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ElectronicstructureandopticalpropertiesofZnX(X=O,S,Se,Te):Adensityfunctionalstudy

S.Zh.Karazhanov,1,2P.Ravindran,1A.Kjekshus,1H.Fjellvåg,1andB.G.Svensson3

1CentreforMaterialScienceandNanotechnology,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofOslo,P.O.Box1033Blindern,

N-0315Oslo,Norway2Physical-TechnicalInstitute,2BMavlyanovStreet,Tashkent700084,Uzbekistan3DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofOslo,P.O.Box1048Blindern,N-0316Oslo,Norway͑Received5July2006;revisedmanuscriptreceived15November2006;published6April2007͒

Electronicbandstructureandopticalpropertiesofzincmonochalcogenideswithzinc-blende-andwurtzite-

typestructureswerestudiedusingtheabinitiodensityfunctionalmethodwithinthelocal-densityapproxima-

tion͑LDA͒,generalized-gradientapproximation,andLDA+Uapproaches.Calculationsoftheopticalspectra

havebeenperformedfortheenergyrange0–20eV,withandwithoutincludingspin-orbitcoupling.Reflec-

tivity,absorptionandextinctioncoefficients,andrefractiveindexhavebeencomputedfromtheimaginarypart

ofthedielectricfunctionusingtheKramers-Kronigtransformations.Arigidshiftofthecalculatedoptical

spectraisfoundtoprovideagoodfirstapproximationtoreproduceexperimentalobservationsforalmostallthe

zincmonochalcogenidephasesconsidered.Byinspectionofthecalculatedandexperimentallydetermined

band-gapvaluesforthezincmonochalcogenideseries,thebandgapofZnOwithzinc-blendestructurehas

beenestimated.

DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.75.155104PACSnumber͑s͒:71.15.Ϫm,71.22.ϩi

I.INTRODUCTION

Thezincmonochalcogenides͑ZnX;X=O,S,Se,andTe͒

aretheprototypeII-VIsemiconductors.Thesecompounds

arereportedtocrystallizeinthezinc-blende-͑z͒andwurtzite

͑w͒-typestructures.TheZnX-zphasesareopticallyisotropic,

whiletheZnX-wphasesareanisotropicwithcasthepolar

axis.ZnXphasesareaprimarycandidateforopticaldevice

technologysuchasvisualdisplays,high-densityoptical

memories,transparentconductors,solid-statelaserdevices,

photodetectors,solarcells,etc.So,knowledgeaboutoptical

propertiesofthesematerialsisespeciallyimportantinthe

designandanalysisofZnX-basedoptoelectronicdevices.

OpticalparametersforsomeoftheZnXphaseshave

widelybeenstudiedexperimentallyinthepast.Detailedin-

formationonthissubjectisavailableforZnO-w,1–9ZnS-w,9

ZnS-z,9–11ZnSe-z,9,10andZnTe-z,9,10,12,13andseethesys-

tematizedsurveyinRef.14.However,therearenoexperi-

mentaldataonopticalpropertiesofZnSe-w,ZnTe-w,and

ZnO-z.Furthermore,thereisalackofconsistencybetween

someoftheexperimentalvaluesfortheopticalspectra.This

isdemonstratedinFig.1,whichdisplaysreflectivityspectra

forZnO-wmeasuredatT=300Kbythreedifferentgroups.

Dielectric-responsefunctionswerecalculatedusingthe

Kramers-Kronigrelation.AsisseeninFig.1,intensityofthe

imaginarypartofthedielectricfunction͑⑀2͒andreflectivity

͑R͒correspondingtothefundamentalabsorptionedgeof

ZnO-warehigher8thanthoseattheenergyrange10–15eV,

whileinRef.14itisviceversa.TheopticalspectrainFig.1

measuredusingthelinearlypolarizedincidentlightforelec-

tricfield͑E͒parallel͑ʈ͒andperpendicular͑Ќ͒tothecaxes

aresomehowclosetothoseofRef.7usingnonpolarized

incidentlight.

Usingtheexperimentalreflectivitydata,afullsetofop-

ticalspectraforZnOhasbeencalculated15forthewideen-

ergyrange0–26eV.Densityfunctionaltheory16͑DFT͒in

thelocal-densityapproximation17͑LDA͒hasalsobeenusedtocalculateopticalspectraforZnO-w͑Ref.18͒andZnS-w͑Ref.18͒bylinearcombinationofatomicorbitalsandfor

ZnS-z19andZnSe-z19byself-consistentlinearcombinationofGaussianorbitals.TheopticalspectraofZnO͑including

excitons͒hasbeeninvestigated20bysolvingtheBethe-

Salpeterequation.Band-structurestudieshavebeenper-

formedbylinearized-augmentedplane-wavemethodpluslo-

calorbitals͑LAPW+LO͒withinthegeneralizedgradient

andLDAwiththemultiorbitalmean-fieldHubbardpotential͑LDA+U͒approximations.Thelatterapproximationis

foundtocorrectnotonlytheenergylocationoftheZn3d

electronsandassociatedbandparameters͑seealsoRefs.21

and22͒butalsotoimprovetheopticalresponse.Despitethe

shortcomingofDFTinrelationtounderestimationofband

gaps,thelocationsofthemajorpeaksinthecalculateden-

ergydependenceoftheopticalspectraarefoundtobein

goodagreementwithexperimentaldata.

Itshouldbenotedthattheerrorincalculationoftheband

gapbyDFTwithinLDAandgeneralized-gradientapproxi-

mation͑GGA͒ismoresevereinsemiconductorswithstrong

Coulombcorrelationeffectsthaninothersolids.21–25Thisis

duetothemean-fieldcharacteroftheKohn-Shamequations

andthepoordescriptionofthestrongCoulombcorrelation

andexchangeinteractionbetweenelectronsinnarrowd

bands͑viz.,thepotentialU͒.Notonlythebandgap͑Eg͒but

alsothecrystal-field͑CF͒andspin-orbit͑SO͒splittingener-

gies͑⌬CFand⌬SO͒,theorderofstatesatthetopofthe

valenceband͑VB͒,thelocationoftheZn3dbandandits

width,andthebanddispersionarefound21,22,26,27tobeincor-

rectforZnO-wbytheabinitiofullpotential͑FP͒and