北航本科毕设译稿

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单位代码10006学号分类号V211毕业设计(论文)梦想一号公务机气动特性分析学院名称航空科学与工程学院专业名称飞行器设计与工程学生姓名马骏指导教师何景武2013年6月北京航空航天大学本科生毕业设计（论文）任务书Ⅰ、毕业设计（论文）题目：梦想一号公务机气动特性分析Ⅱ、毕业设计（论文）使用的原始资料（数据）及设计技术要求：航程：4500km 巡航速度：0.8M 机翼面积：27.6m2最大马赫数：0.82M 巡航高度：15000m 展弦比：81/4弦线后掠角：250商载：8个乘客+3个工作人员梢根比：0.25 翼载荷：225.4kg/m2机翼翼型NASA SC(2)-0412 机翼Catia模型要求：初步算出机翼载荷，发散速度，颤振速度，以给其他组做修改参考Ⅲ、毕业设计（论文）工作内容：1 初期调研2 公务机载荷分析3 颤振速度计算4 发散速度计算5 外文翻译6 论文整理Ⅳ、主要参考资料：[1] 钱翼稷.空气动力学[M]. 北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2005[2] 中国名用航空局.中国民航规章第25部[M].北京：中国民用航空局,2004[3] 赵永辉.气动弹性力学与控制[M].北京：科学出版社，2007[4] 陈桂彬，皱丛青，杨超.气动弹性设计基础[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2004[5] MSC公司成都办事处.MSC.NASTRAN基础培训[Z]航空科学与工程学院飞行器设计一工程专业类班学生马骏毕业设计（论文）时间：2013 年3 月4 日至2013 年6 月15 日答辩时间：2013 年 6 月15 日成绩：指导教师：兼职教师或答疑教师（并指出所负责部分）：飞机系（教研室）主任（签字）：本人声明我声明，本论文及其研究工作是有本人在导师指导下独立完成的，在完成论文时所利用的一切资料均已在参考文献中列出。

北航毕业设计论文尊敬的各位评委老师：大家好！我是北航计算机科学与技术专业的一名毕业生，今年即将完成毕业设计。

在这里，我想向大家汇报一下我的毕业设计论文的研究工作。

我的毕业设计的题目是《基于深度学习的图像分类方法研究与实现》。

本设计的研究目的是通过深度学习技术来实现图像分类，提高图像分类的准确性和效率。

目前，图像分类是计算机视觉领域的研究热点之一，对各种实际应用具有重要意义。

本论文首先对深度学习的基本原理进行了介绍，包括神经网络、反向传播算法等。

然后，研究了常用的图像分类方法，包括传统的机器学习方法（如支持向量机、k近邻等）和深度学习方法（如卷积神经网络、循环神经网络等）。

接着，针对图像分类问题，在CIFAR-10数据集上设计了一系列实验，比较了不同算法在准确性和效率方面的表现。

实验结果表明，深度学习方法在图像分类任务上具有明显优势。

本设计的最后一部分是基于所学到的知识，使用TensorFlow框架编写了一个图像分类系统的原型。

该系统可以输入一张图像，自动识别出图像中的物体，并给出相应的分类结果。

通过该系统的实际应用，进一步验证了深度学习方法在图像分类任务上的可行性和有效性。

在本论文的研究过程中，我遇到了许多困难和挑战。

首先，深度学习理论知识较为复杂，对于初学者来说难度较大。

其次，实验数据的预处理和特征提取是图像分类任务中一个重要的环节，需要充分利用各种工具和技术。

最后，进一步优化和改进深度学习模型，提高其准确率和效率，也是一个长期的研究方向。

对于这些困难和挑战，我通过查阅大量的文献资料，参加相关学术讲座和研讨会，与同学们进行讨论和交流，最终成功完成了毕业设计任务。

通过这个过程，我不仅学到了专业知识，提高了科研能力，还培养了自己的实际动手能力和团队合作精神。

在未来的工作中，我将进一步深入研究图像分类领域，不断提升自己的研究能力和创新能力。

同时，也希望能够将自己的研究成果应用到实际应用领域，为社会发展和进步做出自己的贡献。

单位代码学号分类号密级毕业设计(论文) 学生信息管理系统院（系）名称专业名称学生姓名指导教师年月日摘要随着信息技术在管理上越来越深入而广泛的应用，管理信息系统的实施在技术上已逐步成熟。

管理信息系统是一个不断发展的新型学科，任何一个单位要生存要发展，要高效率地把内部活动有机地组织起来，就必须建立与自身特点相适应的管理信息系统。

本文介绍了在Visual Basic6.0环境下采用“自上而下地总体规划，自下而上地应用开发”的策略开发一个管理信息系统的过程。

通过分析某一学校学生管理的不足，创建了一套行之有效的计算机管理学生的方案。

文章介绍了学生管理信息系统的系统分析部分，包括可行性分析、业务流程分析等；系统设计部分主要介绍了系统功能设计和数据库设计及代码设计；系统实现部分说明了几个主要模块的算法,本系统界面友好，操作简单，比较实用。

关键字：管理信息系统，学生管理，Visual Basic应用AbstractWith more and more widespread and profound application of information technology in management, the implement of management information system has become mature in technology step by step. Managing information system is a new subject. Enterprise needs existence and development, so enterprise activities should be organized efficiently and organically, which means tightening up the enterprise management and strengthening effective management of any resource (staff, finance, property, etc.) internal the enterprise, and also establishing a management information system fitting in with its own characteristics.This article introduces the detailed process of exploring a management information system under the environment of visual FoxPro, utilizing “Top-Bottom” overall plan and a strategy according to “Bottom-Top” application and exploitation. That is to establish a set of effective scheme for student management by computer, through analyzing disadvantages of student management by human resources. This article emphasizes on three sections. The system analysis section of student management information includes feasible analysis, management function analysis. The system design section mainly focuses on system function design and data base design and data number design. And the system realization section has provided several major function, together with the main windows and programs.This economical and pragmatic system has explicit interface, with simple operation. Keywords：MIS, student management, visual basic application目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT (II)目录 (3)1 系统概述 (1)1.1系统及需求分析 (1)1.1.1 系统需求 (1)1.1.2可行性分析 (1)1.3系统的功能简介 (4)1.3.1 项目规划 (4)1.3.2系统管理模块(CTRL+O) (5)1.3.3 班级管理模块（CTRL+P） (5)1.3.4 学生档案管理模块（CTRL+T） (5)1.3.5 课程管理模块（CTRL+R） (5)1.3.6 成绩管理模块（CTRL+F） (5)1.4系统开发的目标 (5)2 系统分析 (6)2.1业务流程分析 (6)2.2数据流程分析 (6)2.2.1 数据流程图 (6)2.3实体联系图 (7)2.4功能分析 (8)3 系统设计 (8)3.1软件模块结构设计 (8)3.1.1 系统方案确定 (8)3.1.2 软件结构设计 (9)3.2数据库设计 (9)3.2.1 E-R模型转换 (9)3.2.2 各表中数据类型 (9)4 系统的功能 (10)4.1系统登陆界面 (10)4.2系统主界面 (11)4.3用户管理模块 (12)4.4课程设置模块 (12)5 调试 (13)6 总结 (14)7 致谢 (14)8 参考文献 (15)1 系统概述本学生信息管理系统可以说是一个综合性的学校学生管理系统，这它集成了学生学籍管理系统、学生成绩管理系统、学生档案管理系统、学生缴费管理系统等多种功能，因而具有较强的实用性和先进性。

北航本科生毕业设计论文撰写规范及要求北航本科生毕业设计(论文)撰写规范及要求一、撰写规范及要求为了统一和规范我校本科生毕业设计(论文)的写作要求，保证我校本科生毕业设计(论文)的质量，根据《中华人民共和国国家标准科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》（国家标准GB7713-87）的规定，特制定《北京航空航天大学本科生毕业设计(论文)撰写规范》。

1.内容要求1.1 论文题目论文题目应该简短、明确、有概括性。

读者通过题目，能大致了解论文的内容、专业的特点和学科的范畴。

但字数要适当，一般不宜超过24字，必要时可加副标题。

1.2 摘要与关键词1.2.1 论文摘要论文摘要应概括地反映出毕业设计(论文)的目的、内容、方法、成果和结论。

摘要中不宜使用公式、图表，不标注引用文献编号。

摘要以300～500字左右为宜。

1.2.2 关键词关键词是供检索用的主题词条，应采用能覆盖论文主要内容的通用技术词条（参照相应的技术术语标准）。

关键词一般为3～5个，按词条的外延层次排列（外延大的排在前面）。

1.3 目录目录按章、节、条三级标题编写，要求标题层次清晰。

目录中的标题要与(1) 毕业设计(论文)总体方案设计与选择的论证。

(2) 毕业设计(论文)各部分（包括硬件与软件）的设计计算。

(3) 试验方案设计的可行性、有效性以及试验数据的处理及分析。

(4) 对本研究内容及成果应进行较全面、客观的理论阐述，应着重指出本研究内容中的创新、改进与实际应用之处。

理论分析中，应将他人研究成果单独书写，并注明出处，不得将其与本人提出的理论分析混淆在一起。

对于将其他领域的理论、结果引用到本研究领域者，应说明该理论的出处，并论述引用的可行性与有效性。

(5) 自然科学的论文应推理正确，结论清晰，无科学性错误。

(6) 管理和人文学科的论文应包括对研究问题的论述及系统分析，比较研究，模型或方案设计，案例论证或实证分析，模型运行的结果分析或建议、改进措施等。

北航毕业设计论文模板毕业设计论文是本科生培养计划中的一个重要教学环节,它的模版你们了解多少呢?小编整理了北航毕业设计论文模板，欢迎阅读!北航毕业设计论文模板篇一航空母舰发展“十诫”本文综合俄罗斯《海军战术汇编》、英国《简氏情报评论》及美国《海军战争学院学报》等权威刊物的论述与结论，总结出各国在发展航母中所要注意的“十诫”，仅供广大军迷参考。

