词语来充当。

暗喻又叫隐喻。

例如：何等动人的一页又一页篇章！这是人类思维的花朵。

（徐迟《哥德巴赫猜想》）3) Analogy: (类比)是基于两种不同事物间的类似,借助喻体的特征,通过联想来对本体加以修饰描摩的一种文学修辞手法。

4) Personification: (拟人)把事物人格化，把本来不具备人的一些动作和感情的事物变成和人一样的。

就像童话里的动物、植物能说话，能大笑。

5) Hyperbole: (夸张)是指为了达到强调或滑稽效果，而有意识的使用言过其实的词语，这样的一种修辞手段。

夸张法并不等于有失真实或不要事实，而是通过夸张把事物的本质更好地体现出来。

6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）7) Euphemism: (委婉）是指为了策略或礼貌起见,使用温和的,令人愉快的,不害人的语言来表达令人厌恶的,伤心或不宜直说的事实,8) Metonymy:(转喻）是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修辞手段。

转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而是在“联想”。

转喻又称换喻，或借代。

9) Synecdoche (提喻）是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段。

10) Antonomasia (换喻）一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法11) Pun: (双关语）指在一定的语言环境中，利用词的多义和同音的条件,有意使语句具有双重意义，言在此而意在彼的修辞方式。

Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar is the formation of words in imitation or the sounds :1. Onomatopoeia（拟声法）associated with the thing concerned. thread their way among thebells e.g. 1) Little monkeys with harmoniously tinklingthrongs of people (Para. 1)(Para. 9)and rumbling 2) the squeakingis the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by （隐喻）: 2. Metaphor.like”as” or “stating another comparable thing without using “ of a big open square (Para. 1)glare e.g. 1) the heat and. of dancing flashes…a fairlyland 2)…until you rounded a corner and seethis bazaar (Para. 7)honeycombmaze of vaulted streets which 3)…in the: is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with （头韵）3. alliteration the same letter or letters.of people (Para. 1) throngs way among the e.g. 1) …thread theirprotesting of 2)…the sellers, on the other hand, make a pointis the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud ): 4. Hyperbole(夸张and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.(Para. 7)…tiny restaurant with porters and e.g.or sit in aof glistening linseed oil (Para. 9)flood quickly the trickle becomes a: is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or 对偶)5．Antithesis(phrases opposite each other for emphasis.leatherhuge with a apprentice blows a big charcoal fire e.g. 1) …a tiny(Para.5)bellows… the camels and their stonedwarfstowers to the vaulted ceiling and 2) …whichwheels. (Para. 9): a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed with 6. Personification human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.(Para.5) …catches the light of e.g. …as the burnished copper尾韵7. Assonance(…. of the grinding wheels rumbling e.g. 1)… the squeaking andUnit 21.Metaphor: 暗喻A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗喻是一种修辞，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示二者之间的相似之处。

Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar1。

Onomatopoeia: is the formation of words in imitation o the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. 1) tinkling bells （Para. 1)2) the squeaking and rumbling (Para。

9）2。

Metaphor: is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using “as” or “like”.e.g. 1) the heat and glare of a big open square （Para. 1）2) …in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar （Para。

7)3。

alliteration：is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters。

e。

g. 1) …thread their way among the throngs of people (Para。

1)2)…make a point of protesting4. Hyperbole：is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big，small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller，louder, etc.e。

一、词语修辞格（1）simile 明喻①...a memory that seemed phonographic②“Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?”③Most American remember M. T. as the father of...④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail.⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake.⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her.（2）metaphor 暗喻①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,…②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. ③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A④the last this intermezzo came to an end…⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse…⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me …⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...⑪When railroads began drying up the demand...⑫...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...⑬Twain began digging his way to regional fame...⑭Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...⑮The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind.⑯Her voice was a whiplash.⑰and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind…⑱But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.⑲I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.⑳I see the Russian soldiers standing on the thresthold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.21The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.22I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.23We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.（3）metonymy 借代，转喻①In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes②The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's"（4）synecdoche 提喻①The case had erupted round my head②The case had erupted round my head Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges ...③But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's（5）personification 拟人①…until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes…②Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay…③...to literature's enduring gratitude...④The grave world smiles as usual...⑤Bitterness fed on the man...⑥America laughed with him.⑦Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.（6）transferred epithet 移就①Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder②The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle.③Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.④I have been exhilarated by two days of storms, but above all I love these long purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been. (V. Sackville-West, No Signposts in the Sea)（7）hyperbole 夸张①The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold.②I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out.③If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.④I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play. ⑤...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...⑥The cast of characters... - a cosmos.⑦America laughed with him.⑧The trial that rocked the world⑨His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."（8）oxymoron 矛盾修饰法Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. " （9）euphemism 委婉语①… a motley band of Confederate g uerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.②...men's final release from earthly struggle（10）irony -- the use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning. 反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法①Hiroshima—the “liveliest” city in Japan②“Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s”. Wangero said, laughing .③… until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century（11）sarcasm -- a cutting, often ironic remark intended to wound. 讽刺，挖苦意在伤害他人的尖刻的，常带讽刺意味的话语①My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotry(顽固) are, and it is a mighty strong combination.②There is some doubt about that.③a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life④the Post’ s editorial fails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that adoor is a door and any damn fool knows that（12）ridicule（嘲笑）Words or actions intended to evoke contemptuous laughter at or feelings toward a person or thing 愚弄有意激起对某人或某事的蔑视的笑或看不起的感情而说的话或做的事①Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted②Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.③Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.（13）pun 双关①DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE.②Benjamin Franklin: “If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.” (Peter stone and Sherman Edwards. 1776) 如果我们不能紧密地团结在一起，那就必然分散地走上绞刑架。

1.明喻simileSimilereferstoadirectcomparisonbetweentwoormorethings,normallyintroducedbylikeoras. Hehasbeenasdrunkasafiddler ’sbitch.他醉得像小提琴手的母狗。

他曾喝得酊名大醉/烂醉如泥。

IfWehaven ’tgotanymoney,wecan’tbuyItatelevision’asplain.asthenoseonyourface.1.如果我们没有钱，就不能买电视机。

这就像脸上的鼻子一样清楚明了。

没有钱我们就不能买电视机。

这就像秃子头上的虱子——明摆着的事。

Mr.Smithmayserveasagoodsecretary,forheisascloseasanoyster.史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他嘴巴紧得像牦蛎.史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守口如瓶。

Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcraw linglocusts.2.隐喻metaphorMetaphorisanimpliedcomparisonbetweentwoormorethingsachievedbyidentifyingonewiththeother.Thatladytriestomakesheep’seyesathernewboss.那位女士想向新老板投去绵羊之眼。

那位女士想向新老板献媚。

Littledonkeyswithharmoniouslytinklingbellsthreadtheirwayamongthethrongsofpeopleenteringandleavingthebazaar.Itgrowslouderandmoredistinct,untilyouroundacornerandseeafairylandofdancingflashes,astheburnishedcoppercatchesthelightofinnumerablelampsandbraziers.Thedye-market,thepottery-market,’marketlieelsewhereinthemazeofandthecarpentersvaultedstreetswhichhoneycombthisbazaar.Itisavast,sombercavernofaroom,somethirtyfeethighandsixtyfeetsquare,andsothickwiththedu stofcenturiesthatthemudbrickroofareonlydimlyvisible.Churchill,herevertedtothistheme,andIaskedwhetherforhim,thearchanti-communist,thiswasnotbowingdownintheHouseofRimmon.IseetheRussiansoldiersstandingonthethresholdoftheirnativeland,guardin gthefieldswhichtheirfathershavetilledfromtimeimmemorial.IseetheGermanbombersandfightersinthesky,streetsmartingfrommanyaBritishwhippingButallthisfadesawaybeforethespectaclewhichisnowunfolding.tofindwhattheybelieveisaneasierandasaferprey.3.借代metonymyThereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacterofaFrenchman.法国人的性格中混合有老虎和猿的成分。

