密度函数
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ElectronicstructureandopticalpropertiesofZnX(X=O,S,Se,Te):Adensityfunctionalstudy
S.Zh.Karazhanov,1,2P.Ravindran,1A.Kjekshus,1H.Fjellvåg,1andB.G.Svensson3
1CentreforMaterialScienceandNanotechnology,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofOslo,P.O.Box1033Blindern,
N-0315Oslo,Norway2Physical-TechnicalInstitute,2BMavlyanovStreet,Tashkent700084,Uzbekistan3DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofOslo,P.O.Box1048Blindern,N-0316Oslo,Norway͑Received5July2006;revisedmanuscriptreceived15November2006;published6April2007͒
Electronicbandstructureandopticalpropertiesofzincmonochalcogenideswithzinc-blende-andwurtzite-
typestructureswerestudiedusingtheabinitiodensityfunctionalmethodwithinthelocal-densityapproxima-
tion͑LDA͒,generalized-gradientapproximation,andLDA+Uapproaches.Calculationsoftheopticalspectra
havebeenperformedfortheenergyrange0–20eV,withandwithoutincludingspin-orbitcoupling.Reflec-
tivity,absorptionandextinctioncoefficients,andrefractiveindexhavebeencomputedfromtheimaginarypart
ofthedielectricfunctionusingtheKramers-Kronigtransformations.Arigidshiftofthecalculatedoptical
spectraisfoundtoprovideagoodfirstapproximationtoreproduceexperimentalobservationsforalmostallthe
zincmonochalcogenidephasesconsidered.Byinspectionofthecalculatedandexperimentallydetermined
band-gapvaluesforthezincmonochalcogenideseries,thebandgapofZnOwithzinc-blendestructurehas
beenestimated.
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.75.155104PACSnumber͑s͒:71.15.Ϫm,71.22.ϩi
I.INTRODUCTION
Thezincmonochalcogenides͑ZnX;X=O,S,Se,andTe͒
aretheprototypeII-VIsemiconductors.Thesecompounds
arereportedtocrystallizeinthezinc-blende-͑z͒andwurtzite
͑w͒-typestructures.TheZnX-zphasesareopticallyisotropic,
whiletheZnX-wphasesareanisotropicwithcasthepolar
axis.ZnXphasesareaprimarycandidateforopticaldevice
technologysuchasvisualdisplays,high-densityoptical
memories,transparentconductors,solid-statelaserdevices,
photodetectors,solarcells,etc.So,knowledgeaboutoptical
propertiesofthesematerialsisespeciallyimportantinthe
designandanalysisofZnX-basedoptoelectronicdevices.
OpticalparametersforsomeoftheZnXphaseshave
widelybeenstudiedexperimentallyinthepast.Detailedin-
formationonthissubjectisavailableforZnO-w,1–9ZnS-w,9
ZnS-z,9–11ZnSe-z,9,10andZnTe-z,9,10,12,13andseethesys-
tematizedsurveyinRef.14.However,therearenoexperi-
mentaldataonopticalpropertiesofZnSe-w,ZnTe-w,and
ZnO-z.Furthermore,thereisalackofconsistencybetween
someoftheexperimentalvaluesfortheopticalspectra.This
isdemonstratedinFig.1,whichdisplaysreflectivityspectra
forZnO-wmeasuredatT=300Kbythreedifferentgroups.
Dielectric-responsefunctionswerecalculatedusingthe
Kramers-Kronigrelation.AsisseeninFig.1,intensityofthe
imaginarypartofthedielectricfunction͑⑀2͒andreflectivity
͑R͒correspondingtothefundamentalabsorptionedgeof
ZnO-warehigher8thanthoseattheenergyrange10–15eV,
whileinRef.14itisviceversa.TheopticalspectrainFig.1
measuredusingthelinearlypolarizedincidentlightforelec-
tricfield͑E͒parallel͑ʈ͒andperpendicular͑Ќ͒tothecaxes
aresomehowclosetothoseofRef.7usingnonpolarized
incidentlight.
Usingtheexperimentalreflectivitydata,afullsetofop-
ticalspectraforZnOhasbeencalculated15forthewideen-
ergyrange0–26eV.Densityfunctionaltheory16͑DFT͒in
thelocal-densityapproximation17͑LDA͒hasalsobeenusedtocalculateopticalspectraforZnO-w͑Ref.18͒andZnS-w͑Ref.18͒bylinearcombinationofatomicorbitalsandfor
ZnS-z19andZnSe-z19byself-consistentlinearcombinationofGaussianorbitals.TheopticalspectraofZnO͑including
excitons͒hasbeeninvestigated20bysolvingtheBethe-
Salpeterequation.Band-structurestudieshavebeenper-
formedbylinearized-augmentedplane-wavemethodpluslo-
calorbitals͑LAPW+LO͒withinthegeneralizedgradient
andLDAwiththemultiorbitalmean-fieldHubbardpotential͑LDA+U͒approximations.Thelatterapproximationis
foundtocorrectnotonlytheenergylocationoftheZn3d
electronsandassociatedbandparameters͑seealsoRefs.21
and22͒butalsotoimprovetheopticalresponse.Despitethe
shortcomingofDFTinrelationtounderestimationofband
gaps,thelocationsofthemajorpeaksinthecalculateden-
ergydependenceoftheopticalspectraarefoundtobein
goodagreementwithexperimentaldata.
Itshouldbenotedthattheerrorincalculationoftheband
gapbyDFTwithinLDAandgeneralized-gradientapproxi-
mation͑GGA͒ismoresevereinsemiconductorswithstrong
Coulombcorrelationeffectsthaninothersolids.21–25Thisis
duetothemean-fieldcharacteroftheKohn-Shamequations
andthepoordescriptionofthestrongCoulombcorrelation
andexchangeinteractionbetweenelectronsinnarrowd
bands͑viz.,thepotentialU͒.Notonlythebandgap͑Eg͒but
alsothecrystal-field͑CF͒andspin-orbit͑SO͒splittingener-
gies͑⌬CFand⌬SO͒,theorderofstatesatthetopofthe
valenceband͑VB͒,thelocationoftheZn3dbandandits
width,andthebanddispersionarefound21,22,26,27tobeincor-
rectforZnO-wbytheabinitiofullpotential͑FP͒and