一诫：航母是国家总战略的附属品俄罗斯《海军战术汇编》在上世纪90年代的一期刊物上明确指出，航母发展战略必须服从和服务于国家的总战略与国防战略，舍此无其他正途。

美国执行全球战略，需要一支能在全球展开的海陆空天武装力量，以航母为核心的海军特混编队又是其全球战略的基石，所以必须发展具备准战略能力的航母战斗群，从杜鲁门到奥巴马，历任美国总统无一例外地重视航母发展，航母事实上成为支持美国战略和外交政策的急先锋。

从某种意义上说，是航母改变了美国干涉朝鲜战争的局面，1950年6月25日战争爆发后，美国在头两个月里主要靠航母舰载机遏制住朝鲜人民军的进攻，为兵力集结和投送赢得时间，当时被俘的朝鲜士兵承认：“最可怕的是蓝色飞机(即航母舰载机的涂装)。

”同样，也是航母使美国从越南战争的泥潭里脱身，1975年当南越政权总崩溃时，正是美国集结在南中国海的5艘航母把数以十万计的美国侨民、南越军政首脑及其家属撤往菲律宾和关岛，为超级大国留下最后一丝颜面。

已消失20年的苏联当初之所以走上发展航母之路，也是为了支持它与美国争霸的总战略。

执行全球战略的超级大国如此，执行区域战略的中等国家也不例外，这些国家都是为了自身的利益发展中轻型航母，能自己造的即使花重金引进技术也在所不惜，无力造的甘愿买二流货，也要维持其地区性大海军的地位。

以法国为例，它所执行的政策是控制其苏伊士运河以东的领地，因此不仅发展常规动力航母，还要搞出核动力航母，如今即便为航母浩大的维持费用所困，法国政府和军方照样不肯放弃。

说到底，一个国家必须有一套完整的战略，航母发展战略是在海军战略的总框架内规划的，因此建立科学的海军发展战略体系是首要的前提，即威胁评估、资源分配、海上战场准备、兵力结构设计、科学技术对海军发展影响的预测、有限目标的选择、后勤支援的筹划、官兵培训以及战略战术运筹等，均需在一套严密的系统科学理论指导下进行。

航空毕业设计模板范文英文回答：Introduction.The aviation industry is a complex and dynamic field that requires a high level of technical expertise and knowledge. For individuals pursuing a career in aviation, a well-crafted graduation design template can provide a valuable framework for developing and presenting theirfinal project. This comprehensive guide will provide astep-by-step approach to crafting a successful aviation graduation design template, ensuring that students can effectively showcase their skills and understanding of the field.Chapter 1: Project Overview and Definition.Define the scope and objectives of the graduation design project.Conduct a thorough literature review to establish the theoretical foundation.Identify the key stakeholders and their specific requirements.Determine the relevant regulations and industry standards that apply.Chapter 2: Design Methodology and Analysis.Select appropriate design tools and techniques based on the project requirements.Develop a detailed design plan outlining the steps involved in the design process.Perform thorough simulations and analyses to evaluate the feasibility and performance of the design.Conduct risk assessments to identify potential hazardsand vulnerabilities.Chapter 3: Design Implementation and Verification.Fabricate or develop the design solution based on the specifications.Conduct extensive testing and validation to ensure compliance with requirements.Implement modifications or enhancements as needed to optimize performance.Obtain necessary approvals and certifications from relevant authorities.Chapter 4: Project Management and Execution.Develop a comprehensive project management plan that outlines the schedule, budget, and resources.Monitor progress and make adjustments as necessary toensure timely completion.Communicate effectively with stakeholders and provide regular updates on project status.Ensure compliance with all applicable safety and quality standards.Chapter 5: Results and Discussion.Present the results of the design and testing phases in a clear and concise manner.Discuss the implications of the findings and their significance to the field of aviation.Identify potential areas for further research and development.Draw conclusions and make recommendations based on the project outcomes.Conclusion.By following the steps outlined in this guide, students can create a comprehensive and effective aviation graduation design template. This template will not only serve as a successful framework for completing their final project but also provide a valuable foundation for their future careers in the aviation industry.中文回答：导言。

单位代码10006学号
分类号
密级秘密
毕业设计(论文)
（题目）
院（系）名称
专业名称
学生姓名
指导教师
2011年7月
北京航空航天大学
本科生毕业设计（论文）任务书Ⅰ、毕业设计（论文）题目：
Ⅱ、毕业设计（论文）使用的原始资料（数据）及设计技术要求：Ⅲ、毕业设计（论文）工作内容：
Ⅳ、主要参考资料：
学院（系）专业类班
学生
毕业设计（论文）时间：年月日至年月日答辩时间：年月日
成绩：
指导教师：
兼职教师或答疑教师（并指出所负责部分）：
系（教研室）主任（签字）：
注：任务书应该附在已完成的毕业设计（论文）的首页。

本人声明
我声明，本论文及其研究工作是由本人在导师指导下独立完成的，在完成论文时所利用的一切资料均已在参考文献中列出。

作者：
签字：
时间：2011年6 月
移动机器人控制系统开发
学生：
指导老师：
摘要
摘要正文
关键词：关键词1，关键词2，关键词3，关键词4
Design of Control System of Mobil Robot
Author:
Tutor:
Abstract
Abstract Content
Key words: word1，word2，word3，word4
目录
1绪论1.1节标题
1.2节标题
2章标题1 2.1节标题
正文
2.1.1条标题
2.2节标题
正文
2.2.1条标题
正文
3章标题2 3.1节标题
3.1.1条标题
结论内容
致谢内容
参考文献
附录A
附录B。

附件8
桂林航天工业学院
本科毕业设计（论文）外文译文
系名：
专业班级：
学生姓名：学号：
外文出处：
（用外文写）
附件：1.外文译文2.外文原文
年月日
填写要求
一、外文译文必须使用计算机打印，或用黑色水笔手工工整书写。

二、所选的外文原文不少于10000印刷字符，其内容必须与课题或专业方向紧密相关，由指导教师提供，并注明详细出处。

三、外文译文需在文本后附原文（或复印件）。

附件1：外文译文
译文标题（小二号黑体，居中）
×××××××××（小4号宋体，行间距取固定值23磅）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××…………。

（要求不少于5000汉字）
附件2：外文原文。

本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题Visualization of PLC Programs using XML 译文标题使用XML的PLC可视化程序
作者所在系别电子工程系
作者所在专业自动化
作者所在班级B07223
作者姓名张惠
作者学号20074022302
指导教师姓名薛琴
指导教师职称讲师
完成时间2010 年12 月
北华航天工业学院教务处制
注：1。