高级英语课文修辞总结（1-7课）第一课Face to Face With Hurricane CamilleSimile:1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (comparing the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire)2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (comparing the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train)Metaphor :1. We can batten down and ride it out. (comparing the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea)2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.)Personification :1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. (The hurricane acted as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air.)2. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumpedit 3 1/2miles away. (The hurricane acted as a very strong man lifting something very heavy and dumping it 3 1/2 miles away.). Ⅺ.Elliptical and short simple sentences generally increase the tempo and speed of the actions being described. Hence in a dramatic narration they serve to heighten tension and help create a sense of danger and urgency. For examples see the text, paragraphs 10-18 and 21-26.Lesson 2 Hiroshima—the “Liveliest” City in Japan “Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters”. (anticlimax)…as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop...…where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony.At last this intermezzo came to an end…But later my hair began to fall out , and my belly turned towater .I felt sick ,and ever since then they have been testing and treating me .(alliteration)Each day that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares, I make a new little paper bird, and add it to the others.Hiroshima—the “liveliest” city in JapanI felt sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me.The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skycrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.There were fresh bows, and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima wasrepeated .(synecdoche)Was I not at the scene of the crime? (rhetorical question) Lesson 3 BlackmailMetaphor:...the nerves of both ... were excessively frayed...his wife shot him a swift, warning glance.The words spat forth with sudden savagery.Her tone ...withered......self-assurance...flickered...The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind.Her voice was a whiplash.eyes bored into himI’ll spell it out.Euphemism:...and you took a lady friend.Metonymy:won 100 at the tableslost it at the barthey'll throw the book,...Onomatopoeia:appreciative chuckleclucked his tongueLesson 41) The trial that rocked the world (hyperbole)2) Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder (transferred epithet)3) The case had erupted round my head (synecdoche)4) Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted (ridicule)5) and it is a mighty strong combination (sarcasm)6) until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century (irony)7) There is some doubt about that.(sarcasm)8) "The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below"(antithesis)9) "His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world." (hyperbole)10) Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fanlike a sword to repel his enemies. (ridicule，simile)11) Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.(ridicule)12) Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. " (oxymoron )第五课The many metaphors and similes in the essay are largely ap propritately used in describing the ugliness of Westmoreland County.For example, in para. 3 the metaphor of comparing thehouses there to pigs wallowing in the mud~ t he metaphor in the same para. of comparing the patches of paint todried up scales formed by a skin disease~and the simile in para. 2 as shown in the sentence "one blinks ... shot away", the sim ile in the same para.as shown in the sentence "a steel stadi um ~ -- the line", just to mention a few. Hyperboles are profusely usedin the essay. They are mostly very effective inconveying what the author had to say.In para. 1, we read the sentence "Here was wealth ...alley cats", exaggerating the richness and grandeur of this region and of America as a whole, the boast andpride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen onearthin para. 5 we read "It is as if ... of them", whichimplies exaggeratedly that it is as if some genius ofgreat power, who didn' t like to do the right thingsand who was an inflexible enemy of man, em ployed allthe cleverness and skill of hell to build these uglyhouses;and again in para. 2 there is the sentence "What al lude to " in sight", which suggests an exaggeration that ishard to believe. Not every house could have been thatugly.Lesson 6 Mark Twain --- Mirror of AmericaMetaphor:Mark Twain --- Mirror of Americasaw clearly ahead a black wall of night...main artery of transportation in the young nation's heartAll would resurface in his books...that he soaked up... When railroads began drying up the demand......the epidemic of gold and silver fever...Twain began digging his way to regional fame...Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...Simile:Most American remember M. T. as the father of......a memory that seemed phonographicHyperbole:...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...The cast of characters... - a cosmos.America laughed with him.Personification:...to literature's enduring gratitude...the grave world smiles as usual...Bitterness fed on the man...America laughed with him.Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.Antithesis:...between what people claim to be and what they really are.....took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land......a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever Euphemism:… a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligentlyavoided contact with the enemy....men's final release from earthly struggleAlliteration...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home...with a dash and daring......a recklessness of cost or consequences...Metonymy...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxeLesson 7 Everyday Use for your grandmama“Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s”. Wangerosaid ,laughing .(ironic)“Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?”(simile)…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse…After I tripped over it two or three times he toldme …(metaphor)And she stops and tries to dig a well in the sand with her toe. (exaggeration)Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. (simile)Have you ever seen a lame animal, perhaps dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car ,sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind of him?(metaphor) I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throwsout .(exaggeration)Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye. (simile)It is like an extended living room. (simile)Johnny Carson has much to do to keep up with my quick and witty tongue.My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake. (simile)She gasped like a bee had stung her.(simile)Wangero said, sweet as a bird. (simile)Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? Who can even imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye? (rhetorical question)You didn’t even have to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up and down to make butter had left a kind of sink in the wood .(metaphor)。

一．词语修辞格(1) simile 明喻它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词(如like，as等)起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物I wandered lonely as a cloud. ( W. Wordsworth: The Daffodils ) 我像一朵浮云独自漫游。

They are as like as two peas. 他们两个长得一模一样。

His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。

①―Mama,‖ Wangero said sweet as a bird . ―C an I have these old quilts?‖②Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail.③My skin is like an uncooked（未煮过的）barley pancake.④The oratorial（雄辩的）storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept like a fresh wind though the schools…⑤I see also the dull（迟钝的）, drilled（训练有素的）, docile（易驯服的）, brutish （粗野的）masses of the Hun soldiery plodding（沉重缓慢地走）on like a swarm（群）of crawling locusts（蝗虫）.（2）metaphor 暗喻暗含的比喻。

A是B或B就是A。

All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players演员. ( William Shakespeare )整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。

Figures of speech：rhetorical question simile, Parody metaphor, personification, synecdoche，anticlimax, metonymy，repetition，exaggeration, euphemism, antonomasia, parody。

periodic sentence irovy etc。

Lesson11）You pass from the heat and glare of a big，open square into a cool,dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see，losing itself in the shadowy distance.—metaphor2)The din of the stall-holders crying their wares，of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously，and of would—be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy。

——parallel construction3）Bargaining is the order of the day,and veiled women move at a leisurely pace from shop to shop，selecting,pricing,and doing a little preliminary bargainging before they narrow dowen their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down.—metaphor4）It grows louder and more distinct，until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes,as the burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers。

Lesson 11．"We can batten down and ride it out," he said. (Para. 4) metaphor2 .Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Para. 7) personification 、metaphor3. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (Para.11) simile4. He held his head between his hands, and silently prayed: “Get us through this mess, will You?”(Para. 17) alliteration5. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. (Para.19) personification6. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. (Para.19) simile、onomatopoeia(拟声)7. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. （Para. 20）transferred epithet8 8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished.（Para. 20）simile、personification9. and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.(Para.28)simile10.household and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. (Para. 31) metaphorLesson 41. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. (para2) Transferred epithet2. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at secondary school.(para 3) Synecdoche3. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century.(para14) Irony4. '' There is some doubt about that '' Darrow snorted.(para 19) Sarcasm5. The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.(para 20) Antithesis6. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie.(para 22) Alliteration; Simile7. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breadth of his oratory as he should have. (Para 22)He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion. (Para 23)The court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that Bryan.Snowball:grow quickly; spar: fight with words; thunder: say angrily and loudly; scorch: thoroughly defeat; duel: life and death struggle; storm of applause: loud applause by many people; the oratorical duel; spring the trump card.Metaphor8. Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a '' victorious defeat'' (para 45)A woman whispered loudly as he finished his address Oxymoron9. My heart went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow's hand. Metonymy10. It is not going to be driven out of this court byThe spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to his work. -- Line 101 Ridicule…Carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies. Ridicule11. With a fan blowing on him punLesson 5 The libido for the ugly1 Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity (line 6) metaphor; transferred epithet2 Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination--and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats.Antithesis (对偶句）Repetition ( line 10)3 There was not one in sight from the train that did not insult and lacerate the age. Synecdoche(提喻）(line 16)4 There was not a single decent house within eye range from the Pittsburgh to the Greensburg yards. There was not one that was misshapen, and there was not one that was not shabby. Understatement; Litotes(曲言）(line 26)5 The country is not uncomely, despite the grim of the endless mills. Litotes; Overstatement (line 29)6.They would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides. Metaphor (line 36)On their low sides they bury themselves swinishly in the mud. Metaphor(line 46)And one and all they are streaked in grim, with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks. Metaphor (line 49)When it has taken on the patina of the mills, it is the color of a fried egg. When it has taken on the patina of the mills, it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring. Line 52 Metaphor7 I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer. Irony (line 60)8 N.J. and Newport News, V a.Safe in a Pullman, I have whirled through the gloomy(line67) Metonymy9 But in the American village and small town the pull is always towards ugliness, and in that Westmoreland valley it has been yielded to with an eagerness bordering upon passion. Ridicule (line 88)10 It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of horror. Irony (line 90)11 On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be positive libido for the ugly, ason the other and less Christian levels there is a libido for the beautiful. line 91 Antithesis12 The taste for them is as enigmatical and yet as common as the taste for the dogmatic theology and the poetry of Edgar A.Guest. Metaphor13 And some of them are appreciably better. Line 109 Sarcasm14 They let it mellow into its present shocking depravity. Metaphor; sarcasm15 The effect is that of a fat woman with a black eye. MetaphorLesson 61.Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huch Finn’s(synecdoche) idylliccruise through the eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer’s endless summer of freedom and adventure. (Para.1) Hyperbole2.I found another Twain as well (Para.1) synecdoche3. a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead aback wall of night. (Para.1) metaphor4.The geographic core, in Twain’s early years, was the great valley of the Mississippi River,main artery of transportation in the young nation’s heart. (Para.3) metaphor5.Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved downstream to the delta country; sugar,molasses, cotton, and whisky traveled north. ( Para.3) antithesis6.the cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied—a cosmos(Para.4) alliteration metaphor7.Steamboats decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, but itsflotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as well. (Para.5) Metaphor8.For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and persistent,(Para.5) metaphor9.He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever inNevada’s Washoe region. (Para.7) metaphor10.From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way toregional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist. (Para.8) metaphor11.The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for makingmoney, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. (Para.8) metonymy12.in the spring of 1864, less than two years after joining the Territorial Enterprise, he boardedthe stagecoach for San Francisco, then and now a hotbed of hopeful young writers. (Para.8) metaphor13.Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing(metonymy) muscles… (Para.9)metaphor14.It was a splendid population——for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stay athome… (Para.9) alliteration15.“It was a splendid population——for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed athome…” (Para.9) alliteration16.“It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterpri sesand rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring (alliteration) and a recklessness of coat or consequences, which she (synecdoche) bears onto this day——and when she projects a new surprise, the grave world( transferred epithet) smiles(personification)as usual, and says ‘Well, this is California all over.’” (Para.9)17.Two years later the opportunity came for him to take a distinctly American look at the oldworld. (Para.12) transferred epithet pleasure cruise(metaphor)18.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. (Para.21) personification19.America laughed with him. (Para.13) personification and synecdoche20.Tom Sawyer quickly became a classic tale of American boyhood. (Para. 13) synecdoche21.Tom’s mischievous daring, ingenuity, and sweet innocence of his affection for …..(Para.15)transferred epithet22.Six chapters into Tom Sawyers, he drags in “the juvenile pariah….” (Para.16) metaphor23.I have tried it, and I don’t work; it don’t work, Tom. It ain’t for me…The widder eats by a bell;she goes to bed by a bell; she gits up by a bell—everything’s so awful reg’lar body can’t stand it.(Para.16) alliteration parallelism repetition24.Nine years after Tom Sawyer swept the nation. ( Para.17) metaphor25.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laughed. (Para.21) metaphor26.Now the gloves came off with biting satire. (Para.21)transferred epithet metaphor27.dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair onmen’s final release from earthly struggles. (Para.22) metaphor28.where the have left no sign that they had existed— a world which will lament them a day andforget them forever. (Para.22) antithesis personificationLesson 11Alliteration1.brittle and brown(Para.1)2.willow and witch hazel(Para.1)3.great green-and-yellow grasshoppers(Para.1)4.the eagle and the elk(Para.6)5.the badger and the bear(Para.6)6.bent and blind(Para.6)7.sad in the sound, syllables of sorrow(Para.11)8.lean and leather(Para.13)9.jest and gesture(Para.13)10.fright and false alarm, fringed and flowered shawls, bright beadwork(Para.13)11.At a distance in July or August the steaming foliage seems almost to writhe in fire. （Para.1）不晓得是哪个？补充一下12.It was a long journey toward the dawn, and it led to a golden age. （Para.4）metaphor13.no longer were they slaves to the simple necessity of survival; （Para.4）metaphor14.I wanted to see in reality what she had seen more perfectly in the mind’s eye, and traveledfifteen hundred miles no begin my pilgrimage. （Para.5）metaphor15.Descending eastward, the highland meadows are a stairway to the plain. （Para.7）metaphor16.The earth unfolds and the limit of the land recedes. （Para.7）metaphor17.going out upon a cane, very slowly as she did when the weight of age came upon her;（Para.11）metaphor18.transported so in the dancing light among the shadows of her room, （Para.11）metaphor19.houses are like sentinels in the plain, （Para.12）metaphorLesson 13 No Signposts in the Sea ★为课后习题中的修辞题目1.I have never had much of an eye for noticing the clothes of women… (Para 1 ) Metonymy2.in the evening she wears soft rich colours, dark red, olive green, midnight blue…(Para 1 )Metonymy ★3.He says he used to read me… (Para 2 ) Metonymy ★4.Protests about damage to ‘natural beauty’ froze me with contempt. (Para 3) Metaphor5.And now see how I stand, as sentimental and sensitive as any old maid. (Para 4) Alliteration6.I am gloriously and adolescently silly. (Para 4) Transferred Epithet7.… I want my fill of beauty before I go. (Para 4) Euphemism ★8.The young moon lies on her back tonight as is her habit in the tropics, and as, I think, issuitable if not seemly for a virgin. (Para 5)Personification ★9.Not a star but might not shoot down and accept the invitation to become her lover. (Para 5 )Personification ★10....even as I enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the warm breeze on my skin and the coolsupport of the water…(Para 5) Transferred Epithet ★11.It may be by daylight, looking at the sea, rippled with little white ponies，or with no ripples atall but only the lazy satin of blue, marbled at the edge where the passage of our ship has disturbed it. (Para 6) Metaphor12.The stars seemed little cuts in the black cover… (Para 6) Metaphor13.…no sign of habitation, very blenched and barren. (Para 8) Alliteration ★14.What I like best are th e①stern cliff, with ranges of mountains②soaring behindthem…(Para 8)①Personification ②Metaphor15.What plants of the high altitudes grow unravished among their crags and valleys? (Para 8)Metonymy16...., like delicate flowers, for the discovery of the venturesome. (Para 8) Metaphor17.I wondered what mortal controlled it, in what must be one of the loneliest, most forbiddingspots on earth.(Para 12) Hyperbole18....but I must say I find it refreshing to think there are still a few odd fish left in the world.(Para 16) Metaphor19....follows a ship only to a certain latitude and then turns back…(Para 17) Metonymy20.We might all take a lesson from him, knowing the latitude we can permit ourselves. (Para 17)Metaphor21....and the scratchy little flying-fish have the vast circle all to themselves…(Para 18)Metonymy22.This is the new Edmund Carr with a vengeance. (Para 19) Synecdoche23.God, is there no escape from suffering and sin? (Para 25) Rhetorical Question24.…we wait for it while th e①red ball, cut in half as though by a knife, sinks to its daily②doom. (Para 26)①Innuendo②Metaphor25.Then come the①twilight colours of sea and heaven(…suddenly i n ②these latitudes, at anytare on sea level), the winepink width of water merging into③lawns of aquamarine, and the sky④a tender palette of pink and blue…(Para 26 ) ①Metaphor ②Metonymy ③Metaphor ★④Metaphor ★26.Now the indolence of southern latitudes has captured me. (Para 33 ) Metonymy27.Blue, the colour of peace. (Para 33 ) Metaphor28.…I had no temptation to take a flying holiday to the South…(Para 33 ) TransferredEpithet ★29.And then I like all the small noises of a ship: the faint creaking, as of the saddle-leather to ahorseman riding across turf, the slap of a rope, the hiss of sudden spray. (Para 34 ) Onomatopoeia ★30.But above all I love these long purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been.(Para 34 ) Transferred EpithetLesson 14 Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.1.This changed conviction into certainty. (Para 1) Alliteration2.I had not the slightest doubt where our duty and policy lay. (Para 1) Litotes3.I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes. (Para 1) Metaphor4.… I asked whether for him, the arch anti-Communist, this was not bowing down in the Houseof Rimmon. (Para 5) Metaphor5.If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House ofCommons. (Hitler is much eviler than the devil.) (Para 5) Hyperbole6.The Maze regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.(Para 8) Metaphor7.It excels all forms of human wickedness in the efficiency of its cruelty and ferociousaggression. (Para 8) Irony8.I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land…. (Para 8) Metaphor9.– for the safety of their loved ones, the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of theirprotector. (Para 8) Innuendo10.I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardlyfrom the soil… (Para 8) Metaphor11.I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine, with its clanking,heel-clicking, dandified Prussian officers, … (Para 8) Metaphor12.I see all the①dull, drilled, docile, brutish, masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on ②like aswarm of crawling locusts. (Para 8) ①Alliteration ②Simile\Ridicule13.I see the German ①bombers and fighters in the sky, still ②smarting from many a British③whipping, ④delighted to find what they believe is an easier and safer ⑤prey (the Russiansoldiers). (Para 8)①Synecdoche ②③④Metaphor\Personification ⑤Metaphor 14.Behind all this①glare, behind all this②storm, I see that small group of villainous menwho plan, organize, and launch this③cataract of horrors upon mankind… (Para 9) ①Metaphor ②Metaphor ③Metaphor15.I have to declare the decision of His Majesty’s Government… (Para 10) Antonomasia16.– for we must spread out now at once, without a day’s delay. (Para 10) Repetition17.I have to make the declaration, but can you doubt what our policy will be? (Para 10)Rhetorical Question18.We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (Para 10) Repetition19.We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. (Para 10) Metaphor20.From this nothing will turn us—nothing. (Para 10) Inversion21.We will never parley, we will never negotiate…(Para 10) Repetition22.We have rid the earth of his shadow (influence) and liberated its peoples from his yoke(control). (Para 10) Metaphor23.①Any man or state who②marches with Hitler is our foe. (Para 10) ①Antithesis②Metaphor24.It follows therefore that we shall….We shall…, as we shall faithfully and steadfastly to theend… (Para 10) Parallelism25.But when I spoke… which have impelled or lured him on his Russian adventure I said therewas one deeper motive behind his outrage. (Para 12) Euphemism26.He wishes to destroy the Russian power ….from the East and hurl it upon this Island, whichhe knows….of his crimes. (Para 12) ①Metaphor ②Synecdoche27.…and that he can overwhelm Great Britain before the Fleet and airpower of the UnitedStates may intervene. (Para 12) Synecdoche28.He has so long thrived and prospered. (Para 12) Repetition29.…and that then th e①scene will be clear for the final②act,…(Para 12)①Metaphor ②Euphemism30.…, just as the cause of any Russian fighting for his hearth and home is the cause of free menand free peoples in every quarter of the globe. (Para 13) Alliteration31.Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. (Para 13) Alliteration。