指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。

2。

外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。

本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)标题：Fitting product placements: Affective fit and cognitive fit as determinants of consumer evaluations of placed brands作者：Brian Gillespie，Darrel Muehling，Ioannis Kareklas期刊：Journal of Business Research,第82卷，90-102页年份：2018原文Fitting product placements: Affective fit and cognitive fit as determinants of consumer evaluations of placed brands BrianGillespie，Darrel Muehling，Ioannis Kareklas AbstractDue to increased clutter and consumers' active avoidance of traditional media, marketers have sought alternative means to effectively reach their audiences. One such technique is the use of media-based product placements in narrative. This strategy is often problematic, however, as extant research demonstrates that when consumers are aware of blatant placements, their attitudes toward the placed product may become less, rather than more, favorable. In a series of studies, we develop and test a theoretically-based Product Placement Fit model that recognizes the importance of congruency between consumers' narrative consumption goals and the manner in which products are placed. Results indicate that when product placements are congruent with both the narrative's story structure (cognitive fit) and the affective tones elicited by the narrative (affective fit), more favorable brand attitudes are produced. Further, narrative enjoyment resulting from a product placement mediates the impact of product placement fit on consumers' brand evaluations. Keywords: Product placement, Promotions, Brand evaluations, Fit, Congruence, Narrative enjoyment 1. Introduction In an effort to heighten brand awareness and positively impact sales, marketers frequently overtly integrate their products within narratives (e.g., television and film) so that some attention is drawn to the placed product (Balasubramanian, Karrh,&Patwardhan, 2006; Poniewozik, 2001; Y oon, Choi, & Song, 2011). These narratives (which now also include literature, music, video games, and some forms of native advertising) are comprised of events, character interactions, and settings that lead consumers to a state of cognitive and affective processing (Escalas, 2004; Pennington & Hastie, 1986; Shank & Abelson, 1995). The attention drawn from blatant placement of products in narrative may come at a price, however, as extant literature generally suggests that increased consumer awareness of placed products may result in less favorable brand evaluations, due to consumer irritation and/or reluctance to be influenced by marketers' overt attempts to persuade (Cowley & Barron, 2008; Homer, 2009). Higher persuasion knowledge (Friestad & Wright, 1994) is more likely to be evoked by prominent placements (as opposed to more subtle placements) because they attract greater attention and are often easier to recognize as commercially driven (Wei, Fischer, & Main, 2008). As such, it would appear that marketers are faced with a dilemma often referred to as the “product placement paradox” (Ephron, 2003; Homer, 2009; Tiwsakul, Hackley, & Szmigin, 2005). If they place their products prominently (i.e., in more blatant ways), consumers will likely be aware of the placement, but may react negatively (Homer, 2009). If instead, they place their products in less overt (i.e., more subtle) ways, consumers may not even notice the placement, resulting in little if any measurable impact onconsumers' awareness and subsequent evaluations of the placed product (Homer, 2009; Matthes, Schemer, & Wirth, 2007). To address this marketplace conundrum, we introduce a theoretically-based conceptual model that recognizes and addresses the needs of both the consumer and the marketer from a product placement perspective. Our model (see Fig. 1) draws from a number of marketing and social psychological theories (to be discussed in greater detail in subsequent sections of the paper), and is based upon the assumption that individuals often consume narratives (e.g., watch television programs or movies, read books, etc.) for self-satisfying, gratification-based reasons (i.e., for enjoyment purposes) (Katz, Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1973). In considering this gratification-based goal of narrative consumption, we introduce and discuss two dimensions of product placements –“cognitive” fit and “affective” fit –which we believe to be key in driving the desired outcomes.Importantly, the focus of our investigation is on blatant product placements (where brands are placed in narratives in an overt manner) –placements that heretofore have generally been associated with adverse consumer responses. Drawing from relevant theoretical perspectives, we propose that when a product placement is properly aligned with both the narrative structure of the story (i.e., under conditions of high cognitive fit) and with the emotions the narrative elicits at the time of the product placement (i.e., high affective fit), consumers' narrative consumptiongoals (i.e., narrative enjoyment) may be more fully realized, leading to more favorable evaluations of the blatantly placed product. Before discussing the key components of our model further, we offer a brief review of relevant findings regarding product placement promotions, which are defined as the inclusion of branded products in entertainment media content with the intent to influence consumer attitudes and/or behavior (Russell, 2002). We then present and discuss three empirical studies that were undertaken to establish the viability of our proposed model relationships. Lastly, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our work, and offer suggestions for future research on this topic.2. Conceptual development2.1. BackgroundProduct placement, also sometimes called brand placement, refers to the integration of a logo, a brand name, or the inclusion of a product, or its packaging in entertainment media (Lehu, 2007). Product placement in narrative includes multiple media formats, including television programs (Russell, 2002), film (Homer, 2009), novels (Brennan, 2008), music (Ferguson & Burkhalter, 2015) and music videos (Burkhalter & Thornton, 2012) among others, and has been demonstrated to impact individuals' cognitive, affective, and conative responses toward placed products.Extant product placement studies using novels as the medium, for example, recognize that brand recall is enhanced when cognitive processing of the brand is enhanced (Brennan, 2008). Similarly, using music as the medium, Ferguson and Burkhalter (2015) recognize higher prominence brands featured in the chorus of a song are more easily recalled than subtly placed brands featured in the verse of a song. Contrary to the findings of most product placement studies, Ferguson and Burkhalter (2015) also find partial support for a positive impact of increased prominence on brand attitudes under congruent conditions. Specifically, congruent brands that fit within the genre and culture of the song (in this case, the brand Phat Farm in a hip-hop song), elicit more favorable brand evaluations when the song is prominently placed than when it is subtly placed.Lehu (2007) termed the commercial integration of brands within a variety of cultural vehicles (such as songs and novels), as “branded entertainment.” Indeed, product placements today play a vital role in the brand communication strategy (Hackley & Tiwsakul, 2006). This role has increased in importance with the proliferation of digital video recorders, which allow consumers to skip through commercials (Sung & de Gregorio, 2008). Some reports suggest that consumers using such technologies skip between 50% and 90% of all commercials (McCarthy, 2001). In response, and in light of the favorable cost-benefit ratio (Wasko,Phillips, & Purdie, 1993), brand managers have been increasingly relying on product placements, integrating their brands within a variety of narratives. In fact, the increasing use of product placements to integrate brands within narratives has led to the creation of two specialized trade organizations, the Branded Content Marketing Association, and the Entertainment Resources and Marketing Association (Sung & de Gregorio, 2008).2.2. Narrative consumption and product placement As alluded to above, research focusing primarily on television and film media suggests that the presence of product placement may result in increased perceptions of realism (Campbell, Mohr, & V erlegh, 2013; Gupta & Gould, 1997). For example, Nebenzahl and Secunda (1993) demonstrated that individuals recognize the natural role products play in narrative structure, and as such, generally believe that real products should be used more frequently than fictitious ones. Gupta and Gould (1997) extend this finding by recognizing that placements can contribute to narrative structure through this increased perceived realism of a story. And, as realism increases, so too may consumers' connectedness, recognized here as a perceived interactive relationship between the consumer and elements of a narrative (Russell & Puto, 1999).With increases in connectedness, individuals create personal connections and develop parasocial relationships with portrayedcharacters or other components of the narrative (Dias, Dias, & Lages, 2017; Eyal & Rubin, 2003). These parasocial relationships are illusionary interactions consumers may have with the media they consume, which often “transport” them to a world where interaction with characters takes place, as if they were involved in a real (as opposed to imaginary), reciprocal relationship. Importantly, research has shown that with personal connections, consumers are better able to remember brands placed within narratives, and imagine the portrayed characters as consumers of real products (Russell, Norman, & Heckler, 2004; Russell & Puto, 1999).Individuals are thought to construct mental “narrative transportation” models of meaning (Green & Brock, 2000), in an effort to more fully understand the story, settings, characters, and objects found within the narrative (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009). Research further suggests that narrative processing and its subsequent effects on narrative transportation (Green & Brock, 2000) stimulates and may enhance self-brand connections (Escalas, 2004). Furthermore, consumers are believed to actively engage in narrative transportation processes that organize events, occurrences, and relationships between characters and narrative objects in an effort to satisfy their narrative consumption goals. Extant research that is relevant to our current investigation of product placements has focused on understanding how and why individuals select and ultimately consumenarratives. For example, mood management theory posits that consumption of media is influenced by one's desire to sustain or obtain a positive mood state (Zillmann, 1988). A common criticism of mood management theory, however, is that it implies that when choosing media for consumption, consumers would be less likely to select tragic programming, as tragedies are often melancholic, and therefore, would not help create or sustain a positive mood state. In response, Zillmann (1994) revisited the narrative consumption domain and offered the affective disposition theory. This theory accounts for the existence of more somber narratives by positing that individuals may choose to consume certain media based on judgments of characters in action and the positive consumer mood derived from observing the situational context of the characters (Zillmann, 1994). For example, consider a consumer viewing a program in which a liked character experiences a series of good fortune. In this case, the consumer will experience pleasure, and be able to sustain or obtain a positive mood state. A second example might consider a consumer selecting a narrative in which a disliked character experiences a series of misfortune (as is often the case of tragedy), then revels in the suffering of the disliked character. Zillmann (1994) argues that this experience will subsequently elicit pleasure, and again be able to sustain or obtain a positive mood state for the consumer.2.3. Product placement fitOur work is designed to extend the seminal work of Russell (2002), Gupta and Gould (1997), Nebenzahl and Secunda (1993), and others, by conceptualizing and empirically examining the relationship between key components of a product placement fit model. As such, we define product placement fit as the extent to which a product placement is consistent with the narrative story structure and affective tones of the narrative at the time of the placement. We expect two dimensions of product placement fit to be instrumental, one cognitive and the other affective in nature. We label these dimensions cognitive fit and affective fit, respectively, and posit that when product placements are high in both dimensions, the contribution of the product placement to the plot will lead consumers to experience greater narrative enjoyment, resulting in more favorable brand evaluations. In the sections that follow, we further describe the proposed dimensions of product placement fit, and advance our hypotheses. 3. Method: overview of studies We next present a series of empirical studies designed to examine the hypothesized relationships comprising our conceptual product placement fit model. In a Pilot Study, we develop and validate items to assess individuals' perceptions of cognitive fit and affective fit in a product placement context. In Study 1, we compare the predictive validity of measures of cognitive and affective fit against an established measure of plot connection (Russell, 2002). We expect that, if participants do indeed recognize the extent to which blatant productplacements may logically and emotionally fit within a narrative, then cognitive and affective fit respectively should be stronger predictors of changes in brand attitudes than considerations of plot connection alone. In Study 2, we continue our investigation of product placement fit by considering the interactive impact of cognitive fit and affective fit on brand evaluations. Using scenes from an experimenter-generated television pilot episode as our stimuli, we conclude our investigation in Study 3 with an examination of product placement-induced narrative enjoyment as the mechanism through which product placement fit impacts brand evaluations. 4. Pilot studyThe Pilot Study was conducted as a proof-of-concept for the cognitive and affective fit dimensions of product placement, using a literature (story-based) medium. Literature as a medium was selected for three reasons. First, the use of product placements in novels appears to be a growing trend in media (Hackley, 2014). Second, books/literature have been the focus of other product placement studies. And, third, using the literature medium allowed us to more effectively isolate our manipulations of cognitive and affective fit and maximize internal validity, in anticipation of using the measures in subsequent studies employing other media (television) formats. Results of these analyses provide evidence that both the cognitive and affective fit dimensions of the proposed product placement fit construct are measurable and can beexperimentally manipulated. Participants were able to recognize cognitive fit such that those who read narratives that featured a high-fit placement reported greater levels of perceived cognitive fit than participants who read a narrative that included a placement with low cognitive fit. Similarly, participants exposed to a product placement with the same affective tones as the narrative they read reported greater perceptions of affective fit than participants who were exposed to a product placement with incongruent affective tones.译文合适的产品广告植入：影响了消费者对品牌的评价Brian Gillespie，Darrel Muehling，Ioannis Kareklas 摘要由于消费市场杂乱无章以及消费者主动回避传统媒体，营销人员正寻求其他手段来有效地将广告信息传达给观众。