Figures of speech修辞Simile, metaphor, personification, synecdoche, anticlimax, metonymy, repetition, exaggeration, euphemism, antonomasia, parody.A word or phrase used in a different way from its usual meaning in order to create a particular mental picture or effect. (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary)A figure of speech is a word or phrase using figurative language—language that has other meaning than its normal definition.In other words, figures of speeches rely on implied or suggested meaning, rather than a dictionary definition.We express and develop them through hundreds of different rhetorical techniques, from specific types like metaphors and similes, to more general forms like sarcasm and slang. (https:///figures-of-speech/)语音修辞格1.Alliteration头韵Slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station 2But later my hair began to fall out , and my belly turned to water .I felt sick ,and ever since then they have been testing and treating me .(alliteration) 2...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home 6...with a dash and daring (6)And a recklessness of cost or consequences (6)Bleached and barren 13On a less practical plane 13Clear of cloud 13I would never have believed in the simple bliss of being 13The hiss of sudden spray 132.Onomatopoeia拟声Onomatopoeia is defined as a word which imitates the natural sounds of a thing.It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting. (https:///onomatopoeia/)Functions:1、It gives rhythm to the text.2、It appeals to the reader' senses.Examples: smash, slashing rain, crack, snap (to break suddenly with a sharp sound) The house detective clucked his tongue reprovingly. 3词语修辞格1. Simile明喻From the Latin word similis (meaning “similar, like”);The comparison indicated by a simile will typically contain the words as or like Explicit comparison with “like”, “as”, “as if (though)”,“seem” “resemble”, etc. My love is like a red, red rose.I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on likea swarm of crawling locusts. (Simile)A memory that seemed phonographic 6Most American remembers M. T. as the father of (6)It is as in a moving picture 13Dismissive as Pharisee 13As sentimental and sensitive as any old maid 13Like delicate flowers 13Gives a cry like a sea-bird 13As pleased as children 13Silent as a cat passing 13The faint creaking as of the saddle-leather to a horseman riding across turf 13Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake.She gasped like a bee had stung her.2. Metaphor暗喻1.定义From the Greek word metapherein (“to transfer”)A metaphor is used in place of something：My love is a red rose.2.书上例子As Camille lashed northwestward 1We can batten down and get it out. 1Wind and rain now whipped the house. 1Now Darrow sprang his trump card 4Mark Twain --- Mirror of America 6马克·吐温是美国的一面镜子。

、、词语修辞格（1）simile 明喻① ...a memory that seemed phonographic②“Mama,” Wangero said sweet as a bird .“can I have these old quilts?”③Most American remember M. T. as the father of...④Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail.⑤Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.⑥My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake.⑦She gasped like a bee had stung her.（2）metaphor 暗喻①It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room,…②Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar.③The dye-market, the pottery market and the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb the bazaar. A④the last this intermezzo came to an end…⑤…showing just enough of her thin body enveloped in pink skirt and red blouse…⑥After I tripped over it two or three times he told me …⑦Mark Twain --- Mirror of America⑧saw clearly ahead a black wall of night...⑨main artery of transportation in the young nation's heart⑩All would resurface in his books...that he soaked up...⑪When railroads began drying up the demand...⑪...the epidemic of gold and silver fever...⑪Twain began digging his way to regional fame...⑪Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles...⑪The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein on her racing mind.⑪Her voice was a whiplash.⑪and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind…⑪But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding.⑪I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting frommany a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey.⑪I see the Russian soldiers standing on the thresthold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial.21The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.22I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes.23We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.（3）metonymy 借代，转喻①In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes②The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's"（4）synecdoche 提喻①The case had erupted round my head②The case had erupted round my head Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges ...③But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's （5）personification 拟人①…until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes…②Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai, where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay…③...to literature's enduring gratitude...④The grave world smiles as usual...⑤Bitterness fed on the man...⑥America laughed with him.⑦Personal tragedy haunted his entire life.（6）transferred epithet 移就①Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder②The obese body shook in an appreciative chuckle.③Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks.④I have been exhilarated by two days of storms, but above all I love theselong purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been. (V. Sackville-West, No Signposts in the Sea)（7）hyperbole 夸张①The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold.②I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out.③If Hitler invaded Hell and would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.④I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play.⑤...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom...⑥The cast of characters... - a cosmos.⑦America laughed with him.⑧The trial that rocked the world⑨His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."（8）oxymoron 矛盾修饰法Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a, "victorious defeat. "（9）euphemism 委婉语①… a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.②...men's final release from earthly struggle（10）irony -- the use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning. 反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法①Hiroshima—the “liveliest” city in Japan②“Maggie’s brain is like an elephant’s”. Wangero said, laughing .③… until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century（11）sarcasm -- a cutting, often ironic remark intended to wound. 讽刺，挖苦意在伤害他人的尖刻的，常带讽刺意味的话语①My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotry(顽固) are, and it is a mighty strong combination.②There is some doubt about that.③ a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life④the Post’ s editorial fails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, man-in-the-street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that（12）ridicule（嘲笑）Words or actions intended to evoke contemptuous laughter at or feelings toward a person or thing 愚弄有意激起对某人或某事的蔑视的笑或看不起的感情而说的话或做的事①Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted②Resolutely he strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies.③Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence.（13）pun 双关①DARWIN IS RIGHT – INSIDE.②Benjamin Franklin: “If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.” (Peter stone and Sherman Edwards. 1776) 如果我们不能紧密地团结在一起，那就必然分散地走上绞刑架。

1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.2. It seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it3.5 miles away. It tore three large cargo ships from their moorings and beached them.3. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.4. Camille, meanwhile, … dropping more than 28 inches of rain into West Virginia and southern Virginia, causing rampaging floods, huge mountain slides and 111 additional deaths before breaking up over the Atlantic Ocean.5. Before dawn, the Mississippi National Guard and civil-defense units were moving in to handle traffic, guard property, set up communications centers, help clear the debris and take the homeless by truck and bus to refugee centers.6. Hiroshima --- the “liveliest” city in Japan7. Was I not at the scene of the crime?8. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.9. I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment, where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, wherethousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony.10. “Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town kown throughout the world for its --- oysters.”11. “You listen to me, your high-an’-mightiness.”12. The Trial That Rocked the World13. Darrow had whispered, throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.14. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science teacher and football coach at the secondary school. 15. When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history.16. By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere.17. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century …18. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century …19. …until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of thesixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men …20. … until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men …21. “The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.”22. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena …23. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire.24. Then the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan.25. One shop announced: DAWWIN IS RIGHT --- INSIDE.26. Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a “victorious defeat”.27. The oratorical storm that Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept … bringing in its wake a new climate of intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the passing years.28. I found another Twain as well --- one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly …29. …who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.30. From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the humanrace, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are.31. He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy.32. …but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax.33. Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles, …34. “It was a splendid population --- for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home …”35. Casually he debunked revered artists and art treasuers, and took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land.36. Dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair on men’s final release from earthly struggles. 37. …where they have left no sign that they had existed --- a world which will lament them a day and forget them forever.38. I am the way my daughter would want me to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barley pancake.39. Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue?40. …I asked whether for him, the arch anti-Communist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon.41. It excels all forms of human wickedness in the efficiency of its crueltyand ferocious aggression.42. I see the Russian soldiers …I see them …I see the ten thousand villages of Russia … I see … I see also …43. … for the safety of their loved ones, the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector.44. with its clanking, heel-clicking, …45. with its clanking, heel-clicki ng, …46. with its clanking, heel-clicking, …47. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery …48. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.49. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.50. I have to make the declaration, but can you doubt what our policy will be?51. We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until …答案：1. Personification 2. Personification 3. Simile 4. Parallelism 5. Parallelism 6. Irony7. Rhetorical question 8. Metonymy 9. Repetition 10. Anti-climax 11. Parody 12. Hyperbole 13. Transferred epithet 14. Synecdoche15. Metaphor 16. Metaphor 17. Oxymoron 18. Irony 19. Assonace 20. Consonance 21. Antithesis 22. Alliteration 23. Silime 24. Metaphor 25. Pun 26. Oxymoron 27. Metaphor 28. Parallelism 29. Metaphor 30. Antithesis 31. Euphemism 32. Metonymy 33. Metaphor 34. Alliteration 35. Antithesis 36. Euphemism 37. Antithesis 38. Simile 39. Rhetorical question 40. Allusion 41. Irony 42. Parallelism 43. Parallelism 44. Alliteration 45. Assonance 46. Consonance 47. Alliteration 48. Assonance 49. Simile 50. Rhetorical question 51. Parallelism（备注：有些不是特别明显或重要的课文中的修辞格，恕不一一列出）。