北航毕业设计论文模板以下是一个北航毕业设计论文模板的示例，总字数超过了1200字：(Title of Graduation Design Paper)摘要本文介绍了北航毕业设计论文模板的使用方法。

首先，本文对北航毕业设计的一些基本要求进行了概述，并提供了一些设计注意事项。

然后，本文通过示例的方式展示了如何使用北航毕业设计论文模板来撰写论文主体部分。

最后，本文对北航毕业设计论文模板的优缺点进行了评估，并提出了一些建议。

关键词：北航，毕业设计，论文模板AbstractThis paper introduces the usage of the Graduation Design Paper Template of Beihang University. Firstly, the basic requirements of the graduation design at Beihang University are outlined, along with some design considerations. Then, through examples, this paper demonstrates how to use the Graduation Design Paper Template of Beihang University to write the main body of the paper. Finally, an evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of the Graduation Design Paper Template of Beihang University is provided, followed by some suggestions.Keywords: Beihang University, graduation design, paper template1.引言北航的毕业设计是学生在毕业前完成的一项重要任务，要求学生能够将所学知识灵活应用于实践中，并解决实际问题。

ROOM-AND-PILLAR METHOD OF OPEN-STOPE MINING空场采矿法中的房柱采矿法Chapter 1.A Classification of the Room-and-Pillar Method of Open-Stope Mining第一部分，空场采矿的房柱法的分类OPEN STOPING空场采矿法An open stope is an underground cavity from which the initial ore has been mined. Caving of the opening is prevented (at least temporarily) by support from the unmined ore or waste left in the stope,in the form of pillars,and the stope walls (also called ribs or abutments). In addition to this primary may also be required using rockbolts , reinforcing rods, split pipes ,or shotcrete to stabilize the rock surface immediately adjacent to the opening. The secondary reinforcement procedure does not preclude the method classified as open stoping.露天采场台阶是开采了地下矿石后形成的地下洞室。

通过块矿或采场的支柱和（也称为肋或肩）采场墙形式的废料的支持来（至少是暂时的）预防放顶煤的开幕。

除了这个，可能还需要使用锚杆，钢筋棒，分流管，或喷浆，以稳定紧邻开幕的岩石表面。

北航本科毕业论文格式格式对论文具有很高的规范性，也可使学生写的论文让老师看得更舒服。

这是店铺为大家整理的北航本科毕业论文格式，仅供参考! 北航本科毕业论文格式篇一航天项目技术状态管理摘要：自1956年我国成立了国航空工业委员会以后，随着社会经济和科学技术的发展，我国的航天技术也得到了迅猛的发展。

特别是2013年6月11日我国载人航天飞船神舟十号的升天和顺利返回更加昭显了我国航天技术实力的强大，也奠定了我国的载人航天技术在世界上的领先地位。

但是航天技术的迅猛发展也给航天项目的设计者提出了更高的要求——如何确保航天信息系统高校顺利的运行，如何保障航天设备和航天员的生命安全，这里就涉及到航天项目技术状态管理。

基于以上事实背景，本文从航天项目技术状态管理的概念和由来开始，对航天项目技术状态管理信息系统进行简单的分析，最后介绍航天项目技术管理的主要功能，最后得出结论。

关键词：航天项目技术;状态管理;信息系统0 引言科学技术是航天技术的基础，而航天技术集合了现代许多科学技术的新研究成果，所以航天技术也是科学技术的延伸和发展。

航天技术的发展，不仅仅预示着一个国家在该方面的强大，更是显示着整个国家科学技术水平的卓越及国力的雄厚，不可否认的是我国在航天技术的地位在世界上是首屈一指的。

但是不能单单以发射了多少卫星、发送了多少载人航天飞船、研制了多少火箭和飞机来看出一个国家在该方面的实力，而如何确保航天员的人身安全和航天设备高效、顺利的运行也是其中非常重要的指标。

下面就航天项目技术状态管理展开论述。

1 航天项目技术状态管理概述技术状态管理，顾名思义属于管理系统的一个工具，也是项目管理中十分重要的一种管理途径。

技术状态管理一词对于航空行业专业人士来说并不是陌生词语，而人们也可以在不同的科研、技术项目中领略到技术状态管理的重要性。

只不过技术状态管理一词的是从航天项目中引进而来，且技术状态管理一词以及技术状态所选择的方法最早源自于20年代中期的美国军事行业，自此才广受各领域人们推广开来。

北京航空航天大学本科生毕业设计（论文）实施办法（工科类）一、毕业设计（论文）的目的与要求毕业设计（论文）是本科教学计划的最后一个重要环节，是落实本科教育培养目标的重要组成部分。

其主要目的是培养学生综合运用所学知识和技能，理论联系实际，独立分析，解决实际问题的能力，使学生得到从事本专业工程技术和科学研究工作的基本训练。

因此，毕业设计（论文）的基本教学要求是：1、培养学生综合运用、巩固与扩展所学的基础理论和专业知识的基本素养，培养学生独立分析、解决复杂工程问题的能力；2、通过毕业设计（论文）工作，使学生接受科学研究方法和工程设计方法的初步训练，并能够对研究结果进行分析；3、培养学生正确的设计思想、工程经济观点、理论联系实际的工作作风和严肃认真的科学态度；4、使学生的工程绘图、计算、实验、数据处理、查阅外文文献资料、使用信息技术、使用文献资料和手册、文字表达、沟通交流、规范撰写论文等基本技能及能力得到进一步的锻炼和提高。

二、毕业设计（论文）题目的确定毕业设计（论文）选题是做好毕业设计（论文）的前提，对毕业设计（论文）质量有着直接影响，因此选好课题是毕业设计（论文）的首要工作。

选题原则是：1、毕业设计（论文）题目必须从本专业的培养目标出发，体现本专业研究人员和工程师基本训练的内容，使学生得到比较全面的训练；2、一般应尽可能多地选择与科研、生产、实验室建设等任务相结合的实际题目，鼓励与国内外高水平高校、科研院所、企业进行各种形式的合作，选择对方的实际工程问题作为毕业设计（论文）选题，也可少量选择能满足教学要求的自拟题目。

在确定具体题目时还应考虑以下几个方面：（1）毕业设计（论文）的题目，必须有明确的教学要求及相应的内容；（2）要考虑到完成毕业设计（论文）所需经费和其它客观条件，既要满足教学要求，又要切实可行；（3）要充分发挥专业实验室的作用，利用现有设备条件与校外教学基地，重视培养学生实验研究和工程实践能力；（4）要贯彻因材施教的原则，课题内容在保证教学要求的前提下，可以因学生的基础、能力等差异而有所不同，使各类学生都能充分发挥其主动性和创造能力，但都必须达到教学基本要求；（5）毕业设计（论文）题目内容的难度和份量要适当，应在教学计划规定的时间内，使学生在教师的指导下经过努力后能够完成；（6）毕业设计（论文）题目的类型根据专业特点和要求可以多样化，可以是以工程设计为主的题目，也可以是以理论分析计算、实验研究和设备设计与调试或计算机软件开发为主的题目。

本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)作者：Hsiao M C期刊：South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 2016, 3(1),151-160原文The research of office space designHsiao M CAbstractNowadays, the development of society and the progress of science and technology, people are faced with is accelerating the pace of life andmore and more competition in the workplace, fast rhythm, high efficiency of modern society is that people cannot escape the reality. People will be more time and energy on the work; therefore, the office will naturally become the central in the life of modern people. International association of architects (CIAM) in the Athens charter basic activities as human society to live, work, recreation, transportation, four categories, and the office is the most important one of the basic activities of human beings. Now, people take up a third time a day in the office or even more time, it makes people always in a state of very nervous, in such cases, people are becoming more and more high to the requirement of office space environment, only pay attention to use function in the design of office space has already cannot satisfy the needs of the development of modern society, people choose to work now pay more attention to have a good and comfortable working environment, the design of humanity, life, healthy and comfortable office space allows employees to work anywhere at any time to adjust their own state, maintain good mood, to experience the fun in life is full of confidence in the work, in a better state into work, to a greater extent to improve the working efficiency of the office staff. Although for office space comfort and humanized design need more capital investment, but from the point of long-term interests, the enterprise itself will get more benefits.Keywords: office; open space; humanized1 IntroductionOffice space as the name suggests is the place for people in office, the main purpose of office space for people is to create wealth and value. Nowadays, competition in the society to get people to put more time on the job, in the face of the increasing pressure of work, people to the requirement of working environment increases, the use of office space is not only to have the basic function, at the same time to meet people's physical, psychological and emotional needs, such as good and comfortable working environment can improve the work efficiency of people, so as to bring more benefit for the enterprise. Along with the development of era and people's ideological change, the influence of many factors that make the development of office space experiencing a series of great changes. Modernist architect miens van DE lo had described the office space to become a "machine" for work, and this kind of one-sided pursuit of office density and efficient office way already can not satisfy the needs of the development of modern society, the traditional single enclosed Spaces were replaced by a flexible and open space of the communication. In the 21st century, the rapid development in the new technological revolution in the era of information, digital living style will make human life into an unprecedented status, office space is presented with a new look. The office space design is the lack of consistency and a certain continuity that is typical in the development of office space designfeatures. From a natural economy to commodity economy era today office space itself has experienced a long period of development. From the perspective of the development of history, since the human society to form a fixed settlements, our earliest period can be traced back to ancient Egypt had the embryonic form of the original construction of office space, the place of from a primitive tribe to the slave society, feudal society amen, hall, shops and so on can reflect a office action. Western industrial revolution led to the rise of commercial society, the workplace and life of people gradually began to separation, because the new material, new technology, the continuous development of new features, prompted the production of large Numbers of new office building, modern office space begins in the true sense, the earliest definition of literature for commercial office is part of the family or shops. 2 Literature reviewUnder the impetus of the economic development and technological progress, the foreign office space research early, books provides office space for the development of more powerful theory basis. Grover leather us 1914 deutsche manufacturing alliance exhibition office building design in cologne marks the beginning of modern office buildings. American entrepreneur’s successful expe rience is: must have a first-class office, this is an important business investment. Architects constantly explore new type of office space; the possible way of office and the office environment make predictions of the future. In the early 1950 s, thefamous German Quick burner Team on the basis of analyzing the function of office put forward: according to the working process and the structure of the communication process, in a large open space set up some unit of work, to improve office efficiency. Office space with different professional work processes and work requirements, broke the long-term produced by closed offices and hierarchical, emphasizes the equal status between people, to the office as a place for exchange of information, once all the rage this office pattern, open compartment has been popular in the United States in the 1960 s. Northern Europe and Japan and other countries research also have their own style, for example, the Japanese experts and scholars on the study of office space is mainly engaged in office space system automation research and forecast the impact of the rapid development of the information for office space, etc. The middle of the 20th century, some German architect requests a landscape of office space, 1967, Chicago in the United States held the first international conference of landscape office buildings. After entering the information age, various technology affects people's life and the way of office, people research focus to the intelligent office building, the word "intelligent building", first appeared in the united technology group UTBS company in January 1984 in Connecticut City construction completed by the Place the tagline of the building.1989 Americans Fay pop Cohen first puts forward the concept of "home office", the home office quickly catch onaround the world economy developed office building experts Frank generation of fe (Frank Duffy) in The "The emergence of intelligent office buildings", The emergence of The intelligence office building), The article to The characteristics of intelligent office buildings were described in detail. Cambridge university master, the royal architects association member Adam thinks, office space should be versatile, that is, a space need to derive a variety of functions, each function is not fixed interval, they can be either office area, also can be a recreation area. This view highlights the landscape of the office and intellectualization. MIT professor Alan (Thomas Allen) after more than ten years of research, proved the group work or "work unit" is in the office is the most effective way to achieve "intimacy". At the same time, the environment behaviorist to the satisfaction degree of the work environment and the findings of a study of the working life has a profound influence on the development of office environment. Many developed countries in Western Europe and Japan and other countries have held a "new office space" this paper will, on the development of office space has carried on the deep discussion. Including some designers for office furniture research and some office furniture fair held all influence the development of office space. At the same time in the research of intelligent office space and other technical, western scholars gradually began to attach importance to office space and the socialbackground, enterprise organization structure and other associated factors influence each other between the British DEGW's office space design phenomenon and social phenomenon is introduced into the design of the office, and study out of the office space design and organizational structure of the relationship between methods. 3 The present situation of the office space design 3.1 More flexible way of office"Front shop, back home in the early" style of work will live and work together, people's homes is a living place and the workplace. By the 18th century industrial revolution, the family of the production function gradually disappear, people no longer production, occupy the office of "collective" appears gradually, people began to habits of "nine to five" working mode, in the late 19th century and the early 20th century Taylor scientific management style to infiltrate the office management, work and the activities of people in the presence of regulators. As office space from day to day routine work is gradually replaced by the computer, office will eventually become a meeting place for communication, instead of dealing with affairs. In the face of all kinds of modern technology and the impact of the Internet, now the new office way is also constantly emerging. All contact and communication is convenient as well as the time and place for the office is not qualified, SOHO family office began to emerge. SOHO is the abbreviation of "Small office Home office", meaning a Small office space and Home office space, is a freer, more flexible waysof working. In traditional agricultural society, almost all products are manufactured by the family, the material of the whole society by household production to meet demand. Office mode along with the development of The Times through a series of evolution, Fay pop Cohen first proposed the concept of "home office". The establishment of the development of information technology and network space and the development of residential construction to provide home office, the office way gradually flourished in the economically developed regions in the world. The workings of a family and work together both save social resources, and eliminating the commuting time, this way of working can be flexible, free time is gradually accepted by more and more people. Due to the SOHO is a new way of working, must give workers a variety of convenient while also appeared a lot of disadvantages. With this way of family office is accepted by more and more people, SOHO will improve in the future development. Experts estimate that by 2020, the world will be more than 60% of the workers will work at home.3.2 More perfect office spaceOffice space design's ultimate purpose is to provide the best office and living environment for people, make people in the indoor environment for the physical and psychological comfort, security, and light touch. Built in the late 19th century early 20th century some office space would be staff communication, and rest, recreation. Developmentin the 21st century today, the function of office space was further refinement; office workers demand determines the design direction of office space. American SOM design firm in the Far East business development director Tony Bath: new definition of work in the United States is working and living together, office environment is the most important is to provide an open space, make the staff to be able to work and leisure together. Now began to put the meeting room of office space design as the core of floor design, some enterprises for staff in the office space provides a coffee bar, tea area and kitchen, the discussion area, library, etc., Germany, the new economy era of vocational place after the company held a party, this has blurred the line between work and play. There are some new things, such as gym, game rooms, leisure hall, and even functional space is applied to the work environments, such as basketball court, in the function of these affiliated facilities, used for leisure as well as the temporary office employees. The improvement of the office space function can make the person tired spirit immediately relax, relieve tension when people work, solve the original space of monotonous, more comfortable office environment.译文办公空间设计研究Hsiao M C摘要现如今，社会的发展和科技的进步，人们所面对的就是生活节奏的不断加快以及越来越激烈的职场竞争，快节奏、高效率的现代社会是人们无法逃避的现实。