Lesson 11．"We can batten down and ride it out," he said. (Para. 4) metaphor2 .Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Para. 7) personification 、metaphor3. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (Para.11) simile4. He held his head between his hands, and silently prayed: “Get us through this mess, will Y ou?”(Para. 17) alliteration5. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. (Para.19) personification6. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. (Para.19) simile、onomatopoeia(拟声)7. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. （Para. 20）transferred epithet8 8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished.（Para. 20）simile、personification9. and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.(Para.28)simile10.household and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. (Para. 31) metaphorLesson 41. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. (para2) Transferred epithet2. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at secondary school.(para 3) Synecdoche3. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century.(para14) Irony4. '' There is some doubt about that '' Darrow snorted.(para 19) Sarcasm5. The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.(para 20) Antithesis6. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie.(para 22) Alliteration; Simile7. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breadth of his oratory as he should have. (Para 22)He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion. (Para 23)The court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that Bryan.Snowball:grow quickly; spar: fight with words; thunder: say angrily and loudly; scorch: thoroughly defeat; duel: life and death struggle; storm of applause: loud applause by many people; the oratorical duel; spring the trump card.Metaphor8. Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a '' victorious defeat'' (para 45)A woman whispered loudly as he finished his address Oxymoron9. My heart went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow's hand. Metonymy10. It is not going to be driven out of this court byThe spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to his work. -- Line 101 Ridicule…Carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies. Ridicule11. With a fan blowing on him punLesson 5 The libido for the ugly1 Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity (line 6) metaphor; transferred epithet2 Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination--and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats.Antithesis (对偶句）Repetition ( line 10)3 There was not one in sight from the train that did not insult and lacerate the age. Synecdoche(提喻）(line 16)4 There was not a single decent house within eye range from the Pittsburgh to the Greensburg yards. There was not one that was misshapen, and there was not one that was not shabby. Understatement; Litotes(曲言）(line 26)5 The country is not uncomely, despite the grim of the endless mills. Litotes; Overstatement (line 29)6.They would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides. Metaphor (line 36)On their low sides they bury themselves swinishly in the mud. Metaphor(line 46)And one and all they are streaked in grim, with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks. Metaphor (line 49)When it has taken on the patina of the mills, it is the color of a fried egg. When it has taken on the patina of the mills, it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring. Line 52 Metaphor7 I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer. Irony (line 60)8 N.J. and Newport News, V a.Safe in a Pullman, I have whirled through the gloomy(line67) Metonymy9 But in the American village and small town the pull is always towards ugliness, and in that Westmoreland valley it has been yielded to with an eagerness bordering upon passion. Ridicule (line 88)10 It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of horror. Irony (line 90)11 On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be positive libido for the ugly, ason the other and less Christian levels there is a libido for the beautiful. line 91 Antithesis12 The taste for them is as enigmatical and yet as common as the taste for the dogmatic theology and the poetry of Edgar A.Guest. Metaphor13 And some of them are appreciably better. Line 109 Sarcasm14 They let it mellow into its present shocking depravity. Metaphor; sarcasm15 The effect is that of a fat woman with a black eye. MetaphorLesson 61.Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huch Finn‘s(synecdoche) idylliccruise through the eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer‘s endless summer of freedom and adventure. (Para.1) Hyperbole2.I found another Twain as well (Para.1) synecdoche3. a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead aback wall of night. (Para.1) metaphor4.The geographic core, in Twain‘s early years, was the great valley of the Mississippi River,main artery of transportation in the young nation‘s heart. (Para.3) metaphor5.Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved downstream to the delta country; sugar,molasses, cotton, and whisky traveled north. ( Para.3) antithesis6.the cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied—a cosmos(Para.4) alliteration metaphor7.Steamboats decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, but itsflotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as well. (Para.5) Metaphor8.For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and persistent,(Para.5) metaphor9.He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever inNevada‘s Washoe region. (Para.7) metaphor10.From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way toregional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist. (Para.8) metaphor11.The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for makingmoney, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. (Para.8) metonymy12.in the spring of 1864, less than two years after joining the Territorial Enterprise, he boardedthe stagecoach for San Francisco, then and now a hotbed of hopeful young writers. (Para.8) metaphor13.Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing(metonymy) muscles… (Para.9)metaphor14.It was a splendid population——for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stay athome… (Para.9) alliteration15.―It was a splendid population——for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed athome…‖ (Para.9) alliteration16.―It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterprisesand rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring (alliteration) and a recklessness of coat or consequences, which she (synecdoche) bears onto this day——and when she projects a new surprise, the grave world( transferred epithet) smiles(personification)as usual, and says ‗Well, this is California all over.‘‖ (Para.9)17.Two years later the opportunity came for him to take a distinctly American look at the oldworld. (Para.12) transferred epithet pleasure cruise(metaphor)18.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. (Para.21) personification19.America laughed with him. (Para.13) personification and synecdoche20.Tom Sawyer quickly became a classic tale of American boyhood. (Para. 13) synecdoche21.Tom‘s mischievous daring, ingenuity, and sweet innocence of his affection for …..(Para.15)transferred epithet22.Six chapters into Tom Sawyers, he drags in ―the juvenile pariah….‖ (Para.16) metaphor23.I have tried it, and I don‘t work; it don‘t work, Tom. It ain‘t for me…The widder eats by a bell;she goes to bed by a bell; she gits up by a bell—everything‘s so awful reg‘lar body can‘t stand it.(Para.16) alliteration parallelism repetition24.Nine years after Tom Sawyer swept the nation. ( Para.17) metaphor25.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laughed. (Para.21) metaphor26.Now the gloves came off with biting satire. (Para.21)transferred epithet metaphor27.dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair onmen‘s final release from earthly struggles. (Para.22) metaphor28.where the have left no sign that they had existed— a world which will lament them a day andforget them forever. (Para.22) antithesis personificationLesson 11Alliteration1.brittle and brown(Para.1)2.willow and witch hazel(Para.1)3.great green-and-yellow grasshoppers(Para.1)4.the eagle and the elk(Para.6)5.the badger and the bear(Para.6)6.bent and blind(Para.6)7.sad in the sound, syllables of sorrow(Para.11)8.lean and leather(Para.13)9.jest and gesture(Para.13)10.fright and false alarm, fringed and flowered shawls, bright beadwork(Para.13)11.At a distance in July or August the steaming foliage seems almost to writhe in fire. （Para.1）不晓得是哪个？补充一下12.It was a long journey toward the dawn, and it led to a golden age. （Para.4）metaphor13.no longer were they slaves to the simple necessity of survival; （Para.4）metaphor14.I wanted to see in reality what she had seen more perfectly in the mind‘s eye, and traveledfifteen hundred miles no begin my pilgrimage. （Para.5）metaphor15.Descending eastward, the highland meadows are a stairway to the plain. （Para.7）metaphor16.The earth unfolds and the limit of the land recedes. （Para.7）metaphor17.going out upon a cane, very slowly as she did when the weight of age came upon her;（Para.11）metaphor18.transported so in the dancing light among the shadows of her room, （Para.11）metaphor19.houses are like sentinels in the plain, （Para.12）metaphorLesson 13 No Signposts in the Sea ★为课后习题中的修辞题目1.I have never had much of an eye for noticing the clothes of women… (Para 1 ) Metonymy2.in the evening she wears soft rich colours, dark red, olive green, midnight blue…(Para 1 )Metonymy ★3.He says he used to read me… (Para 2 ) Metonymy ★4.Protests about damage to ‗natural beauty‘ froze me with contempt. (Para 3) Metaphor5.And now see how I stand, as sentimental and sensitive as any old maid. (Para 4) Alliteration6.I am gloriously and adolescently silly. (Para 4) T ransferred Epithet7.… I want my fill of beauty before I go. (Para 4) Euphemism ★8.The young moon lies on her back tonight as is her habit in the tropics, and as, I think, issuitable if not seemly for a virgin. (Para 5)Personification ★9.Not a star but might not shoot down and accept the invitation to become her lover. (Para 5 )Personification ★10....even as I enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the warm breeze on my skin and the coolsupport of the water…(Para 5) T ransferred Epithet ★11.It may be by daylight, looking at the sea, rippled with little white ponies，or with no ripples atall but only the lazy satin of blue, marbled at the edge where the passage of our ship has disturbed it. (Para 6) Metaphor12.The stars seemed little cuts in the black cover… (Para 6) Metaphor13.…no sign of habitation, very blenched and barren. (Para 8) Alliteration ★14.What I like best are th e①stern cliff, with ranges of mountains②soaring behindthem…(Para 8)①Personification ②Metaphor15.What plants of the high altitudes grow unravished among their crags and valleys? (Para 8)Metonymy16...., like delicate flowers, for the discovery of the venturesome. (Para 8) Metaphor17.I wondered what mortal controlled it, in what must be one of the loneliest, most forbiddingspots on earth.(Para 12) Hyperbole18....but I must say I find it refreshing to think there are still a few odd fish left in the world.(Para 16) Metaphor19....follows a ship only to a certain latitude and then turns back…(Para 17) Metonymy20.We might all take a lesson from him, knowing the latitude we can permit ourselves. (Para 17)Metaphor21....and the scratchy little flying-fish have the vast circle all to themselves…(Para 18)Metonymy22.This is the new Edmund Carr with a vengeance. (Para 19) Synecdoche23.God, is there no escape from suffering and sin? (Para 25) Rhetorical Question24.…we wait for it while th e①red ball, cut in half as though by a knife, sinks to its daily②doom. (Para 26)①Innuendo②Metaphor25.Then come the①twilight colours of sea and heaven(…suddenly i n ②these latitudes, at anytare on sea level), the winepink width of water merging into③lawns of aquamarine, and the sky④a tender palette of pink and blue…(Para 26 ) ①Metaphor ②Metonymy ③Metaphor ★④Metaphor ★26.Now the indolence of southern latitudes has captured me. (Para 33 ) Metonymy27.Blue, the colour of peace. (Para 33 ) Metaphor28.…I had no temptation to take a flying holiday to the South…(Para 33 ) T ransferredEpithet ★29.And then I like all the small noises of a ship: the faint creaking, as of the saddle-leather to ahorseman riding across turf, the slap of a rope, the hiss of sudden spray. (Para 34 ) Onomatopoeia ★30.But above all I love these long purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been.(Para 34 ) T ransferred EpithetLesson 14 Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.1.This changed conviction into certainty. (Para 1) Alliteration2.I had not the slightest doubt where our duty and policy lay. (Para 1) Litotes3.I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes. (Para 1) Metaphor4.… I asked whether for him, the arch anti-Communist, this was not bowing down in the Houseof Rimmon. (Para 5) Metaphor5.If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House ofCommons. (Hitler is much eviler than the devil.) (Para 5) Hyperbole6.The Maze regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.(Para 8) Metaphor7.It excels all forms of human wickedness in the efficiency of its cruelty and ferociousaggression. (Para 8) Irony8.I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land…. (Para 8) Metaphor9.– for the safety of their loved ones, the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of theirprotector. (Para 8) Innuendo10.I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardlyfrom the soil… (Para 8) Metaphor11.I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine, with its clanking,heel-clicking, dandified Prussian officers, … (Para 8) Metaphor12.I see all the①dull, drilled, docile, brutish, masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on ②like aswarm of crawling locusts. (Para 8) ①Alliteration ②Simile\Ridicule13.I see the German ①bombers and fighters in the sky, still ②smarting from many a British③whipping, ④delighted to find what they believe is an easier and safer ⑤prey (the Russiansoldiers). (Para 8)①Synecdoche ②③④Metaphor\Personification ⑤Metaphor 14.Behind all this①glare, behind all this②storm, I see that small group of villainous menwho plan, organize, and launch this③cataract of horrors upon mankind… (Para 9) ①Metaphor ②Metaphor ③Metaphor15.I have to declare the decision of His Majesty‘s Government… (Para 10) Antonomasia16.– for we must spread out now at once, without a day‘s delay. (Para 10) Repetition17.I have to make the declaration, but can you doubt what our policy will be? (Para 10)Rhetorical Question18.We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (Para 10) Repetition19.We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. (Para 10) Metaphor20.From this nothing will turn us—nothing. (Para 10) Inversion21.We will never parley, we will never negotiate…(Para 10) Repetition22.We have rid the earth of his shadow (influence) and liberated its peoples from his yoke(control). (Para 10) Metaphor23.①Any man or state who②marches with Hitler is our foe. (Para 10) ①Antithesis②Metaphor24.It follows therefore that we shall….We shall…, as we shall faithfully and steadfastly to theend… (Para 10) Parallelism25.But when I spoke… which have impelled or lured him on his Russian adventure I said therewas one deeper motive behind his outrage. (Para 12) Euphemism26.He wishes to destroy the Russian power ….from the East and hurl it upon this Island, whichhe knows….of his crimes. (Para 12) ①Metaphor ②Synecdoche27.…and that he can overwhelm Great Britain before the Fleet and airpower of the UnitedStates may intervene. (Para 12) Synecdoche28.He has so long thrived and prospered. (Para 12) Repetition29.…and that then th e①scene will be clear for the final②act,…(Para 12)①Metaphor ②Euphemism30.…, just as the cause of any Russian fighting for his hearth and home is the cause of free menand free peoples in every quarter of the globe. (Para 13) Alliteration31.Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. (Para 13) Alliteration。

⾼级英语第⼀册修辞⼿法总结Lesson 11．"We can batten down and ride it out," he said. (Para. 4) metaphor2 .Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Para. 7) personification 、metaphor3. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (Para.11) simile4. He held his head between his hands, and silently prayed: “Get us through this mess, will You?”(Para. 17) alliteration5. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. (Para.19) personification6. Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. (Para.19) simile、onomatopoeia(拟声)7. Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. （Para. 20）transferred epithet8 8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished.（Para. 20）simile、personification9. and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.(Para.28)simile10.household and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. (Para. 31) metaphorLesson 41. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. (para2) Transferred epithet2. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at secondary school.(para 3) Synecdoche3. After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century.(para14) Irony4. '' There is some doubt about that '' Darrow snorted.(para 19) Sarcasm5. The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.(para 20) Antithesis6. Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie.(para 22) Alliteration; Simile7. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breadth of his oratory as he should have. (Para 22)He appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion. (Para 23)The court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that Bryan.Snowball:grow quickly; spar: fight with words; thunder: say angrily and loudly; scorch: thoroughly defeat; duel: life and death struggle; storm of applause: loud applause by many people; the oratorical duel; spring the trump card.Metaphor8. Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a '' victorious defeat'' (para 45)A woman whispered loudly as he finished his address Oxymoron9. My heart went out to the old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrow's hand. Metonymy10. It is not going to be driven out of this court byThe spectators chuckled and Bryan warmed to his work. -- Line 101 Ridicule…Carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his enemies. Ridicule11. With a fan blowing on him punLesson 5 The libido for the ugly1 Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity (line 6) metaphor; transferred epithet2 Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination--and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats.Antithesis (对偶句）Repetition ( line 10)3 There was not one in sight from the train that did not insult and lacerate the age. Synecdoche(提喻）(line 16)4 There was not a single decent house within eye range from the Pittsburgh to the Greensburg yards. There was not one that was misshapen, and there was not one that was not shabby. Understatement; Litotes(曲⾔）(line 26)5 The country is not uncomely, despite the grim of the endless mills. Litotes; Overstatement (line 29)6.They would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides. Metaphor (line 36)On their low sides they bury themselves swinishly in the mud. Metaphor(line 46)And one and all they are streaked in grim, with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks. Metaphor (line 49)When it has taken on the patina of the mills, it is the color of a fried egg. When it has taken on the patina of the mills, it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring. Line 52 Metaphor7 I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer. Irony (line 60)8 N.J. and Newport News, Va.Safe in a Pullman, I have whirled through the gloomy(line67) Metonymy9 But in the American village and small town the pull is always towards ugliness, and in that Westmoreland valley it has been yielded to with an eagerness bordering upon passion. Ridicule (line 88)10 It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of horror. Irony (line 90)11 On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be positive libido for the ugly, ason the other and less Christian levels there is a libido for the beautiful. line 91 Antithesis12 The taste for them is as enigmatical and yet as common as the taste for the dogmatic theology and the poetry of EdgarA.Guest. Metaphor13 And some of them are appreciably better. Line 109 Sarcasm14 They let it mellow into its present shocking depravity. Metaphor; sarcasm15 The effect is that of a fat woman with a black eye. MetaphorLesson 6(synecdoche) idyllic 1.Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huch Finn’ｓcruise through the eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer’s endless summer of freedom and adventure. (Para.1) Hyperbole2.I found another Twain as well (Para.1) synecdoche3. a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead aback wall of night. (Para.1) metaphor4.The geographic core, in Twain’s early years, was the great valley of the Mississippi River,main artery of transportation in the young nation’s heart. (Para.3) metaphor5.Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved downstream to the delta country; sugar, molasses, cotton, and whisky traveled north. ( Para.3) antithesis6.the cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied—a cosmos (Para.4) alliteration metaphor7.Steamboats decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, but itsflotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as well. (Para.5) Metaphor8.For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and persistent, (Para.5) metaphor9.He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada’s Washoe region. (Para.7) metaphor10.From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way toregional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist. (Para.8) metaphor11.The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. (Para.8) metonymy12.in the spring of 1864, less than two years after joining the Territorial Enterprise, he boardedthe stagecoach for San Francisco, then and now a hotbed of hopeful young writers. (Para.8) metaphor 13.Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing(metonymy) muscles…　(Para.9) metaphor14.It was a splendid population——for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stay at home…　(Para.9) alliteration15.“It was a splendid population——for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home…” (Para.9) alliteration16.“It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterpri sesand rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring (alliteration) and arecklessness of coat or consequences, which she (synecdoche) bears onto this day——andwhen she projects a new surprise, the grave world( transferred epithet)smiles(personification)as usual, and says ‘Well, this is California all over.’”　(Para.9)17.Two years later the opportunity came for him to take a distinctly American look at the oldworld. (Para.12) transferred epithet pleasure cruise(metaphor)18.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. (Para.21) personification19.America laughed with him. (Para.13) personification and synecdoche20.Tom Sawyer quickly became a classic tale of American boyhood. (Para. 13) synecdochePara.15)21.Tom’s mischievous daring, ingenuity, and s weet innocence of his affection for …..(transferred epithetmetaphor22.Six chapters into Tom Sawyers, he drags in “the juvenile pariah….” (Para.16)23.I have tried it, and I don’t work; it don’t work, Tom. It ain’t for me…The widder eatsshe goes to bed by a bell; she gits up by a bell—everything’s so awful reg’lar body can’t stand it.(Para.16) alliteration parallelism repetition24.Nine years after Tom Sawyer swept the nation. ( Para.17) metaphor25.Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laughed. (Para.21) metaphor26.Now the gloves came off with biting satire. (Para.21)transferred epithet metaphor27.dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair onmen’s final release from earthly struggles. (Para.22) metaphor28.where the have left no sign that they had existed— a world which will lament them a day andforget them forever. (Para.22) antithesis personificationLesson 11Alliteration1.brittle and brown(Para.1)2.willow and witch hazel(Para.1)3.great green-and-yellow grasshoppers(Para.1)4.the eagle and the elk(Para.6)5.the badger and the bear(Para.6)6.bent and blind(Para.6)7.sad in the sound, syllables of sorrow(Para.11)8.lean and leather(Para.13)9.jest and gesture(Para.13)10.fright and false alarm, fringed and flowered shawls, bright beadwork(Para.13)11.At a distance in July or August the steaming foliage seems almost to writhe in fire. （Para.1）不晓得是哪个？补充⼀下12.It was a long journey toward the dawn, and it led to a golden age. （Para.4）metaphor13.no longer were they slaves to the simple necessity of survival; （Para.4）metaphor14.I wanted to see in reality what she had seen more perfectly in the mind’s eye, and traveledfifteen hundred miles no begin my pilgrimage. （Para.5）metaphor15.Descending eastward, the highland meadows are a stairway to the plain. （Para.7）metaphor16.The earth unfolds and the limit of the land recedes. （Para.7）metaphor17.going out upon a cane, very slowly as she did when the weight of age came upon her;（Para.11）metaphor18.transported so in the dancing light among the shadows of her room, （Para.11）metaphor19.houses are like sentinels in the plain, （Para.12）metaphorLesson 13 No Signposts in the Sea ★为课后习题中的修辞题⽬1.I have never had much of an eye for noticing the clothes of women… (Para 1 ) Metonymy2.in the evening she wears soft rich colours, dark red, olive green, midnight blue…(Para 1 )Metonymy ★3.He says he used to read me… (Para 2 ) Metonymy ★4.Protests about damage to ‘natural beauty’froze me with contempt. (Para 3) Metaphor5.And now see how I stand, as sentimental and sensitive as any old maid. (Para 4) Alliteration6.I am gloriously and adolescently silly. (Para 4) Transferred Epithet7.… I want my fill of beauty before I go. (Para 4) Euphemism ★8.The young moon lies on her back tonight as is her habit in the tropics, and as, I think, issuitable if not seemly for a virgin. (Para 5)Personification ★9.Not a star but might not shoot down and accept the invitation to become her lover. (Para 5 )Personification ★10....even as I enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the warm breeze on my skin and the coolsupport of the water…(Para 5) Transferred Epithet ★11.It may be by daylight, looking at the sea, rippled with little white ponies，or with no ripples atall but only the lazy satin of blue, marbled at the edge where the passage of our ship has disturbed it. (Para 6) Metaphor12.The stars seemed little cuts in the black cover… (Para 6) Metaphor13.…no sign of habitation, very blenched and barren. (Para 8) Alliteration ★14.What I like best are the①stern cliff, with ranges of mountains②soaring behindthem…(Para 8)①Personification ②Metaphor15.What plants of the high altitudes grow unravished among their crags and valleys? (Para 8)Metonymy16...., like delicate flowers, for the discovery of the venturesome. (Para 8) Metaphor17.I wondered what mortal controlled it, in what must be one of the loneliest, most forbiddingspots on earth.(Para 12) Hyperbole18....but I must say I find it refreshing to think there are still a few odd fish left in the world.(Para 16) Metaphor19....follows a ship only to a certain latitude and then turns back…(Para 17) Metonymy20.We might all take a lesson from him, knowing the latitude we can permit ourselves. (Para 17)Metaphor21....and the scratchy little flying-fish have the vast circle all to themselves…(Para 18)Metonymy22.This is the new Edmund Carr with a vengeance. (Para 19) Synecdoche23.God, is there no escape from suffering and sin? (Para 25) Rhetorical Question24.…we wait for it while th e①red ball, cut in half as though by a knife, sinks to its daily②doom. (Para 26)①Innuendo②Metaphor25.Then come the①twilight colours of sea and heaven(…suddenly i n ②these latitudes, at anytare on sea level), the winepink width of water merging into③lawns of aquamarine, and the sky④a tender palette of pink and blue…(Para 26 ) ①Metaphor ②Metonymy ③Metaphor ★④Metaphor ★26.Now the indolence of southern latitudes has captured me. (Para 33 ) Metonymy27.Blue, the colour of peace. (Para 33 ) Metaphor28.…Ｉhad no temptation to take a flying holiday to the South…(Para 33 ) TransferredEpithet ★29.And then I like all the small noises of a ship: the faint creaking, as of the saddle-leather to ahorseman riding across turf, the slap of a rope, the hiss of sudden spray. (Para 34 ) Onomatopoeia ★30.But above all I love these long purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been.(Para 34 ) Transferred EpithetLesson 14 Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R.1.This changed conviction into certainty. (Para 1) Alliteration2.I had not the slightest doubt where our duty and policy lay. (Para 1) Litotes3.I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes. (Para 1) Metaphor4.… I asked whether for him, the arch anti-Communist, this was not bowing down in the Houseof Rimmon. (Para 5) Metaphor5.If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House ofCommons. (Hitler is much eviler than the devil.) (Para 5) Hyperbole6.The Maze regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.(Para 8) Metaphor7.It excels all forms of human wickedness in the efficiency of its cruelty and ferociousaggression. (Para 8) Irony8.I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land…. (Para 8) Metaphor9.– for the safety of their loved ones, the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of theirprotector. (Para 8) Innuendo10.I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardlyfrom the soil… (Para 8) Metaphor11.I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine, with its clanking,heel-clicking, dandified Prussian officers, … (Para 8) Metaphor12.I see all the①dull, drilled, docile, brutish, masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on ②like aswarm of crawling locusts. (Para 8) ①Alliteration ②Simile\Ridicule13.I see the German ①bombers and fighters in the sky, still ②smarting from many a British③whipping, ④delighted to find what they believe is an easier and safer ⑤prey (the Russiansoldiers). (Para 8)①Synecdoche ②③④Metaphor\Personification ⑤Metaphor 14.Behind all this①glare, behind all this②storm, I see that small group of villainous menwho plan, organize, and launch this③cataract of horrors upon mankind… (Para 9) ①Metaphor ②Metaphor ③Metaphor15.I have to declare the decision of His Majesty’s Government… (Para 10) Antonomasia16.– for we must spread out now at once, without a day’s delay. (Para 10) Repetition17.I have to make the declaration, but can you doubt what our policy will be? (Para 10)Rhetorical Question18.We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (Para 10) Repetition19.We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. (Para 10) Metaphor20.From this nothing will turn us—nothing. (Para 10) Inversion21.We will never parley, we will never negotiate…(Para 10) Repetition22.We have rid the earth of his shadow (influence) and liberated its peoples from his yoke(control). (Para 10) Metaphor23.①Any man or state who②marches with Hitler is our foe. (Para 10) ①Antithesis②Metaphor24.It follows therefore that we shall….We shall…, as we shall faithfully and steadfastly to theend… (Para 10) Parallelism25.But when I spoke… which have impelled or lured him on his Russian adventure I said therewas one deeper motive behind his outrage. (Para 12) Euphemism26.He wishes to destroy the Russian power ….from the East and hurl it upon this Island, whichhe knows….of his crimes. (Para 12) ①Metaphor ②Synecdoche27.…and that he can overwhelm Great Britain before the Fleet and airpower of the UnitedStates may intervene. (Para 12) Synecdoche28.He has so long thrived and prospered. (Para 12) Repetition29.…and that then the①scene will be clear for the final②act,…(Para 12)①Metaphor ②Euphemism30.…, just as the cause of any Russian fighting for his hearth and home is the cause of free menand free peoples in every quarter of the globe. (Para 13) Alliteration31.Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. (Para 13) Alliteration。