Standardization and modularization driven by minimizingoverall process effortYuval Sered,Yoram Reich *School of Mechanical Engineering,Faculty of Engineering,Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv 69978,IsraelReceived 12July 2005;accepted 17November 2005AbstractFaster product development is a major goal for companies in competitive markets.Product platform architectures support planning for addressing diverse markets and fulfilling future market desires.Applying standardization or modularization on product platform components leverages current product design effort across future products.This work introduces a method—SMDP (standardization and modularization driven by process effort)—for focusing engineering effort when applying standardization or modularization on product platform components.SMDP calculates the total design effort from current to future generations of the platform following standardization or modularization of components.By comparing the total design cost of different simulations,we can direct the design team to standardization or modularization opportunities.The contribution of this work is in using an estimation of design effort as the basis for decision in contrast to commonly used static measures of components’interactions.Such a computational approach allows conducting sensitivity studies that address the subjective nature of various estimations needed for exercising SMDP.SMDP is illustrated in a product platform design of an external-drum plate-setter for the digital prepress printing market.q 2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Product platform architecture;Product family;Design for variety;Design process modeling;Design structure matrix (DSM);Reward Markov chain;Genetic algorithm1.IntroductionThe increasing heterogeneity in contemporary market-places,the wider income distribution,and the slower growth within the market,are driving the need for increased product variety.Developing robust product platform architectures with modular and standardized components could enhance the ability of companies to bring products to market faster and gain an important competitive advantage.The major benefits from this are reduced design effort and time-to-market for future generations of the product [1,2].Within the growing interest in planning for product platform,there are studies that encourage the use of platform architecture in early development stages and include the consideration of marketing,design,and manufacturing issues [3].Fujita and Ishii [4]discussed design for product variety in terms of structuring essential tasks and issues associated with variety design.They tried to optimize the system structure andthe configuration of product families simultaneously.Simpson et al.[5]applied goal programming and statistical analysis techniques to provide a method that facilitates the synthesis and exploration of a common product platform concept that can be scaled into an appropriate family of products.Messac et al.[6]described the identification of common and scaleable parameters in a family of scaleable products.Sosa et al.[7]identified modular and integrative systems and Dobrescu and Reich [8]developed flexible product architecture composed of progressively shared modules.Kreng and Lee [9]described a QFD-based approach combined with linear integer program-ming for translating customer requirements and a product into recommendations for modularizing components.The last three studies employed information on components’static inter-actions.In contrast,we based our method on modeling the dynamics of design processes.We focus our attention on the use of DFV (design for variety)[1,10]as a tool for gathering design information for the product platform architecture.DFV uses specifications ‘flows’within the project,employed by two indices,the generational variety index (GVI)and the coupling index (CI),to develop a decoupled architecture that requires less design effort for follow-up products.The utilization of the above indicesisComputer-Aided Design 38(2006)405–416/locate/cad0010-4485//$-see front matter q 2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.cad.2005.11.005*Corresponding author.Tel.:C 9726407385;fax:C 9726407617.E-mail address:yoram@eng.tau.ac.il (Y.Reich).static without taking into account an actual analysis of the design process.In today’s products development and in particular, architecture design of products family,improved management of development processes contributes to competitive advan-tage.The key to process improvement lies in better process understanding.One can achieve this by using modeling techniques that simplify the complexity of the design process by viewing it as a set of simpler activities with interrelation-ships.This simple model could be simulated and analyzed to find process bottlenecks that can be addressed to shorten the development cycle time and reduce the design cost[11]. Gonzalez-Zugasti et al.[12]used a meta-model of the technical performance requirements and costs to optimize the design of a family of spacecraft based on a common platform.Steward’s[13]Design Structure Matrix(DSM)can be used as a model for analyzing decision-making processes.DSM provides a simple,compact,and visual representation of a complex system and supports methods for decomposition and integration.Smith and Eppinger[14]employed an extended version of the DSM,to model design as a sequential iteration approach,which involves the sequential execution of coupled tasks.Converting Martin’s CI matrix to a task-based DSM allows for studying the relationship between design tasks, arriving at alternative strategies by ordering the design tasks, evaluating design cost,and improving the overall design process.In the following sections,we introduce a method called SMDP(standardization and modularization driven by process effort),for focusing engineering effort when applying standardization or modularization on product platform com-ponents.For this purpose,SMDP is thefirst method to use dynamic simulations of design processes instead of the static information about the interface between product components (Jose and Tollenaere[15]).SMDP is a framework for integrating several former ideas into one working model. We selected particular methods for inclusions(e.g.DFV)but they are not necessary for the use of the framework.Alternative methods to collecting relevant information or modeling design processes could be exploited if found suitable.As in any integrative effort,our work proposes extensions and adjust-ments to achieve its own goals.SMDP focuses on standard-ization and modularization for minimizing design effort as a means for reducing cost and time to market.Nevertheless, other concerns such as manufacturing,marketing,service,or maintenance cost(Gershenson et al.[16];Ishii[17];Pine[2]) could be incorporated by modeling them mathematically and modifying the objective function minimized by SMDP.This modeling,however,might not be trivial and might require similar work as presented in this paper for modeling design effort.Given that many studies deal with a focused problem and propose method to address it,there is significant importance to demonstrating the need to integrate several methods for addressing a larger problem.In addition,our work provides a methodological test of the utility of previous studies and the ability to replicate their results.Referenced work such as DFV,sequential iteration,and DSM,are reviewed in order to establish their integration as part of the overall process.Simulating the product platform design and obtaining better cost considerations in planning future designs,improves decision-making.This contribution is illustrated through a genuine test case.2.The SMDP methodIn order to minimize the total design effort(DE)across the platform generations,one needs tofind the set of components to undergo standardization(I s)and the set of components to be modularized(I m),out of the group of platform components(I).Eq.(1)presents the corresponding mathematical model.min DEðI s;I mÞs:t:I s;I m4I;I s h I m Z f(1) In this work,we do not solve this problem explicitly or optimally.Rather,we provide an algorithmic heuristic solution that is computationally feasible and practically useful.The basis of SMDP is aflexible calculation of DE.Such basis allows exercising various improvement strategies based on heuristic design concepts,detailed analysis of product design knowledge,or information of customers needs.One such improvement is designingflexible product platform architecture by standardizing some components that would not require change in future platform generations or modularizing other components that could be replaced easily without influencing other platform components.SMDP conducts a simulation of components standardization and modularization,and calculates the total design effort for each simulated case.A comparison of these costs produces the right design choices.The proposed process is composed of three stages:1.Basic data collection2.Design effort estimation3.Engineering decision-making2.1.First stage—basic data collectionThe data for product platform analysis is collected during product design reviews.We use DFV as a simple and systematic means for gathering the data related to two indices:†GVI,an indicator of the redesign effort required for a component to meet the future market requirements;and†CI,that indicates the chance that a change in one component would require a change in the other.2.1.1.Determining the GVIThefirst step generates the GVI.This establishes the drivers for generational changes in the product platform.Examples of such external drivers are customer needs,reliabilityY.Sered,Y.Reich/Computer-Aided Design38(2006)405–416 406requirements,or reduced costs.The development team has to estimate qualitatively(high/medium/low)changes in these external drivers.The external drivers are translated into engineering metrics(EM)using quality function deployment (QFD)[18].For example,EM for a passenger’s car could include‘total weight’or‘maximum speed.’Subsequently,the development team has to determine target values for the EM that will take into account the expected life of the productplatform.The last step is determining the GVI matrix using a rating system to estimate the cost of changing each component to meet the future EM target values.The rating system suggested is9/6/3/1[1,10];where nine is an indication that the component needs major redesign(over50%of initial redesign cost),six indicates partial redesign(less than50%),three is small redesign(less than30%),one is minor change(less than 15%),and0means no change required.An example of a GVI matrix is illustrated in Fig.5.2.1.2.Determining the CIIntuitively,two components are considered coupled if a change made in one requires the other to change too.The strength of this coupling is estimated by developing the basic physical layout of the product and its technology in order to identify the components and their relationships.The next step lists the specificationflow supplied from each component to other components and the specifications that it receives from others.A specificationflow is a component’s engineering feature that must be passed between designers to design their respective components.We arrange theseflows in a matrix and estimate the components sensitivities for each specification change.The rating system is again9/6/3/1indicating high, medium-high,medium-low,and negligible influence,respect-ively.Zero means no specification is affecting the component.Fig.1presents the CI matrix for arranging these sensitivities and two derived indices:CI K R indicates the strength of the specifications that a component receives from other components(sum of row values for each component).CI K S indicates the strength of the specifications that a component supplies to other components(sum of column values for each component).The indices GVI,CI K R and CI K S,are depicted in Fig.2. The last step evaluates the initial work effort of each component in the current product generation.The cost is evaluated as if the design was done for thefirst time,in isolation,where all received specifications data from other components is known in advance.The output of this stage is a description of the external and internal drivers influencing each component design.2.2.Second stage—total design effort estimationThis stage collects the information for solving Eq.(1)in a heuristic manner.An outline of this stage is given in Tables1 and2while the details are given below.We iterate on the components c2I.For each component, the simulation process changes the GVI and CI indices as if the component was made standard or modular.In doing so,we collect the information for deciding whether c2I s,c2I m,or c2I K(I s g I m).For a standardization of a component,we need to design it such that changes in other components or changes in EM caused by generational variety will not impact Table1An outline of the2nd stageStandardization phaseFor each of the n components do1.Set GVI and CI K R values to zero for standardization2.Calculate total design effort DE(Table2)Modularization phaseFor each of the components not selected for standardization do1.Set CI K S values to zero for modularisation2.Calculate total design effort DE(Table2)Table2Calculation of design effort(DE)1.Calculate the probability DSM from CI matrix2.Partition the DSM using the reachability matrix algorithm to identify blocks of coupled design tasks3.Find the optimal arrangement for every coupled-block using a genetic algorithm withfitness function based on Random Walk algorithm,which givesa minimum design cost of the block tasks4.Calculate the total design effort for current and future product generations by using cost factors derived from GVI and CImatricesFig.2.The changes that affect a component[10].Y.Sered,Y.Reich/Computer-Aided Design38(2006)405–416407the component design.Therefore,standardization involves setting the GVI and CI K R of the component to zero.For a modularization of a component,we wish to design it such that changes of the component itself due to external drives will not impact other components.Modularization means setting CI K Sto zero.We evaluate the total design effort for each case.Note that if a component is eventually selected to be standardized (modularized),it would have to be designed such that its GVI and CI K R(CI K S)values are zero.Accomplishing this target by design is outside the scope of this paper.After setting the relevant matrix values to zero,we convert the CI matrix into a design task-based probability DSM,a step that will help us model the design process.In this work,we modeled the design process using the sequential iteration model,which involves the sequential execution of a coupled set of tasks[14].During the design process,tasks may be repeated.The iterative process ends when no further problems are encountered.The sequential nature of the model requires task-ordering consideration that is discussed later in the paper.A different approach can utilize a parallel iteration model, which involves executing many tasks simultaneously[19]. Theses two models are the extremes of real processes.Any other model could be implemented as well.Converting components information into design activities and their dependencies is not trivial.Additional tasks other than actual components design(e.g.integration