Unit 1 Middle Eastern Bazaar1.Onomatopoeia （声法） : is the formation of words in imitation or the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. 1) Little monkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among thethrongs of people (Para. 1)2)the squeaking and rumbling (Para. 9)2.Metaphor （） : is the use of a word or phrase which describes one thing by stating another comparable thing without using“as”or “like ”.e.g. 1) theheat andglare of a big open square (Para. 1)2)⋯ until you rounded a corner and seea fairlyland of dancing flashes⋯ .3)⋯ in the maze of vaulted streets whichhoneycomb this bazaar (Para. 7)3.alliteration （韵） : is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. 1) ⋯ thread their way among the throngs of people (Para. 1)2)⋯ the sellers, on the other hand, make pointa of protesting4.Hyperbole( 夸 ): is the use of a form of words to make sth sound big, small, loud and so on by saying that it is like something even bigger, smaller, louder, etc.e.g.or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and⋯ (Para. 7)quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil (Para. 9) 5．Antithesis( 偶 ): is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.e.g. 1) ⋯ a tiny apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellows⋯(Para. 5)2) ⋯which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stonewheels. (Para. 9)6.Personification : a figure of speech in which inanimate objects are endowed withhuman qualities or are represented as possessing human form.e.g. ⋯as the burnished coppercatches the light of ⋯ (Para.5)7.Assonance(尾韵 )e.g. 1)⋯ the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding wheels⋯.Unit 21.Metaphor: 暗A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thingis used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.暗是一种修辞，往常用指某物的或来指代他物，进而示意两者之的相像之。