tasks, performance tests,systems analysis,etc.)can cause different informationflows;in addition,a component’s design can be divided into several tasks.The following section discusses the simple case of one-to-one component to task mapping,where informationflow between components design tasks is proportional to informationflow between platform’s com-ponents.Additional information of other tasks and their dependencies or alternative informationflows between tasks, can be added directly to the DSM if available.Based on the coupling between components that indicate sensitivity to change,we cannot predict whether the act of iteration will occur for one task or the other.Therefore,we would have to convert the CI matrix with the sensitivity values to a probability DSM with chance values indicating the probability of an iteration to occur.We assume that a proportional relation exists between components’sensitivities and probability of redesigning coupled components when a change occurs.Other assumptions could be exercised and tested in sensitivity studies similar to those in Section 4. Logically,this claim means that:If A and B are two coupled components and the specification of component B is affected by the design of A,we can say that a change in the design of A may cause a change to the design of B.If one conducts task B beforefinishing task A,there would be some chance that task B would have to be repeated.The greater the task dependency is, the greater is the chance of task repetition hence component redesign.The matrix in Fig.3shows task A taking four units of work and task B taking seven units of work to complete.Tasks A and B are coupled such that if A is done before B(Fig.3a),and then task B is completed,there is a chance of20%that A will have to be repeated.This is because the results of B are incompatible with the previous results of A.If B is done before A(Fig.3b), then there is a40%probability that B will be repeated after task A is completed.In this case,the left tasks order is preferred over the right order since less work is done.The reason for this is because in the left matrix,not only the probability of repetition is lower,but also the task to be repeated is cheaper. The diagonal elements(P ii)show the task efforts for completion.The off-diagonal elements(P ij)represent the strength of dependency between the two tasks as the probability to be repeated[14].A blank entry in the CI matrix corresponds to a null repeat probability in the DSM.Another property of the probability DSM is a direct result of the Reward Markov Chain model’s interpretation that forces the sum of the probability(off-diagonal)elements in each column to be bounded by one,see Eq.(2).This condition is discussed later in the paper.c j;Xi s jP ij%1(2)The following process converts CI’s sensitivity values into seven strength categories and converts the number of specifications received by each component into three other different categories.The combination of these together generates the probability values for each coupling.A different conversion system could be implemented as well.A linear distribution between upper and lower bounds of the local sensitivity space(set of non-zero values in CI matrix)is used to quantify the seven levels of coupling strengths (suggested in[20],in the DeMAID tool).Wefirst calculate the mean S and standard deviation s(s)of the sensitivity space.The upper(Eq.(3))and lower(Eq.(4))bounds of the local normalized sensitivity space are defined using the mean value and standard deviation as,S upper Z S C K1sðsÞ(3) S lower Z S K K2sðsÞ(4) where K1and K2are user-prescribed values based on experience.Once these bounds are defined,associated coupling strengths can be assigned to all other couplings,see Table3(S i is the sensitivity value from CI matrix of element in the sensitivity space).The converting system for the number of specification in each coupling is high/medium/low given by a linear distribution between the maximum number of specifica-tion in one coupling and the minimum available,which is normally one specification per coupling.The combination of these two types of categories are distributed in a linear form between0.95—for the maximum case of extremely strong dependency and large number of specifications(ES/high)and0.05—for the minimum caseof Fig.3.2!2sequential iteration DSM with two possible task orderings.Y.Sered,Y.Reich/Computer-Aided Design38(2006)405–416 408extremely weak dependency and small number of specifica-tions(EW/low).The condition in Eq.(2)dictates the use of a range between0and1(in this case5%and95%)for these categories values.Still,the sum of each column in the DSM can be more then 1;therefore,we sum up every column and consider the maximum column sum to have a normalized value of0.95.All other columns will change accordingly and all matrix values will be updated to match their column sum.The resulting matrix,with tasks effort evaluation on the diagonal,is thefinal Probability DSM.In the next process step,the reachability matrix algorithm[21] is used to partition a binary DSM and identify coupled blocks. Partitioning is the process of reordering the DSM rows and columns thus eliminating the feedback marks(above the diagonal)or moving them as close as possible to the diagonal. This will cause fewer system elements to be involved in the iteration cycle resulting in a faster development process and will identify all the coupled blocks/cycles.The binary DSM is derived from the CI matrix by marking every non-zero element as1.Following this step,each coupled block is analyzed tofind the optimal way for sequencing its task.For a particular order, the sequential iteration model is interpreted as a reward Markov Chain[14].A random walk algorithm was used to simulate the reward Markov Chain of the sequential design process.The algorithm uses the DSM probability values to select the move from one node(state)to the other.For a given ordering,the algorithm calculates the cumulative work effort.Running this algorithm large number of times(in our case1000)gives a wide range of values that can be used to calculate various statistics,which are impossible to obtain when using the analytical solution of[14]. This is important since the reward Markov Chain does not behave according to normal distribution and there is no analytical way to calculate confidence intervals for making choices between different task orderings of practical processes. In contrast,the simulation allows also calculating such confidence intervals.Another benefit of the random walk over analytical solution is that it enables the use of different design efforts in recurring iterations.For example,the cost of task j in the i C1iteration can be dependent on its cost in iteration i C ji C1Z aði;jÞC j i0!aði;jÞ!1(5) The factor a(i,j)can generally be different for each task and each iteration of that task.Its value can even be greater than one if the task effort increases from one iteration to the other. Practically,it is reasonable to assume that a significant part of the study of the design task and its basic work is conducted in thefirst iteration.Therefore,most of the invested effort is utilized at thefirst time the task is addressed;on subsequent iterations,only minor changes are conducted.Therefore,a(i,j) will most likely be less than one.In our case study,we used a constant value for a(i,j).The third advantage of random walk involves the ability to introduce modification of the reward Markov Chain into the process,including parallelizing some tasks,transition between states that are not random,etc.As discussed earlier,the smaller the design total work effort is,the better is the task ordering.The problem is tofind that best order that will give the minimum cost,since the problem computational complexity increases exponentially with the coupled block size.We use a heuristic search done with genetic algorithms(GA). Its implementation requires special chromosome coding that uses direct representation of the design tasks order and two special genetic operators:a position-based crossover and an order-based mutation[22].Thefitness function for the GA is the average of total design efforts of the specific ordering,evaluated using the Random walk algorithm on a reward Markov Chain.After arranging the design tasks and calculating the total design effort for the coupled blocks,we get to thefinal step in this stage:summing the total design effort for the whole product platform through all generations:TC platform Z TC current C TC gens;(6) where TC current is the total cost of designing the current generation and TC gens is the total cost of designing the next generations.The difference between these two is that the information used for the current product design cost does not include the effects of generational variety on the total cost. TC current is given in Eq.(7)as the sum of the initial design costs of all free components(FC)that do not belong to any coupled block.And the sum of total design cost calculated for each of the coupled blocks(B).TC current ZXi2FCCost i CXj2BCost j(7)The total cost of designing the next generations is the sum of all known and calculated elements costs each multiplied by a factor that depends on internal and external drivers:TC gens ZX mi Z1Cost iðF GVI K i C F CIR K i K F GVI K i F CIR K iÞ(8) wherem j FC j C j B j the number of cost elements.F GVI K i factor that indicates component/block’s iTable3Category converting system(Rogers1994,[20])Category name Mark Calculation for adapting thecategoryCompatiblefactorExtremelystrongES S i R S upper1Very strong VS S C35K1sðsÞ%S i!S upper0.83Strong S S C15K1sðsÞ%S i! S C35K1sðsÞ0.67Nominal N S K15K2sðsÞ!S i! S C15K1sðsÞ0.5Weak W S K35K2sðsÞ!S i% S K15K2sðsÞ0.33Very weak VW S lower!S i% S K35K2sðsÞ0.17Extremely weak EW S i%S lower0.02Y.Sered,Y.Reich/Computer-Aided Design38(2006)405–416409redesign cost due to market demands forfuture generations(external drivers).F CIR K i factor that indicates component/block’s iredesign cost due to changes received fromother components(internal drivers).The GVI factor is calculated for all future generations based on the total GVI for each component.For blocks,the total GVI is calculated relative to each component’s cost in order to derive one average factor for the entire block.Since,the selected GVI rating system is not in cost terms,but means the percentage of initial redesign cost of components required to meet future EM changes,we convert these values to a range between0(no redesign)and1(100%redesign).This is based on the assumption that the redesign cost of component does not exceed the original estimations across future generations.This assumption is reasonable when dealing with product models of the same group technology where future generations of the product do not extend beyond present technology.Other estimations,if available could be incorporated as well,but they are harder to obtain practically.The CI K R factor is calculated based on the changes imposed by components that have been affected directly by external factors or indirectly by other components change due to external factors.For coupled blocks,the average CI K R values outside the block are calculated relative to block component’s cost for components that affect the block(left to the block in the partitioned CI matrix),and components that depend on the block(below the block in the partitioned CI matrix).After summing the rows of the new CI partitioned matrix we evaluate the CI K R factor for each component/block using a similar category system presented earlier in Table3. Again we convert uniformly these categories to the range between0(no redesign)and1(100%redesign).Having more information and computational time,one could calculate more accurately the total redesign cost for future generations by utilizing the exact GVI and CI matrices for each generation.This strategy is more precise since in each generation the products specifications change to meet different market needs.2.3.Third stage—comparing results for focusing effortThe above standardization simulation is done n times for all n platform components(c2I).By comparing the calculated total design effort for each simulation,we pick the components that had smaller total design costs as candidates for redesign.Since, standardization is preferredfinancially over modularization, saving manufacturing and assembly costs[10],it is conducted first.This leads to creating the set I ponents that cannot be standardized are simulated as candidates for modularization with minimal costs considerations as conducted in the standardization phase and leading to the set I m.Actual redesign techniques for applying standardization or modularization to the selected components are not discussed here but can be easily found in literature studies such as DFV [1],scaling methods for utilizing product platform common-ality[4],and others.3.Application of SMDPWe applied SMDP for designing product platform archi-tecture of laser direct imaging(LDI)plate/image-setter for the prepress market industry.For the purpose of illustration,we used a simplified example where only eight main subsystems (components)of the LDI plotter system were considered.The input of this case study was given by leading engineers that took an active part in the design and development of prepress imaging systems for market-brand names such as CreoScitex Inc.These engineers also reviewed the results of the case study and made favorable remarks regarding their resemblance to reality.This imaging system is based on external drum technology applying direct exposure of high laser power on plate panels andfilms to convert digital input intofinished panels ready to be used in standard press-printing process.A metal drum cylinder revolves about its axis allowing a fast motion imaging axis.A laser exposure head,adjacent to the drum perimeter, driven by a smooth and precise mechanism,parallel to the drum axis,allows a slow motion imaging axis,see Fig.4.The flexible plate/film is held around the drum by a registration system using edge clamps and device for punching edge holes. Load/unload system draws a plate from an automatic cassette unit or a manual tray.After the imaging process terminates,it unloads the plate to a specialfitting in the back of the machine.A computerized control system manages the process.By analyzing where the market is headed,we plan four future products ranging from a plotter designated for small printing shops to a product that meets the large high-quality press houses.The EM of the plotter change from small plate size to twice the size in future markets.The imaging quality and accuracy evolves from1600dpi in current market to 4000dpi in future products;this is done mainly by changing the writing head from visible red-laser diode650to830nm thermal imaging diode.By doing so,we allow the customer the ability to use high-quality and high-durability plates.Another change increases the productivity EM from10to25full format plates per hour in future markets;this is also achieved by going from semi automatic setting to fully automated machine.All these EM changes affect the system’s components and may require their redesign.The measures of these effects are presented in the GVI matrix,Fig.5.Looking at the total sumof Fig.4.Illustration of external drum LDI plate/image-setter technology.Y.Sered,Y.Reich/Computer-Aided Design38(2006)405–416 410。

MATLAB:Advanced Components and Techniques Introducing Power ElectronicsIntroductionSimPowerSystems software is designed to simulate power electronic devices. This section uses a simple circuit based on thyristors as the main example.Consider the circuit shown below. It represents one phase of a static var compensator (SVC) used on a 735 kV transmission network. On the secondary of the 735 kV/16 kV transformer, two variable susceptance branches are connected in parallel: one thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) branch and one thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC) branch.The TCR and TSC branches are both controlled by a valve consisting of two thyristor strings connected in antiparallel. An RC snubber circuit is connected across each valve. The TSC branch is switched on/off, thus providing discrete step variation of the SVC capacitive current. The TCR branch is phase controlled to obtain a continuous variation of the net SVC reactive current.Now build two circuits illustrating the operation of the TCR and the TSC branches.Simulation of the TCR Branch1.Open a new window and save it as circuit3.2.Open the Power Electronics library and copy the Thyristorblock into your circuit3model.3.Open the Thyristor menu and set the parameters as follows:R on 1e-3LonV f 14*0.8Rs500C s 0.15e-64.Notice that the snubber circuit is integral to the Thyristor dialog box.5.Rename this block Th1 and duplicate it.6.Connect this new thyristor Th2 in antiparallel with Th1, as shown in Simulation of the TCR Branch.As the snubber circuit has already been specified with Th1, the snubber of Th2 must be eliminated.7.Open the Th2 dialog box and set the snubber parameters toR s InfCs8.Notice that the snubber disappears on the Th2 icon.The linear transformer is located in the Elements library. Copy it, rename it to TrA, and open its dialog box. Set its nominal power, frequency, and winding parameters (winding 1 = primary; winding 2 = secondary) as shown in One Phase of a TCR/TSC Static Var Compensator.The Units parameter allows you to specify the resistance R and leakage inductance L of each winding as well as the magnetizing branch Rm/Lm, either in SI units (ohms, henries) or in per units (pu). Keep the default pu setting to specify directly R and L in per unit quantities. As there is no tertiary winding, deselect Three windings transformer. Winding 3 disappears on the TrA block.Finally, set the magnetizing branch parameters Rm and Xm at [500, 500]. These values correspond to 0.2% resistive and inductive currents.Add a voltage source, series RL elements, and a Ground block. Set the parameters as shown in One Phase of a TCR/TSC Static Var Compensator. Add a current measurement to measure the primary current. Interconnect the circuit as shown in Simulation of the TCR Branch.Notice that the Thyristor blocks have an output identified by the letter m. This output returns a Simulink vectorized signal containing the thyristor current (Iak) and voltage (Vak). Connect a Demux block with two outputs at the m output of Th1. Then connect the two demultiplexer outputs to a dual trace scope that you rename Scope_Th1. (To create a second input to your scope, in the Scope properties> General menu item, set the number of axes to 2.) Label the two connection lines Ith1 and Vth1. These labels are automatically displayed on the top of each trace.Simulation of the TCR BranchPeriod1/60 sPulse width (% of period)1% (3.6 degrees pulses)Phase Delay1/60+T for Pulse11/60+1/120+T for Pulse2The pulses sent to Th2 are delayed by 180 degrees with respect to pulses sent to Th1. The delay T is used to specify the firing angle α. To get a 120 degree firing angle, specify T in the workspace by enteringT = 1/60/3;Now open the Simulation > Simulation parameters dialog box. Select the ode23tb integration algorithm. Keep the default parameters but set the relative tolerance to 1e-4 and the stop time to 0.1.Add a Powergui block at the top level of your model, then start the simulation. The results are shown in TCR Simulation Results.TCR Simulation ResultsSimulation of the TSC BranchYou can now modify your circuit3 system and change the TCR branch to a TSC branch. Save circuit3 as a new system and name it circuit4.Connect a capacitor in series with the RL inductor and Th1/Th2 valve as shown in the figure below. Change the R, L, and C parameters as shown in One Phase of a TCR/TSC Static Var Compensator. Connect a voltmeter and scope to monitor the voltage across the capacitor.Contrary to the TCR branch, which was fired by a synchronous pulse generator, a continuous firing signal is now applied to the two thyristors. Delete the two pulse generators. Copy a Step block from the Simulink library and connect its output at both gates of Th1 and Th2. Set its step time at 1/60/4 (energizing at the first positive peak of the source voltage). Your circuit should now be similar to the one shown here.Simulation of the TSC BranchOpen the three scopes and start the simulation.As the capacitor is energized from zero, you can observe a low damping transient at 200 Hz, superimposed with the 60 Hz component in the capacitor voltage and primary current. During normal TSC operation, the capacitor has an initial voltage left since the last valve opening. To minimize the closing transient with a charged capacitor, the thyristors of the TSC branch must be fired when the source voltage is at maximum value and with the correct polarity. The initial capacitor voltage corresponds to the steady-state voltage obtained when the thyristor switch is closed. The capacitor voltage is 17.67 kVrms when the valve is conducting. At the closing time, the capacitor must be charged at the peak voltage.You can now use the Powergui block to change the capacitor initial voltage. Open the Powergui and select Initial States Setting. A list ofall the state variables with their default initial values appears. The value of the initial voltage across the capacitor C (variable Uc_C) should be -0.3141 V. This voltage is not exactly zero because the snubber allows circulation of a small current when both thyristors are blocked. Now select the Uc_C state variable and enter 24989 in the upper right field. Then click the Apply button to make this change effective.Start the simulation. As expected the transient component of capacitor voltage and current has disappeared. The voltages obtained with and without initial voltage are compared in this plot.Transient Capacitor Voltage With and Without Initial Charge。